Complex congenital heart conditions call for complex care in pregnancy

 

A new scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) brings together recommendations for management of pregnancy for women with serious congenital heart disease. The 38-page document addresses a wide range of complex congenital heart conditions, presenting a newly unified set of recommendations for care that ranges from preconception counseling, through pregnancy, labor, and delivery, to the postpartum period.

Caring for women with complex congenital heart lesions is becoming more commonplace, as more infants undergo successful repairs of previously-unsurvivable cardiac anomalies. “More moms with congenital heart disease are showing up pregnant, having survived the tumultuous peripartum and neonatal period, and are now facing a new set of risks in pregnancy,” Michael Foley, MD, chair of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Arizona, Phoenix, said in an interview.

The scientific statement was seen as a reference resource and, potentially, a didactic tool when it was conceived by the writing group, led by Mary Canobbio, RN, MN, a lecturer at the University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing (Circulation. 2017 Jan 12; doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000458). “The impetus was a kind of how-to review that is based on the AHA, Canadian, and European guidelines for health professionals to use when managing these patients,” said Ms. Canobbio in an interview.

Joseph Kay, MD, a cardiologist and professor of medicine and pediatrics at the University of Colorado, Aurora, said that one big benefit of the new scientific statement is having a single reference point for care of these patients. “The scientific statement brings all of the information about caring for these patients together into one document. This will be a very valuable resource for trainees to get a sense of what’s important; it also represents a platform for new programs to understand the scope of services needed,” said Dr. Kay in an interview.

The document provides a thorough review of the physiologic changes of pregnancy and the intrapartum and postpartum periods, noting that the heterogeneity of congenital heart disease means that women who have different lesions carry different risks in pregnancy.

For example, a woman with a successfully repaired patent ductus arteriosus has essentially no increase in mortality risk, and very little to no increase in morbidity risk. This woman would be in pregnancy category I, according to the modified World Health Organization maternal cardiovascular risk assessment scale. By contrast, women with a mechanical valve, Fontan circulation, or significant aortic dilatation are in WHO maternal cardiovascular category III, signifying significantly increased maternal morbidity and a severe morbidity risk.

Examples of lesions presenting intermediate risk include most arrhythmias (category II), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and a repaired coarctation (both category II-III). The most severe lesions carry a contraindication for pregnancy; the WHO guidelines suggest discussing termination should women with a category IV lesion become pregnant. Severe mitral stenosis, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, and severe systemic ventricular dysfunction all place women into category IV.

Beginning with pregnancy risk category III, the WHO guidelines recommend intensive cardiac and obstetric monitoring throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium. Several maternal-fetal medicine specialists interviewed all agreed that an interdisciplinary team is a must for good obstetric care in this population.

It’s important to follow the guidelines no matter how healthy the patient in your office appears to be, Mary Norton, MD, professor and interim chair of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, said in an interview. “The patient can seem well early in pregnancy, but can unexpectedly get quite ill quickly when blood volume increases as pregnancy progresses,” said Dr. Norton, president of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine.

How interdisciplinary care plays out can depend on geography and facility-dependent resources. Dr. Kay said that his facility is the referral site for pregnant women with complex congenital lesions in an area that spans the Canadian and the Mexican borders from north to south, and ranges from parts of Kansas to eastern Montana from east to west. Still, Dr. Kay said that even for patients with lower-risk lesions, “We will see patients at least once, at approximately the midpoint of pregnancy, and again during the third trimester if possible.” The specifics of care depend on “the nature of the lesion and the complexity of the disease,” said Dr. Kay.

In his facility, said Dr. Kay, telemetry is available for all of the labor and delivery unit beds. This means that the mother and infant can usually stay together and receive postpartum nursing and lactation care from a skilled staff.

Dr. Foley, former president of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, said that his facility puts the pregnant patient at the center of a “virtual” multidisciplinary “OB ICU” team. “We care for the patient in the hospital unit where resources, equipment and specialized nursing care are most readily available. Our team includes physician members from ob.gyn., maternal-fetal medicine, neonatal, trauma, ICU, anesthesiology, the resident/fellow staff, as well as ICU and OB nursing,” he said.

