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HOUSTON – Mobile stroke units – specially equipped ambulances that bring a diagnostic CT scanner and therapeutic thrombolysis directly to patients in the field – have begun to proliferate across the United States, although they remain investigational, with no clear proof of their incremental clinical value or cost effectiveness.
The first U.S. mobile stroke unit (MSU) launched in Houston in early 2014 (following the world’s first in Berlin, which began running in early 2011), and by early 2017, at least eight other U.S. MSUs were in operation, most of them put into service during the prior 15 months. U.S. MSU locations now include Cleveland; Denver; Memphis; New York; Toledo, Ohio; Trenton, N.J., and Northwestern Medicine and Rush University Medical Center in the western Chicago region. A tenth MSU is slated to start operation at the University of California, Los Angeles later this year.
Early data collected at some of these sites show that initiating care of an acute ischemic stroke patient in an MSU shaves precious minutes off the time it takes to start thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) compared with that at a hospital, and findings from preliminary analyses suggest better functional outcomes for patients treated this way. However, leaders in the nascent field readily admit that the data needed to clearly prove the benefit patients receive from operating MSUs are still a few years off. This uncertainty about the added benefit to patients from MSUs couples with one clear fact: MSUs are expensive to start up, with a price tag of roughly $1 million to get a MSU on the road for the first time, and also expensive to operate, with one estimate for the annual cost of keeping an MSU on the street at about $500,000 per year for staffing, supplies, and other expenses.
“Every U.S. MSU I know of started with philanthropic gifts, but you need a business model” to keep the program running long-term, James C. Grotta, MD, said during a session focused on MSUs at the International Stroke Conference sponsored by the American Heart Association. “You can’t sustain an MSU with philanthropy,” said Dr. Grotta, professor of neurology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, director and founder of the Houston MSU, and acknowledged godfather of all U.S. MSUs.
The concept behind MSUs is simple. Each one carries a CT scanner on board so that, once the vehicle’s staff identifies a patient with clinical signs of a significant–acute ischemic stroke in the field and confirms that the timing of the stroke onset suggests eligibility for tPA treatment, a CT scan can immediately be run on site to finalize tPA eligibility. The MSU staff can then begin infusing the drug in the ambulance as it speeds the patient to an appropriate hospital.
Another advantage to MSUs, in addition to quicker initiation of thrombolysis, is “getting patients to where they need to go faster and more directly,” said Dr. Nour.
“Instead of bringing patients first to a hospital that’s unable to do thrombectomy and where treatment gets slowed down, with an MSU you can give tPA on the street and go straight to a thrombectomy center,” agreed Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, professor of neurology and director of the stroke unit at UCLA. “The MSU offers the tantalizing possibility that you can give tPA with no time hit because you can give it on the way directly to a comprehensive stroke center,” Dr. Saver said during a session at the meeting.
Early data on effectiveness
Dr. Nour reported some of the best evidence for the incremental clinical benefit of MSUs based on the reduced time for starting a tPA infusion. She used data collected by the Berlin group and published in September 2016 that compared the treatment courses and outcomes of patients managed with an MSU with similar patients managed by conventional ambulance transport for whom CT scan assessment and the start of TPA treatment did not begin until the patient reached a hospital.
The German analysis showed that, in the observational Pre-Hospital Acute Neurological Therapy and Optimization of Medical Care in Stroke Patients–Study (PHANTOM-S), among 353 patients treated by conventional transport, the median time from stroke onset to thrombolysis was 112 minutes, compared with a median of 73 minutes among 305 patients managed with an MSU, a statistically significant difference. However, the study found no significant difference for its primary endpoint: the percentage of patients with a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 when measured 90 days after their respective strokes. This outcome occurred in 47% of the control patients managed conventionally and in 53% of those managed by an MSU, a difference that fell short of statistical significance (Lancet Neurol. 2016 Sept;15[10]:1035-43).
Dr. Nour attributed the lack of statistical significance for this primary endpoint to the relatively small number of patients enrolled in PHANTOM-S. “The study was underpowered,” she said.
Dr. Nour presented an analysis at the meeting that extrapolated the results out to 1,000 hypothetical patients and tallied the benefits that a larger number of patients could expect to receive if their outcomes paralleled those seen in the published results. It showed that, among 1,000 stroke patients treated with an MSU, 58 were expected to be free from disability 90 days later, and an additional 124 patients would have some improvement in their 90 day clinical outcome based on their modified Rankin Scale scores when compared with patients undergoing conventional hospitalization.
