Keeping Children Home Is Often Not Justified

BOSTON — Conjunctivitis: It's red, it's itchy, it's crusty, but it is not—repeat NOT—cause for automatic exclusion from day care or school, according to the latest edition of the American Academy of Pediatrics' "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools."

The rationale behind this seemingly revolutionary recommendation is the fact that neither treatment nor exclusion of children with conjunctivitis from group settings reduces the spread of infection, Dr. Laura A. Jana said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

"Multiple studies have shown that most viruses are spread by children who seem well, which means that exposure happens before the school or day care facility can make the first phone call for the child to be picked up," said Dr. Jana, a pediatrician and owner of a child care facility in Omaha, Neb.

So while conventional wisdom says that automatically excluding kids with conjunctivitis, fever, and stomachaches will prevent the spread of these infections, "the evidence doesn't back this up," she said, noting that "hand and surface hygiene continue to be the best way to reduce infections in group care."

Unfortunately, despite the existence of evidence-based national exclusion guidelines published in 2002 by the AAP and the American Public Health Association and other organizations, "conventional wisdom" often trumps evidence in exclusion decisions.

"Many children are excluded from school and child care when they should not be and some children who meet guideline exclusion criteria remain in school and child care, possibly exposing other children to illness and diverting caregivers' attention from other, healthy children while tending to sick children," according to Dr. Jana. Too often, children with nonbacterial conjunctivitis, mild stomachaches, runny noses, and ringworm are being sent home unnecessarily.

The confusion regarding exclusion is understandable, said Dr. Jana. Unlike the best-practice guidelines issued in 2002 by the AAP and others, state guidelines for exclusion from child care or school lack detail, are not based on medical evidence, and vary considerably by state. "Most states do not require center and school policies to follow national guidelines, and individual exclusion policies must only comply with state licensing, which means children are often excluded for harmless conditions," she said. The consequences of inappropriate exclusion policies and practices, she added, include excess health care visits, antibiotic-seeking behavior, and lost work and school time.

The one exclusion criterion from the national guidelines that is excluded most frequently, according to Dr. Jana, is the directive that a child should be excluded if the illness prevents him or her from participating comfortably in activities. "This child should really be at home," she said. "Additionally, a child should be excluded from school or day care if the illness results in greater care than the staff can provide," she noted, or if the illness poses a risk of spreading a harmful disease to others. (See box.)

The common cold, for example, does not warrant exclusion, "unless the child is too uncomfortable to participate in routine daily activities," Dr. Jana said.

The updated "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools" (Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008), also recommends against exclusion for the following conditions that often incite red flags, according to Dr. Jana:

▸ Hand, foot, and mouth disease. "Children should not be excluded unless they have sores in their mouth with drooling or if the rash is associated with fever or behavior change," Dr. Jana explained.

▸ Fifth disease. Because there is little virus present when the rash appears.

▸ Draining skin infection, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). "Because of the media attention surrounding MRSA, there's a lot of anxiety about this, but the reality is, these children should be excluded only if the infection is accompanied by fever, pain, or behavior change," said Dr. Jana. "There is no need for the caregiver to request a culture, because it won't affect how the infection will be handled. Some kids without symptoms have MRSA, and there is no good way to eradicate the germ yet."

▸ Diarrhea. According to the revised guidelines, diapered children with diarrhea may remain in care if the diarrhea is contained in the diaper and the child has no more than two stools above normal. Children who are able to use the toilet may remain in care with good hand washing, as long as they don't have accidents. "Exclusion is appropriate for children with blood in their stool not explained by medication, hard stool, or diet," she said.

▸ Vomiting. The guidelines recommend exclusion for a child who has had two or more episodes of vomiting in the previous 24 hours and continuing exclusion until the vomiting resolves or it is determined the cause is not contagious.

▸ Fever. "Children with fever should not be excluded automatically, unless the fever is accompanied by behavior change or other signs or symptoms of illness," said Dr. Jana. The exception to this is children younger than 4 months old with unexplained fever.

▸ Respiratory illness. Most respiratory illnesses do not require exclusion; however, a child with persistent coughing or trouble breathing should be evaluated for pneumonia, asthma, or serious respiratory infection, such as whooping cough, Dr. Jana noted.

▸ Earache, no fever. "This child should be excluded if he or she requires more care than the staff can reasonably provide," said Dr. Jana.

▸ Lice. "Lice are a nuisance, but they're not a health hazard," she said. "Children with lice should be excluded, but they don't have to be sent home right away. It can wait until the end of the day."

