Selecting the right oral MS drug

ORLANDO – Effective oral therapy has been at the top of the wish list of many multiple sclerosis patients for a long time – and now, seemingly all of a sudden, three approved oral agents are available to choose from.

For patients, the obvious attractions of oral therapy are ease of administration and that it’s less of a reminder that they have a serious chronic illness. But which agent is the right fit for a given patient?

All three oral drugs – fingolimod (Gilenya), teriflunomide (Aubagio), and dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) – are "definitely" suitable as first-line therapy in selected newly diagnosed MS patients, Dr. Mariko Kita asserted at the fifth Cooperative Meeting of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers and the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

But the three oral drugs are not interchangeable. Each has a different mechanism of action and its own side effect profile, emphasized Dr. Kita, director of the Virginia Mason MS Center, Seattle, and director of the MS clinical trials unit at Virginia Mason’s Benaroya Research Institute.

Today few neurologists – certainly less than 10% – are using any oral agent as first-line therapy. That’s in part due to cost and reimbursement issues, but to a much greater extent it’s because most physicians don’t yet feel comfortable that the safety profiles of the oral agents are fully known. The drugs are still too new, in the eyes of most practitioners. After all, both natalizumab (Tysabri) – considered the most effective of the injectable agents – and fingolimod – the first oral agent to receive marketing approval, back in October 2010 – had to have revisionary cautions added to their labeling shortly after they were introduced.

But provider experience with the orals is expected to grow quickly. And absent any late bombshells regarding side effects, it’s widely anticipated that the use of oral agents for MS will surge within the next few years, with a corresponding decline in popularity of injectable therapies.

Demand for oral therapy will be high all across the patient spectrum: in newly diagnosed patients, in individuals with a lengthy disease history who have tried all the available disease-modifying therapies with less than satisfactory results and have been awaiting something new, in patients intolerant to or experiencing breakthrough disease on a first-line injectable agent, as well as in patients who are stable on their current injectable disease-modifying therapy but are experiencing injection fatigue or growing more concerned about their parenteral therapy’s long-term risks, Dr. Kita predicted.

Choosing between the oral options appropriately requires a focus on patient-specific factors, including comorbid conditions, reproductive status, and consideration of how the oral drug will fit in to the big picture of a long-term, staged therapy plan, she added.

Here’s her personal clinical rundown on the approved oral drugs:

• Fingolimod: This is a drug best reserved for MS patients who are otherwise relatively healthy, in Dr. Kita’s view. Specifically, it’s a less favorable option for patients with diabetes, smokers, and others with reduced pulmonary function, and in individuals at increased risk of infection, including those with a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score.

Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist. It sequesters lymphocytes in the lymph nodes so they can’t participate in autoimmune activity. The required testing prior to starting the drug, the need for careful observation during the first dose, and the necessary ongoing monitoring as long as the patient is on fingolimod make this a labor-intensive drug.

Bearing those caveats in mind, she continued, fingolimod is "reasonable" to use as a first-line agent, or as a second-line agent in the setting of intolerance to or breakthrough disease while on prior therapy.

"But I would caution those who are reserving these oral agents as second-line that we need to think about what we can reasonably expect from them. If we’re moving to them as second-line because of tolerability issues with first-line agents, yes, I think that’s most reasonable. But if we’re moving because of breakthrough disease, our experience with these agents in cases of failure with standard first-line therapies is very, very limited. Sure, the differing mechanism of action offers a reasonable alternative option, but the expectation that the oral will be better than a failed injectable has not yet been proven," Dr. Kita said.

• Teriflunomide: This is the active metabolite of leflunomide, a treatment approved by the Food and Drug Administration for rheumatoid arthritis. It was approved for treating relapsing forms of MS last fall. Teriflunomide nonselectively inhibits rapidly dividing cell populations by curbing pyrimidine synthesis via bonding to the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Who’s the right fit for teriflunomide? Because the drug is rated category X and has teratogenicity potential in both men and women, it’s a given that the candidate must be on effective contraception. Also, the patient should definitely not have comorbid liver disease. And in Dr. Kita’s view, an appropriate candidate for teriflunomide has mild MS. Otherwise, the physician can get backed into a corner. That’s because the drug is excreted very slowly and is not dialyzable. Indeed, it takes 8-24 months after drug discontinuation for plasma levels to become undetectable.

"Teriflunomide could definitely be used as first-line therapy. It can be used second-line in a patient intolerant to a prior agent. But I think the long half-life complicates its use as second-line therapy in patients who’ve had breakthrough disease on prior agents, because if we need to consider a switch from teriflunomide, that long half-life has to be taken into consideration. You’ll need to consider the elimination protocol," she advised.

Patients find the elimination protocol arduous. It entails swallowing 8 g of oral cholestyramine every 8 hours for 11 days, or 50 g of activated charcoal given orally every 12 hours for 11 days.

