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For many years, the medical community speculated about the possibility of organ transplantation. The first successful transplant of any kind involving humans was a corneal transplant in 1905.1
It wasn’t until 1954 that the first successful organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins, occurred.2 Several new concepts emerged: organ rejection plays a major role in the failure or success of a transplant; and donors and recipients must be matched based on blood group.
Today, about 169,000 people in the US live with a donated kidney. Each year, some 10,500 cadaveric organs are transplanted, and 6,400 donors are living donors.3 The National Kidney Foundation’s recent 10-year initiative, End the Wait!,4 seeks to close the gap between the more than 50,000 people on the transplant waiting list3 and the number of available donor organs.
Since many patients live for years with their transplanted organs, the primary care clinician is likely to see transplant recipients in a family practice or internal medicine setting. While each patient has unique needs, there are commonalities among them.
Renal Consult welcomes any additional comments or questions regarding care of the renal patient. Please address them to [email protected].
Jane S. Davis, CRNP, DNP
Q: I have a 70-year-old male patient who is losing kidney function. He asked me about transplantation, but I really don’t know whether he is eligible to get on the list. Who is eligible? Is there an age limit? Are patients with chronic illnesses (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV) eligible? How long is the list? Where can I find these answers?
There are no specific guidelines regarding eligibility or age restrictions for kidney transplantation in the United States. Most transplant centers look at patients older than 65 a little more carefully than younger patients—they have to be in good health apart from their renal disease. Some centers will not transplant patients older than 70, while others transplant patients who are 80 or older.15 The best thing to do is to refer the patient to the local center or call and find out. Again, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network,7 which lists transplant centers and contact information, can be accessed at optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/mem bers/search.asp
Chronic illnesses are not automatic rule-outs for the most part. Very few centers transplant HIV-positive patients, but this does occur, especially in major cities with a large population of persons with HIV (eg, Washington, DC; San Francisco, New York City, Cincinnati). An infectious disease specialist must follow these patients after transplantation and adjust their HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) medications to compensate for both the decreased renal function and anti-rejection medications. Hepatitis B and C patients are often accepted as long as liver biopsy shows no cirrhosis and the viral load is low or manageable. If the patient is found to have cirrhosis or decompensation, a combined liver-kidney transplant can be planned, although the success rate of this procedure is low.16,17
Patients with certain types of hepatitis C may be eligible to receive a kidney from a donor with hepatitis C18 in order to shorten the wait time and make use of a kidney that cannot be transplanted into a person not infected with hepatitis C.
Transplant waiting lists vary by region across the country. There is a centralized electronic list managed by UNOS, on which eligible recipients are placed once they have been approved by the transplant center, following the medical work-up and acceptance by the transplant committee at each center. This is referred to as “being listed” or “on the list.” Patients begin to accrue waiting time as soon as they are added, and this list is precise to the second! There is a list for each blood type, with its own set of waiting times in each region.20 Average waiting times, by blood type (ie, ABO), can be searched at www.ustransplant.org/Calcula tors/KidneyWaitTime.aspx
When a donor organ becomes available and has been evaluated by the procurement team, the donor’s information is entered into the system and the computer generates a list of eligible candidates, based on a variety of factors. This is called a “match-run.”
Waiting time is the most important factor, but consideration is given to patients younger than 18, those who have previously donated an organ, and those with high antibody levels (ie, panel-reactive antibodies, or PRAs). Patients in the latter group may find it more difficult to locate a compatible donor, as these patients have been sensitized as a result of prior transplantation, pregnancy, or blood transfusions. It is very rare for a patient to be a perfect match (0 mismatch), but should the right organ become available, the matched patient receives priority consideration.
Besides the ABO match, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching of six main HLA antibodies is done. Within each of these six antibodies (HLA-A, B, C, DP, DR, DQ), subgroup matching is also done because some HLA subgroups are more highly correlated with rejection than others.21,22 A more complete explanation of organ matching and allocation can be found on the “Transplant Living” Web site: www.transplantliving.org/beforethetransplant/allocation/matchingorgans.aspx.
Patients should be encouraged to access “Transplant Living” (www.transplantliving.org) and UNOS for information and links. Additional information about transplantation, eligibility, performance statistics, policies, procedures, and other questions and answers, for both clinicians and patients, can be found on the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Web site (optn.transplant.hrsa.gov).
Annette Needham, MSN, ARNP, NP-C, CNN-NP, CCTC, Florida Hospital Transplant Center, Orlando
References
1. Armitage WJ, Tullo AB, Larkin DFP. The first successful full-thickness corneal transplant: a commentary on Eduard Zirm’s landmark paper of 1906. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(10):1222-1223.
