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Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels correlate closely, though not perfectly, with blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, based on systematic reviews).
Correlation is higher for blood glucose levels later in the day than earlier in the day, higher for blood glucose levels in the most recent 30 days than from the prior 31–120 days, and higher for patients with type 2 diabetes compared with patients with type 1 diabetes (SOR: A, based on cohort studies).
Evidence summary
Four cohort studies of patients with diabetes have compared overall mean blood glucose levels with HbA1c levels.1-4 All but one4 were limited to patients with type 1 diabetes. Study periods ranged from 1 to 6 months, and frequency of blood glucose measurement ranged from 2 to 4 times per day.
Correlation coefficients between mean blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels ranged from 0.71 to 0.86, implying that 50% to 74% of the variance in HbA1c is explained by the mean blood glucose (in each study, correlation was significant [P<.02]).
We found 5 studies comparing blood glucose measurements at specific times of day with HbA1c levels see (Table). Data from 3 studies comparing blood glucose values after lunchtime with those earlier in the day suggest that the lunchtime levels are more closely associated with HbA1c levels.5,7,9 No consistent difference was shown between preprandial and postprandial blood glucose levels in their strength of association with HbA1c levels. In 1 of these studies, a blood glucose level of 150 mg/dL 2 hours after lunch predicted a HbA1c of 7% with 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity.7 One study provided only limited information on blood glucose–HbA1c correlations in relation to mealtimes but did report that the times of day at which the 2 were best correlated were in the periods from midnight to 5:00 AM and between noon and 3:00 PM.9 One study compared patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and found a higher correlation between blood glucose and HbA1c levels in the latter.6
The relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose levels is such that blood glucose levels from the preceding 30 days determine about 50% of the total HbA1c.10 This relationship may be altered by uremia, intake of vitamins C or E, and conditions that affect erythrocyte turnover.11
It remains unclear whether management strategies that focus on minimizing HbA1c levels are optimal for prevention of diabetic complications.
Although HbA1c levels correlate with the risk of some complications, aspects of glycemia not reflected in the HbA1c level, such as the heights of glycemic “excursions” from the mean, may independently affect the risk of complications of diabetes.12 If so, quantitative analysis of day-to-day blood glucose levels might yield a better estimation of the risk of diabetic complications than HbA1c levels.
TABLE
Correlation coefficients between blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c levels
| Study | Rohlfing et el, 20025 | Prendergast et al, 19946 | Prendergast et al, 19946 | Avignon et al, 19977 | Bastyr et al, 20008 | Levetan et al, 20018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes type | Type 1 | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 2 | Type 2 | Unspecified |
| N | 1439 | 104 | 234 | 66 | 135 | 44 |
| Frequency of blood glucose measurement* | Quarterly over 6.5 y | “Periodically” over 3 y† | “Periodically” over 3 y† | Once only | Twice on separate days | Continuously for 3 days |
| Correlation coefficients | ||||||
| Pre-breakfast | 0.69 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.22 | <0.30 |
| Post-breakfast | 0.67 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 0.33 | ||
| Pre-lunch | 0.72 | 0.65 | ||||
| Post-lunch | 0.77 | 0.81 | ||||
| Pre-dinner | 0.75 | 0.78 | ||||
| Post-dinner | 0.78 | 0.34 | ||||
| Bedtime | 0.76 | |||||
| *Blood glucose measurements from Avignon et al, 19977 were taken at fixed times of day; time designations are based on average mealtimes in the study population. †Frequency of blood glucose measurements not specified. | ||||||
Recommendations from others
No official statement by any organization was found relating to the quantitative relationship between blood glucose levels from daily monitoring and HbA1c levels. However, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) specifies treatment goals for both HbA1c and blood glucose levels. An ADA expert panel recently concluded, “There are insufficient data to determine accurately the relative contribution of fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose to HbA1c.”13
Tsveti Markova, MD
Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich
In practice, glycemic control is fundamental in managing patients with diabetes. I believe that treatment targets need to be individualized. Patient education about the importance of both HbA1c and self blood glucose monitoring are crucial in accomplishing this goal. While HbA1c <7% is strongly associated with reduction of microvascular complications, the blood glucose results are very useful in preventing hypoglycemia, as well as adjusting medication and insulin doses, diet, and exercise. The new, minimally invasive at-home glucometers and HbA1c test kits, which were recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, improve compliance and help patients take control of their diabetes management.
1. Hempe JM, Gomez R, McCarter RJ, Jr, Chalew SA. High and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes in type I diabetes: a challenge for interpretation of glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2002;16:313-320.
2. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Straume M, Farhy LS. Association of self-monitoring blood glucose profiles with glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Methods Enzymol 2000;321:410-417.
3. Peterson CM, Jones RL, Dupuis A, Levine BS, Bernstein R, O’Shea M. Feasibility of improved blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1979;2:329-335.
4. Ditzel J, Kjaergaard JJ. Haemoglobin A1c concentrations after initial treatment for newly discovered diabetes. Br Med J 1978;1:741-742.
5. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2002;25:275-278.
6. Prendergast C, Smyth O, Murray F, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. The relationship of blood glucose and haemoglobin A1 levels in diabetic subjects. Ir J Med Sci 1994;163:233-235.
7. Avignon A, Radauceanu A, Monnier L. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1822-1826.
8. Bastyr EJ, 3rd, Stuart CA, Brodows RG, et al. Therapy focused on lowering postprandial glucose, not fasting glucose, may be superior for lowering HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1236-1241.
9. Levetan CS, Jeng LM, Thornton KR, Want L, Ratner RE. When do glucose values best correlate with hemoglobin A1c? Diabetes 2001;50(2 suppl):A124.-
10. Tahara Y, Shima K. The response of GHb to stepwise plasma glucose change over time in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1313-1314.
11. Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Goldstein DE, Maclaren NK, McDonald JM, Parrott M. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 2002;48:436-472.
12. Goldstein DE, Little RR, Lorenz RA, Malone JI, Nathan D, Peterson CM. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18:896-909.
13. American Diabetes Association. Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care 2001;24:775-778.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels correlate closely, though not perfectly, with blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, based on systematic reviews).
Correlation is higher for blood glucose levels later in the day than earlier in the day, higher for blood glucose levels in the most recent 30 days than from the prior 31–120 days, and higher for patients with type 2 diabetes compared with patients with type 1 diabetes (SOR: A, based on cohort studies).
Evidence summary
Four cohort studies of patients with diabetes have compared overall mean blood glucose levels with HbA1c levels.1-4 All but one4 were limited to patients with type 1 diabetes. Study periods ranged from 1 to 6 months, and frequency of blood glucose measurement ranged from 2 to 4 times per day.
Correlation coefficients between mean blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels ranged from 0.71 to 0.86, implying that 50% to 74% of the variance in HbA1c is explained by the mean blood glucose (in each study, correlation was significant [P<.02]).
We found 5 studies comparing blood glucose measurements at specific times of day with HbA1c levels see (Table). Data from 3 studies comparing blood glucose values after lunchtime with those earlier in the day suggest that the lunchtime levels are more closely associated with HbA1c levels.5,7,9 No consistent difference was shown between preprandial and postprandial blood glucose levels in their strength of association with HbA1c levels. In 1 of these studies, a blood glucose level of 150 mg/dL 2 hours after lunch predicted a HbA1c of 7% with 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity.7 One study provided only limited information on blood glucose–HbA1c correlations in relation to mealtimes but did report that the times of day at which the 2 were best correlated were in the periods from midnight to 5:00 AM and between noon and 3:00 PM.9 One study compared patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and found a higher correlation between blood glucose and HbA1c levels in the latter.6
The relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose levels is such that blood glucose levels from the preceding 30 days determine about 50% of the total HbA1c.10 This relationship may be altered by uremia, intake of vitamins C or E, and conditions that affect erythrocyte turnover.11
It remains unclear whether management strategies that focus on minimizing HbA1c levels are optimal for prevention of diabetic complications.
Although HbA1c levels correlate with the risk of some complications, aspects of glycemia not reflected in the HbA1c level, such as the heights of glycemic “excursions” from the mean, may independently affect the risk of complications of diabetes.12 If so, quantitative analysis of day-to-day blood glucose levels might yield a better estimation of the risk of diabetic complications than HbA1c levels.
