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E-Consults Bridge to Interdisciplinary Team Care for Rural Appalachian Veterans With Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder
Rural veterans are prescribed long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain at higher rates than urban veterans, increasing their risk of developing opioid use disorder (OUD).1,2 Veterans with co-occurring OUD and chronic pain have more severe health concerns, as well as higher rates of homelessness, psychoactive drug misuse, and mental health disorders, compared to veterans with either chronic pain or OUD alone.3 Interdisciplinary team (IDT) care is recommended for both chronic pain and OUD.4,5 Rural veterans with co-occurring chronic pain and OUD, however, are often unable to access IDTs due to long travel and wait times. As a result, these rural veterans often receive care from primary care practitioners (PCPs) who lack training in pain management and addiction and have low confidence in their ability to provide optimal treatment.6,7
In the Veterans Health Administration, electronic consultations (e-consults) provide support to PCPs by recommending evidence-based approaches such as buprenorphine for OUD and pain IDTs for chronic pain.5,8 However, research on the use of e-consults to connect to IDT care for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD are lacking, as well as studies on IDTs using innovative methods (eg, shared appointments) to overcome treatment barriers (eg, multiple appointments) for rural veterans at higher risk for co-occurring OUD and chronic pain.
This quality improvement study sought to determine the feasibility and impact of a pharmacy e-consult service that provided pain medication recommendations and subsequent referrals to RESTORE, a shared appointment program with an IDT, for assessment and treatment of chronic pain and OUD.
Methods
This retrospective chart review was approved as nonresearch by the Institutional Review Board Chair at the Salem Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (SVAHS), a low-complexity medical center in Virginia that primarily serves a rural and highly rural Central Appalachian veteran population.
This study included veterans whose clinicians placed a pain medication e-consult requesting recommendations for medication adjustments and/or a referral to RESTORE from January 1, 2022, through January 6, 2023. Requests for services that could not be provided through an e-consult were excluded (Figure 1). Veterans who had a pain medication e-consult were identified in the SVAHS electronic medical record (EMR). Data extracted from the EMR included demographics, referral source, reason for referral, RESTORE appointment attendance, OUD diagnosis made during the RESTORE initial evaluation, implementation of medication recommendations by the referrer within 6 months, engagement in ≥ 3 pain education classes, and a shared appointment with a pain IDT within 6 months. Data were entered into a REDCap database, and descriptive statistics summarized the results. Feasibility was assessed by use of the e-consult by PCPs, attendance at the RESTORE appointment, and OUD diagnosis by the RESTORE team.
RESTORE Intervention
A pain medication e-consult was followed by referral to a shared appointment with the RESTORE IDT, with subsequent referrals to a pain IDT for chronic pain management if the veteran was amenable.
Pain medication e-consults in the EMR prompted a chart review by a clinical pharmacist practitioner (CPP). Recommendations for changes to medication regimens were documented in the EMR. At completion of the e-consult, the referring clinician received an automated view alert.
Veterans (and a support person, if preferred) were seen in a 60-minute, face-to-face shared appointment which included a psychologist, CPP, and pain physician. The psychologist conducted an OUD diagnostic interview, provided diagnostic feedback, and used motivational interviewing to provide psychoeducation on the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain, the IDT approach to chronic pain, and an overview of pain IDT care locally available. A CPP and physician then described medication options available to address OUD, if applicable. Together, the IDT and patient used shared decision making to determine a comprehensive treatment plan that may include a referral to the SVAHS PREVAIL Center for Chronic Pain IDT track (PREVAIL IDT track), a referral to substance use care in the case of polysubstance use, or medication initiation.9-11 If medication was prescribed, the patient was subsequently followed by the CPP through phone calls and face-to-face appointments at regularly scheduled intervals in coordination with the prescriber until they were stabilized. After stabilization, the prescription would be managed by their PCP (Figure 2). Veterans whose clinical condition changed significantly or worsened after returning to their PCP were invited to be reevaluated by the RESTORE team and restart care in that program. Individuals who were actively receiving RESTORE team care were discussed in a weekly care coordination meeting with all clinicians from both the PREVAIL and RESTORE teams.
