User login
A 26-year-old G1P0 at 40w1d presents in spontaneous labor and is dilated to 4 cm. The patient reached complete cervical dilation after artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin augmentation. After four hours of pushing, there has been minimal descent of the fetal vertex beyond +1 station with significant caput succedaneum. Her physician decides to proceed with cesarean delivery.2,3 What antibiotics should be administered prior to incision to reduce postoperative infection?
The CDC reports that nearly 1.3 million cesarean deliveries were performed in the United States in 2015, which represents about a third of all births.4 C-section is the most common major surgical procedure performed in this country and is associated with an infection rate five to 10 times that of vaginal delivery.5,6 Pregnancy-associated infection, particularly during delivery, is a significant risk and the fourth most common cause of maternal death in the United States.5
The current standard of care in cesarean delivery is antibiotic prophylaxis (often a first-generation cephalosporin) prior to skin incision.7 The majority of c-sections performed are nonelective, and of these, postoperative infections occur in 12% of women who receive standard prophylaxis.8,9 A small, single-center design trial suggested that azithromycin adjunctive therapy expands antibiotic coverage to Ureaplasma species, resulting in a lower risk for postoperative infection.10
This study evaluated the use of azithromycin adjunctive therapy, in addition to standard antibiotic prophylaxis, to reduce the risk for postoperative infections in women receiving nonelective c-sections.
STUDY SUMMARY
Reduced infections up to 6 weeks post–c-section
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial conducted in 14 hospitals in the United States evaluated the effect of a one-time dose of azithromycin (500 mg IV) on postcesarean infections. Women with a singleton pregnancy of at least 24 weeks’ gestation were eligible for inclusion if they required nonelective cesarean delivery during labor or at least four hours after membrane rupture. Patients were excluded if they had a known azithromycin allergy, subsequent vaginal delivery, azithromycin use within the week prior to randomization, extensive hepatic or renal dysfunction, a known history of prolonged QT interval, or substantial electrolyte abnormalities. Patients were eligible even if they were receiving other antibiotics for a positive group B Streptococcus screening.1
All patients (N = 2,013) were treated with standard antibiotic prophylaxis (most often cefazolin), according to individual institution protocols. The women were randomized to receive either an azithromycin 500 mg/250 mL IV infusion (n = 1,019) or an identical placebo IV infusion (n = 994) within one hour of the procedure. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of endometritis, wound infection, or other infections occurring up to six weeks after the c-section. Secondary outcomes included neonatal death, sepsis, and other neonatal and maternal complications.1
Patients in the placebo group had a higher rate of smoking during pregnancy; the researchers found no other significant differences.1
Results. The primary composite outcome occurred less frequently in the azithromycin group than in the placebo group (6.1% vs 12.0%; relative risk [RR], 0.51; number needed to treat [NNT], 17). When the researchers looked at the individual elements of the primary composite outcome, two had significant reductions versus placebo. Endometritis (3.8% vs 6.1%; RR, 0.62; NNT, 43) and wound infections (2.4% vs 6.6%; RR, 0.35; NNT, 24) occurred significantly less frequently, but there was no difference for other infections (0.3% vs 0.6%; RR, 0.49).
Serious maternal adverse events were also lower in the treatment group than in the control group (1.5% vs 2.9%; RR, 0.5; NNT, 71). There was no difference in composite secondary neonatal outcomes, including death and serious complications (14.3% vs 13.6%; RR, 1.05).1
WHAT’S NEW
Fewer infections without more adverse events
This study showed that adding azithromycin to standard antibiotic prophylaxis within one hour of a c-section reduces post–cesarean delivery infection rates without increasing the risk for maternal or neonatal adverse events.
CAVEATS
Caution with prolonged QT
While azithromycin was efficacious and well tolerated in the study, not every patient can take it. Patients with a previous drug reaction or allergy should avoid it, and experts advise prescribing it with caution for patients who have (or are at increased risk for) a prolonged QT interval, including those on other QT-prolonging medications.
Of note, women with scheduled c-sections and those with chorioamnionitis or another infection requiring postpartum antibiotics were excluded from this study. Thus, it is unknown if azithromycin use decreases complications in these patients.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Drug availability is key
Nonelective c-sections are performed based on many factors, including a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. In many of these cases, speed of cesarean delivery may mean the difference between positive and negative outcomes. Availability of azithromycin on labor and delivery floors for timely administration within one hour of the procedure is important.
