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SAN FRANCISCO – Patients under general anesthesia may be getting insufficient neuromuscular blockade in 1%-45% of operations, depending on the definition, according to several studies presented in a joint session at the annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Regardless of the exact definition, the findings suggest that the problem of insufficient blockade is considerably more common than expected, the anesthesiologists in attendance agreed.
A lack of clinical guidelines for neuromuscular blockade probably contributes to the problem, some speakers suggested. There is no established definition of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, which has been associated in prior studies with compromised surgical visualization, impaired ventilation leading to barotraumas, direct injury through unexpected movement, and other complications.
Investigators presented their results in posters and in a joint discussion session at the meeting. All studies were sponsored by Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blocking agent (rocuronium bromide, or Zemuron) and is seeking U.S. approval for a drug that rapidly reverses neuromuscular blockade (sugammadex, or Bridion).
One percent of 129,209 adults who underwent general anesthesia and received a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade agent in 2005-2013 experienced insufficient blockade in a way that interrupted surgery, either through undesired patient movement (0.3%) or an explicit request from the surgeon for additional muscle relaxation and administration of more neuromuscular blockade (0.7%), Dr. Timur Dubovoy and his associates reported.
They also found indirect evidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade through two other criteria that were much more common, said Dr. Dubovoy of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Anesthesiologists gave more neuromuscular blockade after documenting twitches on peripheral nerve stimulation (train-of-four monitoring) in 39% of patients, indicative of unintended recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Large or even "excessive" maintenance doses were given to 45% of patients, consistent with insufficient neuromuscular blockade, he said.
Those kinds of events typically don’t interrupt a procedure but can lead to residual neuromuscular blockade due to excessive dosing, potentially increasing complications and delaying recovery after anesthesia. The study looked only at the incidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, however, not outcomes.
"Current use of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade agents and subjective tactile train-of-four monitoring frequently exposes patients to inadequate neuromuscular blockade," Dr. Dubovoy said.
In a separate study, insufficient neuromuscular blockade affected 21%-28% of 48,315 adults undergoing abdominal, laparoscopic, and interventional neurovascular procedures at the Cleveland Clinic in 2005-2013, Dr. Brian D. Hesler and his associates reported.
"Our results suggest that insufficient block is relatively common, even in operations that are generally thought to require muscle relaxation," said Dr. Hesler of the Cleveland Clinic. "It is difficult to separate inadequate anesthesia from inadequate neuromuscular block, and both probably contributed in many cases."
He and his associates formed a panel of seven experienced anesthesiologists to identify anesthesiology actions that are indicative of episodes of insufficient neuromuscular block and searched for those criteria in patient records, with a three-person adjudication committee approving the search criteria through a random sample of at least 50 charts for each criterion.
Overall, 28% of operations had evidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, or 21% if the investigators excluded cases identified solely by electromyogram criteria.
In a separate analysis of the same cohort, Dr. Hesler and his associates searched for comments in the anesthetic records and found that insufficient blockade usually was identified more than 30 minutes before emergence, defined as the time when maintenance anesthesia was discontinued (106 cases), but 18% of the time it occurred 15-30 minutes before emergence (9 cases) or less than 15 minutes before emergence (14 cases).
The closer to the end of surgery, the more likely the anesthesiologist was to respond by deepening anesthesia instead of redosing the neuromuscular blocking agent, with other sedatives (opioids) used at a consistent rate in each time period.
A separate prospective, observational study of 448 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic or open abdominal surgical procedures at eight Canadian centers in 2011-2012 stratified residual neuromuscular blockade by train-of-four (TOF) ratios.
Lower TOF ratios at tracheal extubation and at arrival in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were associated with greater risk for complications and greater use of perioperative resources, Dr. Dolores McKeen and her associates reported.