Program Metrics
Pain medication e-consults were placed for 77 patients; 7 were excluded as inappropriate referral requests. Seventy (83%) e-consults were placed by PCPs (Table). Fifty-seven referring PCPs (81%) implemented ≥ 1 medication recommendation and 41 (59%) implemented all recommendations within 6 months. CPPs referred 19 individuals to RESTORE due to concerns related to high risk. All attended the initial evaluation appointment with the RESTORE team, 17 (89%) agreed to be referred to PREVAIL IDT track for nonpharmacologic pain care, and 9 (53%) engaged with that care within 6 months. Of those who attended RESTORE, 7 patients (37%) initiated buprenorphine for OUD with 6 (86%) being prescribed buprenorphine for ≥ 6 months.
Discussion
Most e-consults placed at SVAHS, which primarily serves a rural veteran population in Central Appalachia, resulted in veterans engaging in evidence-based treatment for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD. The use of e-consults and subsequent shared appointments with an IDT appears to be feasible, as the service was most often used by PCPs who often feel unequipped to manage chronic pain.7 The attendance rate for the RESTORE appointments was notable given the typically poor follow-up for patients with OUD. It supports the feasibility of a shared appointment approach which may overcome frequent barriers to care in this vulnerable population (ie, time, transportation). By attending 1 appointment with all clinicians present as opposed to multiple appointments, veterans experience fewer barriers than attending multiple appointments. RESTORE continues to be offered as an active clinical service whose implementation is now supported by changes to SVAHS policies. Since this study was conducted, the number of patients seen weekly has doubled and will soon be tripled based on high demand from PCPs.
While this study was limited to 1 site, had a small sample size, and was limited in scope, its results suggest that future research is warranted. Future studies using a larger sample size utilizing both a randomized control trial design and qualitative methods are needed to answer critical questions such as the role of patient characteristics on treatment effectiveness and the impact of the RESTORE model on long-term OUD medication adherence, patients’ perceptions and satisfaction, barriers to implementation, PCP confidence in providing pain care, and use of evidence-based nonpharmacologic pain management services.12-14
Conclusions
The results of this quality-improvement project suggest that e-consults may facilitate referrals to and patient follow-through with evidence-based treatment for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD among veterans living in rural communities in Central Appalachia who tend to experience significant barriers to traditional care and may require an innovative approach to facilitate effective treatment.
- Lund BC, Ohl ME, Hadlandsmyth K, et al. Regional and rural-urban variation in opioid prescribing in the Veterans Health Administration. Mil Med. 2019;184(11-12):894-900. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz104
- Edlund MJ, Martin BC, Russo JE, et al. The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(7):557-564. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000021
- MacLean RR, Sofuoglu M, Stefanovics E, et al. Opioid use disorder with chronic pain increases disease burden and service use. Psychol Serv. 2023;20(1):157-165. doi:10.1037/ser0000607
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines: use of opioids in the management of chronic pain. Version 4.0. Updated May 2022. Accessed August 4, 2025. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/VADoDOpioidsCPG.pdf
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Version 3.0. Updated February 2022. Accessed August 4, 2025. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/lbp/VADoDLBPCPGFinal508.pdf
- Shipton EE, Bate F, Garrick R, et al. Systematic review of pain medicine content, teaching, and assessment in medical school curricula internationally. Pain Ther. 2018;7(2):139-161. doi:10.1007/s40122-018-0103-z
- Jamison RN, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, et al. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99-113. doi:10.1111/pme.12871
- Miller DM, Harvey TL. Pharmacist pain e-consults that result in a therapy change. Fed Pract. 2015;32(7):14-19.
- Courtney RE, Schadegg MJ. Chronic, noncancer pain care in the Veterans Administration: current trends and future directions. Anesthesiol Clin. 2023;41(2):519-529. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2023.02.004
- Courtney RE, Schadegg MJ, Bolton R, et al. Using a whole health approach to build biopsychosocial-spiritual personal health plans for veterans with chronic pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(1):69-74. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.010
- Darnall BD, Edwards KA, Courtney RE, et al. Innovative treatment formats, technologies, and clinician trainings that improve access to behavioral pain treatment for youth and adults. Front Pain Res. 2023;4. doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1223172
- Lister JJ, Weaver A, Ellis JD, et al. A systematic review of rural-specific barriers to medication treatment for opioid use disorder in the United States. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46:273-288. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1694536
- Bhatraju EP, Radick AC, Leroux BG, et al. Buprenorphine adherence and illicit opioid use among patients in treatment for opioid use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2023;49. doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2220876
- Courtney RE, Halsey E, Patil T, Mastronardi KV, Browne HS, Darnall BD. Prescription opioid tapering practices and outcomes at a rural VA health care system. Pain Med. 2024;25:480-482. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae013
Rural veterans are prescribed long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain at higher rates than urban veterans, increasing their risk of developing opioid use disorder (OUD).1,2 Veterans with co-occurring OUD and chronic pain have more severe health concerns, as well as higher rates of homelessness, psychoactive drug misuse, and mental health disorders, compared to veterans with either chronic pain or OUD alone.3 Interdisciplinary team (IDT) care is recommended for both chronic pain and OUD.4,5 Rural veterans with co-occurring chronic pain and OUD, however, are often unable to access IDTs due to long travel and wait times. As a result, these rural veterans often receive care from primary care practitioners (PCPs) who lack training in pain management and addiction and have low confidence in their ability to provide optimal treatment.6,7
In the Veterans Health Administration, electronic consultations (e-consults) provide support to PCPs by recommending evidence-based approaches such as buprenorphine for OUD and pain IDTs for chronic pain.5,8 However, research on the use of e-consults to connect to IDT care for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD are lacking, as well as studies on IDTs using innovative methods (eg, shared appointments) to overcome treatment barriers (eg, multiple appointments) for rural veterans at higher risk for co-occurring OUD and chronic pain.
