Unifying neurology and psychiatry - a 'prescient but premature' notion?

We read with interest Dr. Henry A. Nasrallah’s call to unify psychiatry and neurology into 1 specialty (Current Psychiatry, From the Editor, August 2013, p. 8-9; http://bit.ly/16wImL3). Trends in this direction already are evident. Medical schools, including New York University School of Medicine, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and the Medical University of South Carolina, have 6-year combined psychiatry and neurology residency programs that prepare students for board exams in either specialty or both specialties. We offer considerations that we hope will energize and inform the discussion, in turn moving us toward discovery of an optimal framework for all stakeholders.

In support of unification, Dr. Nasrallah’s editorial points to research advances in pharmacology, neuroimaging, and genetics. He writes that a “neuropharmacological revolution” is occurring, and it includes the discovery of medications that control symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. The use of psychotropic medications certainly is escalating; >1 in every 10 Americans currently takes an antidepressant,^1,2 reflecting a >400% increase over the past 2 decades.²

However, increasing use does not prove efficacy or establish causal mechanisms. Controversy persists regarding antidepressant efficacy, particularly for mild-to-moderate depression. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial³ was the largest study to evaluate antidepressant effectiveness.³ Summarizing the findings, Thomas Insel, MD, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health stated, “Most important, this study demonstrates that for at least 70% of patients, appropriate treatment with an SSRI [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor] is not enough.”⁴ What is clear is that the benefits of antidepressants are smaller than originally thought, and may be limited to patients with particular types of (severe) depression.

We agree that developments in neuroimaging and genetics of mental illness are exciting and some day may change the relationship between neurology and psychiatry. However, advanced neuroimaging technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (or diffusion MRI) have shown abnormalities involving brain-wide networks in psychiatric disorders⁵—not distinct regional abnormalities. In other words, psychiatry deals with mental phenomena that are modular in nature and not always reducible to their molecular origins, whereas in neurologic disorders, research linear cause-effect relationships and regional abnormalities are more common.

Genome-wide association studies have shown that few polymorphisms can be associated with numerous mental disorders⁶ (ie, multifinality), and that several genes may be associated with a particular disorder (ie, equifinality). Multifinality and equfinality are characteristics of complex disorders, with nonlinear gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. In contrast, most heritable neurologic disorders follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance and predictable cause-effect neuropathology. Furthermore, recent advances in epigenetics—in which environmental and social factors modify gene expression and affect patterns of inheritance⁷—have further complicated our understanding of genetic contributions to psychiatric illness, and have revealed limitations in reductionist models.

Although neurologic and psychiatric disorders ultimately reflect cerebral pathology, the former commonly result from circumscribed lesions, and the latter are more complexly determined, resulting from disruptions in brain circuitry influenced by genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and social factors.⁷ As much as we might like it, research in psychiatry has not progressed to the point of fully explaining the brain-based processes underlying complex psychiatric disorders, decipher complex gene × gene and gene × environment interactions, or associate certain genes and biological pathways with specific disorders. A move to formally combine neurology and psychiatry may be prescient but premature because different sets of skills and methodologies might be required of clinicians and researchers in either specialty. More research is needed to shape and refine our disease and training models, and inform evidence-based practice.

Patrick J. Lustman, PhD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

John M. Ray, MA
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division

Andrea L. Taylor, PhD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division

Kenneth E. Freedland, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

Dragan M. Svrakic, MD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

We read with interest Dr. Henry A. Nasrallah’s call to unify psychiatry and neurology into 1 specialty (Current Psychiatry, From the Editor, August 2013, p. 8-9; http://bit.ly/16wImL3). Trends in this direction already are evident. Medical schools, including New York University School of Medicine, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and the Medical University of South Carolina, have 6-year combined psychiatry and neurology residency programs that prepare students for board exams in either specialty or both specialties. We offer considerations that we hope will energize and inform the discussion, in turn moving us toward discovery of an optimal framework for all stakeholders.

In support of unification, Dr. Nasrallah’s editorial points to research advances in pharmacology, neuroimaging, and genetics. He writes that a “neuropharmacological revolution” is occurring, and it includes the discovery of medications that control symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. The use of psychotropic medications certainly is escalating; >1 in every 10 Americans currently takes an antidepressant,^1,2 reflecting a >400% increase over the past 2 decades.²

However, increasing use does not prove efficacy or establish causal mechanisms. Controversy persists regarding antidepressant efficacy, particularly for mild-to-moderate depression. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial³ was the largest study to evaluate antidepressant effectiveness.³ Summarizing the findings, Thomas Insel, MD, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health stated, “Most important, this study demonstrates that for at least 70% of patients, appropriate treatment with an SSRI [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor] is not enough.”⁴ What is clear is that the benefits of antidepressants are smaller than originally thought, and may be limited to patients with particular types of (severe) depression.

