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Unlike previous hepatologists, who were trained through gastroenterology programs, most new practitioners seek advanced training in a fellowship year focused exclusively on hepatology.
Like practitioners in many medical subspecialties, transplant hepatologists have varied career goals and responsibilities. Hepatologists who continue to specifically practice transplant hepatology are affiliated with a liver transplant center, which is generally a hospital-based practice. However, most hepatologists also treat nontransplant hepatology patients and some who have completed advanced hepatology training focus exclusively on these patients or provide community-based care for transplant recipients from other centers. Caring for patients with end-stage liver disease and liver transplant recipients can be clinically demanding but also very rewarding. There are also many opportunities for academic pursuits within a hepatology career including areas in urgent need of clinical and basic investigation, clinical trials for novel agents to treat common diseases, education (including leadership in advanced hepatology training), and involvement in professional societies such as the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD).
What are the opportunities for advanced hepatology training?
In 1999, the AASLD determined that the practice of transplant hepatology required its own specialized knowledge and that most practicing gastroenterologists did not consider themselves adequately prepared to care for patients with advanced liver disease.1,2 The following year, the AASLD applied to the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) to develop formalized liver transplant training. After several years of debate and development, the first ABIM certification exam in transplant hepatology was held in 2006 and is now offered every 2 years.2
There are currently three pathways to achieve advanced training in hepatology. The traditional pathway is a 1-year Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) transplant fellowship that is separate from, and must follow completion of, a gastroenterology fellowship. There are currently 51 ACGME-accredited 1-year transplant hepatology fellowships in the United States. These fellowships are only at institutions with ACGME-accredited training in internal medicine and gastroenterology as well. The full and updated list of programs can be found on the ACGME website.3 The second pathway is the relatively new ABIM “pilot” program during which the transplant hepatology fellowship year is combined with the third year of gastroenterology fellowship (discussed in detail below). Finally, there remain many 1-year training programs that are not ACGME-accredited, may not be associated with a gastroenterology fellowship program, and do have not regulated requirements for entry. Trainees who complete non-ACGME programs are not candidates for ABIM board certification.
How does one apply for transplant hepatology fellowship?
Transplant hepatology fellowships do not participate in a match system. Therefore, the interviews and offers for training spots may occur at different times depending on the program and the region of the country. In general, fellows apply by the fall of their second year of gastroenterology fellowship in order to begin training after graduating from the third year of fellowship. Each program has its individual approach to the application process and most have this information available on a website as to how to apply. A complete list of ACGME-accredited programs along with the program directors and contact information is available on the ABIM website.3
What is the gastroenterology/transplant hepatology pilot training program?
The AASLD and ABIM have developed a combined gastroenterology and transplant hepatology pilot fellowship training program that allows eligible gastroenterology fellows to spend their third year training in transplant hepatology. This approach has the potential to shorten the total training from 4 years to 3. In addition, if all gastroenterology and transplant hepatology competencies are achieved by the end of the third year, fellows approved to be in this program are eligible to take both gastroenterology and transplant hepatology ABIM certification exams.
Any ACGME-accredited gastroenterology fellowship program that has an accredited hepatology counterpart is eligible to participate in this pilot. Eligible programs and fellows must apply to AASLD during the fellow’s second year. The fellow applicant must complete all clinical gastroenterology requirements before the end of the second year of fellowship and be on a trajectory to meet competency milestones, as the majority of the third year will focus on hepatology.
Since 2012, 59 fellows from 31 programs have participated in this pilot program.4 If you are interested in participating in this pilot program at your institution, it is important to confer with program directors as early as possible to meet all training requirements. In addition, applications are submitted to the Pilot Steering Taskforce during the fellow’s second year for review. This is not meant to be a competitive process and all fellows who meet the criteria are approved.
This track may not be ideal for all fellows interested in advanced and transplant hepatology. In particular, there may be a trade-off between achieving clinical competency in a shortened training period and pursuing scholarly activity. This pilot program is designed to be an intensive clinical track, so fellows who wish to focus on research should discuss with their program directors whether this is the best approach.
What has been your career path after advanced training in hepatology?