This quality improvement study sought to determine the feasibility and impact of a pharmacy e-consult service that provided pain medication recommendations and subsequent referrals to RESTORE, a shared appointment program with an IDT, for assessment and treatment of chronic pain and OUD.
Methods
This retrospective chart review was approved as nonresearch by the Institutional Review Board Chair at the Salem Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (SVAHS), a low-complexity medical center in Virginia that primarily serves a rural and highly rural Central Appalachian veteran population.
This study included veterans whose clinicians placed a pain medication e-consult requesting recommendations for medication adjustments and/or a referral to RESTORE from January 1, 2022, through January 6, 2023. Requests for services that could not be provided through an e-consult were excluded (Figure 1). Veterans who had a pain medication e-consult were identified in the SVAHS electronic medical record (EMR). Data extracted from the EMR included demographics, referral source, reason for referral, RESTORE appointment attendance, OUD diagnosis made during the RESTORE initial evaluation, implementation of medication recommendations by the referrer within 6 months, engagement in ≥ 3 pain education classes, and a shared appointment with a pain IDT within 6 months. Data were entered into a REDCap database, and descriptive statistics summarized the results. Feasibility was assessed by use of the e-consult by PCPs, attendance at the RESTORE appointment, and OUD diagnosis by the RESTORE team.
RESTORE Intervention
A pain medication e-consult was followed by referral to a shared appointment with the RESTORE IDT, with subsequent referrals to a pain IDT for chronic pain management if the veteran was amenable.
Pain medication e-consults in the EMR prompted a chart review by a clinical pharmacist practitioner (CPP). Recommendations for changes to medication regimens were documented in the EMR. At completion of the e-consult, the referring clinician received an automated view alert.
Veterans (and a support person, if preferred) were seen in a 60-minute, face-to-face shared appointment which included a psychologist, CPP, and pain physician. The psychologist conducted an OUD diagnostic interview, provided diagnostic feedback, and used motivational interviewing to provide psychoeducation on the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain, the IDT approach to chronic pain, and an overview of pain IDT care locally available. A CPP and physician then described medication options available to address OUD, if applicable. Together, the IDT and patient used shared decision making to determine a comprehensive treatment plan that may include a referral to the SVAHS PREVAIL Center for Chronic Pain IDT track (PREVAIL IDT track), a referral to substance use care in the case of polysubstance use, or medication initiation.9-11 If medication was prescribed, the patient was subsequently followed by the CPP through phone calls and face-to-face appointments at regularly scheduled intervals in coordination with the prescriber until they were stabilized. After stabilization, the prescription would be managed by their PCP (Figure 2). Veterans whose clinical condition changed significantly or worsened after returning to their PCP were invited to be reevaluated by the RESTORE team and restart care in that program. Individuals who were actively receiving RESTORE team care were discussed in a weekly care coordination meeting with all clinicians from both the PREVAIL and RESTORE teams.
Program Metrics
Pain medication e-consults were placed for 77 patients; 7 were excluded as inappropriate referral requests. Seventy (83%) e-consults were placed by PCPs (Table). Fifty-seven referring PCPs (81%) implemented ≥ 1 medication recommendation and 41 (59%) implemented all recommendations within 6 months. CPPs referred 19 individuals to RESTORE due to concerns related to high risk. All attended the initial evaluation appointment with the RESTORE team, 17 (89%) agreed to be referred to PREVAIL IDT track for nonpharmacologic pain care, and 9 (53%) engaged with that care within 6 months. Of those who attended RESTORE, 7 patients (37%) initiated buprenorphine for OUD with 6 (86%) being prescribed buprenorphine for ≥ 6 months.