TABLE
Correlation coefficients between blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c levels
| Study | Rohlfing et el, 20025 | Prendergast et al, 19946 | Prendergast et al, 19946 | Avignon et al, 19977 | Bastyr et al, 20008 | Levetan et al, 20018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes type | Type 1 | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 2 | Type 2 | Unspecified |
| N | 1439 | 104 | 234 | 66 | 135 | 44 |
| Frequency of blood glucose measurement* | Quarterly over 6.5 y | “Periodically” over 3 y† | “Periodically” over 3 y† | Once only | Twice on separate days | Continuously for 3 days |
| Correlation coefficients | ||||||
| Pre-breakfast | 0.69 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.22 | <0.30 |
| Post-breakfast | 0.67 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 0.33 | ||
| Pre-lunch | 0.72 | 0.65 | ||||
| Post-lunch | 0.77 | 0.81 | ||||
| Pre-dinner | 0.75 | 0.78 | ||||
| Post-dinner | 0.78 | 0.34 | ||||
| Bedtime | 0.76 | |||||
| *Blood glucose measurements from Avignon et al, 19977 were taken at fixed times of day; time designations are based on average mealtimes in the study population. †Frequency of blood glucose measurements not specified. | ||||||
Recommendations from others
No official statement by any organization was found relating to the quantitative relationship between blood glucose levels from daily monitoring and HbA1c levels. However, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) specifies treatment goals for both HbA1c and blood glucose levels. An ADA expert panel recently concluded, “There are insufficient data to determine accurately the relative contribution of fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose to HbA1c.”13
Tsveti Markova, MD
Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich
In practice, glycemic control is fundamental in managing patients with diabetes. I believe that treatment targets need to be individualized. Patient education about the importance of both HbA1c and self blood glucose monitoring are crucial in accomplishing this goal. While HbA1c <7% is strongly associated with reduction of microvascular complications, the blood glucose results are very useful in preventing hypoglycemia, as well as adjusting medication and insulin doses, diet, and exercise. The new, minimally invasive at-home glucometers and HbA1c test kits, which were recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, improve compliance and help patients take control of their diabetes management.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels correlate closely, though not perfectly, with blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, based on systematic reviews).
Correlation is higher for blood glucose levels later in the day than earlier in the day, higher for blood glucose levels in the most recent 30 days than from the prior 31–120 days, and higher for patients with type 2 diabetes compared with patients with type 1 diabetes (SOR: A, based on cohort studies).
Evidence summary
Four cohort studies of patients with diabetes have compared overall mean blood glucose levels with HbA1c levels.1-4 All but one4 were limited to patients with type 1 diabetes. Study periods ranged from 1 to 6 months, and frequency of blood glucose measurement ranged from 2 to 4 times per day.
Correlation coefficients between mean blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels ranged from 0.71 to 0.86, implying that 50% to 74% of the variance in HbA1c is explained by the mean blood glucose (in each study, correlation was significant [P<.02]).
We found 5 studies comparing blood glucose measurements at specific times of day with HbA1c levels see (Table). Data from 3 studies comparing blood glucose values after lunchtime with those earlier in the day suggest that the lunchtime levels are more closely associated with HbA1c levels.5,7,9 No consistent difference was shown between preprandial and postprandial blood glucose levels in their strength of association with HbA1c levels. In 1 of these studies, a blood glucose level of 150 mg/dL 2 hours after lunch predicted a HbA1c of 7% with 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity.7 One study provided only limited information on blood glucose–HbA1c correlations in relation to mealtimes but did report that the times of day at which the 2 were best correlated were in the periods from midnight to 5:00 AM and between noon and 3:00 PM.9 One study compared patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and found a higher correlation between blood glucose and HbA1c levels in the latter.6
The relationship between HbA1c and blood glucose levels is such that blood glucose levels from the preceding 30 days determine about 50% of the total HbA1c.10 This relationship may be altered by uremia, intake of vitamins C or E, and conditions that affect erythrocyte turnover.11
It remains unclear whether management strategies that focus on minimizing HbA1c levels are optimal for prevention of diabetic complications.
Although HbA1c levels correlate with the risk of some complications, aspects of glycemia not reflected in the HbA1c level, such as the heights of glycemic “excursions” from the mean, may independently affect the risk of complications of diabetes.12 If so, quantitative analysis of day-to-day blood glucose levels might yield a better estimation of the risk of diabetic complications than HbA1c levels.
TABLE
Correlation coefficients between blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c levels
| Study | Rohlfing et el, 20025 | Prendergast et al, 19946 | Prendergast et al, 19946 | Avignon et al, 19977 | Bastyr et al, 20008 | Levetan et al, 20018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes type | Type 1 | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 2 | Type 2 | Unspecified |
| N | 1439 | 104 | 234 | 66 | 135 | 44 |
| Frequency of blood glucose measurement* | Quarterly over 6.5 y | “Periodically” over 3 y† | “Periodically” over 3 y† | Once only | Twice on separate days | Continuously for 3 days |
| Correlation coefficients | ||||||
| Pre-breakfast | 0.69 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.22 | <0.30 |
| Post-breakfast | 0.67 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 0.33 | ||
| Pre-lunch | 0.72 | 0.65 | ||||
| Post-lunch | 0.77 | 0.81 | ||||
| Pre-dinner | 0.75 | 0.78 | ||||
| Post-dinner | 0.78 | 0.34 | ||||
| Bedtime | 0.76 | |||||
| *Blood glucose measurements from Avignon et al, 19977 were taken at fixed times of day; time designations are based on average mealtimes in the study population. †Frequency of blood glucose measurements not specified. | ||||||
Recommendations from others
No official statement by any organization was found relating to the quantitative relationship between blood glucose levels from daily monitoring and HbA1c levels. However, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) specifies treatment goals for both HbA1c and blood glucose levels. An ADA expert panel recently concluded, “There are insufficient data to determine accurately the relative contribution of fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose to HbA1c.”13
Tsveti Markova, MD
Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich
In practice, glycemic control is fundamental in managing patients with diabetes. I believe that treatment targets need to be individualized. Patient education about the importance of both HbA1c and self blood glucose monitoring are crucial in accomplishing this goal. While HbA1c <7% is strongly associated with reduction of microvascular complications, the blood glucose results are very useful in preventing hypoglycemia, as well as adjusting medication and insulin doses, diet, and exercise. The new, minimally invasive at-home glucometers and HbA1c test kits, which were recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, improve compliance and help patients take control of their diabetes management.