• Dimethyl fumarate: This twice-daily oral agent, which was approved last March, activates the nuclear factor transcriptional pathway, thereby defending against oxidative stress–induced neuronal death. Dimethyl fumarate also supports myelin integrity in the central nervous system.

The drug’s side effect profile, consisting mostly of short-term flushing and gastrointestinal complaints, is the most benign of the three oral agents. Thus, it could potentially see broader use both as a first-line drug in newly diagnosed patients and as second-line therapy in patients intolerant to or experiencing disease breakthrough on other agents.

That being said, it’s still unclear whether any of the available oral agents is the best choice after natalizumab discontinuation. A couple of studies of fingolimod showed a high relapse rate in this situation, and there are simply no data as yet on the two newer agents, according to Dr. Kita.

• Upcoming oral agents: The investigational oral agent furthest along in the developmental pipeline is laquinimod, a quinolone-3-carboxamide small molecule that has completed two phase III clinical trials and is now under review by the European Medicines Agency for possible marketing approval. Teva has not yet applied to the Food and Drug Administration for U.S. approval.

Several second-generation sphingosine-1-phosphate agonists are in development. They are believed to act more selectively and thus pose fewer potential immunocompromise issues than fingolimod. These include siponimod, ponesimod, and ONO-4641.

Dr. Kita reported receiving research support from Biogen Idec (which markets Tecfidera), Novartis (which markets Gilenya and is developing siponimod), Serono, and Acorda, as well as personal compensation from Biogen Idec, Bayer, and Genzyme (which markets Aubagio).

[email protected]

ORLANDO – Effective oral therapy has been at the top of the wish list of many multiple sclerosis patients for a long time – and now, seemingly all of a sudden, three approved oral agents are available to choose from.

For patients, the obvious attractions of oral therapy are ease of administration and that it’s less of a reminder that they have a serious chronic illness. But which agent is the right fit for a given patient?

All three oral drugs – fingolimod (Gilenya), teriflunomide (Aubagio), and dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) – are "definitely" suitable as first-line therapy in selected newly diagnosed MS patients, Dr. Mariko Kita asserted at the fifth Cooperative Meeting of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers and the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

But the three oral drugs are not interchangeable. Each has a different mechanism of action and its own side effect profile, emphasized Dr. Kita, director of the Virginia Mason MS Center, Seattle, and director of the MS clinical trials unit at Virginia Mason’s Benaroya Research Institute.

Today few neurologists – certainly less than 10% – are using any oral agent as first-line therapy. That’s in part due to cost and reimbursement issues, but to a much greater extent it’s because most physicians don’t yet feel comfortable that the safety profiles of the oral agents are fully known. The drugs are still too new, in the eyes of most practitioners. After all, both natalizumab (Tysabri) – considered the most effective of the injectable agents – and fingolimod – the first oral agent to receive marketing approval, back in October 2010 – had to have revisionary cautions added to their labeling shortly after they were introduced.

But provider experience with the orals is expected to grow quickly. And absent any late bombshells regarding side effects, it’s widely anticipated that the use of oral agents for MS will surge within the next few years, with a corresponding decline in popularity of injectable therapies.

Demand for oral therapy will be high all across the patient spectrum: in newly diagnosed patients, in individuals with a lengthy disease history who have tried all the available disease-modifying therapies with less than satisfactory results and have been awaiting something new, in patients intolerant to or experiencing breakthrough disease on a first-line injectable agent, as well as in patients who are stable on their current injectable disease-modifying therapy but are experiencing injection fatigue or growing more concerned about their parenteral therapy’s long-term risks, Dr. Kita predicted.

Choosing between the oral options appropriately requires a focus on patient-specific factors, including comorbid conditions, reproductive status, and consideration of how the oral drug will fit in to the big picture of a long-term, staged therapy plan, she added.

Here’s her personal clinical rundown on the approved oral drugs:

• Fingolimod: This is a drug best reserved for MS patients who are otherwise relatively healthy, in Dr. Kita’s view. Specifically, it’s a less favorable option for patients with diabetes, smokers, and others with reduced pulmonary function, and in individuals at increased risk of infection, including those with a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score.

Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist. It sequesters lymphocytes in the lymph nodes so they can’t participate in autoimmune activity. The required testing prior to starting the drug, the need for careful observation during the first dose, and the necessary ongoing monitoring as long as the patient is on fingolimod make this a labor-intensive drug.

Bearing those caveats in mind, she continued, fingolimod is "reasonable" to use as a first-line agent, or as a second-line agent in the setting of intolerance to or breakthrough disease while on prior therapy.