Discussion
Most e-consults placed at SVAHS, which primarily serves a rural veteran population in Central Appalachia, resulted in veterans engaging in evidence-based treatment for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD. The use of e-consults and subsequent shared appointments with an IDT appears to be feasible, as the service was most often used by PCPs who often feel unequipped to manage chronic pain.7 The attendance rate for the RESTORE appointments was notable given the typically poor follow-up for patients with OUD. It supports the feasibility of a shared appointment approach which may overcome frequent barriers to care in this vulnerable population (ie, time, transportation). By attending 1 appointment with all clinicians present as opposed to multiple appointments, veterans experience fewer barriers than attending multiple appointments. RESTORE continues to be offered as an active clinical service whose implementation is now supported by changes to SVAHS policies. Since this study was conducted, the number of patients seen weekly has doubled and will soon be tripled based on high demand from PCPs.
While this study was limited to 1 site, had a small sample size, and was limited in scope, its results suggest that future research is warranted. Future studies using a larger sample size utilizing both a randomized control trial design and qualitative methods are needed to answer critical questions such as the role of patient characteristics on treatment effectiveness and the impact of the RESTORE model on long-term OUD medication adherence, patients’ perceptions and satisfaction, barriers to implementation, PCP confidence in providing pain care, and use of evidence-based nonpharmacologic pain management services.12-14
Conclusions
The results of this quality-improvement project suggest that e-consults may facilitate referrals to and patient follow-through with evidence-based treatment for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD among veterans living in rural communities in Central Appalachia who tend to experience significant barriers to traditional care and may require an innovative approach to facilitate effective treatment.
Rural veterans are prescribed long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain at higher rates than urban veterans, increasing their risk of developing opioid use disorder (OUD).1,2 Veterans with co-occurring OUD and chronic pain have more severe health concerns, as well as higher rates of homelessness, psychoactive drug misuse, and mental health disorders, compared to veterans with either chronic pain or OUD alone.3 Interdisciplinary team (IDT) care is recommended for both chronic pain and OUD.4,5 Rural veterans with co-occurring chronic pain and OUD, however, are often unable to access IDTs due to long travel and wait times. As a result, these rural veterans often receive care from primary care practitioners (PCPs) who lack training in pain management and addiction and have low confidence in their ability to provide optimal treatment.6,7
In the Veterans Health Administration, electronic consultations (e-consults) provide support to PCPs by recommending evidence-based approaches such as buprenorphine for OUD and pain IDTs for chronic pain.5,8 However, research on the use of e-consults to connect to IDT care for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD are lacking, as well as studies on IDTs using innovative methods (eg, shared appointments) to overcome treatment barriers (eg, multiple appointments) for rural veterans at higher risk for co-occurring OUD and chronic pain.
This quality improvement study sought to determine the feasibility and impact of a pharmacy e-consult service that provided pain medication recommendations and subsequent referrals to RESTORE, a shared appointment program with an IDT, for assessment and treatment of chronic pain and OUD.
Methods
This retrospective chart review was approved as nonresearch by the Institutional Review Board Chair at the Salem Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (SVAHS), a low-complexity medical center in Virginia that primarily serves a rural and highly rural Central Appalachian veteran population.
This study included veterans whose clinicians placed a pain medication e-consult requesting recommendations for medication adjustments and/or a referral to RESTORE from January 1, 2022, through January 6, 2023. Requests for services that could not be provided through an e-consult were excluded (Figure 1). Veterans who had a pain medication e-consult were identified in the SVAHS electronic medical record (EMR). Data extracted from the EMR included demographics, referral source, reason for referral, RESTORE appointment attendance, OUD diagnosis made during the RESTORE initial evaluation, implementation of medication recommendations by the referrer within 6 months, engagement in ≥ 3 pain education classes, and a shared appointment with a pain IDT within 6 months. Data were entered into a REDCap database, and descriptive statistics summarized the results. Feasibility was assessed by use of the e-consult by PCPs, attendance at the RESTORE appointment, and OUD diagnosis by the RESTORE team.
RESTORE Intervention
A pain medication e-consult was followed by referral to a shared appointment with the RESTORE IDT, with subsequent referrals to a pain IDT for chronic pain management if the veteran was amenable.