2. Kidney transplantation: past, present, and future. www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/history.html. Accessed September 16, 2011.
3. United States Renal Data System. Atlas. www .usrds.org/atlas.htm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
4. National Kidney Foundation. End the wait! www.kidney.org/news/end_the_wait/index.cfm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
5. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney transplant (2011). www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneytransnewlease.cfm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
6. United States Renal Data Systems. Presentations and posters (2000-2011). www.usrds.org/presentations.htm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
7. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Members: member directory. optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/members/search.asp. Accessed September 16, 2011.
8. Jensen P, Møller B, Hansen S. Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(2 pt 1):307.
9. Wong G, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Cancer screening in renal transplant recipients: what is the evidence? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3 suppl 2:S87-S100.
10. Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA, et al; Haemato-oncology subgroup of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology and the British Transplantation Society. Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant patients. Br J Haematol. 2010;149(5):675-692.
11. Transplant Living. After the transplant (2011). www.transplantliving.org/afterthetransplant/default.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2011.
12. United Network for Organ Sharing. www.unos.org. Accessed September 16, 2011.
13. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Managing your adult patients who have a kidney transplant (2010). www.kidney.org/professionals/tools/pdf/02-50-4079_ABB_ManagingTransRecip Bk_PC.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2011.
14. Abbud-Filho M, Adams P, Alberu J, et al. A report of the Lisbon Conference on the care of the kidney transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2007; (Suppl 8):83:1-22.
15. Heldal K, Hartmann A, Leivestad T, et al. Risk variables associated with the outcome of kidney recipients >70 years of age in the new millennium. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(8):2706-2711.
16. Chava SP, Singh B, Stangou A, et al. Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience. Clin Transplant. 2010; 24(3):E62-E68.
17. Ruiz R, Kunitake H, Wilkinson AH, et al. Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center. Arch Surg. 2006;141 (8):735-741.
18. Veroux P, Veroux M, Puliatti C, et al. Kidney transplantation from hepatitis C virus-positive donors into hepatitis C virus-positive recipients: a safe way to expand the donor pool? Transplant Proc. 2005;37(6):2571-2573.
19. United States Renal Data Systems, Annual Data Reports. National Kidney and Urologic Disease Information Clearinghouse. Figure 6ii. Transplant (kidney only) wait list and wait times. www.usrds.org/2010/pdf/v2_07.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2011.
20. Arbor Research Collaborative for Health. Kidney waiting time calculator. www.ustransplant.org/Calculators/KidneyWaitTime.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2011.
21. Karakayali FY, Ozdemir H, Kivrakdal S, et al. Recurrent glomerular diseases after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(2):470-472.
22. Nojima M, Ichikawa Y, Ihara H, et al. Significant effect of HLA-DRB1 matching on acute rejection of kidney transplants within 3 months. Transplant Proc. 2001;33(1-2):1182-1184.
For many years, the medical community speculated about the possibility of organ transplantation. The first successful transplant of any kind involving humans was a corneal transplant in 1905.1
It wasn’t until 1954 that the first successful organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins, occurred.2 Several new concepts emerged: organ rejection plays a major role in the failure or success of a transplant; and donors and recipients must be matched based on blood group.
Today, about 169,000 people in the US live with a donated kidney. Each year, some 10,500 cadaveric organs are transplanted, and 6,400 donors are living donors.3 The National Kidney Foundation’s recent 10-year initiative, End the Wait!,4 seeks to close the gap between the more than 50,000 people on the transplant waiting list3 and the number of available donor organs.
Since many patients live for years with their transplanted organs, the primary care clinician is likely to see transplant recipients in a family practice or internal medicine setting. While each patient has unique needs, there are commonalities among them.
Renal Consult welcomes any additional comments or questions regarding care of the renal patient. Please address them to [email protected].
Jane S. Davis, CRNP, DNP
Q: I have a 70-year-old male patient who is losing kidney function. He asked me about transplantation, but I really don’t know whether he is eligible to get on the list. Who is eligible? Is there an age limit? Are patients with chronic illnesses (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV) eligible? How long is the list? Where can I find these answers?