"But I would caution those who are reserving these oral agents as second-line that we need to think about what we can reasonably expect from them. If we’re moving to them as second-line because of tolerability issues with first-line agents, yes, I think that’s most reasonable. But if we’re moving because of breakthrough disease, our experience with these agents in cases of failure with standard first-line therapies is very, very limited. Sure, the differing mechanism of action offers a reasonable alternative option, but the expectation that the oral will be better than a failed injectable has not yet been proven," Dr. Kita said.

• Teriflunomide: This is the active metabolite of leflunomide, a treatment approved by the Food and Drug Administration for rheumatoid arthritis. It was approved for treating relapsing forms of MS last fall. Teriflunomide nonselectively inhibits rapidly dividing cell populations by curbing pyrimidine synthesis via bonding to the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Who’s the right fit for teriflunomide? Because the drug is rated category X and has teratogenicity potential in both men and women, it’s a given that the candidate must be on effective contraception. Also, the patient should definitely not have comorbid liver disease. And in Dr. Kita’s view, an appropriate candidate for teriflunomide has mild MS. Otherwise, the physician can get backed into a corner. That’s because the drug is excreted very slowly and is not dialyzable. Indeed, it takes 8-24 months after drug discontinuation for plasma levels to become undetectable.

"Teriflunomide could definitely be used as first-line therapy. It can be used second-line in a patient intolerant to a prior agent. But I think the long half-life complicates its use as second-line therapy in patients who’ve had breakthrough disease on prior agents, because if we need to consider a switch from teriflunomide, that long half-life has to be taken into consideration. You’ll need to consider the elimination protocol," she advised.

Patients find the elimination protocol arduous. It entails swallowing 8 g of oral cholestyramine every 8 hours for 11 days, or 50 g of activated charcoal given orally every 12 hours for 11 days.

• Dimethyl fumarate: This twice-daily oral agent, which was approved last March, activates the nuclear factor transcriptional pathway, thereby defending against oxidative stress–induced neuronal death. Dimethyl fumarate also supports myelin integrity in the central nervous system.

The drug’s side effect profile, consisting mostly of short-term flushing and gastrointestinal complaints, is the most benign of the three oral agents. Thus, it could potentially see broader use both as a first-line drug in newly diagnosed patients and as second-line therapy in patients intolerant to or experiencing disease breakthrough on other agents.

That being said, it’s still unclear whether any of the available oral agents is the best choice after natalizumab discontinuation. A couple of studies of fingolimod showed a high relapse rate in this situation, and there are simply no data as yet on the two newer agents, according to Dr. Kita.

• Upcoming oral agents: The investigational oral agent furthest along in the developmental pipeline is laquinimod, a quinolone-3-carboxamide small molecule that has completed two phase III clinical trials and is now under review by the European Medicines Agency for possible marketing approval. Teva has not yet applied to the Food and Drug Administration for U.S. approval.

Several second-generation sphingosine-1-phosphate agonists are in development. They are believed to act more selectively and thus pose fewer potential immunocompromise issues than fingolimod. These include siponimod, ponesimod, and ONO-4641.

Dr. Kita reported receiving research support from Biogen Idec (which markets Tecfidera), Novartis (which markets Gilenya and is developing siponimod), Serono, and Acorda, as well as personal compensation from Biogen Idec, Bayer, and Genzyme (which markets Aubagio).

[email protected]

ORLANDO – Effective oral therapy has been at the top of the wish list of many multiple sclerosis patients for a long time – and now, seemingly all of a sudden, three approved oral agents are available to choose from.

For patients, the obvious attractions of oral therapy are ease of administration and that it’s less of a reminder that they have a serious chronic illness. But which agent is the right fit for a given patient?

All three oral drugs – fingolimod (Gilenya), teriflunomide (Aubagio), and dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera) – are "definitely" suitable as first-line therapy in selected newly diagnosed MS patients, Dr. Mariko Kita asserted at the fifth Cooperative Meeting of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers and the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

But the three oral drugs are not interchangeable. Each has a different mechanism of action and its own side effect profile, emphasized Dr. Kita, director of the Virginia Mason MS Center, Seattle, and director of the MS clinical trials unit at Virginia Mason’s Benaroya Research Institute.

Today few neurologists – certainly less than 10% – are using any oral agent as first-line therapy. That’s in part due to cost and reimbursement issues, but to a much greater extent it’s because most physicians don’t yet feel comfortable that the safety profiles of the oral agents are fully known. The drugs are still too new, in the eyes of most practitioners. After all, both natalizumab (Tysabri) – considered the most effective of the injectable agents – and fingolimod – the first oral agent to receive marketing approval, back in October 2010 – had to have revisionary cautions added to their labeling shortly after they were introduced.

But provider experience with the orals is expected to grow quickly. And absent any late bombshells regarding side effects, it’s widely anticipated that the use of oral agents for MS will surge within the next few years, with a corresponding decline in popularity of injectable therapies.