Pain medication e-consults in the EMR prompted a chart review by a clinical pharmacist practitioner (CPP). Recommendations for changes to medication regimens were documented in the EMR. At completion of the e-consult, the referring clinician received an automated view alert.
Veterans (and a support person, if preferred) were seen in a 60-minute, face-to-face shared appointment which included a psychologist, CPP, and pain physician. The psychologist conducted an OUD diagnostic interview, provided diagnostic feedback, and used motivational interviewing to provide psychoeducation on the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain, the IDT approach to chronic pain, and an overview of pain IDT care locally available. A CPP and physician then described medication options available to address OUD, if applicable. Together, the IDT and patient used shared decision making to determine a comprehensive treatment plan that may include a referral to the SVAHS PREVAIL Center for Chronic Pain IDT track (PREVAIL IDT track), a referral to substance use care in the case of polysubstance use, or medication initiation.9-11 If medication was prescribed, the patient was subsequently followed by the CPP through phone calls and face-to-face appointments at regularly scheduled intervals in coordination with the prescriber until they were stabilized. After stabilization, the prescription would be managed by their PCP (Figure 2). Veterans whose clinical condition changed significantly or worsened after returning to their PCP were invited to be reevaluated by the RESTORE team and restart care in that program. Individuals who were actively receiving RESTORE team care were discussed in a weekly care coordination meeting with all clinicians from both the PREVAIL and RESTORE teams.
Program Metrics
Pain medication e-consults were placed for 77 patients; 7 were excluded as inappropriate referral requests. Seventy (83%) e-consults were placed by PCPs (Table). Fifty-seven referring PCPs (81%) implemented ≥ 1 medication recommendation and 41 (59%) implemented all recommendations within 6 months. CPPs referred 19 individuals to RESTORE due to concerns related to high risk. All attended the initial evaluation appointment with the RESTORE team, 17 (89%) agreed to be referred to PREVAIL IDT track for nonpharmacologic pain care, and 9 (53%) engaged with that care within 6 months. Of those who attended RESTORE, 7 patients (37%) initiated buprenorphine for OUD with 6 (86%) being prescribed buprenorphine for ≥ 6 months.
Discussion
Most e-consults placed at SVAHS, which primarily serves a rural veteran population in Central Appalachia, resulted in veterans engaging in evidence-based treatment for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD. The use of e-consults and subsequent shared appointments with an IDT appears to be feasible, as the service was most often used by PCPs who often feel unequipped to manage chronic pain.7 The attendance rate for the RESTORE appointments was notable given the typically poor follow-up for patients with OUD. It supports the feasibility of a shared appointment approach which may overcome frequent barriers to care in this vulnerable population (ie, time, transportation). By attending 1 appointment with all clinicians present as opposed to multiple appointments, veterans experience fewer barriers than attending multiple appointments. RESTORE continues to be offered as an active clinical service whose implementation is now supported by changes to SVAHS policies. Since this study was conducted, the number of patients seen weekly has doubled and will soon be tripled based on high demand from PCPs.
While this study was limited to 1 site, had a small sample size, and was limited in scope, its results suggest that future research is warranted. Future studies using a larger sample size utilizing both a randomized control trial design and qualitative methods are needed to answer critical questions such as the role of patient characteristics on treatment effectiveness and the impact of the RESTORE model on long-term OUD medication adherence, patients’ perceptions and satisfaction, barriers to implementation, PCP confidence in providing pain care, and use of evidence-based nonpharmacologic pain management services.12-14
Conclusions
The results of this quality-improvement project suggest that e-consults may facilitate referrals to and patient follow-through with evidence-based treatment for co-occurring chronic pain and OUD among veterans living in rural communities in Central Appalachia who tend to experience significant barriers to traditional care and may require an innovative approach to facilitate effective treatment.
- Lund BC, Ohl ME, Hadlandsmyth K, et al. Regional and rural-urban variation in opioid prescribing in the Veterans Health Administration. Mil Med. 2019;184(11-12):894-900. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz104
- Edlund MJ, Martin BC, Russo JE, et al. The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(7):557-564. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000021
- MacLean RR, Sofuoglu M, Stefanovics E, et al. Opioid use disorder with chronic pain increases disease burden and service use. Psychol Serv. 2023;20(1):157-165. doi:10.1037/ser0000607
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines: use of opioids in the management of chronic pain. Version 4.0. Updated May 2022. Accessed August 4, 2025. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/VADoDOpioidsCPG.pdf
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Version 3.0. Updated February 2022. Accessed August 4, 2025. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/lbp/VADoDLBPCPGFinal508.pdf
- Shipton EE, Bate F, Garrick R, et al. Systematic review of pain medicine content, teaching, and assessment in medical school curricula internationally. Pain Ther. 2018;7(2):139-161. doi:10.1007/s40122-018-0103-z
- Jamison RN, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, et al. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99-113. doi:10.1111/pme.12871
- Miller DM, Harvey TL. Pharmacist pain e-consults that result in a therapy change. Fed Pract. 2015;32(7):14-19.