“If this finding was confirmed in a larger, controlled study, it would suggest that MSU-based thrombolysis has substantial clinical benefit,” she concluded.
Another recent report looked at the first 100 stroke patients treated by the Cleveland MSU during 2014. Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University said that 16 of those 100 patients received tPA, and the median time from their emergency call to thrombolytic treatment was 38.5 minutes faster than for 53 stroke patients treated during the same period at emergency departments operated by the Cleveland Clinic, a statistically significant difference. However, this report included no data on clinical outcomes (Neurology. 2017 March 8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003786).
Running the financial numbers
Nailing down the incremental clinical benefit from MSUs is clearly a very important part of determining the value of this strategy, but another very practical concern is how much the service costs and whether it is financially sustainable.
“We did a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the PHANTOM-S data, and we were conservative by only looking at the benefit from early tPA treatment,” Heinrich J. Audebert, MD, professor of neurology at Charité Hospital in Berlin and head of the team running Berlin’s MSU, said during the MSU session at the meeting. “We did not take into account saving money by avoiding long-term stroke disability and just considered the cost of [immediate] care and the quality adjusted life years. We calculated a cost of $35,000 per quality adjusted life year, which is absolutely acceptable.”
He cautioned that this analysis was not based on actual outcomes but on the numbers needed to treat calculated from the PHANTOM-S results. “We need to now show this in controlled trials,” he admitted.
Income from transport reimbursement, currently $500 per trip, and reimbursements of $17,000 above costs for administering tPA and of roughly $40,000 above costs for performing thrombectomy are balancing these costs. Based on an estimated additional one thrombolysis case per month and one additional thrombectomy case per month, the MSU yields a potential incremental income to the hospital running the MSU of about $3.8 million over 5 years, enough to balance the operating cost, Dr. Grotta said.
A key part of controlling costs is having the neurologic consult done via a telemedicine link rather than by neurologist at the MSU. “Telemedicine reduces operational costs and improves efficiency,” noted M. Shazam Hussain, MD, interim director of the Cerebrovascular Center at the Cleveland Clinic. “Cost effectiveness is a very important part of the concept” of MSUs, he said at the session.
The Houston group reported results from a study that directly compared the diagnostic performance of an onboard neurologist with that of a telemedicine neurologist linked in remotely during MSU deployments for 174 patients. For these cases, the two neurologists each made an independent diagnosis that the researchers then compared. The two diagnoses concurred for 88% of the cases, Tzu-Ching Wu, MD, reported at the meeting. This rate of agreement matched the incidence of concordance between two neurologists who independently assessed the same patients at the hospital (Stroke. 2017 Jan;48[1]:222-4), said Dr. Wu, a vascular neurologist and director of the telemedicine program at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston.
“The results support using telemedicine as the primary means of assessment on the MSU,” said Dr. Wu. “This may enhance MSU efficiency and reduce costs.” His group’s next study of MSU telemedicine will compare the time needed to make a diagnostic decision using the two approaches, something not formally examined in the study he reported.
However, telemedicine assessment of CT results gathered in a MSU has one major limitation: the time needed to transmit the huge amount of information in a CT angiogram.
The MSU used by clinicians at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, incorporates an extremely powerful battery that enables “full CT scanner capability with a moving gantry,” said Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD, professor and chairman of neurology at the university. With this set up “we can do in-the-field multiphasic CT–angiography from the aortic arch up within 4 minutes. The challenge of doing this is simple. It’s 1.7 gigabytes of data,” which would take a prohibitively long time to transmit from a remote site, he explained. As a result, the complete set of images from the field CT angiogram are delivered on a memory stick to the attending hospital neurologist once the MSU returns.
Waiting for more data
Despite these advances and the steady recent growth of MSUs, significant skepticism remains. “While mobile stroke units seem like a good idea and there is genuine hope that they will improve outcomes for selected stroke patients, there is not yet any evidence that this is the case,” wrote Bryan Bledsoe, DO, in a January 2017 editorial in the Journal of Emergency Medical Services. “They are expensive and financially non-sustainable. Without widespread deployment, they stand to benefit few, if any, patients. The money spent on these devices would be better spent on improving the current EMS system including paramedic education, the availability of stroke centers, and on the early recognition of ELVO [emergent large vessel occlusion] strokes,” wrote Dr. Bledsoe, professor of emergency medicine at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas.
