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Mutations in the RPS15 gene occurred in 8 of 41 patients with relapsing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and the mutations were present before treatment in 7 of the 8, a possible indication that the aberrations are early genetic events in aggressive CLL pathobiology.
RPS15 mutations may lead to defective p53 stability and increased degradation, representing a potential novel mechanism in CLL pathobiology. The findings suggest “RPS15-mutant cases should be treated with alternative regimens that act independently of the p53 pathway,” wrote Dr. Viktor Ljungström of the department of immunology, genetics, and pathology, Uppsala (Sweden) University, and colleagues (Blood 2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674572).
In their study, the researchers performed whole exome sequencing of 110 samples collected before and after treatment from 41 patients with aggressive CLL that relapsed after a median of 2 years; 7 patients had mutations in RPS15 before treatment, and 8 had RPS15 mutations after treatment. The findings suggest that standard therapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab was not intrinsically mutagenic.
High frequencies of mutations were linked to poor outcome in both pretreated and relapse samples. These mutations included NOTCH1, TP53, ATM, SF3B1, MGA, and BIRC3. At least one mutation was seen before treatment in 26 of the 41 patients, and that rate rose to 33 of 41 patients at relapse. Two or more mutations were noted before treatment in 12 of 41 patients, and that rose to 15 of 41 at relapse.
In response to their findings, the researchers next performed targeted resequencing of the RPS15 hot spot (exon 4) in an extended series of 790 patients with CLL, intentionally enriched with 605 cases with adverse prognostic profiles. They found an additional 36 mutations in RPS15 (36/605, 6%). In contrast, none of the 185 patients with more favorable prognostic, IGHV-mutated CLL carried RPS15 mutations. RPS15-mutant patients without concomitant TP53 aberrations had an overall survival similar to other aggressive CLL subgroups, but none of the patients with both mutations survived at 10 years, compared with 59% of patients with wild-type RPS15 and wild-type TP53, “pointing to a dismal prognosis for RPS15-mutated CLL,” they wrote.
They also analyzed 30 cases with Richter syndrome (CLL transformed into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma), and only a single case was found to carry an RPS15 mutation, and the mutation was also observed in the preceding CLL phase. This finding indicates that RPS15 mutation probably does not underlie the transformation of CLL to Richter syndrome, according to the researchers.
Dr. Ljungström and coauthors reported having no relevant financial disclosures.
In support of the authors’ hypothesis that RPS15 mutations may be an early-acquired driver in high-risk disease, the variant allele frequency in eight serially analyzed cases remained static, with only one case gaining a mutation in RPS15, whereas the variable allele frequency increased at relapse for other well-characterized mutations in ATM, BIRC3, NFKBIE, and TP53.
Pilot experiments demonstrated specific interactions between TP53 and RPS15, and p53 stability was reduced in the presence of mutant RPS15.
The findings should prompt further investigation to determine if the consequences of RPS15 mutations depend on its interaction with TP53, or if the mutations found in other ribosomal proteins indicate a different mechanism related to the 40S subunit.
Given that RPS15 is not included in common academic or commercial sequencing panels, the presence of RPS15 mutations in other diseases may be underestimated as well.
More generally, are there other cancers with subgroups enriched for other benign-appearing genes?
Dr. James Blachly is with Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus. These remarks were part of an editorial accompanying a report in Blood (2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674572).
In support of the authors’ hypothesis that RPS15 mutations may be an early-acquired driver in high-risk disease, the variant allele frequency in eight serially analyzed cases remained static, with only one case gaining a mutation in RPS15, whereas the variable allele frequency increased at relapse for other well-characterized mutations in ATM, BIRC3, NFKBIE, and TP53.
Pilot experiments demonstrated specific interactions between TP53 and RPS15, and p53 stability was reduced in the presence of mutant RPS15.
The findings should prompt further investigation to determine if the consequences of RPS15 mutations depend on its interaction with TP53, or if the mutations found in other ribosomal proteins indicate a different mechanism related to the 40S subunit.
Given that RPS15 is not included in common academic or commercial sequencing panels, the presence of RPS15 mutations in other diseases may be underestimated as well.
More generally, are there other cancers with subgroups enriched for other benign-appearing genes?
Dr. James Blachly is with Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus. These remarks were part of an editorial accompanying a report in Blood (2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674572).
In support of the authors’ hypothesis that RPS15 mutations may be an early-acquired driver in high-risk disease, the variant allele frequency in eight serially analyzed cases remained static, with only one case gaining a mutation in RPS15, whereas the variable allele frequency increased at relapse for other well-characterized mutations in ATM, BIRC3, NFKBIE, and TP53.
Pilot experiments demonstrated specific interactions between TP53 and RPS15, and p53 stability was reduced in the presence of mutant RPS15.
The findings should prompt further investigation to determine if the consequences of RPS15 mutations depend on its interaction with TP53, or if the mutations found in other ribosomal proteins indicate a different mechanism related to the 40S subunit.
Given that RPS15 is not included in common academic or commercial sequencing panels, the presence of RPS15 mutations in other diseases may be underestimated as well.
More generally, are there other cancers with subgroups enriched for other benign-appearing genes?
Dr. James Blachly is with Wexner Medical Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus. These remarks were part of an editorial accompanying a report in Blood (2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674572).
