Commentary: Early Breast Cancer Treatment Strategies and Acupuncture, January 2023

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Wed, 01/18/2023 - 10:01

Dr. Roesch scans the journals, so you don't have to!

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The most commonly used chemotherapy regimens for early-stage breast cancer incorporate anthracycline and taxane agents. The phase 3 GIM2 study randomly assigned 2091 patients with early breast cancer and lymph node involvement to standard-interval epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (EC-P; every 3 weeks), standard-interval fluorouracil + EC-P (FEC-P), dose-dense EC-P, or dose-dense FEC-P (Del Mastro et al). Long-term follow-up of this study (median 15.1 years) showed that the addition of fluorouracil did not improve disease-free survival (DFS) (17.09 years vs not reached [NR] for FEC-P and EC-P groups, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, log-rank P = .11), whereas dose-dense regimen did improve DFS (NR vs 16.52 years for dose-dense and standard-interval groups, respectively; HR 0.77, P = .0004). Since the GIM2 trial began nearly two decades ago, planned analyses were not carried out in regard to breast cancer phenotype (hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-positive, triple-negative). An ancillary analysis of the GIM2 study in the hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative population demonstrated consistent DFS improvement with dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy with varying degrees of benefit, based on additional clinicopathologic features, such as tumor size, lymph involvement, and Ki-67 value.¹ The results from GIM2 provide support for a dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy schedule for early-stage node-positive breast cancer and show that fluorouracil should not be added to EC-P as it does not improve outcomes at the expense of increased toxicity. The impact of breast cancer subtype and other modern adjuvant therapies (endocrine, HER2-targeted agents) warrants further investigation.

The risk for disease recurrence, and specifically distant relapse, for women with high-risk early breast cancer highlights the need for novel therapies in this population.^2,3 The phase 3 randomized monarchE trial investigated the role of the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy vs standard endocrine therapy alone in 5637 patients with high-risk (≥ 4 positive axillary nodes or 1-3 positive nodes and either grade 3 tumor, tumor size ≥ 5 cm or Ki-67 ≥ 20%) hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer. At a median follow-up of 42 months, the median invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) benefit was sustained with abemaciclib + endocrine therapy vs endocrine therapy alone (HR 0.664; nominal P < .0001); the absolute 4-year iDFS benefit was 6.4% (85.8% in the abemaciclib + endocrine therapy group vs 79.4% in the endocrine therapy–alone group). Furthermore, this effect appeared to deepen over time, as the previous absolute iDFS differences were 2.8% (2 years) and 4.8% (3 years). Abemaciclib was associated with a higher rate of grade 3 or higher adverse events (49.9% vs 16.9%), the most common being neutropenia, leukopenia, and diarrhea (Johnston et al). Although adjuvant palbociclib trials (PALLAS⁴ and PENELOPE-B⁵) did not meet their primary endpoint, longer follow-up of monarchE and results from NATALEE with ribociclib are anxiously awaited to further define the role of CDK4/6 inhibitors in this space.

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are an integral component of treatment for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer for many women. However, joint pain and stiffness associated with these agents can affect compliance. Various management strategies, including trials of alternative AI or endocrine therapies and pharmacologic (duloxetine) and non-pharmacologic (acupuncture,⁶ exercise) modalities, have been investigated. A randomized trial including 226 women with early-stage breast cancer receiving AI therapy with baseline joint pain (Brief Pain Inventory Worst Pain [BPI-WP] item score of ≥ 3) evaluated whether true acupuncture (TA) provided a sustained reduction in pain symptoms compared with sham acupuncture (SA) or waiting-list control (WC). Acupuncture protocols consisted of 6 weeks of intervention (2 sessions per week) followed by 1 session per week for another 6 weeks. At 52 weeks, mean BPI-WP scores were 1.08 points lower in the TA group compared with the SA group (P = .01) and were 0.99 points lower in the TA group compared with the WC group (P = .03) (Hershman et al). These data support consideration of acupuncture as a mechanism to help maintain patients on aromatase inhibitors, particularly for patients who wish to avoid or have not received benefit from pharmacologic therapy.