Every 0.1-increment increase in the TOF ratio at tracheal extubation was associated with a 30% reduction in the odds of needing placement of an oral or nasal airway due to upper airway obstruction from the time of patient extubation to PACU discharge. Each 0.1-increment increase in the TOF ratio at tracheal extubation also was associated with 3% fewer bed visits by nurses, said Dr. McKeen of Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. Similar results were seen for TOF ratios upon arrival at the PACU.
This suggests that "more effective strategies to prevent and/or manage residual neuromuscular blockade are required to minimize the impact on the patient and health care provider," she said.
The incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade was 19% for patients with a TOF ratio less than 0.6 at tracheal extubation, 12% with a ratio of 0.6-0.7, 9% with a ratio of 0.7-0.8, 16% with a ratio of 0.8-0.9, and 44% with a ratio of 0.9 or greater. The incidence of residual blockade was 8% for patients with a TOF ratio less than 0.6 upon arrival to the PACU, 7% with a ratio of 0.6-0.7, 14% with a ratio of 0.7-0.8, 16% with a ratio of 0.8-0.9, and 56% with a ratio of 0.9 or greater.
In the United States, neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is the most common means of reversing neuromuscular blocking agents, according to Scott Devine, Ph.D., of Merck. Giving neostigmine too early can be ineffective, and giving it too late might induce skeletal muscle weakness.
He and his associates analyzed data from the Anesthesia Quality Institute’s National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry (NACOR) on 113,276 procedures utilizing rocuronium or vecuronium that were reversed with neostigmine in 2010-2012. The reversal agent was given a mean of 63 minutes after the last dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent, 7 minutes before surgical site closure, 14 minutes prior to emergence, and 29 minutes before the end of anesthesia time, though each administration time had a wide range, he reported.
A substantial number of patients would have spontaneously recovered from the effects of the neuromuscular blockers after 63 minutes, suggesting that neostigmine often may be given later than needed, he said. If neostigmine is given 7 minutes before surgical site closure, reversal of neuromuscular blockade could be well underway, resulting in increased muscle tension during surgical site closure, which could increase the risk of complications such as dehiscence or postsurgical hernias, he added.
The large variability in practice may be due to multiple factors and deserves further research, he said.
Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blockade agent, sponsored the studies and supplied at least one investigator for each study.
[email protected] On Twitter @sherryboschert
One part of what we anesthesiologists do, other than keeping patients asleep and pain free, is to have them in a condition so that surgeons can do their operations optimally. If patients are not relaxed, and if muscles are not relaxed, that makes the surgical conditions more difficult, which could potentially lead to longer duration of surgery, more complications, and things like that. So this topic is actually very important to surgeons.
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In these studies, the neuromuscular blockade frequently seems to be insufficient, which is a little bit of a surprise. We hear from our surgery colleagues fairly often during surgery, "Give more muscle relaxants," because they have their hands in the field and they feel what’s going on. But anesthesiologists haven’t always agreed that it’s necessary to give more muscle relaxants, because we thought surgeons overestimated the conditions. It does seem that insufficient muscle relaxation is much more common than we had thought.
Many of these studies come from the Cleveland Clinic, so we’ve gone through their data in detail. We probably will be a little bit more liberal with muscle relaxation, which is difficult. If you overrelax patients, then it takes us longer to extubate them, which means we don’t get out of the OR before the surgeon comes to start the next case. So it’s a give and take.
That’s why to a certain extent it’s important that there are drugs available that promptly, within seconds, reverse our muscle relaxants. But they are not available in the United States yet. We are still waiting. Europe, South America – everybody is already using them.
It’s important for anesthesia and surgery to work together and see whether any of this actually does improve intermediate- or long-term outcomes of patients. That’s ultimately the goal.
Dr. Andrea Kurz is a professor and vice-chair of the Anesthesiology Institute at the Cleveland Clinic. She gave these remarks in an interview. Dr. Kurz reported having no financial disclosures.