There are no specific guidelines regarding eligibility or age restrictions for kidney transplantation in the United States. Most transplant centers look at patients older than 65 a little more carefully than younger patients—they have to be in good health apart from their renal disease. Some centers will not transplant patients older than 70, while others transplant patients who are 80 or older.15 The best thing to do is to refer the patient to the local center or call and find out. Again, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network,7 which lists transplant centers and contact information, can be accessed at optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/mem bers/search.asp
Chronic illnesses are not automatic rule-outs for the most part. Very few centers transplant HIV-positive patients, but this does occur, especially in major cities with a large population of persons with HIV (eg, Washington, DC; San Francisco, New York City, Cincinnati). An infectious disease specialist must follow these patients after transplantation and adjust their HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) medications to compensate for both the decreased renal function and anti-rejection medications. Hepatitis B and C patients are often accepted as long as liver biopsy shows no cirrhosis and the viral load is low or manageable. If the patient is found to have cirrhosis or decompensation, a combined liver-kidney transplant can be planned, although the success rate of this procedure is low.16,17
Patients with certain types of hepatitis C may be eligible to receive a kidney from a donor with hepatitis C18 in order to shorten the wait time and make use of a kidney that cannot be transplanted into a person not infected with hepatitis C.
Transplant waiting lists vary by region across the country. There is a centralized electronic list managed by UNOS, on which eligible recipients are placed once they have been approved by the transplant center, following the medical work-up and acceptance by the transplant committee at each center. This is referred to as “being listed” or “on the list.” Patients begin to accrue waiting time as soon as they are added, and this list is precise to the second! There is a list for each blood type, with its own set of waiting times in each region.20 Average waiting times, by blood type (ie, ABO), can be searched at www.ustransplant.org/Calcula tors/KidneyWaitTime.aspx
When a donor organ becomes available and has been evaluated by the procurement team, the donor’s information is entered into the system and the computer generates a list of eligible candidates, based on a variety of factors. This is called a “match-run.”
Waiting time is the most important factor, but consideration is given to patients younger than 18, those who have previously donated an organ, and those with high antibody levels (ie, panel-reactive antibodies, or PRAs). Patients in the latter group may find it more difficult to locate a compatible donor, as these patients have been sensitized as a result of prior transplantation, pregnancy, or blood transfusions. It is very rare for a patient to be a perfect match (0 mismatch), but should the right organ become available, the matched patient receives priority consideration.
Besides the ABO match, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching of six main HLA antibodies is done. Within each of these six antibodies (HLA-A, B, C, DP, DR, DQ), subgroup matching is also done because some HLA subgroups are more highly correlated with rejection than others.21,22 A more complete explanation of organ matching and allocation can be found on the “Transplant Living” Web site: www.transplantliving.org/beforethetransplant/allocation/matchingorgans.aspx.
Patients should be encouraged to access “Transplant Living” (www.transplantliving.org) and UNOS for information and links. Additional information about transplantation, eligibility, performance statistics, policies, procedures, and other questions and answers, for both clinicians and patients, can be found on the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Web site (optn.transplant.hrsa.gov).
Annette Needham, MSN, ARNP, NP-C, CNN-NP, CCTC, Florida Hospital Transplant Center, Orlando
References
1. Armitage WJ, Tullo AB, Larkin DFP. The first successful full-thickness corneal transplant: a commentary on Eduard Zirm’s landmark paper of 1906. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(10):1222-1223.
2. Kidney transplantation: past, present, and future. www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/history.html. Accessed September 16, 2011.
3. United States Renal Data System. Atlas. www .usrds.org/atlas.htm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
4. National Kidney Foundation. End the wait! www.kidney.org/news/end_the_wait/index.cfm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
5. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney transplant (2011). www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneytransnewlease.cfm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
6. United States Renal Data Systems. Presentations and posters (2000-2011). www.usrds.org/presentations.htm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
7. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Members: member directory. optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/members/search.asp. Accessed September 16, 2011.
8. Jensen P, Møller B, Hansen S. Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(2 pt 1):307.
9. Wong G, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Cancer screening in renal transplant recipients: what is the evidence? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3 suppl 2:S87-S100.
10. Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA, et al; Haemato-oncology subgroup of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology and the British Transplantation Society. Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant patients. Br J Haematol. 2010;149(5):675-692.
11. Transplant Living. After the transplant (2011). www.transplantliving.org/afterthetransplant/default.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2011.
12. United Network for Organ Sharing. www.unos.org. Accessed September 16, 2011.
13. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Managing your adult patients who have a kidney transplant (2010). www.kidney.org/professionals/tools/pdf/02-50-4079_ABB_ManagingTransRecip Bk_PC.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2011.
14. Abbud-Filho M, Adams P, Alberu J, et al. A report of the Lisbon Conference on the care of the kidney transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2007; (Suppl 8):83:1-22.