Revised 'When to Exclude' Criteria

With the exception of the noted updates, most of the exclusion criteria outlined in the revised "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools" are consistent with the national illness exclusion guidelines published in 2002. These include:

▸ Tuberculosis, until an appropriate health care provider or health official certifies that the child is in appropriate therapy and can attend care.

▸ Impetigo, until 24 hours after treatment has been initiated.

▸ Chickenpox until all sores have dried and crusted (usually 6 days).

▸ Mumps, until 9 days after an onset of parotid gland swelling.

▸ Hepatitis A virus, until 1 week after an onset of illness or jaundice or as directed by the health department.

▸ Measles, until 4 days after rash onset.

▸ Rubella, until 6 days after rash onset.

▸ Fever, when accompanied by behavior changes or other symptoms.

▸ Diarrhea.

▸ Blood in the stool not explained by dietary change, medication, or hard stool.

▸ Vomiting two or more times in a 24-hour period.

▸ Body rash with fever.

▸ Sore throat with fever and swollen glands or mouth sores with drooling.

▸ Severe coughing with the child getting red or blue in the face or making a high-pitched whooping sound after coughing.

▸ Persistent abdominal pain (more than 2 hours) or intermittent pain with other signs and symptoms.

▸ Signs of severe illness such as irritability, unusual tiredness, or neediness that compromises caregivers' ability to care for other children.

▸ Uncontrolled coughing or wheezing, continuous crying, or difficulty breathing.

BOSTON — Conjunctivitis: It's red, it's itchy, it's crusty, but it is not—repeat NOT—cause for automatic exclusion from day care or school, according to the latest edition of the American Academy of Pediatrics' "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools."

The rationale behind this seemingly revolutionary recommendation is the fact that neither treatment nor exclusion of children with conjunctivitis from group settings reduces the spread of infection, Dr. Laura A. Jana said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

"Multiple studies have shown that most viruses are spread by children who seem well, which means that exposure happens before the school or day care facility can make the first phone call for the child to be picked up," said Dr. Jana, a pediatrician and owner of a child care facility in Omaha, Neb.

So while conventional wisdom says that automatically excluding kids with conjunctivitis, fever, and stomachaches will prevent the spread of these infections, "the evidence doesn't back this up," she said, noting that "hand and surface hygiene continue to be the best way to reduce infections in group care."

Unfortunately, despite the existence of evidence-based national exclusion guidelines published in 2002 by the AAP and the American Public Health Association and other organizations, "conventional wisdom" often trumps evidence in exclusion decisions.

"Many children are excluded from school and child care when they should not be and some children who meet guideline exclusion criteria remain in school and child care, possibly exposing other children to illness and diverting caregivers' attention from other, healthy children while tending to sick children," according to Dr. Jana. Too often, children with nonbacterial conjunctivitis, mild stomachaches, runny noses, and ringworm are being sent home unnecessarily.

The confusion regarding exclusion is understandable, said Dr. Jana. Unlike the best-practice guidelines issued in 2002 by the AAP and others, state guidelines for exclusion from child care or school lack detail, are not based on medical evidence, and vary considerably by state. "Most states do not require center and school policies to follow national guidelines, and individual exclusion policies must only comply with state licensing, which means children are often excluded for harmless conditions," she said. The consequences of inappropriate exclusion policies and practices, she added, include excess health care visits, antibiotic-seeking behavior, and lost work and school time.

The one exclusion criterion from the national guidelines that is excluded most frequently, according to Dr. Jana, is the directive that a child should be excluded if the illness prevents him or her from participating comfortably in activities. "This child should really be at home," she said. "Additionally, a child should be excluded from school or day care if the illness results in greater care than the staff can provide," she noted, or if the illness poses a risk of spreading a harmful disease to others. (See box.)

The common cold, for example, does not warrant exclusion, "unless the child is too uncomfortable to participate in routine daily activities," Dr. Jana said.

The updated "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools" (Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008), also recommends against exclusion for the following conditions that often incite red flags, according to Dr. Jana:

▸ Hand, foot, and mouth disease. "Children should not be excluded unless they have sores in their mouth with drooling or if the rash is associated with fever or behavior change," Dr. Jana explained.

▸ Fifth disease. Because there is little virus present when the rash appears.