Additional References

Puglisi F, Gerratana L, Lambertini M, et al. Composite risk and benefit from adjuvant dose-dense chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2021;7:82. Doi: 10.1038/s41523-021-00286-w
Salvo EM, Ramirez AO, Cueto J, et al. Risk of recurrence among patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2021;57:5-17. Doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2021.02.009
Sheffield KM, Peachey JR, Method M, et al. A real-world US study of recurrence risks using combined clinicopathological features in HR-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer. Future Oncol.2022;18:2667-2682. Doi: 10.2217/fon-2022-0310
Mayer EL, Dueck AC, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib with adjuvant endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (PALLAS): Interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):212-222. Doi: Loibl S, Marmé F, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib for residual high-risk invasive HR-positive and HER2-negative early breast cancer-The Penelope-B trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(14):1518-1530. Doi: Liu X, Lu J, Wang G, et al. Acupuncture for arthralgia induced by aromatase inhibitors in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2021;20:1534735420980811. Doi: 10.1177/1534735420980811

Author and Disclosure Information

Erin E. Roesch, MD, Associate Staff, Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Erin E. Roesch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Puma Biotechnology

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Erin Roesch, MD

Author(s)

Erin Roesch, MD

Author and Disclosure Information

Erin E. Roesch, MD, Associate Staff, Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Erin E. Roesch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Puma Biotechnology

Author and Disclosure Information

Erin E. Roesch, MD, Associate Staff, Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Erin E. Roesch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Puma Biotechnology

Dr. Roesch scans the journals, so you don't have to!

The most commonly used chemotherapy regimens for early-stage breast cancer incorporate anthracycline and taxane agents. The phase 3 GIM2 study randomly assigned 2091 patients with early breast cancer and lymph node involvement to standard-interval epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (EC-P; every 3 weeks), standard-interval fluorouracil + EC-P (FEC-P), dose-dense EC-P, or dose-dense FEC-P (Del Mastro et al). Long-term follow-up of this study (median 15.1 years) showed that the addition of fluorouracil did not improve disease-free survival (DFS) (17.09 years vs not reached [NR] for FEC-P and EC-P groups, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, log-rank P = .11), whereas dose-dense regimen did improve DFS (NR vs 16.52 years for dose-dense and standard-interval groups, respectively; HR 0.77, P = .0004). Since the GIM2 trial began nearly two decades ago, planned analyses were not carried out in regard to breast cancer phenotype (hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-positive, triple-negative). An ancillary analysis of the GIM2 study in the hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative population demonstrated consistent DFS improvement with dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy with varying degrees of benefit, based on additional clinicopathologic features, such as tumor size, lymph involvement, and Ki-67 value.¹ The results from GIM2 provide support for a dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy schedule for early-stage node-positive breast cancer and show that fluorouracil should not be added to EC-P as it does not improve outcomes at the expense of increased toxicity. The impact of breast cancer subtype and other modern adjuvant therapies (endocrine, HER2-targeted agents) warrants further investigation.

The risk for disease recurrence, and specifically distant relapse, for women with high-risk early breast cancer highlights the need for novel therapies in this population.^2,3 The phase 3 randomized monarchE trial investigated the role of the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy vs standard endocrine therapy alone in 5637 patients with high-risk (≥ 4 positive axillary nodes or 1-3 positive nodes and either grade 3 tumor, tumor size ≥ 5 cm or Ki-67 ≥ 20%) hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer. At a median follow-up of 42 months, the median invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) benefit was sustained with abemaciclib + endocrine therapy vs endocrine therapy alone (HR 0.664; nominal P < .0001); the absolute 4-year iDFS benefit was 6.4% (85.8% in the abemaciclib + endocrine therapy group vs 79.4% in the endocrine therapy–alone group). Furthermore, this effect appeared to deepen over time, as the previous absolute iDFS differences were 2.8% (2 years) and 4.8% (3 years). Abemaciclib was associated with a higher rate of grade 3 or higher adverse events (49.9% vs 16.9%), the most common being neutropenia, leukopenia, and diarrhea (Johnston et al). Although adjuvant palbociclib trials (PALLAS⁴ and PENELOPE-B⁵) did not meet their primary endpoint, longer follow-up of monarchE and results from NATALEE with ribociclib are anxiously awaited to further define the role of CDK4/6 inhibitors in this space.

