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Although transvaginal sonography (TVS) has inconsistent sensitivity (0.21–1.00) and specificity (0.53–1.00), its cost-efficiency and noninvasiveness make it the best initial test for ruling in fibroid disease (strength of recommendation [SOR]:B, based on expert opinion, a systematic review, and prospective studies).
Sonohysterography (SHG) and hysteroscopy have superior sensitivity, specificity, and more discriminating positive and negative likelihood ratios for diagnosing fibroids than does TVS (SOR:B, systematic review). SHG is less painful, less invasive, and more cost-effective than hysteroscopy (SOR:B; single, prospective comparative study and cost comparison).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had comparable precision to TVS in a single study, but it is too expensive to be a good initial test for fibroids (SOR:C, expert opinion and an uncontrolled prospective study). One study reported a strong correlation between ultrasound and bimanual examination (SOR:C, retrospective case review).
Evidence summary
Uterine myomas are usually diagnosed by incidental visualization during pelvic sonography or bimanual palpation of an enlarged, mobile uterus with irregular contours.1 In a retrospective chart review of obese and nonobese patients with known uterine fibroids, clinical estimate of uterine size by bimanual examination correlated with both ultrasound fibroid sizing and posthysterectomy pathology analysis.2 Additional diagnostic testing is indicated for patients with suspected fibroids and abnormal uterine bleeding, increased pelvic girth, pelvic pressure contributing to urinary frequency or constipation, or pelvic pain with intercourse or other physical activity.3
TVS has high sensitivity for detecting myomas in a uterus of <10-week size. The use of high-frequency probes improves the sensitivity for diagnosing small myomas, although their precise location with respect to the uterine cavity often remains uncertain. Localization of fibroids in a larger uterus or when there are many tumors is limited.4 Also, TVS may fail to detect small fibroids and subserosal myomas. A systematic review of 9 heterogeneous studies evaluating TVS found wide ranges for sensitivity and specificity (TABLE).5 The cost of TVS is less than half of sonohysterography or diagnostic hysteroscopy, based on Medicare allowable pricing data.6
SHG uses an intrauterine saline contrast medium with transvaginal ultrasonography. This office-based procedure is more invasive than TVS but requires no anesthesia. SHG is more sensitive and specific than TVS in detecting submucous myomas and focal endometrial lesions.7 In a prospective study of 81 symptomatic patients, using a gold standard of surgical pathology, SHG demonstrated more discriminating positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR–) for detecting myomata than did TVS or hysteroscopy.8 A prospective study of 56 symptomatic patients with a gold standard of hysteroscopic or surgical pathology similarly found SHG to be superior to TVS.7 In a systematic review of 7 studies, SHG demonstrated a clinically significant LR+ of 29.7. There was too much heterogeneity in the data to calculate an LR– (TABLE).5
Hysteroscopy is as accurate but more invasive than SHG in evaluating uterine myomata. In a systematic review of 4 studies, hysteroscopy had a pooled LR+ of 29.4 for diagnosing fibroids. Due to study heterogeneity, a pooled LR– could not be calculated.5 A prospective, blinded comparative study of SHG and hysteroscopy for diagnosing fibroids in 117 women found SHG to have a higher failure rate (22% vs 6%) but a statistically significant lower median pain score: 1.6 (interquartile range 0.48–3.03) vs 3.2 (1.58–5.18) (P<.001)—than hysteroscopy.9 Failure of SHG was most commonly due to cervical stenosis.