I first became interested in hepatology during my inpatient rotations as a medical student. This interest led me to become involved in research in this area very early in my career. The current structure of the fellowship as well as the board certification exam were both developed while I was in training and I adjusted my plans to complete 3 years of gastroenterology fellowship followed by an ACGME-accredited liver transplant fellowship year. Since completing training, I have worked as an attending at an academic medical center in a large liver transplant program and continue to care for patients with all forms of liver disease. In addition, I continued to pursue research as a large component of my job and now have NIH funding and direct the Transplant Clinical Research Center at Columbia University. Finally, I have always been devoted to education and am the program director for the transplant hepatology fellowship at our institution.
What is the future of advanced hepatology training?
The current transplant hepatology training system has evolved significantly since its inception, including development of curricula, ongoing modification of training requirements, and the development of the innovative pilot program. However, there are issues that continue to be debated by the community. For example, it is not certain when or if the combined gastroenterology and transplant hepatology pilot program will become a permanent pathway for training or how best to select fellows for this approach.
Hepatology continues to be a very dynamic area of medicine. With diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma on the rise, the urgent need for training in HCV treatment to combat the global epidemic of viral hepatitis, and the growing number of patients on the liver transplant waiting list, there has never been a more exciting time to choose hepatology as a career.
References
1. Luxon BA. So you want to be a hepatologist? Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1182-5.
2. Bacon BR, Grosso LJ, Freedman N, Althouse LA. Subspecialty certification in transplant hepatology. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(11):1479-81.
3. https://apps.acgme.org/ads/public/reports/report/1.
4. https://www.aasld.org/events-professional-development/educational-learning-faq.
Dr. Verna is assistant professor of medicine, program director, transplant hepatology fellowship, director of clinical research, Transplant Clinical Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.
Unlike previous hepatologists, who were trained through gastroenterology programs, most new practitioners seek advanced training in a fellowship year focused exclusively on hepatology.
Like practitioners in many medical subspecialties, transplant hepatologists have varied career goals and responsibilities. Hepatologists who continue to specifically practice transplant hepatology are affiliated with a liver transplant center, which is generally a hospital-based practice. However, most hepatologists also treat nontransplant hepatology patients and some who have completed advanced hepatology training focus exclusively on these patients or provide community-based care for transplant recipients from other centers. Caring for patients with end-stage liver disease and liver transplant recipients can be clinically demanding but also very rewarding. There are also many opportunities for academic pursuits within a hepatology career including areas in urgent need of clinical and basic investigation, clinical trials for novel agents to treat common diseases, education (including leadership in advanced hepatology training), and involvement in professional societies such as the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD).
What are the opportunities for advanced hepatology training?
In 1999, the AASLD determined that the practice of transplant hepatology required its own specialized knowledge and that most practicing gastroenterologists did not consider themselves adequately prepared to care for patients with advanced liver disease.1,2 The following year, the AASLD applied to the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) to develop formalized liver transplant training. After several years of debate and development, the first ABIM certification exam in transplant hepatology was held in 2006 and is now offered every 2 years.2
There are currently three pathways to achieve advanced training in hepatology. The traditional pathway is a 1-year Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) transplant fellowship that is separate from, and must follow completion of, a gastroenterology fellowship. There are currently 51 ACGME-accredited 1-year transplant hepatology fellowships in the United States. These fellowships are only at institutions with ACGME-accredited training in internal medicine and gastroenterology as well. The full and updated list of programs can be found on the ACGME website.3 The second pathway is the relatively new ABIM “pilot” program during which the transplant hepatology fellowship year is combined with the third year of gastroenterology fellowship (discussed in detail below). Finally, there remain many 1-year training programs that are not ACGME-accredited, may not be associated with a gastroenterology fellowship program, and do have not regulated requirements for entry. Trainees who complete non-ACGME programs are not candidates for ABIM board certification.
How does one apply for transplant hepatology fellowship?
Transplant hepatology fellowships do not participate in a match system. Therefore, the interviews and offers for training spots may occur at different times depending on the program and the region of the country. In general, fellows apply by the fall of their second year of gastroenterology fellowship in order to begin training after graduating from the third year of fellowship. Each program has its individual approach to the application process and most have this information available on a website as to how to apply. A complete list of ACGME-accredited programs along with the program directors and contact information is available on the ABIM website.3
What is the gastroenterology/transplant hepatology pilot training program?
The AASLD and ABIM have developed a combined gastroenterology and transplant hepatology pilot fellowship training program that allows eligible gastroenterology fellows to spend their third year training in transplant hepatology. This approach has the potential to shorten the total training from 4 years to 3. In addition, if all gastroenterology and transplant hepatology competencies are achieved by the end of the third year, fellows approved to be in this program are eligible to take both gastroenterology and transplant hepatology ABIM certification exams.