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are an integral component of treatment for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer for many women. However, joint pain and stiffness associated with these agents can affect compliance. Various management strategies, including trials of alternative AI or endocrine therapies and pharmacologic (duloxetine) and non-pharmacologic (acupuncture,⁶ exercise) modalities, have been investigated. A randomized trial including 226 women with early-stage breast cancer receiving AI therapy with baseline joint pain (Brief Pain Inventory Worst Pain [BPI-WP] item score of ≥ 3) evaluated whether true acupuncture (TA) provided a sustained reduction in pain symptoms compared with sham acupuncture (SA) or waiting-list control (WC). Acupuncture protocols consisted of 6 weeks of intervention (2 sessions per week) followed by 1 session per week for another 6 weeks. At 52 weeks, mean BPI-WP scores were 1.08 points lower in the TA group compared with the SA group (P = .01) and were 0.99 points lower in the TA group compared with the WC group (P = .03) (Hershman et al). These data support consideration of acupuncture as a mechanism to help maintain patients on aromatase inhibitors, particularly for patients who wish to avoid or have not received benefit from pharmacologic therapy.

Additional References

Puglisi F, Gerratana L, Lambertini M, et al. Composite risk and benefit from adjuvant dose-dense chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2021;7:82. Doi: 10.1038/s41523-021-00286-w
Salvo EM, Ramirez AO, Cueto J, et al. Risk of recurrence among patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2021;57:5-17. Doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2021.02.009
Sheffield KM, Peachey JR, Method M, et al. A real-world US study of recurrence risks using combined clinicopathological features in HR-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer. Future Oncol.2022;18:2667-2682. Doi: 10.2217/fon-2022-0310
Mayer EL, Dueck AC, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib with adjuvant endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (PALLAS): Interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):212-222. Doi: Loibl S, Marmé F, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib for residual high-risk invasive HR-positive and HER2-negative early breast cancer-The Penelope-B trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(14):1518-1530. Doi: Liu X, Lu J, Wang G, et al. Acupuncture for arthralgia induced by aromatase inhibitors in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2021;20:1534735420980811. Doi: 10.1177/1534735420980811

The most commonly used chemotherapy regimens for early-stage breast cancer incorporate anthracycline and taxane agents. The phase 3 GIM2 study randomly assigned 2091 patients with early breast cancer and lymph node involvement to standard-interval epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (EC-P; every 3 weeks), standard-interval fluorouracil + EC-P (FEC-P), dose-dense EC-P, or dose-dense FEC-P (Del Mastro et al). Long-term follow-up of this study (median 15.1 years) showed that the addition of fluorouracil did not improve disease-free survival (DFS) (17.09 years vs not reached [NR] for FEC-P and EC-P groups, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, log-rank P = .11), whereas dose-dense regimen did improve DFS (NR vs 16.52 years for dose-dense and standard-interval groups, respectively; HR 0.77, P = .0004). Since the GIM2 trial began nearly two decades ago, planned analyses were not carried out in regard to breast cancer phenotype (hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-positive, triple-negative). An ancillary analysis of the GIM2 study in the hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative population demonstrated consistent DFS improvement with dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy with varying degrees of benefit, based on additional clinicopathologic features, such as tumor size, lymph involvement, and Ki-67 value.¹ The results from GIM2 provide support for a dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy schedule for early-stage node-positive breast cancer and show that fluorouracil should not be added to EC-P as it does not improve outcomes at the expense of increased toxicity. The impact of breast cancer subtype and other modern adjuvant therapies (endocrine, HER2-targeted agents) warrants further investigation.