15. Heldal K, Hartmann A, Leivestad T, et al. Risk variables associated with the outcome of kidney recipients >70 years of age in the new millennium. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(8):2706-2711.
16. Chava SP, Singh B, Stangou A, et al. Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience. Clin Transplant. 2010; 24(3):E62-E68.
17. Ruiz R, Kunitake H, Wilkinson AH, et al. Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center. Arch Surg. 2006;141 (8):735-741.
18. Veroux P, Veroux M, Puliatti C, et al. Kidney transplantation from hepatitis C virus-positive donors into hepatitis C virus-positive recipients: a safe way to expand the donor pool? Transplant Proc. 2005;37(6):2571-2573.
19. United States Renal Data Systems, Annual Data Reports. National Kidney and Urologic Disease Information Clearinghouse. Figure 6ii. Transplant (kidney only) wait list and wait times. www.usrds.org/2010/pdf/v2_07.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2011.
20. Arbor Research Collaborative for Health. Kidney waiting time calculator. www.ustransplant.org/Calculators/KidneyWaitTime.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2011.
21. Karakayali FY, Ozdemir H, Kivrakdal S, et al. Recurrent glomerular diseases after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(2):470-472.
22. Nojima M, Ichikawa Y, Ihara H, et al. Significant effect of HLA-DRB1 matching on acute rejection of kidney transplants within 3 months. Transplant Proc. 2001;33(1-2):1182-1184.
For many years, the medical community speculated about the possibility of organ transplantation. The first successful transplant of any kind involving humans was a corneal transplant in 1905.1
It wasn’t until 1954 that the first successful organ transplant, a kidney transplant between identical twins, occurred.2 Several new concepts emerged: organ rejection plays a major role in the failure or success of a transplant; and donors and recipients must be matched based on blood group.
Today, about 169,000 people in the US live with a donated kidney. Each year, some 10,500 cadaveric organs are transplanted, and 6,400 donors are living donors.3 The National Kidney Foundation’s recent 10-year initiative, End the Wait!,4 seeks to close the gap between the more than 50,000 people on the transplant waiting list3 and the number of available donor organs.
Since many patients live for years with their transplanted organs, the primary care clinician is likely to see transplant recipients in a family practice or internal medicine setting. While each patient has unique needs, there are commonalities among them.
Renal Consult welcomes any additional comments or questions regarding care of the renal patient. Please address them to [email protected].
Jane S. Davis, CRNP, DNP
Q: I have a 70-year-old male patient who is losing kidney function. He asked me about transplantation, but I really don’t know whether he is eligible to get on the list. Who is eligible? Is there an age limit? Are patients with chronic illnesses (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV) eligible? How long is the list? Where can I find these answers?
There are no specific guidelines regarding eligibility or age restrictions for kidney transplantation in the United States. Most transplant centers look at patients older than 65 a little more carefully than younger patients—they have to be in good health apart from their renal disease. Some centers will not transplant patients older than 70, while others transplant patients who are 80 or older.15 The best thing to do is to refer the patient to the local center or call and find out. Again, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network,7 which lists transplant centers and contact information, can be accessed at optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/mem bers/search.asp
Chronic illnesses are not automatic rule-outs for the most part. Very few centers transplant HIV-positive patients, but this does occur, especially in major cities with a large population of persons with HIV (eg, Washington, DC; San Francisco, New York City, Cincinnati). An infectious disease specialist must follow these patients after transplantation and adjust their HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) medications to compensate for both the decreased renal function and anti-rejection medications. Hepatitis B and C patients are often accepted as long as liver biopsy shows no cirrhosis and the viral load is low or manageable. If the patient is found to have cirrhosis or decompensation, a combined liver-kidney transplant can be planned, although the success rate of this procedure is low.16,17
Patients with certain types of hepatitis C may be eligible to receive a kidney from a donor with hepatitis C18 in order to shorten the wait time and make use of a kidney that cannot be transplanted into a person not infected with hepatitis C.
Transplant waiting lists vary by region across the country. There is a centralized electronic list managed by UNOS, on which eligible recipients are placed once they have been approved by the transplant center, following the medical work-up and acceptance by the transplant committee at each center. This is referred to as “being listed” or “on the list.” Patients begin to accrue waiting time as soon as they are added, and this list is precise to the second! There is a list for each blood type, with its own set of waiting times in each region.20 Average waiting times, by blood type (ie, ABO), can be searched at www.ustransplant.org/Calcula tors/KidneyWaitTime.aspx
When a donor organ becomes available and has been evaluated by the procurement team, the donor’s information is entered into the system and the computer generates a list of eligible candidates, based on a variety of factors. This is called a “match-run.”