Mutations in the RPS15 gene occurred in 8 of 41 patients with relapsing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and the mutations were present before treatment in 7 of the 8, a possible indication that the aberrations are early genetic events in aggressive CLL pathobiology.
RPS15 mutations may lead to defective p53 stability and increased degradation, representing a potential novel mechanism in CLL pathobiology. The findings suggest “RPS15-mutant cases should be treated with alternative regimens that act independently of the p53 pathway,” wrote Dr. Viktor Ljungström of the department of immunology, genetics, and pathology, Uppsala (Sweden) University, and colleagues (Blood 2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674572).
In their study, the researchers performed whole exome sequencing of 110 samples collected before and after treatment from 41 patients with aggressive CLL that relapsed after a median of 2 years; 7 patients had mutations in RPS15 before treatment, and 8 had RPS15 mutations after treatment. The findings suggest that standard therapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab was not intrinsically mutagenic.
High frequencies of mutations were linked to poor outcome in both pretreated and relapse samples. These mutations included NOTCH1, TP53, ATM, SF3B1, MGA, and BIRC3. At least one mutation was seen before treatment in 26 of the 41 patients, and that rate rose to 33 of 41 patients at relapse. Two or more mutations were noted before treatment in 12 of 41 patients, and that rose to 15 of 41 at relapse.
In response to their findings, the researchers next performed targeted resequencing of the RPS15 hot spot (exon 4) in an extended series of 790 patients with CLL, intentionally enriched with 605 cases with adverse prognostic profiles. They found an additional 36 mutations in RPS15 (36/605, 6%). In contrast, none of the 185 patients with more favorable prognostic, IGHV-mutated CLL carried RPS15 mutations. RPS15-mutant patients without concomitant TP53 aberrations had an overall survival similar to other aggressive CLL subgroups, but none of the patients with both mutations survived at 10 years, compared with 59% of patients with wild-type RPS15 and wild-type TP53, “pointing to a dismal prognosis for RPS15-mutated CLL,” they wrote.
They also analyzed 30 cases with Richter syndrome (CLL transformed into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma), and only a single case was found to carry an RPS15 mutation, and the mutation was also observed in the preceding CLL phase. This finding indicates that RPS15 mutation probably does not underlie the transformation of CLL to Richter syndrome, according to the researchers.
Dr. Ljungström and coauthors reported having no relevant financial disclosures.
Mutations in the RPS15 gene occurred in 8 of 41 patients with relapsing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and the mutations were present before treatment in 7 of the 8, a possible indication that the aberrations are early genetic events in aggressive CLL pathobiology.
RPS15 mutations may lead to defective p53 stability and increased degradation, representing a potential novel mechanism in CLL pathobiology. The findings suggest “RPS15-mutant cases should be treated with alternative regimens that act independently of the p53 pathway,” wrote Dr. Viktor Ljungström of the department of immunology, genetics, and pathology, Uppsala (Sweden) University, and colleagues (Blood 2016 Feb 25. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-674572).
In their study, the researchers performed whole exome sequencing of 110 samples collected before and after treatment from 41 patients with aggressive CLL that relapsed after a median of 2 years; 7 patients had mutations in RPS15 before treatment, and 8 had RPS15 mutations after treatment. The findings suggest that standard therapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab was not intrinsically mutagenic.
High frequencies of mutations were linked to poor outcome in both pretreated and relapse samples. These mutations included NOTCH1, TP53, ATM, SF3B1, MGA, and BIRC3. At least one mutation was seen before treatment in 26 of the 41 patients, and that rate rose to 33 of 41 patients at relapse. Two or more mutations were noted before treatment in 12 of 41 patients, and that rose to 15 of 41 at relapse.
In response to their findings, the researchers next performed targeted resequencing of the RPS15 hot spot (exon 4) in an extended series of 790 patients with CLL, intentionally enriched with 605 cases with adverse prognostic profiles. They found an additional 36 mutations in RPS15 (36/605, 6%). In contrast, none of the 185 patients with more favorable prognostic, IGHV-mutated CLL carried RPS15 mutations. RPS15-mutant patients without concomitant TP53 aberrations had an overall survival similar to other aggressive CLL subgroups, but none of the patients with both mutations survived at 10 years, compared with 59% of patients with wild-type RPS15 and wild-type TP53, “pointing to a dismal prognosis for RPS15-mutated CLL,” they wrote.
They also analyzed 30 cases with Richter syndrome (CLL transformed into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma), and only a single case was found to carry an RPS15 mutation, and the mutation was also observed in the preceding CLL phase. This finding indicates that RPS15 mutation probably does not underlie the transformation of CLL to Richter syndrome, according to the researchers.
Dr. Ljungström and coauthors reported having no relevant financial disclosures.
FROM BLOOD
Key clinical point: Aberrations in the RPS15 gene before therapy may be an indicator of aggressive pathobiology in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Major finding: Mutations in the RPS15 gene occurred in 8 of 41 patients with relapsing CLL, and the mutations were present before treatment in 7 of the 8.
Data sources: Whole exome sequencing of 110 samples collected before and after fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab therapy from 41 patients with relapsed CLL.
Disclosures: Dr. Ljungström and coauthors reported having no relevant financial disclosures.