Any ACGME-accredited gastroenterology fellowship program that has an accredited hepatology counterpart is eligible to participate in this pilot. Eligible programs and fellows must apply to AASLD during the fellow’s second year. The fellow applicant must complete all clinical gastroenterology requirements before the end of the second year of fellowship and be on a trajectory to meet competency milestones, as the majority of the third year will focus on hepatology.
Since 2012, 59 fellows from 31 programs have participated in this pilot program.4 If you are interested in participating in this pilot program at your institution, it is important to confer with program directors as early as possible to meet all training requirements. In addition, applications are submitted to the Pilot Steering Taskforce during the fellow’s second year for review. This is not meant to be a competitive process and all fellows who meet the criteria are approved.
This track may not be ideal for all fellows interested in advanced and transplant hepatology. In particular, there may be a trade-off between achieving clinical competency in a shortened training period and pursuing scholarly activity. This pilot program is designed to be an intensive clinical track, so fellows who wish to focus on research should discuss with their program directors whether this is the best approach.
What has been your career path after advanced training in hepatology?
I first became interested in hepatology during my inpatient rotations as a medical student. This interest led me to become involved in research in this area very early in my career. The current structure of the fellowship as well as the board certification exam were both developed while I was in training and I adjusted my plans to complete 3 years of gastroenterology fellowship followed by an ACGME-accredited liver transplant fellowship year. Since completing training, I have worked as an attending at an academic medical center in a large liver transplant program and continue to care for patients with all forms of liver disease. In addition, I continued to pursue research as a large component of my job and now have NIH funding and direct the Transplant Clinical Research Center at Columbia University. Finally, I have always been devoted to education and am the program director for the transplant hepatology fellowship at our institution.
What is the future of advanced hepatology training?
The current transplant hepatology training system has evolved significantly since its inception, including development of curricula, ongoing modification of training requirements, and the development of the innovative pilot program. However, there are issues that continue to be debated by the community. For example, it is not certain when or if the combined gastroenterology and transplant hepatology pilot program will become a permanent pathway for training or how best to select fellows for this approach.
Hepatology continues to be a very dynamic area of medicine. With diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma on the rise, the urgent need for training in HCV treatment to combat the global epidemic of viral hepatitis, and the growing number of patients on the liver transplant waiting list, there has never been a more exciting time to choose hepatology as a career.
References
1. Luxon BA. So you want to be a hepatologist? Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1182-5.
2. Bacon BR, Grosso LJ, Freedman N, Althouse LA. Subspecialty certification in transplant hepatology. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(11):1479-81.
3. https://apps.acgme.org/ads/public/reports/report/1.
4. https://www.aasld.org/events-professional-development/educational-learning-faq.
Dr. Verna is assistant professor of medicine, program director, transplant hepatology fellowship, director of clinical research, Transplant Clinical Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.
Unlike previous hepatologists, who were trained through gastroenterology programs, most new practitioners seek advanced training in a fellowship year focused exclusively on hepatology.
Like practitioners in many medical subspecialties, transplant hepatologists have varied career goals and responsibilities. Hepatologists who continue to specifically practice transplant hepatology are affiliated with a liver transplant center, which is generally a hospital-based practice. However, most hepatologists also treat nontransplant hepatology patients and some who have completed advanced hepatology training focus exclusively on these patients or provide community-based care for transplant recipients from other centers. Caring for patients with end-stage liver disease and liver transplant recipients can be clinically demanding but also very rewarding. There are also many opportunities for academic pursuits within a hepatology career including areas in urgent need of clinical and basic investigation, clinical trials for novel agents to treat common diseases, education (including leadership in advanced hepatology training), and involvement in professional societies such as the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD).
What are the opportunities for advanced hepatology training?