Additionally, azithromycin has known QT prolongation risks.11 While the baseline QT interval is not known for many healthy young women, this should be considered when azithromycin is utilized in combination with other medications that may prolong the QT interval.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center For Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
Copyright © 2017. The Family Physicians Inquiries Network. All rights reserved.
Reprinted with permission from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network and The Journal of Family Practice (2017;66[12]:762-764).
1. Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, et al. Adjunctive azithromycin prophylaxis for cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1231-1241.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:693-711.
3. Rouse DJ, Weiner SJ, Bloom SL, et al. Second-stage labor duration in nulliparous women: relationship to maternal and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(4):357.e1-e7.
4. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. Births—Method of Delivery. www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/delivery.htm. Accessed December 1, 2017.
5. Perencevich EN, Sands KE, Cosgrove SE, et al. Health and economic impact of surgical site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:196-203.
6. DeFrances CJ, Cullen KA, Kozak LJ. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2005 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. Vital Health Stat 13. 2007;(165):1-209.
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 120: use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:1472-1483.
8. Thigpen BD, Hood WA, Chauhan S, et al. Timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration in the uninfected laboring gravida: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 192:1864-1868.
9. Costantine MM, Rahman M, Ghulmiyah L, et al. Timing of perioperative antibiotics for cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:301.e1-e6.
10. Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, et al. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1183-1189.
11. Howard PA. Azithromycin-induced proarrhythmia and cardiovascular death. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:1547-1551.
A 26-year-old G1P0 at 40w1d presents in spontaneous labor and is dilated to 4 cm. The patient reached complete cervical dilation after artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin augmentation. After four hours of pushing, there has been minimal descent of the fetal vertex beyond +1 station with significant caput succedaneum. Her physician decides to proceed with cesarean delivery.2,3 What antibiotics should be administered prior to incision to reduce postoperative infection?
The CDC reports that nearly 1.3 million cesarean deliveries were performed in the United States in 2015, which represents about a third of all births.4 C-section is the most common major surgical procedure performed in this country and is associated with an infection rate five to 10 times that of vaginal delivery.5,6 Pregnancy-associated infection, particularly during delivery, is a significant risk and the fourth most common cause of maternal death in the United States.5
The current standard of care in cesarean delivery is antibiotic prophylaxis (often a first-generation cephalosporin) prior to skin incision.7 The majority of c-sections performed are nonelective, and of these, postoperative infections occur in 12% of women who receive standard prophylaxis.8,9 A small, single-center design trial suggested that azithromycin adjunctive therapy expands antibiotic coverage to Ureaplasma species, resulting in a lower risk for postoperative infection.10
This study evaluated the use of azithromycin adjunctive therapy, in addition to standard antibiotic prophylaxis, to reduce the risk for postoperative infections in women receiving nonelective c-sections.
STUDY SUMMARY
Reduced infections up to 6 weeks post–c-section
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial conducted in 14 hospitals in the United States evaluated the effect of a one-time dose of azithromycin (500 mg IV) on postcesarean infections. Women with a singleton pregnancy of at least 24 weeks’ gestation were eligible for inclusion if they required nonelective cesarean delivery during labor or at least four hours after membrane rupture. Patients were excluded if they had a known azithromycin allergy, subsequent vaginal delivery, azithromycin use within the week prior to randomization, extensive hepatic or renal dysfunction, a known history of prolonged QT interval, or substantial electrolyte abnormalities. Patients were eligible even if they were receiving other antibiotics for a positive group B Streptococcus screening.1
All patients (N = 2,013) were treated with standard antibiotic prophylaxis (most often cefazolin), according to individual institution protocols. The women were randomized to receive either an azithromycin 500 mg/250 mL IV infusion (n = 1,019) or an identical placebo IV infusion (n = 994) within one hour of the procedure. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of endometritis, wound infection, or other infections occurring up to six weeks after the c-section. Secondary outcomes included neonatal death, sepsis, and other neonatal and maternal complications.1
Patients in the placebo group had a higher rate of smoking during pregnancy; the researchers found no other significant differences.1
Results. The primary composite outcome occurred less frequently in the azithromycin group than in the placebo group (6.1% vs 12.0%; relative risk [RR], 0.51; number needed to treat [NNT], 17). When the researchers looked at the individual elements of the primary composite outcome, two had significant reductions versus placebo. Endometritis (3.8% vs 6.1%; RR, 0.62; NNT, 43) and wound infections (2.4% vs 6.6%; RR, 0.35; NNT, 24) occurred significantly less frequently, but there was no difference for other infections (0.3% vs 0.6%; RR, 0.49).