- Courtney RE, Schadegg MJ. Chronic, noncancer pain care in the Veterans Administration: current trends and future directions. Anesthesiol Clin. 2023;41(2):519-529. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2023.02.004
- Courtney RE, Schadegg MJ, Bolton R, et al. Using a whole health approach to build biopsychosocial-spiritual personal health plans for veterans with chronic pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(1):69-74. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.010
- Darnall BD, Edwards KA, Courtney RE, et al. Innovative treatment formats, technologies, and clinician trainings that improve access to behavioral pain treatment for youth and adults. Front Pain Res. 2023;4. doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1223172
- Lister JJ, Weaver A, Ellis JD, et al. A systematic review of rural-specific barriers to medication treatment for opioid use disorder in the United States. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46:273-288. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1694536
- Bhatraju EP, Radick AC, Leroux BG, et al. Buprenorphine adherence and illicit opioid use among patients in treatment for opioid use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2023;49. doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2220876
- Courtney RE, Halsey E, Patil T, Mastronardi KV, Browne HS, Darnall BD. Prescription opioid tapering practices and outcomes at a rural VA health care system. Pain Med. 2024;25:480-482. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae013
- Lund BC, Ohl ME, Hadlandsmyth K, et al. Regional and rural-urban variation in opioid prescribing in the Veterans Health Administration. Mil Med. 2019;184(11-12):894-900. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz104
- Edlund MJ, Martin BC, Russo JE, et al. The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(7):557-564. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000021
- MacLean RR, Sofuoglu M, Stefanovics E, et al. Opioid use disorder with chronic pain increases disease burden and service use. Psychol Serv. 2023;20(1):157-165. doi:10.1037/ser0000607
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines: use of opioids in the management of chronic pain. Version 4.0. Updated May 2022. Accessed August 4, 2025. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/VADoDOpioidsCPG.pdf
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Version 3.0. Updated February 2022. Accessed August 4, 2025. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/lbp/VADoDLBPCPGFinal508.pdf
- Shipton EE, Bate F, Garrick R, et al. Systematic review of pain medicine content, teaching, and assessment in medical school curricula internationally. Pain Ther. 2018;7(2):139-161. doi:10.1007/s40122-018-0103-z
- Jamison RN, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, et al. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99-113. doi:10.1111/pme.12871
- Miller DM, Harvey TL. Pharmacist pain e-consults that result in a therapy change. Fed Pract. 2015;32(7):14-19.
- Courtney RE, Schadegg MJ. Chronic, noncancer pain care in the Veterans Administration: current trends and future directions. Anesthesiol Clin. 2023;41(2):519-529. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2023.02.004
- Courtney RE, Schadegg MJ, Bolton R, et al. Using a whole health approach to build biopsychosocial-spiritual personal health plans for veterans with chronic pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(1):69-74. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.010
- Darnall BD, Edwards KA, Courtney RE, et al. Innovative treatment formats, technologies, and clinician trainings that improve access to behavioral pain treatment for youth and adults. Front Pain Res. 2023;4. doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1223172
- Lister JJ, Weaver A, Ellis JD, et al. A systematic review of rural-specific barriers to medication treatment for opioid use disorder in the United States. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46:273-288. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1694536
- Bhatraju EP, Radick AC, Leroux BG, et al. Buprenorphine adherence and illicit opioid use among patients in treatment for opioid use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2023;49. doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2220876
- Courtney RE, Halsey E, Patil T, Mastronardi KV, Browne HS, Darnall BD. Prescription opioid tapering practices and outcomes at a rural VA health care system. Pain Med. 2024;25:480-482. doi:10.1093/pm/pnae013
E-Consults Bridge to Interdisciplinary Team Care for Rural Appalachian Veterans With Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder
E-Consults Bridge to Interdisciplinary Team Care for Rural Appalachian Veterans With Chronic Pain and Opioid Use Disorder