The risk for disease recurrence, and specifically distant relapse, for women with high-risk early breast cancer highlights the need for novel therapies in this population.^2,3 The phase 3 randomized monarchE trial investigated the role of the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy vs standard endocrine therapy alone in 5637 patients with high-risk (≥ 4 positive axillary nodes or 1-3 positive nodes and either grade 3 tumor, tumor size ≥ 5 cm or Ki-67 ≥ 20%) hormone receptor–positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer. At a median follow-up of 42 months, the median invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) benefit was sustained with abemaciclib + endocrine therapy vs endocrine therapy alone (HR 0.664; nominal P < .0001); the absolute 4-year iDFS benefit was 6.4% (85.8% in the abemaciclib + endocrine therapy group vs 79.4% in the endocrine therapy–alone group). Furthermore, this effect appeared to deepen over time, as the previous absolute iDFS differences were 2.8% (2 years) and 4.8% (3 years). Abemaciclib was associated with a higher rate of grade 3 or higher adverse events (49.9% vs 16.9%), the most common being neutropenia, leukopenia, and diarrhea (Johnston et al). Although adjuvant palbociclib trials (PALLAS⁴ and PENELOPE-B⁵) did not meet their primary endpoint, longer follow-up of monarchE and results from NATALEE with ribociclib are anxiously awaited to further define the role of CDK4/6 inhibitors in this space.

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are an integral component of treatment for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer for many women. However, joint pain and stiffness associated with these agents can affect compliance. Various management strategies, including trials of alternative AI or endocrine therapies and pharmacologic (duloxetine) and non-pharmacologic (acupuncture,⁶ exercise) modalities, have been investigated. A randomized trial including 226 women with early-stage breast cancer receiving AI therapy with baseline joint pain (Brief Pain Inventory Worst Pain [BPI-WP] item score of ≥ 3) evaluated whether true acupuncture (TA) provided a sustained reduction in pain symptoms compared with sham acupuncture (SA) or waiting-list control (WC). Acupuncture protocols consisted of 6 weeks of intervention (2 sessions per week) followed by 1 session per week for another 6 weeks. At 52 weeks, mean BPI-WP scores were 1.08 points lower in the TA group compared with the SA group (P = .01) and were 0.99 points lower in the TA group compared with the WC group (P = .03) (Hershman et al). These data support consideration of acupuncture as a mechanism to help maintain patients on aromatase inhibitors, particularly for patients who wish to avoid or have not received benefit from pharmacologic therapy.

Additional References

Puglisi F, Gerratana L, Lambertini M, et al. Composite risk and benefit from adjuvant dose-dense chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2021;7:82. Doi: 10.1038/s41523-021-00286-w
Salvo EM, Ramirez AO, Cueto J, et al. Risk of recurrence among patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast. 2021;57:5-17. Doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2021.02.009
Sheffield KM, Peachey JR, Method M, et al. A real-world US study of recurrence risks using combined clinicopathological features in HR-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer. Future Oncol.2022;18:2667-2682. Doi: 10.2217/fon-2022-0310
Mayer EL, Dueck AC, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib with adjuvant endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (PALLAS): Interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):212-222. Doi: Loibl S, Marmé F, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib for residual high-risk invasive HR-positive and HER2-negative early breast cancer-The Penelope-B trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(14):1518-1530. Doi: Liu X, Lu J, Wang G, et al. Acupuncture for arthralgia induced by aromatase inhibitors in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2021;20:1534735420980811. Doi: 10.1177/1534735420980811