In no circumstances should ob.gyns. go it alone, said Dr. Foley. “The conversation with the ob.gyn. needs to be about comanaging these patients, at the very least. Even the most learned maternal-fetal medicine specialist needs to be working with a cardiologist and an anesthesiologist to create a delivery plan that includes pain management, fluid management, and consideration for intrapartum hemodynamic monitoring,” he said.

And the team needs to be in place long before delivery, Dr. Foley pointed out. “In many hospitals, the care delivery gap may be the inability to have this consistent proactive approach. You can’t expect the best outcomes when you have to hurriedly assemble an unfamiliar ad hoc team when a woman with congenital heart disease presents in labor. Despite their best intentions, inconsistent team members may not have the knowledge and experience to provide the safest care for these patients,” he said.

Though an individualized labor and delivery plan is a must, and a multispecialty team should be assembled, maternal congenital heart disease doesn’t necessarily consign a woman to cesarean delivery. “Most women can and should have a vaginal delivery. It’s safer for them. If a natural delivery may increase risk of issues, we may consider a facilitated second stage of labor with epidural anesthesia and forceps- or vacuum-assisted delivery,” said Dr. Kay.

It’s important to understand the nuances of an individual patient’s health and risk status, said Dr. Norton. “A simplified view is often bad. It’s not the case that ‘it’s always better to deliver’ or ‘it’s always better to have a cesarean delivery.’”

Especially for women who need anticoagulation or who may have lesions that put them at great risk should pregnancy occur, preconception counseling is a vital part of their care, and guidance in the scientific statement can help specialists avoid the complications that can occur in the absence of evidence-based treatment. Said Dr. Kay, “I have seen an unfortunate case or two of patients whose anticoagulation was stopped or changed, contrary to guidelines, and who suffered strokes. I hope more people will see this document.”

Ms. Canobbio echoed the sentiment: “You don’t want to have to backpedal once a young woman presents with a pregnancy. Appropriate contraceptive counseling needs to be part of the conversation.”

One key concept underscored in the scientific statement is that elevated risk persists into the postpartum period. “Following delivery, the mother is still at risk for an extended period of time. The greatest risk for mortality in these patients is post delivery, when a large volume of blood is expelled from the uterus back into the maternal circulation,” said Ms. Canobbio. “These women need close follow-up; we can’t say they are home free until several weeks to 2 months after delivery. The need for vigilance and surveillance continues.”

Since the scientific statement is not a new set of guidelines, but rather a compilation of currently existing reference documents, the authors noted that management differences may exist in some cases, but did not assign greater value to one practice than another. “We addressed that there are differences between the European and the American guidelines. For example, with regard to anticoagulation, both would agree to use Lovenox [enoxaparin], but the difference is whether it should be used for the entire pregnancy or for parts of the pregnancy,” said Ms. Canobbio.

Looking forward, more women with complex congenital heart disease will bear children, but their future is not certain. Said Ms. Canobbio: “The data are growing that if the patient is clinically stable at the time of pregnancy, it’s likely we can get them through safely. What’s not yet known is whether the burden of pregnancy in a woman who is otherwise healthy will shorten her lifespan. However, early data are promising, and it’s looking like these women can fare well.”

Topics covered in the scientific statement include:

 

• Defining which patients are at increased risk in pregnancy.
• Physiological adaptations of pregnancy, the puerperium, and the postpartum period, with an emphasis on hemodynamic changes.
• Assessment and evaluation in the preconception and early prenatal periods.
• Pregnancy management, including appropriate testing.
• Medications in pregnancy, including a table of common cardiac drugs and their pregnancy categories and lactation risks.
• Breakdown of suggested prenatal care by trimester.
• Intrapartum care, including indications for fluid management, ECG and hemodynamic monitoring, and management of the second stage of delivery.
• Postpartum care, with attention to the very rapid increase in blood volume and concomitant leap in stroke volume and cardiac output.
• Considerations when choosing contraceptive method.
• Cardiac complications seen in pregnancy, including arrhythmias, managing mechanical valves and anticoagulation, heart failure, and cyanosis.
• Indications for and risks associated with interventional therapies during pregnancy.
• Detailed discussion of management of pregnancy for women with specific lesions.

None of the members of the writing committee for the scientific statement had relevant disclosures. Dr. Foley and Dr. Kay reported no disclosures. Dr. Norton reported that she has received research funding from Natera and Ultragenyx.