Two other experts voiced concerns about MSUs in an editorial that accompanied a Cleveland Clinic report in March. “Even if MSUs meet an acceptable societal threshold for cost effectiveness, cost efficiency may prove a taller order to achieve return on investment for individual health systems and communities,” wrote Andrew M. Southerland, MD, and Ethan S. Brandler, MD (Neurology. 2017 March 8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003833). They cited the Cleveland report, which noted that the group’s first 100 MSU-treated patients came from a total of 317 MSU deployments and included 217 trips that were canceled prior to the MSU’s arrival at the patient’s location. In Berlin’s initial experience, more than 2,000 MSU deployments led to 200 TPA treatments and 349 cancellations before arrival, noted Dr. Southerland, a neurologist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, and Dr. Brandler, an emergency medicine physician at Stony Brook (N.Y.) University.
“Hope remains that future trials may demonstrate the ultimate potential of mobile stroke units to improve long-term outcomes for more patients by treating them more quickly and effectively. In the meantime, ongoing efforts are needed to streamline MSU cost and efficiency,” they wrote.
Proponents of MSUs agree that what’s needed now are more data to prove efficacy and cost effectiveness, as well as better integration into EMS programs. The first opportunity for documenting the clinical impact of MSUs on larger numbers of U.S. patients may be from the BEnefits of Stroke Treatment Delivered using a Mobile Stroke Unit Compared to Standard Management by Emergency Medical Services (BEST-MSU) Study, funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. This study is collecting data from the MSU programs in Denver Houston, and Memphis. Although currently designed to enroll 697 patients, Dr. Grotta said he hopes to kick that up to 1,000 patients.
“We are following the healthcare use and its cost for every enrolled MSU and conventional patient for 1 year,” Dr. Grotta explained in an interview. He hopes these results will provide the data needed to move MSUs from investigational status to routine and reimbursable care.
Dr. Southerland and Dr. Brandler suggested that “making MSUs multipurpose vehicles might also enhance cost-effectiveness,” an option that Dr. Grotta and his colleagues embrace. The MSUs on U.S. roads already also treat patients with intracranial hemorrhages using blood pressure reduction medications. Other neurologic diagnoses considered potential targets for MSU interventions include encephalopathy, seizures, central nervous system–tumors, and infections.
Stroke is a prime example of “a disease that is extremely time sensitive, and for the first time the field of stroke is ahead of the rest of the medical world in trying to speed treatment,” Dr. Grotta said. “We could add other diagnostic equipment monitored by telemedicine specialists. The MSU concept could be expanded to make it much more cost effective” and spur wider adoption by EMS, he suggested.
Dr. Grotta is a consultant to Frazer, a company that produces mobile stroke units, and to Stryker Corporation, and he has received research support from Genentech. Dr. Saver has been a consultant to and received research support from St. Jude. Dr. Audebert has received honoraria from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Ever Pharma. He has been a consultant to ReNeuron, and he has served as an expert witness for Pfizer and for Lundbeck. Dr. Hussain has been a consultant to Pulsar. Dr. Alexandrov has been a speaker for Genentech. Dr. Nour, Dr. Wu, Dr. Bledsoe, Dr. Southerland, and Dr. Brandler had no disclosures.
[email protected]
On Twitter @mitchelzoler
HOUSTON – Mobile stroke units – specially equipped ambulances that bring a diagnostic CT scanner and therapeutic thrombolysis directly to patients in the field – have begun to proliferate across the United States, although they remain investigational, with no clear proof of their incremental clinical value or cost effectiveness.
The first U.S. mobile stroke unit (MSU) launched in Houston in early 2014 (following the world’s first in Berlin, which began running in early 2011), and by early 2017, at least eight other U.S. MSUs were in operation, most of them put into service during the prior 15 months. U.S. MSU locations now include Cleveland; Denver; Memphis; New York; Toledo, Ohio; Trenton, N.J., and Northwestern Medicine and Rush University Medical Center in the western Chicago region. A tenth MSU is slated to start operation at the University of California, Los Angeles later this year.
Early data collected at some of these sites show that initiating care of an acute ischemic stroke patient in an MSU shaves precious minutes off the time it takes to start thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) compared with that at a hospital, and findings from preliminary analyses suggest better functional outcomes for patients treated this way. However, leaders in the nascent field readily admit that the data needed to clearly prove the benefit patients receive from operating MSUs are still a few years off. This uncertainty about the added benefit to patients from MSUs couples with one clear fact: MSUs are expensive to start up, with a price tag of roughly $1 million to get a MSU on the road for the first time, and also expensive to operate, with one estimate for the annual cost of keeping an MSU on the street at about $500,000 per year for staffing, supplies, and other expenses.