We agree that developments in neuroimaging and genetics of mental illness are exciting and some day may change the relationship between neurology and psychiatry. However, advanced neuroimaging technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (or diffusion MRI) have shown abnormalities involving brain-wide networks in psychiatric disorders⁵—not distinct regional abnormalities. In other words, psychiatry deals with mental phenomena that are modular in nature and not always reducible to their molecular origins, whereas in neurologic disorders, research linear cause-effect relationships and regional abnormalities are more common.

Genome-wide association studies have shown that few polymorphisms can be associated with numerous mental disorders⁶ (ie, multifinality), and that several genes may be associated with a particular disorder (ie, equifinality). Multifinality and equfinality are characteristics of complex disorders, with nonlinear gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. In contrast, most heritable neurologic disorders follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance and predictable cause-effect neuropathology. Furthermore, recent advances in epigenetics—in which environmental and social factors modify gene expression and affect patterns of inheritance⁷—have further complicated our understanding of genetic contributions to psychiatric illness, and have revealed limitations in reductionist models.

Although neurologic and psychiatric disorders ultimately reflect cerebral pathology, the former commonly result from circumscribed lesions, and the latter are more complexly determined, resulting from disruptions in brain circuitry influenced by genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and social factors.⁷ As much as we might like it, research in psychiatry has not progressed to the point of fully explaining the brain-based processes underlying complex psychiatric disorders, decipher complex gene × gene and gene × environment interactions, or associate certain genes and biological pathways with specific disorders. A move to formally combine neurology and psychiatry may be prescient but premature because different sets of skills and methodologies might be required of clinicians and researchers in either specialty. More research is needed to shape and refine our disease and training models, and inform evidence-based practice.

Patrick J. Lustman, PhD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

John M. Ray, MA
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division

Andrea L. Taylor, PhD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division

Kenneth E. Freedland, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

Dragan M. Svrakic, MD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

We read with interest Dr. Henry A. Nasrallah’s call to unify psychiatry and neurology into 1 specialty (Current Psychiatry, From the Editor, August 2013, p. 8-9; http://bit.ly/16wImL3). Trends in this direction already are evident. Medical schools, including New York University School of Medicine, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and the Medical University of South Carolina, have 6-year combined psychiatry and neurology residency programs that prepare students for board exams in either specialty or both specialties. We offer considerations that we hope will energize and inform the discussion, in turn moving us toward discovery of an optimal framework for all stakeholders.

In support of unification, Dr. Nasrallah’s editorial points to research advances in pharmacology, neuroimaging, and genetics. He writes that a “neuropharmacological revolution” is occurring, and it includes the discovery of medications that control symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. The use of psychotropic medications certainly is escalating; >1 in every 10 Americans currently takes an antidepressant,^1,2 reflecting a >400% increase over the past 2 decades.²

However, increasing use does not prove efficacy or establish causal mechanisms. Controversy persists regarding antidepressant efficacy, particularly for mild-to-moderate depression. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial³ was the largest study to evaluate antidepressant effectiveness.³ Summarizing the findings, Thomas Insel, MD, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health stated, “Most important, this study demonstrates that for at least 70% of patients, appropriate treatment with an SSRI [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor] is not enough.”⁴ What is clear is that the benefits of antidepressants are smaller than originally thought, and may be limited to patients with particular types of (severe) depression.

We agree that developments in neuroimaging and genetics of mental illness are exciting and some day may change the relationship between neurology and psychiatry. However, advanced neuroimaging technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (or diffusion MRI) have shown abnormalities involving brain-wide networks in psychiatric disorders⁵—not distinct regional abnormalities. In other words, psychiatry deals with mental phenomena that are modular in nature and not always reducible to their molecular origins, whereas in neurologic disorders, research linear cause-effect relationships and regional abnormalities are more common.

Genome-wide association studies have shown that few polymorphisms can be associated with numerous mental disorders⁶ (ie, multifinality), and that several genes may be associated with a particular disorder (ie, equifinality). Multifinality and equfinality are characteristics of complex disorders, with nonlinear gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. In contrast, most heritable neurologic disorders follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance and predictable cause-effect neuropathology. Furthermore, recent advances in epigenetics—in which environmental and social factors modify gene expression and affect patterns of inheritance⁷—have further complicated our understanding of genetic contributions to psychiatric illness, and have revealed limitations in reductionist models.

Although neurologic and psychiatric disorders ultimately reflect cerebral pathology, the former commonly result from circumscribed lesions, and the latter are more complexly determined, resulting from disruptions in brain circuitry influenced by genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and social factors.⁷ As much as we might like it, research in psychiatry has not progressed to the point of fully explaining the brain-based processes underlying complex psychiatric disorders, decipher complex gene × gene and gene × environment interactions, or associate certain genes and biological pathways with specific disorders. A move to formally combine neurology and psychiatry may be prescient but premature because different sets of skills and methodologies might be required of clinicians and researchers in either specialty. More research is needed to shape and refine our disease and training models, and inform evidence-based practice.

Patrick J. Lustman, PhD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

John M. Ray, MA
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division

Andrea L. Taylor, PhD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division

Kenneth E. Freedland, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

Dragan M. Svrakic, MD
St. Louis VA Medical Center
John Cochran Hospital Division
Department of Psychiatry
Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri