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Consider this SGLT2 inhibitor for patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
A 72-year-old man with a history of hypertension, permanent atrial fibrillation, and heart failure (HF) comes into your clinic for follow-up. He was hospitalized a few months ago for HF requiring diuresis. His echocardiogram at that time showed an EF of 50% and no significant valvular disease. He does not have a history of diabetes or tobacco use. His medication regimen includes metoprolol,
HFpEF was first defined as HF in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 40%. However, HF with an LVEF between 41% and 49% has been reclassified as its own category:
In comparison with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), there are limited proven treatment options with cardiovascular (CV) benefit in HFpEF.
STUDY SUMMARY
Confirmation of benefit of empagliflozin for patients with HFpEF
The EMPEROR-Preserved study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that randomized adult patients with HFpEF (defined by an LVEF > 40%) to either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg/d, in addition to usual therapy. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio stratified by geographic region, diabetes status, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] either < 60 or ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and LVEF > 40% to < 50% or LVEF ≥ 50%.
Included patients were 18 years or older and had an NT-proBNP level > 300 pg/mL (or > 900 pg/mL if the patient had atrial fibrillation at baseline
The primary outcome was a composite of CV death or first hospitalization for HF. The secondary outcomes were all hospitalizations for HF and the rate of decline in eGFR.
Of the 5988 patients in the trial, 2997 were randomized to receive empagliflozin and 2991 were randomized to placebo. The average age was 72 years in each group, 45% of patients were women, about 76% were White, and 12% were from North America. About 81% of patients were classified as NYHA class II, nearly half had diabetes, and half had an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The median body mass index (BMI) was 30, and the median LVEF was 54%. At baseline, the groups were similar in BMI, history of HF hospitalization in the past 12 months, history of common risk factors for HFpEF (atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and hypertension), and prescribed CV medications (ACE inhibitor or ARB with or without a neprilysin inhibitor, spironolactone, beta-blocker, digitalis glycosides, aspirin, and statins). Patients were followed for a median of 26.2 months.
Continue to: The primary composite...
The primary composite outcome of death from CV causes or HF-related hospitalization occurred in 415 patients (13.8%) in the empagliflozin group and in 511 patients (17.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.90; P < .001). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 primary outcome event was 31 (95% CI, 20-69). Hospitalization for HF occurred in 259 patients (8.6%) with empagliflozin vs 352 patients (11.8%) with placebo (HR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.83), and CV death occurred in 219 patients (7.3%) with empagliflozin vs 244 patients (8.2%) with placebo (HR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76-1.09). The effect was consistent in patients with or without diabetes at baseline; however, the largest reduction in the primary composite outcome was seen in those with an LVEF < 50%, age ≥ 70 years old, BMI < 30, and NYHA class II status.
The secondary outcome of total number of hospitalizations for HF was 407 with empagliflozin vs 541 with placebo (HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88; P < .001). The rate of decline in the eGFR per year was –1.25 in the empagliflozin group vs –2.62 in the placebo group (P < .001), indicating that those taking empagliflozin had preserved renal function compared with those taking placebo.
Death from any cause occurred in 422 patients (14.1%) in the empagliflozin group and 427 patients (14.3%) in the placebo group (HR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.87-1.15). Empagliflozin treatment was associated with higher rates of genital infections (2.2% vs 0.7%; P value not provided), urinary tract infections (9.9% vs 8.1%; P value not provided), and hypotension (10.4% vs 8.6%; P value not provided), compared to placebo.
WHAT’S NEW
Risk of hospitalization significantly reduced for patients with HFpEF
In the EMPEROR-Preserved study, empagliflozin led to a lower incidence of hospitalization for HF in patients with HFpEF but did not significantly reduce the number of deaths from CV disease or other causes. In comparison, in the similarly designed EMPEROR-Reduced trial, treatment with empagliflozin reduced CV and all-cause mortality in individuals with HFrEF.8
CAVEATS
HF criteria, study population may limit generalizability
The reduction in the primary outcome of CV death or first hospitalization was most pronounced in patients with an LVEF > 40% to < 50%, typically defined as HFmrEF, who often have clinical features similar to those with HFrEF. This raises the question of how generalizable these results are for all patients with HFpEF.
Continue to: The study's generalizability...
The study’s generalizability was further limited by its significant exclusion criteria, which included elevated blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen, liver disease, renal disease with an eGFR < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 or requiring dialysis, and BMI ≥ 45.