“Every U.S. MSU I know of started with philanthropic gifts, but you need a business model” to keep the program running long-term, James C. Grotta, MD, said during a session focused on MSUs at the International Stroke Conference sponsored by the American Heart Association. “You can’t sustain an MSU with philanthropy,” said Dr. Grotta, professor of neurology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, director and founder of the Houston MSU, and acknowledged godfather of all U.S. MSUs.
The concept behind MSUs is simple. Each one carries a CT scanner on board so that, once the vehicle’s staff identifies a patient with clinical signs of a significant–acute ischemic stroke in the field and confirms that the timing of the stroke onset suggests eligibility for tPA treatment, a CT scan can immediately be run on site to finalize tPA eligibility. The MSU staff can then begin infusing the drug in the ambulance as it speeds the patient to an appropriate hospital.
Another advantage to MSUs, in addition to quicker initiation of thrombolysis, is “getting patients to where they need to go faster and more directly,” said Dr. Nour.
“Instead of bringing patients first to a hospital that’s unable to do thrombectomy and where treatment gets slowed down, with an MSU you can give tPA on the street and go straight to a thrombectomy center,” agreed Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, professor of neurology and director of the stroke unit at UCLA. “The MSU offers the tantalizing possibility that you can give tPA with no time hit because you can give it on the way directly to a comprehensive stroke center,” Dr. Saver said during a session at the meeting.
Early data on effectiveness
Dr. Nour reported some of the best evidence for the incremental clinical benefit of MSUs based on the reduced time for starting a tPA infusion. She used data collected by the Berlin group and published in September 2016 that compared the treatment courses and outcomes of patients managed with an MSU with similar patients managed by conventional ambulance transport for whom CT scan assessment and the start of TPA treatment did not begin until the patient reached a hospital.
The German analysis showed that, in the observational Pre-Hospital Acute Neurological Therapy and Optimization of Medical Care in Stroke Patients–Study (PHANTOM-S), among 353 patients treated by conventional transport, the median time from stroke onset to thrombolysis was 112 minutes, compared with a median of 73 minutes among 305 patients managed with an MSU, a statistically significant difference. However, the study found no significant difference for its primary endpoint: the percentage of patients with a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 when measured 90 days after their respective strokes. This outcome occurred in 47% of the control patients managed conventionally and in 53% of those managed by an MSU, a difference that fell short of statistical significance (Lancet Neurol. 2016 Sept;15[10]:1035-43).
Dr. Nour attributed the lack of statistical significance for this primary endpoint to the relatively small number of patients enrolled in PHANTOM-S. “The study was underpowered,” she said.
Dr. Nour presented an analysis at the meeting that extrapolated the results out to 1,000 hypothetical patients and tallied the benefits that a larger number of patients could expect to receive if their outcomes paralleled those seen in the published results. It showed that, among 1,000 stroke patients treated with an MSU, 58 were expected to be free from disability 90 days later, and an additional 124 patients would have some improvement in their 90 day clinical outcome based on their modified Rankin Scale scores when compared with patients undergoing conventional hospitalization.
“If this finding was confirmed in a larger, controlled study, it would suggest that MSU-based thrombolysis has substantial clinical benefit,” she concluded.
Another recent report looked at the first 100 stroke patients treated by the Cleveland MSU during 2014. Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University said that 16 of those 100 patients received tPA, and the median time from their emergency call to thrombolytic treatment was 38.5 minutes faster than for 53 stroke patients treated during the same period at emergency departments operated by the Cleveland Clinic, a statistically significant difference. However, this report included no data on clinical outcomes (Neurology. 2017 March 8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003786).
Running the financial numbers
Nailing down the incremental clinical benefit from MSUs is clearly a very important part of determining the value of this strategy, but another very practical concern is how much the service costs and whether it is financially sustainable.
“We did a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the PHANTOM-S data, and we were conservative by only looking at the benefit from early tPA treatment,” Heinrich J. Audebert, MD, professor of neurology at Charité Hospital in Berlin and head of the team running Berlin’s MSU, said during the MSU session at the meeting. “We did not take into account saving money by avoiding long-term stroke disability and just considered the cost of [immediate] care and the quality adjusted life years. We calculated a cost of $35,000 per quality adjusted life year, which is absolutely acceptable.”
He cautioned that this analysis was not based on actual outcomes but on the numbers needed to treat calculated from the PHANTOM-S results. “We need to now show this in controlled trials,” he admitted.