One part of what we anesthesiologists do, other than keeping patients asleep and pain free, is to have them in a condition so that surgeons can do their operations optimally. If patients are not relaxed, and if muscles are not relaxed, that makes the surgical conditions more difficult, which could potentially lead to longer duration of surgery, more complications, and things like that. So this topic is actually very important to surgeons.
|
|
In these studies, the neuromuscular blockade frequently seems to be insufficient, which is a little bit of a surprise. We hear from our surgery colleagues fairly often during surgery, "Give more muscle relaxants," because they have their hands in the field and they feel what’s going on. But anesthesiologists haven’t always agreed that it’s necessary to give more muscle relaxants, because we thought surgeons overestimated the conditions. It does seem that insufficient muscle relaxation is much more common than we had thought.
Many of these studies come from the Cleveland Clinic, so we’ve gone through their data in detail. We probably will be a little bit more liberal with muscle relaxation, which is difficult. If you overrelax patients, then it takes us longer to extubate them, which means we don’t get out of the OR before the surgeon comes to start the next case. So it’s a give and take.
That’s why to a certain extent it’s important that there are drugs available that promptly, within seconds, reverse our muscle relaxants. But they are not available in the United States yet. We are still waiting. Europe, South America – everybody is already using them.
It’s important for anesthesia and surgery to work together and see whether any of this actually does improve intermediate- or long-term outcomes of patients. That’s ultimately the goal.
Dr. Andrea Kurz is a professor and vice-chair of the Anesthesiology Institute at the Cleveland Clinic. She gave these remarks in an interview. Dr. Kurz reported having no financial disclosures.
One part of what we anesthesiologists do, other than keeping patients asleep and pain free, is to have them in a condition so that surgeons can do their operations optimally. If patients are not relaxed, and if muscles are not relaxed, that makes the surgical conditions more difficult, which could potentially lead to longer duration of surgery, more complications, and things like that. So this topic is actually very important to surgeons.
|
|
In these studies, the neuromuscular blockade frequently seems to be insufficient, which is a little bit of a surprise. We hear from our surgery colleagues fairly often during surgery, "Give more muscle relaxants," because they have their hands in the field and they feel what’s going on. But anesthesiologists haven’t always agreed that it’s necessary to give more muscle relaxants, because we thought surgeons overestimated the conditions. It does seem that insufficient muscle relaxation is much more common than we had thought.
Many of these studies come from the Cleveland Clinic, so we’ve gone through their data in detail. We probably will be a little bit more liberal with muscle relaxation, which is difficult. If you overrelax patients, then it takes us longer to extubate them, which means we don’t get out of the OR before the surgeon comes to start the next case. So it’s a give and take.
That’s why to a certain extent it’s important that there are drugs available that promptly, within seconds, reverse our muscle relaxants. But they are not available in the United States yet. We are still waiting. Europe, South America – everybody is already using them.
It’s important for anesthesia and surgery to work together and see whether any of this actually does improve intermediate- or long-term outcomes of patients. That’s ultimately the goal.
Dr. Andrea Kurz is a professor and vice-chair of the Anesthesiology Institute at the Cleveland Clinic. She gave these remarks in an interview. Dr. Kurz reported having no financial disclosures.
SAN FRANCISCO – Patients under general anesthesia may be getting insufficient neuromuscular blockade in 1%-45% of operations, depending on the definition, according to several studies presented in a joint session at the annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Regardless of the exact definition, the findings suggest that the problem of insufficient blockade is considerably more common than expected, the anesthesiologists in attendance agreed.
A lack of clinical guidelines for neuromuscular blockade probably contributes to the problem, some speakers suggested. There is no established definition of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, which has been associated in prior studies with compromised surgical visualization, impaired ventilation leading to barotraumas, direct injury through unexpected movement, and other complications.
Investigators presented their results in posters and in a joint discussion session at the meeting. All studies were sponsored by Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blocking agent (rocuronium bromide, or Zemuron) and is seeking U.S. approval for a drug that rapidly reverses neuromuscular blockade (sugammadex, or Bridion).