Finally, only 12% of patients were from North America, and results were not significant for this subgroup (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.00), which may challenge its external validity. The authors noted that 23% of patients discontinued treatment for reasons other than death, which may have driven the null effect.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Empagliflozin is expensive,but coverage may improve
Cost could be a major barrier to implementation. Retail pricing for empagliflozin is estimated to be more than $550 per month, which may be prohibitive for patients with no insurance or with higher-deductible plans.11 However, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved empagliflozin to reduce the risk of CV death and hospitalization for HF in adults,12 which may help to improve insurance coverage.
1. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al; EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Investigators. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1451-1461. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
2. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e895-e1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
3. Gevaert AB, Kataria R, Zannad F, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: recent concepts in diagnosis, mechanisms and management. Heart. 2022;108:1342-1350. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319605
4. Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Jhund PS, et al. Estimating lifetime benefits of comprehensive disease-modifying pharmacological therapies in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a comparative analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020;396:121-128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30748-0
5. Solomon SD, Claggett B, Lewis EF, et al; TOPCAT Investigators. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:455-462. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv464
6. Martin N, Manoharan K, Thomas J, et al. Beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD012721. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012721.pub2
7. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al; PARAGON-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1609-1620. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908655
8. Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials. Lancet. 2020;396:819-829. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31824-9
9. Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon O, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139:2528-2536. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 119.040130
10. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al; SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:117-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJM oa2030183
11. Empagliflozin. GoodRx.com. Accessed June 3, 2022. www.goodrx.com/empagliflozin
12. FDA approves treatment for wider range of patients with heart failure. News release. US Food and Drug Administration; February 24, 2022. Accessed June 3, 2022. www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-treatment-wider-range-patients-heart-failure
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
A 72-year-old man with a history of hypertension, permanent atrial fibrillation, and heart failure (HF) comes into your clinic for follow-up. He was hospitalized a few months ago for HF requiring diuresis. His echocardiogram at that time showed an EF of 50% and no significant valvular disease. He does not have a history of diabetes or tobacco use. His medication regimen includes metoprolol,
HFpEF was first defined as HF in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 40%. However, HF with an LVEF between 41% and 49% has been reclassified as its own category:
In comparison with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), there are limited proven treatment options with cardiovascular (CV) benefit in HFpEF.
STUDY SUMMARY
Confirmation of benefit of empagliflozin for patients with HFpEF
The EMPEROR-Preserved study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that randomized adult patients with HFpEF (defined by an LVEF > 40%) to either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg/d, in addition to usual therapy. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio stratified by geographic region, diabetes status, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] either < 60 or ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and LVEF > 40% to < 50% or LVEF ≥ 50%.
Included patients were 18 years or older and had an NT-proBNP level > 300 pg/mL (or > 900 pg/mL if the patient had atrial fibrillation at baseline
The primary outcome was a composite of CV death or first hospitalization for HF. The secondary outcomes were all hospitalizations for HF and the rate of decline in eGFR.
Of the 5988 patients in the trial, 2997 were randomized to receive empagliflozin and 2991 were randomized to placebo. The average age was 72 years in each group, 45% of patients were women, about 76% were White, and 12% were from North America. About 81% of patients were classified as NYHA class II, nearly half had diabetes, and half had an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The median body mass index (BMI) was 30, and the median LVEF was 54%. At baseline, the groups were similar in BMI, history of HF hospitalization in the past 12 months, history of common risk factors for HFpEF (atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and hypertension), and prescribed CV medications (ACE inhibitor or ARB with or without a neprilysin inhibitor, spironolactone, beta-blocker, digitalis glycosides, aspirin, and statins). Patients were followed for a median of 26.2 months.
Continue to: The primary composite...
The primary composite outcome of death from CV causes or HF-related hospitalization occurred in 415 patients (13.8%) in the empagliflozin group and in 511 patients (17.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.90; P < .001). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 primary outcome event was 31 (95% CI, 20-69). Hospitalization for HF occurred in 259 patients (8.6%) with empagliflozin vs 352 patients (11.8%) with placebo (HR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.83), and CV death occurred in 219 patients (7.3%) with empagliflozin vs 244 patients (8.2%) with placebo (HR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76-1.09). The effect was consistent in patients with or without diabetes at baseline; however, the largest reduction in the primary composite outcome was seen in those with an LVEF < 50%, age ≥ 70 years old, BMI < 30, and NYHA class II status.
The secondary outcome of total number of hospitalizations for HF was 407 with empagliflozin vs 541 with placebo (HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88; P < .001). The rate of decline in the eGFR per year was –1.25 in the empagliflozin group vs –2.62 in the placebo group (P < .001), indicating that those taking empagliflozin had preserved renal function compared with those taking placebo.
Death from any cause occurred in 422 patients (14.1%) in the empagliflozin group and 427 patients (14.3%) in the placebo group (HR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.87-1.15). Empagliflozin treatment was associated with higher rates of genital infections (2.2% vs 0.7%; P value not provided), urinary tract infections (9.9% vs 8.1%; P value not provided), and hypotension (10.4% vs 8.6%; P value not provided), compared to placebo.