Income from transport reimbursement, currently $500 per trip, and reimbursements of $17,000 above costs for administering tPA and of roughly $40,000 above costs for performing thrombectomy are balancing these costs. Based on an estimated additional one thrombolysis case per month and one additional thrombectomy case per month, the MSU yields a potential incremental income to the hospital running the MSU of about $3.8 million over 5 years, enough to balance the operating cost, Dr. Grotta said.
A key part of controlling costs is having the neurologic consult done via a telemedicine link rather than by neurologist at the MSU. “Telemedicine reduces operational costs and improves efficiency,” noted M. Shazam Hussain, MD, interim director of the Cerebrovascular Center at the Cleveland Clinic. “Cost effectiveness is a very important part of the concept” of MSUs, he said at the session.
The Houston group reported results from a study that directly compared the diagnostic performance of an onboard neurologist with that of a telemedicine neurologist linked in remotely during MSU deployments for 174 patients. For these cases, the two neurologists each made an independent diagnosis that the researchers then compared. The two diagnoses concurred for 88% of the cases, Tzu-Ching Wu, MD, reported at the meeting. This rate of agreement matched the incidence of concordance between two neurologists who independently assessed the same patients at the hospital (Stroke. 2017 Jan;48[1]:222-4), said Dr. Wu, a vascular neurologist and director of the telemedicine program at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston.
“The results support using telemedicine as the primary means of assessment on the MSU,” said Dr. Wu. “This may enhance MSU efficiency and reduce costs.” His group’s next study of MSU telemedicine will compare the time needed to make a diagnostic decision using the two approaches, something not formally examined in the study he reported.
However, telemedicine assessment of CT results gathered in a MSU has one major limitation: the time needed to transmit the huge amount of information in a CT angiogram.
The MSU used by clinicians at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, incorporates an extremely powerful battery that enables “full CT scanner capability with a moving gantry,” said Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD, professor and chairman of neurology at the university. With this set up “we can do in-the-field multiphasic CT–angiography from the aortic arch up within 4 minutes. The challenge of doing this is simple. It’s 1.7 gigabytes of data,” which would take a prohibitively long time to transmit from a remote site, he explained. As a result, the complete set of images from the field CT angiogram are delivered on a memory stick to the attending hospital neurologist once the MSU returns.
Waiting for more data
Despite these advances and the steady recent growth of MSUs, significant skepticism remains. “While mobile stroke units seem like a good idea and there is genuine hope that they will improve outcomes for selected stroke patients, there is not yet any evidence that this is the case,” wrote Bryan Bledsoe, DO, in a January 2017 editorial in the Journal of Emergency Medical Services. “They are expensive and financially non-sustainable. Without widespread deployment, they stand to benefit few, if any, patients. The money spent on these devices would be better spent on improving the current EMS system including paramedic education, the availability of stroke centers, and on the early recognition of ELVO [emergent large vessel occlusion] strokes,” wrote Dr. Bledsoe, professor of emergency medicine at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas.
Two other experts voiced concerns about MSUs in an editorial that accompanied a Cleveland Clinic report in March. “Even if MSUs meet an acceptable societal threshold for cost effectiveness, cost efficiency may prove a taller order to achieve return on investment for individual health systems and communities,” wrote Andrew M. Southerland, MD, and Ethan S. Brandler, MD (Neurology. 2017 March 8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003833). They cited the Cleveland report, which noted that the group’s first 100 MSU-treated patients came from a total of 317 MSU deployments and included 217 trips that were canceled prior to the MSU’s arrival at the patient’s location. In Berlin’s initial experience, more than 2,000 MSU deployments led to 200 TPA treatments and 349 cancellations before arrival, noted Dr. Southerland, a neurologist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, and Dr. Brandler, an emergency medicine physician at Stony Brook (N.Y.) University.
“Hope remains that future trials may demonstrate the ultimate potential of mobile stroke units to improve long-term outcomes for more patients by treating them more quickly and effectively. In the meantime, ongoing efforts are needed to streamline MSU cost and efficiency,” they wrote.
Proponents of MSUs agree that what’s needed now are more data to prove efficacy and cost effectiveness, as well as better integration into EMS programs. The first opportunity for documenting the clinical impact of MSUs on larger numbers of U.S. patients may be from the BEnefits of Stroke Treatment Delivered using a Mobile Stroke Unit Compared to Standard Management by Emergency Medical Services (BEST-MSU) Study, funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. This study is collecting data from the MSU programs in Denver Houston, and Memphis. Although currently designed to enroll 697 patients, Dr. Grotta said he hopes to kick that up to 1,000 patients.
“We are following the healthcare use and its cost for every enrolled MSU and conventional patient for 1 year,” Dr. Grotta explained in an interview. He hopes these results will provide the data needed to move MSUs from investigational status to routine and reimbursable care.