One percent of 129,209 adults who underwent general anesthesia and received a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade agent in 2005-2013 experienced insufficient blockade in a way that interrupted surgery, either through undesired patient movement (0.3%) or an explicit request from the surgeon for additional muscle relaxation and administration of more neuromuscular blockade (0.7%), Dr. Timur Dubovoy and his associates reported.
They also found indirect evidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade through two other criteria that were much more common, said Dr. Dubovoy of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Anesthesiologists gave more neuromuscular blockade after documenting twitches on peripheral nerve stimulation (train-of-four monitoring) in 39% of patients, indicative of unintended recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Large or even "excessive" maintenance doses were given to 45% of patients, consistent with insufficient neuromuscular blockade, he said.
Those kinds of events typically don’t interrupt a procedure but can lead to residual neuromuscular blockade due to excessive dosing, potentially increasing complications and delaying recovery after anesthesia. The study looked only at the incidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, however, not outcomes.
"Current use of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade agents and subjective tactile train-of-four monitoring frequently exposes patients to inadequate neuromuscular blockade," Dr. Dubovoy said.
In a separate study, insufficient neuromuscular blockade affected 21%-28% of 48,315 adults undergoing abdominal, laparoscopic, and interventional neurovascular procedures at the Cleveland Clinic in 2005-2013, Dr. Brian D. Hesler and his associates reported.
"Our results suggest that insufficient block is relatively common, even in operations that are generally thought to require muscle relaxation," said Dr. Hesler of the Cleveland Clinic. "It is difficult to separate inadequate anesthesia from inadequate neuromuscular block, and both probably contributed in many cases."
He and his associates formed a panel of seven experienced anesthesiologists to identify anesthesiology actions that are indicative of episodes of insufficient neuromuscular block and searched for those criteria in patient records, with a three-person adjudication committee approving the search criteria through a random sample of at least 50 charts for each criterion.
Overall, 28% of operations had evidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, or 21% if the investigators excluded cases identified solely by electromyogram criteria.
In a separate analysis of the same cohort, Dr. Hesler and his associates searched for comments in the anesthetic records and found that insufficient blockade usually was identified more than 30 minutes before emergence, defined as the time when maintenance anesthesia was discontinued (106 cases), but 18% of the time it occurred 15-30 minutes before emergence (9 cases) or less than 15 minutes before emergence (14 cases).
The closer to the end of surgery, the more likely the anesthesiologist was to respond by deepening anesthesia instead of redosing the neuromuscular blocking agent, with other sedatives (opioids) used at a consistent rate in each time period.
A separate prospective, observational study of 448 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic or open abdominal surgical procedures at eight Canadian centers in 2011-2012 stratified residual neuromuscular blockade by train-of-four (TOF) ratios.
Lower TOF ratios at tracheal extubation and at arrival in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were associated with greater risk for complications and greater use of perioperative resources, Dr. Dolores McKeen and her associates reported.
Every 0.1-increment increase in the TOF ratio at tracheal extubation was associated with a 30% reduction in the odds of needing placement of an oral or nasal airway due to upper airway obstruction from the time of patient extubation to PACU discharge. Each 0.1-increment increase in the TOF ratio at tracheal extubation also was associated with 3% fewer bed visits by nurses, said Dr. McKeen of Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. Similar results were seen for TOF ratios upon arrival at the PACU.
This suggests that "more effective strategies to prevent and/or manage residual neuromuscular blockade are required to minimize the impact on the patient and health care provider," she said.
The incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade was 19% for patients with a TOF ratio less than 0.6 at tracheal extubation, 12% with a ratio of 0.6-0.7, 9% with a ratio of 0.7-0.8, 16% with a ratio of 0.8-0.9, and 44% with a ratio of 0.9 or greater. The incidence of residual blockade was 8% for patients with a TOF ratio less than 0.6 upon arrival to the PACU, 7% with a ratio of 0.6-0.7, 14% with a ratio of 0.7-0.8, 16% with a ratio of 0.8-0.9, and 56% with a ratio of 0.9 or greater.