WHAT’S NEW
Risk of hospitalization significantly reduced for patients with HFpEF
In the EMPEROR-Preserved study, empagliflozin led to a lower incidence of hospitalization for HF in patients with HFpEF but did not significantly reduce the number of deaths from CV disease or other causes. In comparison, in the similarly designed EMPEROR-Reduced trial, treatment with empagliflozin reduced CV and all-cause mortality in individuals with HFrEF.8
CAVEATS
HF criteria, study population may limit generalizability
The reduction in the primary outcome of CV death or first hospitalization was most pronounced in patients with an LVEF > 40% to < 50%, typically defined as HFmrEF, who often have clinical features similar to those with HFrEF. This raises the question of how generalizable these results are for all patients with HFpEF.
Continue to: The study's generalizability...
The study’s generalizability was further limited by its significant exclusion criteria, which included elevated blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen, liver disease, renal disease with an eGFR < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 or requiring dialysis, and BMI ≥ 45.
Finally, only 12% of patients were from North America, and results were not significant for this subgroup (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.00), which may challenge its external validity. The authors noted that 23% of patients discontinued treatment for reasons other than death, which may have driven the null effect.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Empagliflozin is expensive,but coverage may improve
Cost could be a major barrier to implementation. Retail pricing for empagliflozin is estimated to be more than $550 per month, which may be prohibitive for patients with no insurance or with higher-deductible plans.11 However, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved empagliflozin to reduce the risk of CV death and hospitalization for HF in adults,12 which may help to improve insurance coverage.
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
A 72-year-old man with a history of hypertension, permanent atrial fibrillation, and heart failure (HF) comes into your clinic for follow-up. He was hospitalized a few months ago for HF requiring diuresis. His echocardiogram at that time showed an EF of 50% and no significant valvular disease. He does not have a history of diabetes or tobacco use. His medication regimen includes metoprolol,
HFpEF was first defined as HF in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 40%. However, HF with an LVEF between 41% and 49% has been reclassified as its own category:
In comparison with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), there are limited proven treatment options with cardiovascular (CV) benefit in HFpEF.
STUDY SUMMARY
Confirmation of benefit of empagliflozin for patients with HFpEF
The EMPEROR-Preserved study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that randomized adult patients with HFpEF (defined by an LVEF > 40%) to either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg/d, in addition to usual therapy. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio stratified by geographic region, diabetes status, renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] either < 60 or ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and LVEF > 40% to < 50% or LVEF ≥ 50%.
Included patients were 18 years or older and had an NT-proBNP level > 300 pg/mL (or > 900 pg/mL if the patient had atrial fibrillation at baseline
The primary outcome was a composite of CV death or first hospitalization for HF. The secondary outcomes were all hospitalizations for HF and the rate of decline in eGFR.
Of the 5988 patients in the trial, 2997 were randomized to receive empagliflozin and 2991 were randomized to placebo. The average age was 72 years in each group, 45% of patients were women, about 76% were White, and 12% were from North America. About 81% of patients were classified as NYHA class II, nearly half had diabetes, and half had an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The median body mass index (BMI) was 30, and the median LVEF was 54%. At baseline, the groups were similar in BMI, history of HF hospitalization in the past 12 months, history of common risk factors for HFpEF (atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and hypertension), and prescribed CV medications (ACE inhibitor or ARB with or without a neprilysin inhibitor, spironolactone, beta-blocker, digitalis glycosides, aspirin, and statins). Patients were followed for a median of 26.2 months.
Continue to: The primary composite...
The primary composite outcome of death from CV causes or HF-related hospitalization occurred in 415 patients (13.8%) in the empagliflozin group and in 511 patients (17.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.90; P < .001). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 primary outcome event was 31 (95% CI, 20-69). Hospitalization for HF occurred in 259 patients (8.6%) with empagliflozin vs 352 patients (11.8%) with placebo (HR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.83), and CV death occurred in 219 patients (7.3%) with empagliflozin vs 244 patients (8.2%) with placebo (HR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76-1.09). The effect was consistent in patients with or without diabetes at baseline; however, the largest reduction in the primary composite outcome was seen in those with an LVEF < 50%, age ≥ 70 years old, BMI < 30, and NYHA class II status.
The secondary outcome of total number of hospitalizations for HF was 407 with empagliflozin vs 541 with placebo (HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88; P < .001). The rate of decline in the eGFR per year was –1.25 in the empagliflozin group vs –2.62 in the placebo group (P < .001), indicating that those taking empagliflozin had preserved renal function compared with those taking placebo.