Dr. Southerland and Dr. Brandler suggested that “making MSUs multipurpose vehicles might also enhance cost-effectiveness,” an option that Dr. Grotta and his colleagues embrace. The MSUs on U.S. roads already also treat patients with intracranial hemorrhages using blood pressure reduction medications. Other neurologic diagnoses considered potential targets for MSU interventions include encephalopathy, seizures, central nervous system–tumors, and infections.
Stroke is a prime example of “a disease that is extremely time sensitive, and for the first time the field of stroke is ahead of the rest of the medical world in trying to speed treatment,” Dr. Grotta said. “We could add other diagnostic equipment monitored by telemedicine specialists. The MSU concept could be expanded to make it much more cost effective” and spur wider adoption by EMS, he suggested.
Dr. Grotta is a consultant to Frazer, a company that produces mobile stroke units, and to Stryker Corporation, and he has received research support from Genentech. Dr. Saver has been a consultant to and received research support from St. Jude. Dr. Audebert has received honoraria from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Ever Pharma. He has been a consultant to ReNeuron, and he has served as an expert witness for Pfizer and for Lundbeck. Dr. Hussain has been a consultant to Pulsar. Dr. Alexandrov has been a speaker for Genentech. Dr. Nour, Dr. Wu, Dr. Bledsoe, Dr. Southerland, and Dr. Brandler had no disclosures.
[email protected]
On Twitter @mitchelzoler
HOUSTON – Mobile stroke units – specially equipped ambulances that bring a diagnostic CT scanner and therapeutic thrombolysis directly to patients in the field – have begun to proliferate across the United States, although they remain investigational, with no clear proof of their incremental clinical value or cost effectiveness.
The first U.S. mobile stroke unit (MSU) launched in Houston in early 2014 (following the world’s first in Berlin, which began running in early 2011), and by early 2017, at least eight other U.S. MSUs were in operation, most of them put into service during the prior 15 months. U.S. MSU locations now include Cleveland; Denver; Memphis; New York; Toledo, Ohio; Trenton, N.J., and Northwestern Medicine and Rush University Medical Center in the western Chicago region. A tenth MSU is slated to start operation at the University of California, Los Angeles later this year.
Early data collected at some of these sites show that initiating care of an acute ischemic stroke patient in an MSU shaves precious minutes off the time it takes to start thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) compared with that at a hospital, and findings from preliminary analyses suggest better functional outcomes for patients treated this way. However, leaders in the nascent field readily admit that the data needed to clearly prove the benefit patients receive from operating MSUs are still a few years off. This uncertainty about the added benefit to patients from MSUs couples with one clear fact: MSUs are expensive to start up, with a price tag of roughly $1 million to get a MSU on the road for the first time, and also expensive to operate, with one estimate for the annual cost of keeping an MSU on the street at about $500,000 per year for staffing, supplies, and other expenses.
“Every U.S. MSU I know of started with philanthropic gifts, but you need a business model” to keep the program running long-term, James C. Grotta, MD, said during a session focused on MSUs at the International Stroke Conference sponsored by the American Heart Association. “You can’t sustain an MSU with philanthropy,” said Dr. Grotta, professor of neurology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, director and founder of the Houston MSU, and acknowledged godfather of all U.S. MSUs.
The concept behind MSUs is simple. Each one carries a CT scanner on board so that, once the vehicle’s staff identifies a patient with clinical signs of a significant–acute ischemic stroke in the field and confirms that the timing of the stroke onset suggests eligibility for tPA treatment, a CT scan can immediately be run on site to finalize tPA eligibility. The MSU staff can then begin infusing the drug in the ambulance as it speeds the patient to an appropriate hospital.
Another advantage to MSUs, in addition to quicker initiation of thrombolysis, is “getting patients to where they need to go faster and more directly,” said Dr. Nour.
“Instead of bringing patients first to a hospital that’s unable to do thrombectomy and where treatment gets slowed down, with an MSU you can give tPA on the street and go straight to a thrombectomy center,” agreed Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, professor of neurology and director of the stroke unit at UCLA. “The MSU offers the tantalizing possibility that you can give tPA with no time hit because you can give it on the way directly to a comprehensive stroke center,” Dr. Saver said during a session at the meeting.
Early data on effectiveness
Dr. Nour reported some of the best evidence for the incremental clinical benefit of MSUs based on the reduced time for starting a tPA infusion. She used data collected by the Berlin group and published in September 2016 that compared the treatment courses and outcomes of patients managed with an MSU with similar patients managed by conventional ambulance transport for whom CT scan assessment and the start of TPA treatment did not begin until the patient reached a hospital.