In the United States, neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is the most common means of reversing neuromuscular blocking agents, according to Scott Devine, Ph.D., of Merck. Giving neostigmine too early can be ineffective, and giving it too late might induce skeletal muscle weakness.
He and his associates analyzed data from the Anesthesia Quality Institute’s National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry (NACOR) on 113,276 procedures utilizing rocuronium or vecuronium that were reversed with neostigmine in 2010-2012. The reversal agent was given a mean of 63 minutes after the last dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent, 7 minutes before surgical site closure, 14 minutes prior to emergence, and 29 minutes before the end of anesthesia time, though each administration time had a wide range, he reported.
A substantial number of patients would have spontaneously recovered from the effects of the neuromuscular blockers after 63 minutes, suggesting that neostigmine often may be given later than needed, he said. If neostigmine is given 7 minutes before surgical site closure, reversal of neuromuscular blockade could be well underway, resulting in increased muscle tension during surgical site closure, which could increase the risk of complications such as dehiscence or postsurgical hernias, he added.
The large variability in practice may be due to multiple factors and deserves further research, he said.
Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blockade agent, sponsored the studies and supplied at least one investigator for each study.
[email protected] On Twitter @sherryboschert
SAN FRANCISCO – Patients under general anesthesia may be getting insufficient neuromuscular blockade in 1%-45% of operations, depending on the definition, according to several studies presented in a joint session at the annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists.
Regardless of the exact definition, the findings suggest that the problem of insufficient blockade is considerably more common than expected, the anesthesiologists in attendance agreed.
A lack of clinical guidelines for neuromuscular blockade probably contributes to the problem, some speakers suggested. There is no established definition of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, which has been associated in prior studies with compromised surgical visualization, impaired ventilation leading to barotraumas, direct injury through unexpected movement, and other complications.
Investigators presented their results in posters and in a joint discussion session at the meeting. All studies were sponsored by Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blocking agent (rocuronium bromide, or Zemuron) and is seeking U.S. approval for a drug that rapidly reverses neuromuscular blockade (sugammadex, or Bridion).
One percent of 129,209 adults who underwent general anesthesia and received a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade agent in 2005-2013 experienced insufficient blockade in a way that interrupted surgery, either through undesired patient movement (0.3%) or an explicit request from the surgeon for additional muscle relaxation and administration of more neuromuscular blockade (0.7%), Dr. Timur Dubovoy and his associates reported.
They also found indirect evidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade through two other criteria that were much more common, said Dr. Dubovoy of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Anesthesiologists gave more neuromuscular blockade after documenting twitches on peripheral nerve stimulation (train-of-four monitoring) in 39% of patients, indicative of unintended recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Large or even "excessive" maintenance doses were given to 45% of patients, consistent with insufficient neuromuscular blockade, he said.
Those kinds of events typically don’t interrupt a procedure but can lead to residual neuromuscular blockade due to excessive dosing, potentially increasing complications and delaying recovery after anesthesia. The study looked only at the incidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, however, not outcomes.
"Current use of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade agents and subjective tactile train-of-four monitoring frequently exposes patients to inadequate neuromuscular blockade," Dr. Dubovoy said.
In a separate study, insufficient neuromuscular blockade affected 21%-28% of 48,315 adults undergoing abdominal, laparoscopic, and interventional neurovascular procedures at the Cleveland Clinic in 2005-2013, Dr. Brian D. Hesler and his associates reported.
"Our results suggest that insufficient block is relatively common, even in operations that are generally thought to require muscle relaxation," said Dr. Hesler of the Cleveland Clinic. "It is difficult to separate inadequate anesthesia from inadequate neuromuscular block, and both probably contributed in many cases."
He and his associates formed a panel of seven experienced anesthesiologists to identify anesthesiology actions that are indicative of episodes of insufficient neuromuscular block and searched for those criteria in patient records, with a three-person adjudication committee approving the search criteria through a random sample of at least 50 charts for each criterion.