Death from any cause occurred in 422 patients (14.1%) in the empagliflozin group and 427 patients (14.3%) in the placebo group (HR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.87-1.15). Empagliflozin treatment was associated with higher rates of genital infections (2.2% vs 0.7%; P value not provided), urinary tract infections (9.9% vs 8.1%; P value not provided), and hypotension (10.4% vs 8.6%; P value not provided), compared to placebo.
WHAT’S NEW
Risk of hospitalization significantly reduced for patients with HFpEF
In the EMPEROR-Preserved study, empagliflozin led to a lower incidence of hospitalization for HF in patients with HFpEF but did not significantly reduce the number of deaths from CV disease or other causes. In comparison, in the similarly designed EMPEROR-Reduced trial, treatment with empagliflozin reduced CV and all-cause mortality in individuals with HFrEF.8
CAVEATS
HF criteria, study population may limit generalizability
The reduction in the primary outcome of CV death or first hospitalization was most pronounced in patients with an LVEF > 40% to < 50%, typically defined as HFmrEF, who often have clinical features similar to those with HFrEF. This raises the question of how generalizable these results are for all patients with HFpEF.
Continue to: The study's generalizability...
The study’s generalizability was further limited by its significant exclusion criteria, which included elevated blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen, liver disease, renal disease with an eGFR < 20 mL/min/1.73 m2 or requiring dialysis, and BMI ≥ 45.
Finally, only 12% of patients were from North America, and results were not significant for this subgroup (HR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-1.00), which may challenge its external validity. The authors noted that 23% of patients discontinued treatment for reasons other than death, which may have driven the null effect.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Empagliflozin is expensive,but coverage may improve
Cost could be a major barrier to implementation. Retail pricing for empagliflozin is estimated to be more than $550 per month, which may be prohibitive for patients with no insurance or with higher-deductible plans.11 However, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved empagliflozin to reduce the risk of CV death and hospitalization for HF in adults,12 which may help to improve insurance coverage.
1. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al; EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Investigators. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1451-1461. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
2. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e895-e1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
3. Gevaert AB, Kataria R, Zannad F, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: recent concepts in diagnosis, mechanisms and management. Heart. 2022;108:1342-1350. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319605
4. Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Jhund PS, et al. Estimating lifetime benefits of comprehensive disease-modifying pharmacological therapies in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a comparative analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020;396:121-128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30748-0
5. Solomon SD, Claggett B, Lewis EF, et al; TOPCAT Investigators. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:455-462. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv464
6. Martin N, Manoharan K, Thomas J, et al. Beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD012721. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012721.pub2
7. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al; PARAGON-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1609-1620. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908655
8. Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials. Lancet. 2020;396:819-829. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31824-9
9. Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon O, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139:2528-2536. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 119.040130
10. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al; SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:117-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJM oa2030183
11. Empagliflozin. GoodRx.com. Accessed June 3, 2022. www.goodrx.com/empagliflozin
12. FDA approves treatment for wider range of patients with heart failure. News release. US Food and Drug Administration; February 24, 2022. Accessed June 3, 2022. www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-treatment-wider-range-patients-heart-failure
1. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al; EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Investigators. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1451-1461. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
2. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e895-e1032. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
3. Gevaert AB, Kataria R, Zannad F, et al. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: recent concepts in diagnosis, mechanisms and management. Heart. 2022;108:1342-1350. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319605
4. Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Jhund PS, et al. Estimating lifetime benefits of comprehensive disease-modifying pharmacological therapies in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a comparative analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2020;396:121-128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30748-0
5. Solomon SD, Claggett B, Lewis EF, et al; TOPCAT Investigators. Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of spironolactone in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:455-462. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv464
6. Martin N, Manoharan K, Thomas J, et al. Beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD012721. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012721.pub2
7. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al; PARAGON-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1609-1620. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908655
8. Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials. Lancet. 2020;396:819-829. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31824-9
9. Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon O, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139:2528-2536. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 119.040130
10. Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, et al; SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:117-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJM oa2030183
11. Empagliflozin. GoodRx.com. Accessed June 3, 2022. www.goodrx.com/empagliflozin
12. FDA approves treatment for wider range of patients with heart failure. News release. US Food and Drug Administration; February 24, 2022. Accessed June 3, 2022. www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-treatment-wider-range-patients-heart-failure
PRACTICE CHANGER
Consider adding empagliflozin 10 mg to usual therapy to reduce hospitalization of symptomatic patients with
STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION
B: Based on a single, good-quality, multicenter, randomized controlled trial.1
Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al; EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Investigators. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1451-1461. doi: 10.1056/NEJM oa2107038