The German analysis showed that, in the observational Pre-Hospital Acute Neurological Therapy and Optimization of Medical Care in Stroke Patients–Study (PHANTOM-S), among 353 patients treated by conventional transport, the median time from stroke onset to thrombolysis was 112 minutes, compared with a median of 73 minutes among 305 patients managed with an MSU, a statistically significant difference. However, the study found no significant difference for its primary endpoint: the percentage of patients with a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 when measured 90 days after their respective strokes. This outcome occurred in 47% of the control patients managed conventionally and in 53% of those managed by an MSU, a difference that fell short of statistical significance (Lancet Neurol. 2016 Sept;15[10]:1035-43).
Dr. Nour attributed the lack of statistical significance for this primary endpoint to the relatively small number of patients enrolled in PHANTOM-S. “The study was underpowered,” she said.
Dr. Nour presented an analysis at the meeting that extrapolated the results out to 1,000 hypothetical patients and tallied the benefits that a larger number of patients could expect to receive if their outcomes paralleled those seen in the published results. It showed that, among 1,000 stroke patients treated with an MSU, 58 were expected to be free from disability 90 days later, and an additional 124 patients would have some improvement in their 90 day clinical outcome based on their modified Rankin Scale scores when compared with patients undergoing conventional hospitalization.
“If this finding was confirmed in a larger, controlled study, it would suggest that MSU-based thrombolysis has substantial clinical benefit,” she concluded.
Another recent report looked at the first 100 stroke patients treated by the Cleveland MSU during 2014. Researchers at the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University said that 16 of those 100 patients received tPA, and the median time from their emergency call to thrombolytic treatment was 38.5 minutes faster than for 53 stroke patients treated during the same period at emergency departments operated by the Cleveland Clinic, a statistically significant difference. However, this report included no data on clinical outcomes (Neurology. 2017 March 8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003786).
Running the financial numbers
Nailing down the incremental clinical benefit from MSUs is clearly a very important part of determining the value of this strategy, but another very practical concern is how much the service costs and whether it is financially sustainable.
“We did a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the PHANTOM-S data, and we were conservative by only looking at the benefit from early tPA treatment,” Heinrich J. Audebert, MD, professor of neurology at Charité Hospital in Berlin and head of the team running Berlin’s MSU, said during the MSU session at the meeting. “We did not take into account saving money by avoiding long-term stroke disability and just considered the cost of [immediate] care and the quality adjusted life years. We calculated a cost of $35,000 per quality adjusted life year, which is absolutely acceptable.”
He cautioned that this analysis was not based on actual outcomes but on the numbers needed to treat calculated from the PHANTOM-S results. “We need to now show this in controlled trials,” he admitted.
Income from transport reimbursement, currently $500 per trip, and reimbursements of $17,000 above costs for administering tPA and of roughly $40,000 above costs for performing thrombectomy are balancing these costs. Based on an estimated additional one thrombolysis case per month and one additional thrombectomy case per month, the MSU yields a potential incremental income to the hospital running the MSU of about $3.8 million over 5 years, enough to balance the operating cost, Dr. Grotta said.
A key part of controlling costs is having the neurologic consult done via a telemedicine link rather than by neurologist at the MSU. “Telemedicine reduces operational costs and improves efficiency,” noted M. Shazam Hussain, MD, interim director of the Cerebrovascular Center at the Cleveland Clinic. “Cost effectiveness is a very important part of the concept” of MSUs, he said at the session.
The Houston group reported results from a study that directly compared the diagnostic performance of an onboard neurologist with that of a telemedicine neurologist linked in remotely during MSU deployments for 174 patients. For these cases, the two neurologists each made an independent diagnosis that the researchers then compared. The two diagnoses concurred for 88% of the cases, Tzu-Ching Wu, MD, reported at the meeting. This rate of agreement matched the incidence of concordance between two neurologists who independently assessed the same patients at the hospital (Stroke. 2017 Jan;48[1]:222-4), said Dr. Wu, a vascular neurologist and director of the telemedicine program at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston.
“The results support using telemedicine as the primary means of assessment on the MSU,” said Dr. Wu. “This may enhance MSU efficiency and reduce costs.” His group’s next study of MSU telemedicine will compare the time needed to make a diagnostic decision using the two approaches, something not formally examined in the study he reported.
However, telemedicine assessment of CT results gathered in a MSU has one major limitation: the time needed to transmit the huge amount of information in a CT angiogram.