Overall, 28% of operations had evidence of insufficient neuromuscular blockade, or 21% if the investigators excluded cases identified solely by electromyogram criteria.
In a separate analysis of the same cohort, Dr. Hesler and his associates searched for comments in the anesthetic records and found that insufficient blockade usually was identified more than 30 minutes before emergence, defined as the time when maintenance anesthesia was discontinued (106 cases), but 18% of the time it occurred 15-30 minutes before emergence (9 cases) or less than 15 minutes before emergence (14 cases).
The closer to the end of surgery, the more likely the anesthesiologist was to respond by deepening anesthesia instead of redosing the neuromuscular blocking agent, with other sedatives (opioids) used at a consistent rate in each time period.
A separate prospective, observational study of 448 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic or open abdominal surgical procedures at eight Canadian centers in 2011-2012 stratified residual neuromuscular blockade by train-of-four (TOF) ratios.
Lower TOF ratios at tracheal extubation and at arrival in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were associated with greater risk for complications and greater use of perioperative resources, Dr. Dolores McKeen and her associates reported.
Every 0.1-increment increase in the TOF ratio at tracheal extubation was associated with a 30% reduction in the odds of needing placement of an oral or nasal airway due to upper airway obstruction from the time of patient extubation to PACU discharge. Each 0.1-increment increase in the TOF ratio at tracheal extubation also was associated with 3% fewer bed visits by nurses, said Dr. McKeen of Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. Similar results were seen for TOF ratios upon arrival at the PACU.
This suggests that "more effective strategies to prevent and/or manage residual neuromuscular blockade are required to minimize the impact on the patient and health care provider," she said.
The incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade was 19% for patients with a TOF ratio less than 0.6 at tracheal extubation, 12% with a ratio of 0.6-0.7, 9% with a ratio of 0.7-0.8, 16% with a ratio of 0.8-0.9, and 44% with a ratio of 0.9 or greater. The incidence of residual blockade was 8% for patients with a TOF ratio less than 0.6 upon arrival to the PACU, 7% with a ratio of 0.6-0.7, 14% with a ratio of 0.7-0.8, 16% with a ratio of 0.8-0.9, and 56% with a ratio of 0.9 or greater.
In the United States, neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is the most common means of reversing neuromuscular blocking agents, according to Scott Devine, Ph.D., of Merck. Giving neostigmine too early can be ineffective, and giving it too late might induce skeletal muscle weakness.
He and his associates analyzed data from the Anesthesia Quality Institute’s National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry (NACOR) on 113,276 procedures utilizing rocuronium or vecuronium that were reversed with neostigmine in 2010-2012. The reversal agent was given a mean of 63 minutes after the last dose of a neuromuscular blocking agent, 7 minutes before surgical site closure, 14 minutes prior to emergence, and 29 minutes before the end of anesthesia time, though each administration time had a wide range, he reported.
A substantial number of patients would have spontaneously recovered from the effects of the neuromuscular blockers after 63 minutes, suggesting that neostigmine often may be given later than needed, he said. If neostigmine is given 7 minutes before surgical site closure, reversal of neuromuscular blockade could be well underway, resulting in increased muscle tension during surgical site closure, which could increase the risk of complications such as dehiscence or postsurgical hernias, he added.
The large variability in practice may be due to multiple factors and deserves further research, he said.
Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blockade agent, sponsored the studies and supplied at least one investigator for each study.
[email protected] On Twitter @sherryboschert
AT THE ASA ANNUAL MEETING
Major finding: The incidence of inadequate neuromuscular blockade during surgery ranged from 1% to 45%, depending on the definition.
Data source: Multiple retrospective studies of adults undergoing surgery with general anesthesia who received neuromuscular blocking agents.
Disclosures: Merck, which markets a neuromuscular blockade reversal agent, sponsored the studies and supplied at least one investigator for each study.