Waiting time is the most important factor, but consideration is given to patients younger than 18, those who have previously donated an organ, and those with high antibody levels (ie, panel-reactive antibodies, or PRAs). Patients in the latter group may find it more difficult to locate a compatible donor, as these patients have been sensitized as a result of prior transplantation, pregnancy, or blood transfusions. It is very rare for a patient to be a perfect match (0 mismatch), but should the right organ become available, the matched patient receives priority consideration.
Besides the ABO match, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching of six main HLA antibodies is done. Within each of these six antibodies (HLA-A, B, C, DP, DR, DQ), subgroup matching is also done because some HLA subgroups are more highly correlated with rejection than others.21,22 A more complete explanation of organ matching and allocation can be found on the “Transplant Living” Web site: www.transplantliving.org/beforethetransplant/allocation/matchingorgans.aspx.
Patients should be encouraged to access “Transplant Living” (www.transplantliving.org) and UNOS for information and links. Additional information about transplantation, eligibility, performance statistics, policies, procedures, and other questions and answers, for both clinicians and patients, can be found on the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Web site (optn.transplant.hrsa.gov).
Annette Needham, MSN, ARNP, NP-C, CNN-NP, CCTC, Florida Hospital Transplant Center, Orlando
References
1. Armitage WJ, Tullo AB, Larkin DFP. The first successful full-thickness corneal transplant: a commentary on Eduard Zirm’s landmark paper of 1906. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(10):1222-1223.
2. Kidney transplantation: past, present, and future. www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/history.html. Accessed September 16, 2011.
3. United States Renal Data System. Atlas. www .usrds.org/atlas.htm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
4. National Kidney Foundation. End the wait! www.kidney.org/news/end_the_wait/index.cfm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
5. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney transplant (2011). www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneytransnewlease.cfm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
6. United States Renal Data Systems. Presentations and posters (2000-2011). www.usrds.org/presentations.htm. Accessed September 16, 2011.
7. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Members: member directory. optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/members/search.asp. Accessed September 16, 2011.
8. Jensen P, Møller B, Hansen S. Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(2 pt 1):307.
9. Wong G, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Cancer screening in renal transplant recipients: what is the evidence? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3 suppl 2:S87-S100.
10. Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA, et al; Haemato-oncology subgroup of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology and the British Transplantation Society. Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant patients. Br J Haematol. 2010;149(5):675-692.
11. Transplant Living. After the transplant (2011). www.transplantliving.org/afterthetransplant/default.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2011.
12. United Network for Organ Sharing. www.unos.org. Accessed September 16, 2011.
13. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Managing your adult patients who have a kidney transplant (2010). www.kidney.org/professionals/tools/pdf/02-50-4079_ABB_ManagingTransRecip Bk_PC.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2011.
14. Abbud-Filho M, Adams P, Alberu J, et al. A report of the Lisbon Conference on the care of the kidney transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2007; (Suppl 8):83:1-22.
15. Heldal K, Hartmann A, Leivestad T, et al. Risk variables associated with the outcome of kidney recipients >70 years of age in the new millennium. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(8):2706-2711.
16. Chava SP, Singh B, Stangou A, et al. Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience. Clin Transplant. 2010; 24(3):E62-E68.
17. Ruiz R, Kunitake H, Wilkinson AH, et al. Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center. Arch Surg. 2006;141 (8):735-741.
18. Veroux P, Veroux M, Puliatti C, et al. Kidney transplantation from hepatitis C virus-positive donors into hepatitis C virus-positive recipients: a safe way to expand the donor pool? Transplant Proc. 2005;37(6):2571-2573.
19. United States Renal Data Systems, Annual Data Reports. National Kidney and Urologic Disease Information Clearinghouse. Figure 6ii. Transplant (kidney only) wait list and wait times. www.usrds.org/2010/pdf/v2_07.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2011.
20. Arbor Research Collaborative for Health. Kidney waiting time calculator. www.ustransplant.org/Calculators/KidneyWaitTime.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2011.
21. Karakayali FY, Ozdemir H, Kivrakdal S, et al. Recurrent glomerular diseases after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(2):470-472.
22. Nojima M, Ichikawa Y, Ihara H, et al. Significant effect of HLA-DRB1 matching on acute rejection of kidney transplants within 3 months. Transplant Proc. 2001;33(1-2):1182-1184.