The MSU used by clinicians at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, incorporates an extremely powerful battery that enables “full CT scanner capability with a moving gantry,” said Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD, professor and chairman of neurology at the university. With this set up “we can do in-the-field multiphasic CT–angiography from the aortic arch up within 4 minutes. The challenge of doing this is simple. It’s 1.7 gigabytes of data,” which would take a prohibitively long time to transmit from a remote site, he explained. As a result, the complete set of images from the field CT angiogram are delivered on a memory stick to the attending hospital neurologist once the MSU returns.
Waiting for more data
Despite these advances and the steady recent growth of MSUs, significant skepticism remains. “While mobile stroke units seem like a good idea and there is genuine hope that they will improve outcomes for selected stroke patients, there is not yet any evidence that this is the case,” wrote Bryan Bledsoe, DO, in a January 2017 editorial in the Journal of Emergency Medical Services. “They are expensive and financially non-sustainable. Without widespread deployment, they stand to benefit few, if any, patients. The money spent on these devices would be better spent on improving the current EMS system including paramedic education, the availability of stroke centers, and on the early recognition of ELVO [emergent large vessel occlusion] strokes,” wrote Dr. Bledsoe, professor of emergency medicine at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas.
Two other experts voiced concerns about MSUs in an editorial that accompanied a Cleveland Clinic report in March. “Even if MSUs meet an acceptable societal threshold for cost effectiveness, cost efficiency may prove a taller order to achieve return on investment for individual health systems and communities,” wrote Andrew M. Southerland, MD, and Ethan S. Brandler, MD (Neurology. 2017 March 8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003833). They cited the Cleveland report, which noted that the group’s first 100 MSU-treated patients came from a total of 317 MSU deployments and included 217 trips that were canceled prior to the MSU’s arrival at the patient’s location. In Berlin’s initial experience, more than 2,000 MSU deployments led to 200 TPA treatments and 349 cancellations before arrival, noted Dr. Southerland, a neurologist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, and Dr. Brandler, an emergency medicine physician at Stony Brook (N.Y.) University.
“Hope remains that future trials may demonstrate the ultimate potential of mobile stroke units to improve long-term outcomes for more patients by treating them more quickly and effectively. In the meantime, ongoing efforts are needed to streamline MSU cost and efficiency,” they wrote.
Proponents of MSUs agree that what’s needed now are more data to prove efficacy and cost effectiveness, as well as better integration into EMS programs. The first opportunity for documenting the clinical impact of MSUs on larger numbers of U.S. patients may be from the BEnefits of Stroke Treatment Delivered using a Mobile Stroke Unit Compared to Standard Management by Emergency Medical Services (BEST-MSU) Study, funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. This study is collecting data from the MSU programs in Denver Houston, and Memphis. Although currently designed to enroll 697 patients, Dr. Grotta said he hopes to kick that up to 1,000 patients.
“We are following the healthcare use and its cost for every enrolled MSU and conventional patient for 1 year,” Dr. Grotta explained in an interview. He hopes these results will provide the data needed to move MSUs from investigational status to routine and reimbursable care.
Dr. Southerland and Dr. Brandler suggested that “making MSUs multipurpose vehicles might also enhance cost-effectiveness,” an option that Dr. Grotta and his colleagues embrace. The MSUs on U.S. roads already also treat patients with intracranial hemorrhages using blood pressure reduction medications. Other neurologic diagnoses considered potential targets for MSU interventions include encephalopathy, seizures, central nervous system–tumors, and infections.
Stroke is a prime example of “a disease that is extremely time sensitive, and for the first time the field of stroke is ahead of the rest of the medical world in trying to speed treatment,” Dr. Grotta said. “We could add other diagnostic equipment monitored by telemedicine specialists. The MSU concept could be expanded to make it much more cost effective” and spur wider adoption by EMS, he suggested.
Dr. Grotta is a consultant to Frazer, a company that produces mobile stroke units, and to Stryker Corporation, and he has received research support from Genentech. Dr. Saver has been a consultant to and received research support from St. Jude. Dr. Audebert has received honoraria from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Ever Pharma. He has been a consultant to ReNeuron, and he has served as an expert witness for Pfizer and for Lundbeck. Dr. Hussain has been a consultant to Pulsar. Dr. Alexandrov has been a speaker for Genentech. Dr. Nour, Dr. Wu, Dr. Bledsoe, Dr. Southerland, and Dr. Brandler had no disclosures.
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EXPERT ANALYSIS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL STROKE CONFERENCE