[email protected]

On Twitter @karioakes

 

A new scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) brings together recommendations for management of pregnancy for women with serious congenital heart disease. The 38-page document addresses a wide range of complex congenital heart conditions, presenting a newly unified set of recommendations for care that ranges from preconception counseling, through pregnancy, labor, and delivery, to the postpartum period.

Caring for women with complex congenital heart lesions is becoming more commonplace, as more infants undergo successful repairs of previously-unsurvivable cardiac anomalies. “More moms with congenital heart disease are showing up pregnant, having survived the tumultuous peripartum and neonatal period, and are now facing a new set of risks in pregnancy,” Michael Foley, MD, chair of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Arizona, Phoenix, said in an interview.

The scientific statement was seen as a reference resource and, potentially, a didactic tool when it was conceived by the writing group, led by Mary Canobbio, RN, MN, a lecturer at the University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing (Circulation. 2017 Jan 12; doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000458). “The impetus was a kind of how-to review that is based on the AHA, Canadian, and European guidelines for health professionals to use when managing these patients,” said Ms. Canobbio in an interview.

Joseph Kay, MD, a cardiologist and professor of medicine and pediatrics at the University of Colorado, Aurora, said that one big benefit of the new scientific statement is having a single reference point for care of these patients. “The scientific statement brings all of the information about caring for these patients together into one document. This will be a very valuable resource for trainees to get a sense of what’s important; it also represents a platform for new programs to understand the scope of services needed,” said Dr. Kay in an interview.

The document provides a thorough review of the physiologic changes of pregnancy and the intrapartum and postpartum periods, noting that the heterogeneity of congenital heart disease means that women who have different lesions carry different risks in pregnancy.

For example, a woman with a successfully repaired patent ductus arteriosus has essentially no increase in mortality risk, and very little to no increase in morbidity risk. This woman would be in pregnancy category I, according to the modified World Health Organization maternal cardiovascular risk assessment scale. By contrast, women with a mechanical valve, Fontan circulation, or significant aortic dilatation are in WHO maternal cardiovascular category III, signifying significantly increased maternal morbidity and a severe morbidity risk.

Examples of lesions presenting intermediate risk include most arrhythmias (category II), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and a repaired coarctation (both category II-III). The most severe lesions carry a contraindication for pregnancy; the WHO guidelines suggest discussing termination should women with a category IV lesion become pregnant. Severe mitral stenosis, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, and severe systemic ventricular dysfunction all place women into category IV.

Beginning with pregnancy risk category III, the WHO guidelines recommend intensive cardiac and obstetric monitoring throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium. Several maternal-fetal medicine specialists interviewed all agreed that an interdisciplinary team is a must for good obstetric care in this population.

It’s important to follow the guidelines no matter how healthy the patient in your office appears to be, Mary Norton, MD, professor and interim chair of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, said in an interview. “The patient can seem well early in pregnancy, but can unexpectedly get quite ill quickly when blood volume increases as pregnancy progresses,” said Dr. Norton, president of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine.

How interdisciplinary care plays out can depend on geography and facility-dependent resources. Dr. Kay said that his facility is the referral site for pregnant women with complex congenital lesions in an area that spans the Canadian and the Mexican borders from north to south, and ranges from parts of Kansas to eastern Montana from east to west. Still, Dr. Kay said that even for patients with lower-risk lesions, “We will see patients at least once, at approximately the midpoint of pregnancy, and again during the third trimester if possible.” The specifics of care depend on “the nature of the lesion and the complexity of the disease,” said Dr. Kay.

In his facility, said Dr. Kay, telemetry is available for all of the labor and delivery unit beds. This means that the mother and infant can usually stay together and receive postpartum nursing and lactation care from a skilled staff.

Dr. Foley, former president of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, said that his facility puts the pregnant patient at the center of a “virtual” multidisciplinary “OB ICU” team. “We care for the patient in the hospital unit where resources, equipment and specialized nursing care are most readily available. Our team includes physician members from ob.gyn., maternal-fetal medicine, neonatal, trauma, ICU, anesthesiology, the resident/fellow staff, as well as ICU and OB nursing,” he said.