▸ Draining skin infection, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). "Because of the media attention surrounding MRSA, there's a lot of anxiety about this, but the reality is, these children should be excluded only if the infection is accompanied by fever, pain, or behavior change," said Dr. Jana. "There is no need for the caregiver to request a culture, because it won't affect how the infection will be handled. Some kids without symptoms have MRSA, and there is no good way to eradicate the germ yet."

▸ Diarrhea. According to the revised guidelines, diapered children with diarrhea may remain in care if the diarrhea is contained in the diaper and the child has no more than two stools above normal. Children who are able to use the toilet may remain in care with good hand washing, as long as they don't have accidents. "Exclusion is appropriate for children with blood in their stool not explained by medication, hard stool, or diet," she said.

▸ Vomiting. The guidelines recommend exclusion for a child who has had two or more episodes of vomiting in the previous 24 hours and continuing exclusion until the vomiting resolves or it is determined the cause is not contagious.

▸ Fever. "Children with fever should not be excluded automatically, unless the fever is accompanied by behavior change or other signs or symptoms of illness," said Dr. Jana. The exception to this is children younger than 4 months old with unexplained fever.

▸ Respiratory illness. Most respiratory illnesses do not require exclusion; however, a child with persistent coughing or trouble breathing should be evaluated for pneumonia, asthma, or serious respiratory infection, such as whooping cough, Dr. Jana noted.

▸ Earache, no fever. "This child should be excluded if he or she requires more care than the staff can reasonably provide," said Dr. Jana.

▸ Lice. "Lice are a nuisance, but they're not a health hazard," she said. "Children with lice should be excluded, but they don't have to be sent home right away. It can wait until the end of the day."

Revised 'When to Exclude' Criteria

With the exception of the noted updates, most of the exclusion criteria outlined in the revised "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools" are consistent with the national illness exclusion guidelines published in 2002. These include:

▸ Tuberculosis, until an appropriate health care provider or health official certifies that the child is in appropriate therapy and can attend care.

▸ Impetigo, until 24 hours after treatment has been initiated.

▸ Chickenpox until all sores have dried and crusted (usually 6 days).

▸ Mumps, until 9 days after an onset of parotid gland swelling.

▸ Hepatitis A virus, until 1 week after an onset of illness or jaundice or as directed by the health department.

▸ Measles, until 4 days after rash onset.

▸ Rubella, until 6 days after rash onset.

▸ Fever, when accompanied by behavior changes or other symptoms.

▸ Diarrhea.

▸ Blood in the stool not explained by dietary change, medication, or hard stool.

▸ Vomiting two or more times in a 24-hour period.

▸ Body rash with fever.

▸ Sore throat with fever and swollen glands or mouth sores with drooling.

▸ Severe coughing with the child getting red or blue in the face or making a high-pitched whooping sound after coughing.

▸ Persistent abdominal pain (more than 2 hours) or intermittent pain with other signs and symptoms.

▸ Signs of severe illness such as irritability, unusual tiredness, or neediness that compromises caregivers' ability to care for other children.

▸ Uncontrolled coughing or wheezing, continuous crying, or difficulty breathing.

BOSTON — Conjunctivitis: It's red, it's itchy, it's crusty, but it is not—repeat NOT—cause for automatic exclusion from day care or school, according to the latest edition of the American Academy of Pediatrics' "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools."

The rationale behind this seemingly revolutionary recommendation is the fact that neither treatment nor exclusion of children with conjunctivitis from group settings reduces the spread of infection, Dr. Laura A. Jana said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

"Multiple studies have shown that most viruses are spread by children who seem well, which means that exposure happens before the school or day care facility can make the first phone call for the child to be picked up," said Dr. Jana, a pediatrician and owner of a child care facility in Omaha, Neb.

So while conventional wisdom says that automatically excluding kids with conjunctivitis, fever, and stomachaches will prevent the spread of these infections, "the evidence doesn't back this up," she said, noting that "hand and surface hygiene continue to be the best way to reduce infections in group care."

Unfortunately, despite the existence of evidence-based national exclusion guidelines published in 2002 by the AAP and the American Public Health Association and other organizations, "conventional wisdom" often trumps evidence in exclusion decisions.

"Many children are excluded from school and child care when they should not be and some children who meet guideline exclusion criteria remain in school and child care, possibly exposing other children to illness and diverting caregivers' attention from other, healthy children while tending to sick children," according to Dr. Jana. Too often, children with nonbacterial conjunctivitis, mild stomachaches, runny noses, and ringworm are being sent home unnecessarily.