1. Hempe JM, Gomez R, McCarter RJ, Jr, Chalew SA. High and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes in type I diabetes: a challenge for interpretation of glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2002;16:313-320.
2. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Straume M, Farhy LS. Association of self-monitoring blood glucose profiles with glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Methods Enzymol 2000;321:410-417.
3. Peterson CM, Jones RL, Dupuis A, Levine BS, Bernstein R, O’Shea M. Feasibility of improved blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1979;2:329-335.
4. Ditzel J, Kjaergaard JJ. Haemoglobin A1c concentrations after initial treatment for newly discovered diabetes. Br Med J 1978;1:741-742.
5. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2002;25:275-278.
6. Prendergast C, Smyth O, Murray F, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. The relationship of blood glucose and haemoglobin A1 levels in diabetic subjects. Ir J Med Sci 1994;163:233-235.
7. Avignon A, Radauceanu A, Monnier L. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1822-1826.
8. Bastyr EJ, 3rd, Stuart CA, Brodows RG, et al. Therapy focused on lowering postprandial glucose, not fasting glucose, may be superior for lowering HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1236-1241.
9. Levetan CS, Jeng LM, Thornton KR, Want L, Ratner RE. When do glucose values best correlate with hemoglobin A1c? Diabetes 2001;50(2 suppl):A124.-
10. Tahara Y, Shima K. The response of GHb to stepwise plasma glucose change over time in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1313-1314.
11. Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Goldstein DE, Maclaren NK, McDonald JM, Parrott M. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 2002;48:436-472.
12. Goldstein DE, Little RR, Lorenz RA, Malone JI, Nathan D, Peterson CM. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18:896-909.
13. American Diabetes Association. Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care 2001;24:775-778.
1. Hempe JM, Gomez R, McCarter RJ, Jr, Chalew SA. High and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes in type I diabetes: a challenge for interpretation of glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2002;16:313-320.
2. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Straume M, Farhy LS. Association of self-monitoring blood glucose profiles with glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Methods Enzymol 2000;321:410-417.
3. Peterson CM, Jones RL, Dupuis A, Levine BS, Bernstein R, O’Shea M. Feasibility of improved blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1979;2:329-335.
4. Ditzel J, Kjaergaard JJ. Haemoglobin A1c concentrations after initial treatment for newly discovered diabetes. Br Med J 1978;1:741-742.
5. Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Little RR, England JD, Tennill A, Goldstein DE. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2002;25:275-278.
6. Prendergast C, Smyth O, Murray F, Cunningham SK, McKenna TJ. The relationship of blood glucose and haemoglobin A1 levels in diabetic subjects. Ir J Med Sci 1994;163:233-235.
7. Avignon A, Radauceanu A, Monnier L. Nonfasting plasma glucose is a better marker of diabetic control than fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1822-1826.
8. Bastyr EJ, 3rd, Stuart CA, Brodows RG, et al. Therapy focused on lowering postprandial glucose, not fasting glucose, may be superior for lowering HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1236-1241.
9. Levetan CS, Jeng LM, Thornton KR, Want L, Ratner RE. When do glucose values best correlate with hemoglobin A1c? Diabetes 2001;50(2 suppl):A124.-
10. Tahara Y, Shima K. The response of GHb to stepwise plasma glucose change over time in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1313-1314.
11. Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Goldstein DE, Maclaren NK, McDonald JM, Parrott M. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 2002;48:436-472.
12. Goldstein DE, Little RR, Lorenz RA, Malone JI, Nathan D, Peterson CM. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18:896-909.
13. American Diabetes Association. Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care 2001;24:775-778.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network