In no circumstances should ob.gyns. go it alone, said Dr. Foley. “The conversation with the ob.gyn. needs to be about comanaging these patients, at the very least. Even the most learned maternal-fetal medicine specialist needs to be working with a cardiologist and an anesthesiologist to create a delivery plan that includes pain management, fluid management, and consideration for intrapartum hemodynamic monitoring,” he said.

And the team needs to be in place long before delivery, Dr. Foley pointed out. “In many hospitals, the care delivery gap may be the inability to have this consistent proactive approach. You can’t expect the best outcomes when you have to hurriedly assemble an unfamiliar ad hoc team when a woman with congenital heart disease presents in labor. Despite their best intentions, inconsistent team members may not have the knowledge and experience to provide the safest care for these patients,” he said.

Though an individualized labor and delivery plan is a must, and a multispecialty team should be assembled, maternal congenital heart disease doesn’t necessarily consign a woman to cesarean delivery. “Most women can and should have a vaginal delivery. It’s safer for them. If a natural delivery may increase risk of issues, we may consider a facilitated second stage of labor with epidural anesthesia and forceps- or vacuum-assisted delivery,” said Dr. Kay.

It’s important to understand the nuances of an individual patient’s health and risk status, said Dr. Norton. “A simplified view is often bad. It’s not the case that ‘it’s always better to deliver’ or ‘it’s always better to have a cesarean delivery.’”

Especially for women who need anticoagulation or who may have lesions that put them at great risk should pregnancy occur, preconception counseling is a vital part of their care, and guidance in the scientific statement can help specialists avoid the complications that can occur in the absence of evidence-based treatment. Said Dr. Kay, “I have seen an unfortunate case or two of patients whose anticoagulation was stopped or changed, contrary to guidelines, and who suffered strokes. I hope more people will see this document.”

Ms. Canobbio echoed the sentiment: “You don’t want to have to backpedal once a young woman presents with a pregnancy. Appropriate contraceptive counseling needs to be part of the conversation.”

One key concept underscored in the scientific statement is that elevated risk persists into the postpartum period. “Following delivery, the mother is still at risk for an extended period of time. The greatest risk for mortality in these patients is post delivery, when a large volume of blood is expelled from the uterus back into the maternal circulation,” said Ms. Canobbio. “These women need close follow-up; we can’t say they are home free until several weeks to 2 months after delivery. The need for vigilance and surveillance continues.”

Since the scientific statement is not a new set of guidelines, but rather a compilation of currently existing reference documents, the authors noted that management differences may exist in some cases, but did not assign greater value to one practice than another. “We addressed that there are differences between the European and the American guidelines. For example, with regard to anticoagulation, both would agree to use Lovenox [enoxaparin], but the difference is whether it should be used for the entire pregnancy or for parts of the pregnancy,” said Ms. Canobbio.

Looking forward, more women with complex congenital heart disease will bear children, but their future is not certain. Said Ms. Canobbio: “The data are growing that if the patient is clinically stable at the time of pregnancy, it’s likely we can get them through safely. What’s not yet known is whether the burden of pregnancy in a woman who is otherwise healthy will shorten her lifespan. However, early data are promising, and it’s looking like these women can fare well.”

Topics covered in the scientific statement include:

 

• Defining which patients are at increased risk in pregnancy.
• Physiological adaptations of pregnancy, the puerperium, and the postpartum period, with an emphasis on hemodynamic changes.
• Assessment and evaluation in the preconception and early prenatal periods.
• Pregnancy management, including appropriate testing.
• Medications in pregnancy, including a table of common cardiac drugs and their pregnancy categories and lactation risks.
• Breakdown of suggested prenatal care by trimester.
• Intrapartum care, including indications for fluid management, ECG and hemodynamic monitoring, and management of the second stage of delivery.
• Postpartum care, with attention to the very rapid increase in blood volume and concomitant leap in stroke volume and cardiac output.
• Considerations when choosing contraceptive method.
• Cardiac complications seen in pregnancy, including arrhythmias, managing mechanical valves and anticoagulation, heart failure, and cyanosis.
• Indications for and risks associated with interventional therapies during pregnancy.
• Detailed discussion of management of pregnancy for women with specific lesions.

None of the members of the writing committee for the scientific statement had relevant disclosures. Dr. Foley and Dr. Kay reported no disclosures. Dr. Norton reported that she has received research funding from Natera and Ultragenyx.