In 1999, the AASLD determined that the practice of transplant hepatology required its own specialized knowledge and that most practicing gastroenterologists did not consider themselves adequately prepared to care for patients with advanced liver disease.1,2 The following year, the AASLD applied to the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) to develop formalized liver transplant training. After several years of debate and development, the first ABIM certification exam in transplant hepatology was held in 2006 and is now offered every 2 years.2
There are currently three pathways to achieve advanced training in hepatology. The traditional pathway is a 1-year Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) transplant fellowship that is separate from, and must follow completion of, a gastroenterology fellowship. There are currently 51 ACGME-accredited 1-year transplant hepatology fellowships in the United States. These fellowships are only at institutions with ACGME-accredited training in internal medicine and gastroenterology as well. The full and updated list of programs can be found on the ACGME website.3 The second pathway is the relatively new ABIM “pilot” program during which the transplant hepatology fellowship year is combined with the third year of gastroenterology fellowship (discussed in detail below). Finally, there remain many 1-year training programs that are not ACGME-accredited, may not be associated with a gastroenterology fellowship program, and do have not regulated requirements for entry. Trainees who complete non-ACGME programs are not candidates for ABIM board certification.
How does one apply for transplant hepatology fellowship?
Transplant hepatology fellowships do not participate in a match system. Therefore, the interviews and offers for training spots may occur at different times depending on the program and the region of the country. In general, fellows apply by the fall of their second year of gastroenterology fellowship in order to begin training after graduating from the third year of fellowship. Each program has its individual approach to the application process and most have this information available on a website as to how to apply. A complete list of ACGME-accredited programs along with the program directors and contact information is available on the ABIM website.3
What is the gastroenterology/transplant hepatology pilot training program?
The AASLD and ABIM have developed a combined gastroenterology and transplant hepatology pilot fellowship training program that allows eligible gastroenterology fellows to spend their third year training in transplant hepatology. This approach has the potential to shorten the total training from 4 years to 3. In addition, if all gastroenterology and transplant hepatology competencies are achieved by the end of the third year, fellows approved to be in this program are eligible to take both gastroenterology and transplant hepatology ABIM certification exams.
Any ACGME-accredited gastroenterology fellowship program that has an accredited hepatology counterpart is eligible to participate in this pilot. Eligible programs and fellows must apply to AASLD during the fellow’s second year. The fellow applicant must complete all clinical gastroenterology requirements before the end of the second year of fellowship and be on a trajectory to meet competency milestones, as the majority of the third year will focus on hepatology.
Since 2012, 59 fellows from 31 programs have participated in this pilot program.4 If you are interested in participating in this pilot program at your institution, it is important to confer with program directors as early as possible to meet all training requirements. In addition, applications are submitted to the Pilot Steering Taskforce during the fellow’s second year for review. This is not meant to be a competitive process and all fellows who meet the criteria are approved.
This track may not be ideal for all fellows interested in advanced and transplant hepatology. In particular, there may be a trade-off between achieving clinical competency in a shortened training period and pursuing scholarly activity. This pilot program is designed to be an intensive clinical track, so fellows who wish to focus on research should discuss with their program directors whether this is the best approach.
What has been your career path after advanced training in hepatology?
I first became interested in hepatology during my inpatient rotations as a medical student. This interest led me to become involved in research in this area very early in my career. The current structure of the fellowship as well as the board certification exam were both developed while I was in training and I adjusted my plans to complete 3 years of gastroenterology fellowship followed by an ACGME-accredited liver transplant fellowship year. Since completing training, I have worked as an attending at an academic medical center in a large liver transplant program and continue to care for patients with all forms of liver disease. In addition, I continued to pursue research as a large component of my job and now have NIH funding and direct the Transplant Clinical Research Center at Columbia University. Finally, I have always been devoted to education and am the program director for the transplant hepatology fellowship at our institution.
What is the future of advanced hepatology training?
The current transplant hepatology training system has evolved significantly since its inception, including development of curricula, ongoing modification of training requirements, and the development of the innovative pilot program. However, there are issues that continue to be debated by the community. For example, it is not certain when or if the combined gastroenterology and transplant hepatology pilot program will become a permanent pathway for training or how best to select fellows for this approach.
Hepatology continues to be a very dynamic area of medicine. With diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma on the rise, the urgent need for training in HCV treatment to combat the global epidemic of viral hepatitis, and the growing number of patients on the liver transplant waiting list, there has never been a more exciting time to choose hepatology as a career.
References
1. Luxon BA. So you want to be a hepatologist? Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1182-5.
2. Bacon BR, Grosso LJ, Freedman N, Althouse LA. Subspecialty certification in transplant hepatology. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(11):1479-81.
3. https://apps.acgme.org/ads/public/reports/report/1.
4. https://www.aasld.org/events-professional-development/educational-learning-faq.
Dr. Verna is assistant professor of medicine, program director, transplant hepatology fellowship, director of clinical research, Transplant Clinical Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.