In a double-blinded comparative study of 106 consecutive premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons, MRI and TVS detected myomas with equal precision (TABLE). MRI is preferred in cases for which exact myoma mapping is necessary and those with multiple myomas or large uteri who are scheduled for advanced surgical procedures.4 MRI costs up to twice as much as sonohysterography or diagnostic hysteroscopy, when comparing Medicare allowable pricing data.6
TABLE
Evaluations of diagnostic tools for fibroids
| DIAGNOSTIC TOOL | PASRIJA ET AL7 | BONNAMY ET AL8 | DUEHOLM ET AL4 | FARQUHAR ET AL5 | ROGERSON ET AL9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary characteristics of trial | Prospective, 56 pts, symptomatic, gold standard hysteroscopy or hysterectomy pathology | Prospective, 81 symptomatic pts, gold standard of “clinical survey” or histopathology | Double-blind, 106 premenopausal pts undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons | Systematic review including 19 studies with significant heterogeneity | 117 women; SHG compared with outpatient hysteroscopy (gold standard) |
| TVS | (9 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 84.8 | 65 (43–84) | 99 (92–100) | 21–100 | |
| Specificity | 79 | 94 (79–99) | 91 (75–98) | 53–100 | |
| PPV | 82.4 | 96 (88–99) | |||
| NPV | 82 | 97 (82–100) | |||
| LR+ | 4.0 | 10 (2.6–4.1) | 11 (3.0–50) | 1.61–62.25 | |
| 0.19 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.01 (0.11–0) | 0.03–0.80 | ||
| SHG | (7 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 94.1 | 91 (72–99) | 57–100 | 85.2 | |
| Specificity | 88.5 | 94 (79–99) | 96–100 | 87.3 | |
| PPV | 91.4 | 74.3 | |||
| NPV | 92 | 93.2 | |||
| LR+ | 8.2 | 15 (3.8–56) | 29.7 (17.8–49.6) | 6.7 | |
| LR– | 0.067 | 0.1 (0.02–0.4) | 0.06–0.47 | 0.17 | |
| Hysteroscopy | (4 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 88 (62–98) | 53–100 | |||
| Specificity | 94 (79–99) | 97–100 | |||
| LR+ | 14 (3.5–52) | 29.4 (13.4–65.3) | |||
| LR– | 0.1 (0.04–0.5) | 0.08–0.48 | |||
| MRI | |||||
| Sensitivity | 99 (92–100) | ||||
| Specificity | 86 (71–94) | ||||
| PPV | 92 (83–97) | ||||
| NPV | 97 (85–100) | ||||
| LR+ | 7.1 (03.2–16.7) | ||||
| LR– | 0.012 (0.11–0) | ||||
| Italicized values were not reported in the original studies, but calculated for this review. Numbers in parentheses represent 95% confidence levels. | |||||
| LR+ = positive likelihood ratio (a value greater than 10 is clinically significant and the higher the value, the more helpful the test at ruling in the diagnosis); LR– = negative likelihood ratio (a value less than 0.1 is clinically significant and the lower the value, the more helpful the test at ruling out the diagnosis). | |||||
| PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; TVS, transvaginal sonography; SHG, sonohysterography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. | |||||
Recommendations from others
A 1994 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) bulletin stated that uterine fibroids can be diagnosed with 95% certainty by examination alone.10 ACOG recommends augmenting physical examination with ultrasonography in cases involving obese women or when adnexal pathology cannot be excluded based on examination alone. This bulletin also points out that routine ultrasonography does not improve long-term clinical outcomes for fibroids. A more recent bulletin (2000) addressed management but not evaluation or diagnosis of leiomyomas.11
A 2003 guideline from the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Canada recommends against routine ultrasonography, since it rarely affects the clinical management of uterine fibroids. However, it emphasizes the importance of ruling out underlying endometrial pathology in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.12
When evaluating potential fibroids, a reasonable first step is a sonogram
Lynda DeArmond, MD
Waco Family Practice Residency Program, Waco, Tex
In the asymptomatic patient with an enlarged, irregularly contoured uterus on routine exam, the differential includes fibroids, fibroids, and fibroids. My usual next step is to get a sonogram. The test is noninvasive, well-tolerated by patients, and significantly less expensive than the alternatives. It quickly and easily gives a great deal of useful information regarding the size, shape, consistency of the myometrium and the endometrium, from which we can reassure the patient regarding the benign natural history of this finding, especially in the perimenopausal woman. If the patient presents with symptoms of abnormal bleeding, pelvic pressure, or adnexal findings on exam, the review suggests that further workup may be indicated. However, the sonogram remains a very useful initial test even in this case.
1. Mayer DP, Shipilov V. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of uterine fibroids. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995;22:667-725.
2. Cantuaria GH, Angioli R, Frost L, Duncan R, Penalver MA. Comparison of bimanual examination with ultrasound examination before hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:109-112.
3. Becker E, Jr, Lev-Toaff AS, Kaufman EP, Halpern EJ, Edelweiss MI, Kurtz AB. The added value of transvaginal sonohysterography over transvaginal sonography alone in women with known or suspected leiomyoma. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:237-247.
4. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:409-415.
5. Farquhar C, Ekeroma A, Furness S, Arroll B. A systematic review of transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:493-504.
6. 2004 Interactive Physician Fee Schedule. Missouri Medicare Services. Available at: www.momedicare.com/provider/disclosure/fee2004.asp.
7. Pasrija S, Trivedi SS, Narula MK. Prospective study of saline infusion sonohysterography in evaluation of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with abnormal bleeding. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;30:27-33.
8. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;102:42-47.
9. Rogerson L, Bates J, Weston M, Duffy S. A comparison of outpatient hysteroscopy with saline infusion hysterosonography. BJOG 2002;109:800-804.
10. ACOG. ACOG Technical Bulletin no. 192. Uterine leiomyomata. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1994;46:73-82.
11. ACOG. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 16. Surgical alternatives to hysterectomy in the management of leiomyomas. May 2000.
12. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC). SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline no. 128. The management of uterine leiomyomas. May 2003.
Although transvaginal sonography (TVS) has inconsistent sensitivity (0.21–1.00) and specificity (0.53–1.00), its cost-efficiency and noninvasiveness make it the best initial test for ruling in fibroid disease (strength of recommendation [SOR]:B, based on expert opinion, a systematic review, and prospective studies).
Sonohysterography (SHG) and hysteroscopy have superior sensitivity, specificity, and more discriminating positive and negative likelihood ratios for diagnosing fibroids than does TVS (SOR:B, systematic review). SHG is less painful, less invasive, and more cost-effective than hysteroscopy (SOR:B; single, prospective comparative study and cost comparison).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had comparable precision to TVS in a single study, but it is too expensive to be a good initial test for fibroids (SOR:C, expert opinion and an uncontrolled prospective study). One study reported a strong correlation between ultrasound and bimanual examination (SOR:C, retrospective case review).
Evidence summary
Uterine myomas are usually diagnosed by incidental visualization during pelvic sonography or bimanual palpation of an enlarged, mobile uterus with irregular contours.1 In a retrospective chart review of obese and nonobese patients with known uterine fibroids, clinical estimate of uterine size by bimanual examination correlated with both ultrasound fibroid sizing and posthysterectomy pathology analysis.2 Additional diagnostic testing is indicated for patients with suspected fibroids and abnormal uterine bleeding, increased pelvic girth, pelvic pressure contributing to urinary frequency or constipation, or pelvic pain with intercourse or other physical activity.3
TVS has high sensitivity for detecting myomas in a uterus of <10-week size. The use of high-frequency probes improves the sensitivity for diagnosing small myomas, although their precise location with respect to the uterine cavity often remains uncertain. Localization of fibroids in a larger uterus or when there are many tumors is limited.4 Also, TVS may fail to detect small fibroids and subserosal myomas. A systematic review of 9 heterogeneous studies evaluating TVS found wide ranges for sensitivity and specificity (TABLE).5 The cost of TVS is less than half of sonohysterography or diagnostic hysteroscopy, based on Medicare allowable pricing data.6
SHG uses an intrauterine saline contrast medium with transvaginal ultrasonography. This office-based procedure is more invasive than TVS but requires no anesthesia. SHG is more sensitive and specific than TVS in detecting submucous myomas and focal endometrial lesions.7 In a prospective study of 81 symptomatic patients, using a gold standard of surgical pathology, SHG demonstrated more discriminating positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR–) for detecting myomata than did TVS or hysteroscopy.8 A prospective study of 56 symptomatic patients with a gold standard of hysteroscopic or surgical pathology similarly found SHG to be superior to TVS.7 In a systematic review of 7 studies, SHG demonstrated a clinically significant LR+ of 29.7. There was too much heterogeneity in the data to calculate an LR– (TABLE).5
Hysteroscopy is as accurate but more invasive than SHG in evaluating uterine myomata. In a systematic review of 4 studies, hysteroscopy had a pooled LR+ of 29.4 for diagnosing fibroids. Due to study heterogeneity, a pooled LR– could not be calculated.5 A prospective, blinded comparative study of SHG and hysteroscopy for diagnosing fibroids in 117 women found SHG to have a higher failure rate (22% vs 6%) but a statistically significant lower median pain score: 1.6 (interquartile range 0.48–3.03) vs 3.2 (1.58–5.18) (P<.001)—than hysteroscopy.9 Failure of SHG was most commonly due to cervical stenosis.
In a double-blinded comparative study of 106 consecutive premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons, MRI and TVS detected myomas with equal precision (TABLE). MRI is preferred in cases for which exact myoma mapping is necessary and those with multiple myomas or large uteri who are scheduled for advanced surgical procedures.4 MRI costs up to twice as much as sonohysterography or diagnostic hysteroscopy, when comparing Medicare allowable pricing data.6
TABLE
Evaluations of diagnostic tools for fibroids
| DIAGNOSTIC TOOL | PASRIJA ET AL7 | BONNAMY ET AL8 | DUEHOLM ET AL4 | FARQUHAR ET AL5 | ROGERSON ET AL9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary characteristics of trial | Prospective, 56 pts, symptomatic, gold standard hysteroscopy or hysterectomy pathology | Prospective, 81 symptomatic pts, gold standard of “clinical survey” or histopathology | Double-blind, 106 premenopausal pts undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons | Systematic review including 19 studies with significant heterogeneity | 117 women; SHG compared with outpatient hysteroscopy (gold standard) |
| TVS | (9 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 84.8 | 65 (43–84) | 99 (92–100) | 21–100 | |
| Specificity | 79 | 94 (79–99) | 91 (75–98) | 53–100 | |
| PPV | 82.4 | 96 (88–99) | |||
| NPV | 82 | 97 (82–100) | |||
| LR+ | 4.0 | 10 (2.6–4.1) | 11 (3.0–50) | 1.61–62.25 | |
| 0.19 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.01 (0.11–0) | 0.03–0.80 | ||
| SHG | (7 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 94.1 | 91 (72–99) | 57–100 | 85.2 | |
| Specificity | 88.5 | 94 (79–99) | 96–100 | 87.3 | |
| PPV | 91.4 | 74.3 | |||
| NPV | 92 | 93.2 | |||
| LR+ | 8.2 | 15 (3.8–56) | 29.7 (17.8–49.6) | 6.7 | |
| LR– | 0.067 | 0.1 (0.02–0.4) | 0.06–0.47 | 0.17 | |
| Hysteroscopy | (4 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 88 (62–98) | 53–100 | |||
| Specificity | 94 (79–99) | 97–100 | |||
| LR+ | 14 (3.5–52) | 29.4 (13.4–65.3) | |||
| LR– | 0.1 (0.04–0.5) | 0.08–0.48 | |||
| MRI | |||||
| Sensitivity | 99 (92–100) | ||||
| Specificity | 86 (71–94) | ||||
| PPV | 92 (83–97) | ||||
| NPV | 97 (85–100) | ||||
| LR+ | 7.1 (03.2–16.7) | ||||
| LR– | 0.012 (0.11–0) | ||||
| Italicized values were not reported in the original studies, but calculated for this review. Numbers in parentheses represent 95% confidence levels. | |||||
| LR+ = positive likelihood ratio (a value greater than 10 is clinically significant and the higher the value, the more helpful the test at ruling in the diagnosis); LR– = negative likelihood ratio (a value less than 0.1 is clinically significant and the lower the value, the more helpful the test at ruling out the diagnosis). | |||||
| PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; TVS, transvaginal sonography; SHG, sonohysterography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. | |||||
Recommendations from others
A 1994 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) bulletin stated that uterine fibroids can be diagnosed with 95% certainty by examination alone.10 ACOG recommends augmenting physical examination with ultrasonography in cases involving obese women or when adnexal pathology cannot be excluded based on examination alone. This bulletin also points out that routine ultrasonography does not improve long-term clinical outcomes for fibroids. A more recent bulletin (2000) addressed management but not evaluation or diagnosis of leiomyomas.11
A 2003 guideline from the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Canada recommends against routine ultrasonography, since it rarely affects the clinical management of uterine fibroids. However, it emphasizes the importance of ruling out underlying endometrial pathology in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.12
When evaluating potential fibroids, a reasonable first step is a sonogram
Lynda DeArmond, MD
Waco Family Practice Residency Program, Waco, Tex
In the asymptomatic patient with an enlarged, irregularly contoured uterus on routine exam, the differential includes fibroids, fibroids, and fibroids. My usual next step is to get a sonogram. The test is noninvasive, well-tolerated by patients, and significantly less expensive than the alternatives. It quickly and easily gives a great deal of useful information regarding the size, shape, consistency of the myometrium and the endometrium, from which we can reassure the patient regarding the benign natural history of this finding, especially in the perimenopausal woman. If the patient presents with symptoms of abnormal bleeding, pelvic pressure, or adnexal findings on exam, the review suggests that further workup may be indicated. However, the sonogram remains a very useful initial test even in this case.
Although transvaginal sonography (TVS) has inconsistent sensitivity (0.21–1.00) and specificity (0.53–1.00), its cost-efficiency and noninvasiveness make it the best initial test for ruling in fibroid disease (strength of recommendation [SOR]:B, based on expert opinion, a systematic review, and prospective studies).
Sonohysterography (SHG) and hysteroscopy have superior sensitivity, specificity, and more discriminating positive and negative likelihood ratios for diagnosing fibroids than does TVS (SOR:B, systematic review). SHG is less painful, less invasive, and more cost-effective than hysteroscopy (SOR:B; single, prospective comparative study and cost comparison).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had comparable precision to TVS in a single study, but it is too expensive to be a good initial test for fibroids (SOR:C, expert opinion and an uncontrolled prospective study). One study reported a strong correlation between ultrasound and bimanual examination (SOR:C, retrospective case review).
Evidence summary
Uterine myomas are usually diagnosed by incidental visualization during pelvic sonography or bimanual palpation of an enlarged, mobile uterus with irregular contours.1 In a retrospective chart review of obese and nonobese patients with known uterine fibroids, clinical estimate of uterine size by bimanual examination correlated with both ultrasound fibroid sizing and posthysterectomy pathology analysis.2 Additional diagnostic testing is indicated for patients with suspected fibroids and abnormal uterine bleeding, increased pelvic girth, pelvic pressure contributing to urinary frequency or constipation, or pelvic pain with intercourse or other physical activity.3
TVS has high sensitivity for detecting myomas in a uterus of <10-week size. The use of high-frequency probes improves the sensitivity for diagnosing small myomas, although their precise location with respect to the uterine cavity often remains uncertain. Localization of fibroids in a larger uterus or when there are many tumors is limited.4 Also, TVS may fail to detect small fibroids and subserosal myomas. A systematic review of 9 heterogeneous studies evaluating TVS found wide ranges for sensitivity and specificity (TABLE).5 The cost of TVS is less than half of sonohysterography or diagnostic hysteroscopy, based on Medicare allowable pricing data.6
SHG uses an intrauterine saline contrast medium with transvaginal ultrasonography. This office-based procedure is more invasive than TVS but requires no anesthesia. SHG is more sensitive and specific than TVS in detecting submucous myomas and focal endometrial lesions.7 In a prospective study of 81 symptomatic patients, using a gold standard of surgical pathology, SHG demonstrated more discriminating positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+, LR–) for detecting myomata than did TVS or hysteroscopy.8 A prospective study of 56 symptomatic patients with a gold standard of hysteroscopic or surgical pathology similarly found SHG to be superior to TVS.7 In a systematic review of 7 studies, SHG demonstrated a clinically significant LR+ of 29.7. There was too much heterogeneity in the data to calculate an LR– (TABLE).5
Hysteroscopy is as accurate but more invasive than SHG in evaluating uterine myomata. In a systematic review of 4 studies, hysteroscopy had a pooled LR+ of 29.4 for diagnosing fibroids. Due to study heterogeneity, a pooled LR– could not be calculated.5 A prospective, blinded comparative study of SHG and hysteroscopy for diagnosing fibroids in 117 women found SHG to have a higher failure rate (22% vs 6%) but a statistically significant lower median pain score: 1.6 (interquartile range 0.48–3.03) vs 3.2 (1.58–5.18) (P<.001)—than hysteroscopy.9 Failure of SHG was most commonly due to cervical stenosis.
In a double-blinded comparative study of 106 consecutive premenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons, MRI and TVS detected myomas with equal precision (TABLE). MRI is preferred in cases for which exact myoma mapping is necessary and those with multiple myomas or large uteri who are scheduled for advanced surgical procedures.4 MRI costs up to twice as much as sonohysterography or diagnostic hysteroscopy, when comparing Medicare allowable pricing data.6
TABLE
Evaluations of diagnostic tools for fibroids
| DIAGNOSTIC TOOL | PASRIJA ET AL7 | BONNAMY ET AL8 | DUEHOLM ET AL4 | FARQUHAR ET AL5 | ROGERSON ET AL9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary characteristics of trial | Prospective, 56 pts, symptomatic, gold standard hysteroscopy or hysterectomy pathology | Prospective, 81 symptomatic pts, gold standard of “clinical survey” or histopathology | Double-blind, 106 premenopausal pts undergoing hysterectomy for benign reasons | Systematic review including 19 studies with significant heterogeneity | 117 women; SHG compared with outpatient hysteroscopy (gold standard) |
| TVS | (9 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 84.8 | 65 (43–84) | 99 (92–100) | 21–100 | |
| Specificity | 79 | 94 (79–99) | 91 (75–98) | 53–100 | |
| PPV | 82.4 | 96 (88–99) | |||
| NPV | 82 | 97 (82–100) | |||
| LR+ | 4.0 | 10 (2.6–4.1) | 11 (3.0–50) | 1.61–62.25 | |
| 0.19 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.01 (0.11–0) | 0.03–0.80 | ||
| SHG | (7 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 94.1 | 91 (72–99) | 57–100 | 85.2 | |
| Specificity | 88.5 | 94 (79–99) | 96–100 | 87.3 | |
| PPV | 91.4 | 74.3 | |||
| NPV | 92 | 93.2 | |||
| LR+ | 8.2 | 15 (3.8–56) | 29.7 (17.8–49.6) | 6.7 | |
| LR– | 0.067 | 0.1 (0.02–0.4) | 0.06–0.47 | 0.17 | |
| Hysteroscopy | (4 studies) | ||||
| Sensitivity | 88 (62–98) | 53–100 | |||
| Specificity | 94 (79–99) | 97–100 | |||
| LR+ | 14 (3.5–52) | 29.4 (13.4–65.3) | |||
| LR– | 0.1 (0.04–0.5) | 0.08–0.48 | |||
| MRI | |||||
| Sensitivity | 99 (92–100) | ||||
| Specificity | 86 (71–94) | ||||
| PPV | 92 (83–97) | ||||
| NPV | 97 (85–100) | ||||
| LR+ | 7.1 (03.2–16.7) | ||||
| LR– | 0.012 (0.11–0) | ||||
| Italicized values were not reported in the original studies, but calculated for this review. Numbers in parentheses represent 95% confidence levels. | |||||
| LR+ = positive likelihood ratio (a value greater than 10 is clinically significant and the higher the value, the more helpful the test at ruling in the diagnosis); LR– = negative likelihood ratio (a value less than 0.1 is clinically significant and the lower the value, the more helpful the test at ruling out the diagnosis). | |||||
| PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; TVS, transvaginal sonography; SHG, sonohysterography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. | |||||
Recommendations from others
A 1994 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) bulletin stated that uterine fibroids can be diagnosed with 95% certainty by examination alone.10 ACOG recommends augmenting physical examination with ultrasonography in cases involving obese women or when adnexal pathology cannot be excluded based on examination alone. This bulletin also points out that routine ultrasonography does not improve long-term clinical outcomes for fibroids. A more recent bulletin (2000) addressed management but not evaluation or diagnosis of leiomyomas.11
A 2003 guideline from the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Canada recommends against routine ultrasonography, since it rarely affects the clinical management of uterine fibroids. However, it emphasizes the importance of ruling out underlying endometrial pathology in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.12
When evaluating potential fibroids, a reasonable first step is a sonogram
Lynda DeArmond, MD
Waco Family Practice Residency Program, Waco, Tex
In the asymptomatic patient with an enlarged, irregularly contoured uterus on routine exam, the differential includes fibroids, fibroids, and fibroids. My usual next step is to get a sonogram. The test is noninvasive, well-tolerated by patients, and significantly less expensive than the alternatives. It quickly and easily gives a great deal of useful information regarding the size, shape, consistency of the myometrium and the endometrium, from which we can reassure the patient regarding the benign natural history of this finding, especially in the perimenopausal woman. If the patient presents with symptoms of abnormal bleeding, pelvic pressure, or adnexal findings on exam, the review suggests that further workup may be indicated. However, the sonogram remains a very useful initial test even in this case.
1. Mayer DP, Shipilov V. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of uterine fibroids. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995;22:667-725.
2. Cantuaria GH, Angioli R, Frost L, Duncan R, Penalver MA. Comparison of bimanual examination with ultrasound examination before hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:109-112.
3. Becker E, Jr, Lev-Toaff AS, Kaufman EP, Halpern EJ, Edelweiss MI, Kurtz AB. The added value of transvaginal sonohysterography over transvaginal sonography alone in women with known or suspected leiomyoma. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:237-247.
4. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:409-415.
5. Farquhar C, Ekeroma A, Furness S, Arroll B. A systematic review of transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:493-504.
6. 2004 Interactive Physician Fee Schedule. Missouri Medicare Services. Available at: www.momedicare.com/provider/disclosure/fee2004.asp.
7. Pasrija S, Trivedi SS, Narula MK. Prospective study of saline infusion sonohysterography in evaluation of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with abnormal bleeding. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;30:27-33.
8. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;102:42-47.
9. Rogerson L, Bates J, Weston M, Duffy S. A comparison of outpatient hysteroscopy with saline infusion hysterosonography. BJOG 2002;109:800-804.
10. ACOG. ACOG Technical Bulletin no. 192. Uterine leiomyomata. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1994;46:73-82.
11. ACOG. ACOG Practice Bulletin no. 16. Surgical alternatives to hysterectomy in the management of leiomyomas. May 2000.
12. Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC). SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline no. 128. The management of uterine leiomyomas. May 2003.
1. Mayer DP, Shipilov V. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of uterine fibroids. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995;22:667-725.
2. Cantuaria GH, Angioli R, Frost L, Duncan R, Penalver MA. Comparison of bimanual examination with ultrasound examination before hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:109-112.
3. Becker E, Jr, Lev-Toaff AS, Kaufman EP, Halpern EJ, Edelweiss MI, Kurtz AB. The added value of transvaginal sonohysterography over transvaginal sonography alone in women with known or suspected leiomyoma. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:237-247.
4. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:409-415.
5. Farquhar C, Ekeroma A, Furness S, Arroll B. A systematic review of transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:493-504.
6. 2004 Interactive Physician Fee Schedule. Missouri Medicare Services. Available at: www.momedicare.com/provider/disclosure/fee2004.asp.
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Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network