[email protected]

On Twitter @karioakes

 

A new scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) brings together recommendations for management of pregnancy for women with serious congenital heart disease. The 38-page document addresses a wide range of complex congenital heart conditions, presenting a newly unified set of recommendations for care that ranges from preconception counseling, through pregnancy, labor, and delivery, to the postpartum period.

Caring for women with complex congenital heart lesions is becoming more commonplace, as more infants undergo successful repairs of previously-unsurvivable cardiac anomalies. “More moms with congenital heart disease are showing up pregnant, having survived the tumultuous peripartum and neonatal period, and are now facing a new set of risks in pregnancy,” Michael Foley, MD, chair of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Arizona, Phoenix, said in an interview.

The scientific statement was seen as a reference resource and, potentially, a didactic tool when it was conceived by the writing group, led by Mary Canobbio, RN, MN, a lecturer at the University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing (Circulation. 2017 Jan 12; doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000458). “The impetus was a kind of how-to review that is based on the AHA, Canadian, and European guidelines for health professionals to use when managing these patients,” said Ms. Canobbio in an interview.

Joseph Kay, MD, a cardiologist and professor of medicine and pediatrics at the University of Colorado, Aurora, said that one big benefit of the new scientific statement is having a single reference point for care of these patients. “The scientific statement brings all of the information about caring for these patients together into one document. This will be a very valuable resource for trainees to get a sense of what’s important; it also represents a platform for new programs to understand the scope of services needed,” said Dr. Kay in an interview.

The document provides a thorough review of the physiologic changes of pregnancy and the intrapartum and postpartum periods, noting that the heterogeneity of congenital heart disease means that women who have different lesions carry different risks in pregnancy.

For example, a woman with a successfully repaired patent ductus arteriosus has essentially no increase in mortality risk, and very little to no increase in morbidity risk. This woman would be in pregnancy category I, according to the modified World Health Organization maternal cardiovascular risk assessment scale. By contrast, women with a mechanical valve, Fontan circulation, or significant aortic dilatation are in WHO maternal cardiovascular category III, signifying significantly increased maternal morbidity and a severe morbidity risk.

Examples of lesions presenting intermediate risk include most arrhythmias (category II), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and a repaired coarctation (both category II-III). The most severe lesions carry a contraindication for pregnancy; the WHO guidelines suggest discussing termination should women with a category IV lesion become pregnant. Severe mitral stenosis, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, and severe systemic ventricular dysfunction all place women into category IV.

Beginning with pregnancy risk category III, the WHO guidelines recommend intensive cardiac and obstetric monitoring throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium. Several maternal-fetal medicine specialists interviewed all agreed that an interdisciplinary team is a must for good obstetric care in this population.

It’s important to follow the guidelines no matter how healthy the patient in your office appears to be, Mary Norton, MD, professor and interim chair of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, said in an interview. “The patient can seem well early in pregnancy, but can unexpectedly get quite ill quickly when blood volume increases as pregnancy progresses,” said Dr. Norton, president of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine.

How interdisciplinary care plays out can depend on geography and facility-dependent resources. Dr. Kay said that his facility is the referral site for pregnant women with complex congenital lesions in an area that spans the Canadian and the Mexican borders from north to south, and ranges from parts of Kansas to eastern Montana from east to west. Still, Dr. Kay said that even for patients with lower-risk lesions, “We will see patients at least once, at approximately the midpoint of pregnancy, and again during the third trimester if possible.” The specifics of care depend on “the nature of the lesion and the complexity of the disease,” said Dr. Kay.

In his facility, said Dr. Kay, telemetry is available for all of the labor and delivery unit beds. This means that the mother and infant can usually stay together and receive postpartum nursing and lactation care from a skilled staff.

Dr. Foley, former president of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, said that his facility puts the pregnant patient at the center of a “virtual” multidisciplinary “OB ICU” team. “We care for the patient in the hospital unit where resources, equipment and specialized nursing care are most readily available. Our team includes physician members from ob.gyn., maternal-fetal medicine, neonatal, trauma, ICU, anesthesiology, the resident/fellow staff, as well as ICU and OB nursing,” he said.