The confusion regarding exclusion is understandable, said Dr. Jana. Unlike the best-practice guidelines issued in 2002 by the AAP and others, state guidelines for exclusion from child care or school lack detail, are not based on medical evidence, and vary considerably by state. "Most states do not require center and school policies to follow national guidelines, and individual exclusion policies must only comply with state licensing, which means children are often excluded for harmless conditions," she said. The consequences of inappropriate exclusion policies and practices, she added, include excess health care visits, antibiotic-seeking behavior, and lost work and school time.

The one exclusion criterion from the national guidelines that is excluded most frequently, according to Dr. Jana, is the directive that a child should be excluded if the illness prevents him or her from participating comfortably in activities. "This child should really be at home," she said. "Additionally, a child should be excluded from school or day care if the illness results in greater care than the staff can provide," she noted, or if the illness poses a risk of spreading a harmful disease to others. (See box.)

The common cold, for example, does not warrant exclusion, "unless the child is too uncomfortable to participate in routine daily activities," Dr. Jana said.

The updated "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools" (Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008), also recommends against exclusion for the following conditions that often incite red flags, according to Dr. Jana:

▸ Hand, foot, and mouth disease. "Children should not be excluded unless they have sores in their mouth with drooling or if the rash is associated with fever or behavior change," Dr. Jana explained.

▸ Fifth disease. Because there is little virus present when the rash appears.

▸ Draining skin infection, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). "Because of the media attention surrounding MRSA, there's a lot of anxiety about this, but the reality is, these children should be excluded only if the infection is accompanied by fever, pain, or behavior change," said Dr. Jana. "There is no need for the caregiver to request a culture, because it won't affect how the infection will be handled. Some kids without symptoms have MRSA, and there is no good way to eradicate the germ yet."

▸ Diarrhea. According to the revised guidelines, diapered children with diarrhea may remain in care if the diarrhea is contained in the diaper and the child has no more than two stools above normal. Children who are able to use the toilet may remain in care with good hand washing, as long as they don't have accidents. "Exclusion is appropriate for children with blood in their stool not explained by medication, hard stool, or diet," she said.

▸ Vomiting. The guidelines recommend exclusion for a child who has had two or more episodes of vomiting in the previous 24 hours and continuing exclusion until the vomiting resolves or it is determined the cause is not contagious.

▸ Fever. "Children with fever should not be excluded automatically, unless the fever is accompanied by behavior change or other signs or symptoms of illness," said Dr. Jana. The exception to this is children younger than 4 months old with unexplained fever.

▸ Respiratory illness. Most respiratory illnesses do not require exclusion; however, a child with persistent coughing or trouble breathing should be evaluated for pneumonia, asthma, or serious respiratory infection, such as whooping cough, Dr. Jana noted.

▸ Earache, no fever. "This child should be excluded if he or she requires more care than the staff can reasonably provide," said Dr. Jana.

▸ Lice. "Lice are a nuisance, but they're not a health hazard," she said. "Children with lice should be excluded, but they don't have to be sent home right away. It can wait until the end of the day."

Revised 'When to Exclude' Criteria

With the exception of the noted updates, most of the exclusion criteria outlined in the revised "Managing Infectious Diseases in Child Care and Schools" are consistent with the national illness exclusion guidelines published in 2002. These include:

▸ Tuberculosis, until an appropriate health care provider or health official certifies that the child is in appropriate therapy and can attend care.

▸ Impetigo, until 24 hours after treatment has been initiated.

▸ Chickenpox until all sores have dried and crusted (usually 6 days).

▸ Mumps, until 9 days after an onset of parotid gland swelling.

▸ Hepatitis A virus, until 1 week after an onset of illness or jaundice or as directed by the health department.

▸ Measles, until 4 days after rash onset.

▸ Rubella, until 6 days after rash onset.

▸ Fever, when accompanied by behavior changes or other symptoms.

▸ Diarrhea.

▸ Blood in the stool not explained by dietary change, medication, or hard stool.

▸ Vomiting two or more times in a 24-hour period.

▸ Body rash with fever.

▸ Sore throat with fever and swollen glands or mouth sores with drooling.

▸ Severe coughing with the child getting red or blue in the face or making a high-pitched whooping sound after coughing.

▸ Persistent abdominal pain (more than 2 hours) or intermittent pain with other signs and symptoms.

▸ Signs of severe illness such as irritability, unusual tiredness, or neediness that compromises caregivers' ability to care for other children.

▸ Uncontrolled coughing or wheezing, continuous crying, or difficulty breathing.