Demand for oral therapy will be high all across the patient spectrum: in newly diagnosed patients, in individuals with a lengthy disease history who have tried all the available disease-modifying therapies with less than satisfactory results and have been awaiting something new, in patients intolerant to or experiencing breakthrough disease on a first-line injectable agent, as well as in patients who are stable on their current injectable disease-modifying therapy but are experiencing injection fatigue or growing more concerned about their parenteral therapy’s long-term risks, Dr. Kita predicted.

Choosing between the oral options appropriately requires a focus on patient-specific factors, including comorbid conditions, reproductive status, and consideration of how the oral drug will fit in to the big picture of a long-term, staged therapy plan, she added.

Here’s her personal clinical rundown on the approved oral drugs:

• Fingolimod: This is a drug best reserved for MS patients who are otherwise relatively healthy, in Dr. Kita’s view. Specifically, it’s a less favorable option for patients with diabetes, smokers, and others with reduced pulmonary function, and in individuals at increased risk of infection, including those with a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score.

Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist. It sequesters lymphocytes in the lymph nodes so they can’t participate in autoimmune activity. The required testing prior to starting the drug, the need for careful observation during the first dose, and the necessary ongoing monitoring as long as the patient is on fingolimod make this a labor-intensive drug.

Bearing those caveats in mind, she continued, fingolimod is "reasonable" to use as a first-line agent, or as a second-line agent in the setting of intolerance to or breakthrough disease while on prior therapy.

"But I would caution those who are reserving these oral agents as second-line that we need to think about what we can reasonably expect from them. If we’re moving to them as second-line because of tolerability issues with first-line agents, yes, I think that’s most reasonable. But if we’re moving because of breakthrough disease, our experience with these agents in cases of failure with standard first-line therapies is very, very limited. Sure, the differing mechanism of action offers a reasonable alternative option, but the expectation that the oral will be better than a failed injectable has not yet been proven," Dr. Kita said.

• Teriflunomide: This is the active metabolite of leflunomide, a treatment approved by the Food and Drug Administration for rheumatoid arthritis. It was approved for treating relapsing forms of MS last fall. Teriflunomide nonselectively inhibits rapidly dividing cell populations by curbing pyrimidine synthesis via bonding to the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Who’s the right fit for teriflunomide? Because the drug is rated category X and has teratogenicity potential in both men and women, it’s a given that the candidate must be on effective contraception. Also, the patient should definitely not have comorbid liver disease. And in Dr. Kita’s view, an appropriate candidate for teriflunomide has mild MS. Otherwise, the physician can get backed into a corner. That’s because the drug is excreted very slowly and is not dialyzable. Indeed, it takes 8-24 months after drug discontinuation for plasma levels to become undetectable.

"Teriflunomide could definitely be used as first-line therapy. It can be used second-line in a patient intolerant to a prior agent. But I think the long half-life complicates its use as second-line therapy in patients who’ve had breakthrough disease on prior agents, because if we need to consider a switch from teriflunomide, that long half-life has to be taken into consideration. You’ll need to consider the elimination protocol," she advised.

Patients find the elimination protocol arduous. It entails swallowing 8 g of oral cholestyramine every 8 hours for 11 days, or 50 g of activated charcoal given orally every 12 hours for 11 days.

• Dimethyl fumarate: This twice-daily oral agent, which was approved last March, activates the nuclear factor transcriptional pathway, thereby defending against oxidative stress–induced neuronal death. Dimethyl fumarate also supports myelin integrity in the central nervous system.

The drug’s side effect profile, consisting mostly of short-term flushing and gastrointestinal complaints, is the most benign of the three oral agents. Thus, it could potentially see broader use both as a first-line drug in newly diagnosed patients and as second-line therapy in patients intolerant to or experiencing disease breakthrough on other agents.

That being said, it’s still unclear whether any of the available oral agents is the best choice after natalizumab discontinuation. A couple of studies of fingolimod showed a high relapse rate in this situation, and there are simply no data as yet on the two newer agents, according to Dr. Kita.

• Upcoming oral agents: The investigational oral agent furthest along in the developmental pipeline is laquinimod, a quinolone-3-carboxamide small molecule that has completed two phase III clinical trials and is now under review by the European Medicines Agency for possible marketing approval. Teva has not yet applied to the Food and Drug Administration for U.S. approval.

Several second-generation sphingosine-1-phosphate agonists are in development. They are believed to act more selectively and thus pose fewer potential immunocompromise issues than fingolimod. These include siponimod, ponesimod, and ONO-4641.

Dr. Kita reported receiving research support from Biogen Idec (which markets Tecfidera), Novartis (which markets Gilenya and is developing siponimod), Serono, and Acorda, as well as personal compensation from Biogen Idec, Bayer, and Genzyme (which markets Aubagio).

[email protected]