In no circumstances should ob.gyns. go it alone, said Dr. Foley. “The conversation with the ob.gyn. needs to be about comanaging these patients, at the very least. Even the most learned maternal-fetal medicine specialist needs to be working with a cardiologist and an anesthesiologist to create a delivery plan that includes pain management, fluid management, and consideration for intrapartum hemodynamic monitoring,” he said.

And the team needs to be in place long before delivery, Dr. Foley pointed out. “In many hospitals, the care delivery gap may be the inability to have this consistent proactive approach. You can’t expect the best outcomes when you have to hurriedly assemble an unfamiliar ad hoc team when a woman with congenital heart disease presents in labor. Despite their best intentions, inconsistent team members may not have the knowledge and experience to provide the safest care for these patients,” he said.

Though an individualized labor and delivery plan is a must, and a multispecialty team should be assembled, maternal congenital heart disease doesn’t necessarily consign a woman to cesarean delivery. “Most women can and should have a vaginal delivery. It’s safer for them. If a natural delivery may increase risk of issues, we may consider a facilitated second stage of labor with epidural anesthesia and forceps- or vacuum-assisted delivery,” said Dr. Kay.

It’s important to understand the nuances of an individual patient’s health and risk status, said Dr. Norton. “A simplified view is often bad. It’s not the case that ‘it’s always better to deliver’ or ‘it’s always better to have a cesarean delivery.’”

Especially for women who need anticoagulation or who may have lesions that put them at great risk should pregnancy occur, preconception counseling is a vital part of their care, and guidance in the scientific statement can help specialists avoid the complications that can occur in the absence of evidence-based treatment. Said Dr. Kay, “I have seen an unfortunate case or two of patients whose anticoagulation was stopped or changed, contrary to guidelines, and who suffered strokes. I hope more people will see this document.”

Ms. Canobbio echoed the sentiment: “You don’t want to have to backpedal once a young woman presents with a pregnancy. Appropriate contraceptive counseling needs to be part of the conversation.”

One key concept underscored in the scientific statement is that elevated risk persists into the postpartum period. “Following delivery, the mother is still at risk for an extended period of time. The greatest risk for mortality in these patients is post delivery, when a large volume of blood is expelled from the uterus back into the maternal circulation,” said Ms. Canobbio. “These women need close follow-up; we can’t say they are home free until several weeks to 2 months after delivery. The need for vigilance and surveillance continues.”

Since the scientific statement is not a new set of guidelines, but rather a compilation of currently existing reference documents, the authors noted that management differences may exist in some cases, but did not assign greater value to one practice than another. “We addressed that there are differences between the European and the American guidelines. For example, with regard to anticoagulation, both would agree to use Lovenox [enoxaparin], but the difference is whether it should be used for the entire pregnancy or for parts of the pregnancy,” said Ms. Canobbio.

Looking forward, more women with complex congenital heart disease will bear children, but their future is not certain. Said Ms. Canobbio: “The data are growing that if the patient is clinically stable at the time of pregnancy, it’s likely we can get them through safely. What’s not yet known is whether the burden of pregnancy in a woman who is otherwise healthy will shorten her lifespan. However, early data are promising, and it’s looking like these women can fare well.”

Topics covered in the scientific statement include:

 

• Defining which patients are at increased risk in pregnancy.
• Physiological adaptations of pregnancy, the puerperium, and the postpartum period, with an emphasis on hemodynamic changes.
• Assessment and evaluation in the preconception and early prenatal periods.
• Pregnancy management, including appropriate testing.
• Medications in pregnancy, including a table of common cardiac drugs and their pregnancy categories and lactation risks.
• Breakdown of suggested prenatal care by trimester.
• Intrapartum care, including indications for fluid management, ECG and hemodynamic monitoring, and management of the second stage of delivery.
• Postpartum care, with attention to the very rapid increase in blood volume and concomitant leap in stroke volume and cardiac output.
• Considerations when choosing contraceptive method.
• Cardiac complications seen in pregnancy, including arrhythmias, managing mechanical valves and anticoagulation, heart failure, and cyanosis.
• Indications for and risks associated with interventional therapies during pregnancy.
• Detailed discussion of management of pregnancy for women with specific lesions.

None of the members of the writing committee for the scientific statement had relevant disclosures. Dr. Foley and Dr. Kay reported no disclosures. Dr. Norton reported that she has received research funding from Natera and Ultragenyx.

[email protected]

On Twitter @karioakes