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The best treatment strategy for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is lifestyle intervention with a structured weight loss program of diet and exercise (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, based on high-quality randomized controlled trials [RCTs] for disease-oriented outcomes). Patients with IGT and IFG should be counseled to lose 5% to 7% of their body weight and instructed on moderate intensity physical activity for ~150 minutes per week.
Metformin (Glucophage), acarbose (Precose), and troglitazone (Rezulin) are also effective, but lifestyle interventions appear superior ( TABLE ) (SOR: B, based on single high quality randomized controlled trials). The American Diabetes Association defines IFG as a fasting glucose of between 100 and 125 mg/dL, and IGT as glucose between 140 and 199 mg/dL after a 2-hour oral glucose challenge.
Adults with IGT or IFG should have laboratory screening for diabetes every 1 to 2 years (SOR: C, based on expert opinion), using the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) as a screening test (SOR: C, based on expert opinion). For individuals whose FPG exceeds 125 mg/dL, oral glucose tolerance testing is considered superior to glycohemoglobin testing for ruling out progression to diabetes (SOR: C, based on expert opinion).
Evidence Summary
Both IGT and IFG are associated with a significant risk of developing diabetes and its associated cardiovascular comorbidities; thus, the primary goal for treatment is to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. Recent well-designed studies have demonstrated benefits of lifestyle interventions for patients with IGT.
In the US Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 3234 patients with IGT and a body-mass index (BMI) of at least 24 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: placebo, metformin, or intensive lifestyle modification. After an average follow-up of 2.8 years, there was a 14% absolute risk reduction in the progression to diabetes in the lifestyle intervention group compared with placebo (number needed to treat [NNT]=7).1 In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, the lifestyle intervention group had a 12.5% absolute risk reduction compared with the control group (NNT=8).2 Successful lifestyle interventions in these studies included weight loss of 5% to 7%, decreased fat intake, increased fiber intake, and 150 minutes of exercise per week.1-2
Drug therapy with metformin, acarbose, and troglitazone has also been successful in preventing or delaying diabetes in people with IGT.1,3,4 In the placebo-controlled DPP trial, metformin use was associated with a reduction in progression to diabetes mellitus (NNT=14).1 In the STOP-NIDDM trial of 1429 persons over 3.3 years of follow-up, acarbose 100 mg 3 times daily resulted in a 9% reduction of progression to diabetes, compared with placebo (NNT=11).3
In the TRIPOD study, troglitazone use was associated with a 17% absolute risk reduction in the incidence of diabetes in high-risk Hispanic women (NNT=6 over an average of 30 months).4 The preventive effect of the drug was maintained more than 8 months after troglitazone therapy was discontinued (due to withdrawal from the US market). Current trials with other thiazolidinediones are underway.
TABLE
Comparison of major lifestyle and pharmacologic trials in IGT and IFG
| INTERVENTION | RELATIVE RISK REDUCTION IN INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITIS (95% CI) | NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT | ABSOLUTE RISK REDUCTION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle1 | 58% (48%–66%) | 7 | 14% |
| Lifestyle2 | 58% (hazard ratio 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3%–0.7%) | 8 | 12.5% |
| Metformin 850 mg twice daily (Glucophage)1 | 31% (17%–43%) | 14 | 7% |
| Acarbose 100 mg three times daily (Precose)3 | 25% (10%–37%) | 11 | 9% |
| Troglitazone 400 mg daily4 (Rezulin [withdrawn]) | 56% (17%–75%) | 6 | 16.7% |
| NNT, number needed to treat; ARR, absolute risk reduction. | |||
| Adapted from Davies et al, Diabetic Medicine 2004.9 | |||
Recommendations from others
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends counseling on weight loss and instructing on increased physical activity in people with IGT.5 The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends intensive programs of lifestyle modification (diet, exercise, and behavior) for patients who have pre-diabetes.6
The ADA recommends regular monitoring (every 1 to 2 years) for the development of diabetes in people with prediabetes, and prefers FPG to screen for diabetes since it is faster, cost-effective, and more reproducible than the more sensitive 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test.5,7 The ADA also recommends that if the FPG is <126 mg/dL and there is a high suspicion for diabetes, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test should be performed.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is not recommended as a screening tool, because individuals with IFG or IGT may have normal or near-normal HbA1C levels; these individuals often manifest hyperglycemia only when challenged with the oral glucose load use in the standardized oral glucose tolerance test.8
Lifestyle modification clearly works; medication may have a role as well
James Meza, MD, MSA
Saeed Tarokh, MD
Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich
While lifestyle interventions are clearly efficacious, clinicians will need appropriate resources to help patients exercise and maintain weight loss if they are to achieve similar results. This Clinical Inquiry helps practitioners realize that diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity probably constitute a spectrum disorder and that we should treat all of these patients more aggressively. This is particularly true considering the epidemic proportion of obesity in the United States. Physicians’ attitudes towards obese patients might be a barrier to effective care. It is important for clinicians to realize that monitoring hemoglobin A1c levels is not recommended for IGT and IFG. Putting evidence into practice will mean that physicians need to be aware of the efficacy of both lifestyle and medical interventions in IGT and IFG.
1. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
2. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-1350.
3. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-2077.
4. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes 2002;51:2796-2803.
5. American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Diabetes. Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:742-749.
6. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:212-214.
7. American Diabetes Association. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S11-S14.
8. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S5-S10.
9. Davies MJ, Tringham JR, Troughton J, Khunti KK. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review of the evidence and its application in a UK setting. Diabetic Medicine 2004;403-414.
The best treatment strategy for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is lifestyle intervention with a structured weight loss program of diet and exercise (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, based on high-quality randomized controlled trials [RCTs] for disease-oriented outcomes). Patients with IGT and IFG should be counseled to lose 5% to 7% of their body weight and instructed on moderate intensity physical activity for ~150 minutes per week.
Metformin (Glucophage), acarbose (Precose), and troglitazone (Rezulin) are also effective, but lifestyle interventions appear superior ( TABLE ) (SOR: B, based on single high quality randomized controlled trials). The American Diabetes Association defines IFG as a fasting glucose of between 100 and 125 mg/dL, and IGT as glucose between 140 and 199 mg/dL after a 2-hour oral glucose challenge.
Adults with IGT or IFG should have laboratory screening for diabetes every 1 to 2 years (SOR: C, based on expert opinion), using the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) as a screening test (SOR: C, based on expert opinion). For individuals whose FPG exceeds 125 mg/dL, oral glucose tolerance testing is considered superior to glycohemoglobin testing for ruling out progression to diabetes (SOR: C, based on expert opinion).
Evidence Summary
Both IGT and IFG are associated with a significant risk of developing diabetes and its associated cardiovascular comorbidities; thus, the primary goal for treatment is to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. Recent well-designed studies have demonstrated benefits of lifestyle interventions for patients with IGT.
In the US Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 3234 patients with IGT and a body-mass index (BMI) of at least 24 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: placebo, metformin, or intensive lifestyle modification. After an average follow-up of 2.8 years, there was a 14% absolute risk reduction in the progression to diabetes in the lifestyle intervention group compared with placebo (number needed to treat [NNT]=7).1 In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, the lifestyle intervention group had a 12.5% absolute risk reduction compared with the control group (NNT=8).2 Successful lifestyle interventions in these studies included weight loss of 5% to 7%, decreased fat intake, increased fiber intake, and 150 minutes of exercise per week.1-2
Drug therapy with metformin, acarbose, and troglitazone has also been successful in preventing or delaying diabetes in people with IGT.1,3,4 In the placebo-controlled DPP trial, metformin use was associated with a reduction in progression to diabetes mellitus (NNT=14).1 In the STOP-NIDDM trial of 1429 persons over 3.3 years of follow-up, acarbose 100 mg 3 times daily resulted in a 9% reduction of progression to diabetes, compared with placebo (NNT=11).3
In the TRIPOD study, troglitazone use was associated with a 17% absolute risk reduction in the incidence of diabetes in high-risk Hispanic women (NNT=6 over an average of 30 months).4 The preventive effect of the drug was maintained more than 8 months after troglitazone therapy was discontinued (due to withdrawal from the US market). Current trials with other thiazolidinediones are underway.
TABLE
Comparison of major lifestyle and pharmacologic trials in IGT and IFG
| INTERVENTION | RELATIVE RISK REDUCTION IN INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITIS (95% CI) | NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT | ABSOLUTE RISK REDUCTION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle1 | 58% (48%–66%) | 7 | 14% |
| Lifestyle2 | 58% (hazard ratio 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3%–0.7%) | 8 | 12.5% |
| Metformin 850 mg twice daily (Glucophage)1 | 31% (17%–43%) | 14 | 7% |
| Acarbose 100 mg three times daily (Precose)3 | 25% (10%–37%) | 11 | 9% |
| Troglitazone 400 mg daily4 (Rezulin [withdrawn]) | 56% (17%–75%) | 6 | 16.7% |
| NNT, number needed to treat; ARR, absolute risk reduction. | |||
| Adapted from Davies et al, Diabetic Medicine 2004.9 | |||
Recommendations from others
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends counseling on weight loss and instructing on increased physical activity in people with IGT.5 The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends intensive programs of lifestyle modification (diet, exercise, and behavior) for patients who have pre-diabetes.6
The ADA recommends regular monitoring (every 1 to 2 years) for the development of diabetes in people with prediabetes, and prefers FPG to screen for diabetes since it is faster, cost-effective, and more reproducible than the more sensitive 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test.5,7 The ADA also recommends that if the FPG is <126 mg/dL and there is a high suspicion for diabetes, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test should be performed.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is not recommended as a screening tool, because individuals with IFG or IGT may have normal or near-normal HbA1C levels; these individuals often manifest hyperglycemia only when challenged with the oral glucose load use in the standardized oral glucose tolerance test.8
Lifestyle modification clearly works; medication may have a role as well
James Meza, MD, MSA
Saeed Tarokh, MD
Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich
While lifestyle interventions are clearly efficacious, clinicians will need appropriate resources to help patients exercise and maintain weight loss if they are to achieve similar results. This Clinical Inquiry helps practitioners realize that diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity probably constitute a spectrum disorder and that we should treat all of these patients more aggressively. This is particularly true considering the epidemic proportion of obesity in the United States. Physicians’ attitudes towards obese patients might be a barrier to effective care. It is important for clinicians to realize that monitoring hemoglobin A1c levels is not recommended for IGT and IFG. Putting evidence into practice will mean that physicians need to be aware of the efficacy of both lifestyle and medical interventions in IGT and IFG.
The best treatment strategy for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is lifestyle intervention with a structured weight loss program of diet and exercise (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, based on high-quality randomized controlled trials [RCTs] for disease-oriented outcomes). Patients with IGT and IFG should be counseled to lose 5% to 7% of their body weight and instructed on moderate intensity physical activity for ~150 minutes per week.
Metformin (Glucophage), acarbose (Precose), and troglitazone (Rezulin) are also effective, but lifestyle interventions appear superior ( TABLE ) (SOR: B, based on single high quality randomized controlled trials). The American Diabetes Association defines IFG as a fasting glucose of between 100 and 125 mg/dL, and IGT as glucose between 140 and 199 mg/dL after a 2-hour oral glucose challenge.
Adults with IGT or IFG should have laboratory screening for diabetes every 1 to 2 years (SOR: C, based on expert opinion), using the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) as a screening test (SOR: C, based on expert opinion). For individuals whose FPG exceeds 125 mg/dL, oral glucose tolerance testing is considered superior to glycohemoglobin testing for ruling out progression to diabetes (SOR: C, based on expert opinion).
Evidence Summary
Both IGT and IFG are associated with a significant risk of developing diabetes and its associated cardiovascular comorbidities; thus, the primary goal for treatment is to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. Recent well-designed studies have demonstrated benefits of lifestyle interventions for patients with IGT.
In the US Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 3234 patients with IGT and a body-mass index (BMI) of at least 24 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: placebo, metformin, or intensive lifestyle modification. After an average follow-up of 2.8 years, there was a 14% absolute risk reduction in the progression to diabetes in the lifestyle intervention group compared with placebo (number needed to treat [NNT]=7).1 In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, the lifestyle intervention group had a 12.5% absolute risk reduction compared with the control group (NNT=8).2 Successful lifestyle interventions in these studies included weight loss of 5% to 7%, decreased fat intake, increased fiber intake, and 150 minutes of exercise per week.1-2
Drug therapy with metformin, acarbose, and troglitazone has also been successful in preventing or delaying diabetes in people with IGT.1,3,4 In the placebo-controlled DPP trial, metformin use was associated with a reduction in progression to diabetes mellitus (NNT=14).1 In the STOP-NIDDM trial of 1429 persons over 3.3 years of follow-up, acarbose 100 mg 3 times daily resulted in a 9% reduction of progression to diabetes, compared with placebo (NNT=11).3
In the TRIPOD study, troglitazone use was associated with a 17% absolute risk reduction in the incidence of diabetes in high-risk Hispanic women (NNT=6 over an average of 30 months).4 The preventive effect of the drug was maintained more than 8 months after troglitazone therapy was discontinued (due to withdrawal from the US market). Current trials with other thiazolidinediones are underway.
TABLE
Comparison of major lifestyle and pharmacologic trials in IGT and IFG
| INTERVENTION | RELATIVE RISK REDUCTION IN INCIDENCE OF DIABETES MELLITIS (95% CI) | NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT | ABSOLUTE RISK REDUCTION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle1 | 58% (48%–66%) | 7 | 14% |
| Lifestyle2 | 58% (hazard ratio 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3%–0.7%) | 8 | 12.5% |
| Metformin 850 mg twice daily (Glucophage)1 | 31% (17%–43%) | 14 | 7% |
| Acarbose 100 mg three times daily (Precose)3 | 25% (10%–37%) | 11 | 9% |
| Troglitazone 400 mg daily4 (Rezulin [withdrawn]) | 56% (17%–75%) | 6 | 16.7% |
| NNT, number needed to treat; ARR, absolute risk reduction. | |||
| Adapted from Davies et al, Diabetic Medicine 2004.9 | |||
Recommendations from others
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends counseling on weight loss and instructing on increased physical activity in people with IGT.5 The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends intensive programs of lifestyle modification (diet, exercise, and behavior) for patients who have pre-diabetes.6
The ADA recommends regular monitoring (every 1 to 2 years) for the development of diabetes in people with prediabetes, and prefers FPG to screen for diabetes since it is faster, cost-effective, and more reproducible than the more sensitive 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test.5,7 The ADA also recommends that if the FPG is <126 mg/dL and there is a high suspicion for diabetes, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test should be performed.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is not recommended as a screening tool, because individuals with IFG or IGT may have normal or near-normal HbA1C levels; these individuals often manifest hyperglycemia only when challenged with the oral glucose load use in the standardized oral glucose tolerance test.8
Lifestyle modification clearly works; medication may have a role as well
James Meza, MD, MSA
Saeed Tarokh, MD
Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich
While lifestyle interventions are clearly efficacious, clinicians will need appropriate resources to help patients exercise and maintain weight loss if they are to achieve similar results. This Clinical Inquiry helps practitioners realize that diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity probably constitute a spectrum disorder and that we should treat all of these patients more aggressively. This is particularly true considering the epidemic proportion of obesity in the United States. Physicians’ attitudes towards obese patients might be a barrier to effective care. It is important for clinicians to realize that monitoring hemoglobin A1c levels is not recommended for IGT and IFG. Putting evidence into practice will mean that physicians need to be aware of the efficacy of both lifestyle and medical interventions in IGT and IFG.
1. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
2. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-1350.
3. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-2077.
4. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes 2002;51:2796-2803.
5. American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Diabetes. Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:742-749.
6. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:212-214.
7. American Diabetes Association. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S11-S14.
8. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S5-S10.
9. Davies MJ, Tringham JR, Troughton J, Khunti KK. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review of the evidence and its application in a UK setting. Diabetic Medicine 2004;403-414.
1. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403.
2. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-1350.
3. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-2077.
4. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes 2002;51:2796-2803.
5. American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Diabetes. Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:742-749.
6. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:212-214.
7. American Diabetes Association. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S11-S14.
8. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27 Suppl 1:S5-S10.
9. Davies MJ, Tringham JR, Troughton J, Khunti KK. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review of the evidence and its application in a UK setting. Diabetic Medicine 2004;403-414.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network