Serious maternal adverse events were also lower in the treatment group than in the control group (1.5% vs 2.9%; RR, 0.5; NNT, 71). There was no difference in composite secondary neonatal outcomes, including death and serious complications (14.3% vs 13.6%; RR, 1.05).1
WHAT’S NEW
Fewer infections without more adverse events
This study showed that adding azithromycin to standard antibiotic prophylaxis within one hour of a c-section reduces post–cesarean delivery infection rates without increasing the risk for maternal or neonatal adverse events.
CAVEATS
Caution with prolonged QT
While azithromycin was efficacious and well tolerated in the study, not every patient can take it. Patients with a previous drug reaction or allergy should avoid it, and experts advise prescribing it with caution for patients who have (or are at increased risk for) a prolonged QT interval, including those on other QT-prolonging medications.
Of note, women with scheduled c-sections and those with chorioamnionitis or another infection requiring postpartum antibiotics were excluded from this study. Thus, it is unknown if azithromycin use decreases complications in these patients.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Drug availability is key
Nonelective c-sections are performed based on many factors, including a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. In many of these cases, speed of cesarean delivery may mean the difference between positive and negative outcomes. Availability of azithromycin on labor and delivery floors for timely administration within one hour of the procedure is important.
Additionally, azithromycin has known QT prolongation risks.11 While the baseline QT interval is not known for many healthy young women, this should be considered when azithromycin is utilized in combination with other medications that may prolong the QT interval.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center For Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
Copyright © 2017. The Family Physicians Inquiries Network. All rights reserved.
Reprinted with permission from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network and The Journal of Family Practice (2017;66[12]:762-764).
A 26-year-old G1P0 at 40w1d presents in spontaneous labor and is dilated to 4 cm. The patient reached complete cervical dilation after artificial rupture of membranes and oxytocin augmentation. After four hours of pushing, there has been minimal descent of the fetal vertex beyond +1 station with significant caput succedaneum. Her physician decides to proceed with cesarean delivery.2,3 What antibiotics should be administered prior to incision to reduce postoperative infection?
The CDC reports that nearly 1.3 million cesarean deliveries were performed in the United States in 2015, which represents about a third of all births.4 C-section is the most common major surgical procedure performed in this country and is associated with an infection rate five to 10 times that of vaginal delivery.5,6 Pregnancy-associated infection, particularly during delivery, is a significant risk and the fourth most common cause of maternal death in the United States.5
The current standard of care in cesarean delivery is antibiotic prophylaxis (often a first-generation cephalosporin) prior to skin incision.7 The majority of c-sections performed are nonelective, and of these, postoperative infections occur in 12% of women who receive standard prophylaxis.8,9 A small, single-center design trial suggested that azithromycin adjunctive therapy expands antibiotic coverage to Ureaplasma species, resulting in a lower risk for postoperative infection.10
This study evaluated the use of azithromycin adjunctive therapy, in addition to standard antibiotic prophylaxis, to reduce the risk for postoperative infections in women receiving nonelective c-sections.
STUDY SUMMARY
Reduced infections up to 6 weeks post–c-section
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial conducted in 14 hospitals in the United States evaluated the effect of a one-time dose of azithromycin (500 mg IV) on postcesarean infections. Women with a singleton pregnancy of at least 24 weeks’ gestation were eligible for inclusion if they required nonelective cesarean delivery during labor or at least four hours after membrane rupture. Patients were excluded if they had a known azithromycin allergy, subsequent vaginal delivery, azithromycin use within the week prior to randomization, extensive hepatic or renal dysfunction, a known history of prolonged QT interval, or substantial electrolyte abnormalities. Patients were eligible even if they were receiving other antibiotics for a positive group B Streptococcus screening.1
All patients (N = 2,013) were treated with standard antibiotic prophylaxis (most often cefazolin), according to individual institution protocols. The women were randomized to receive either an azithromycin 500 mg/250 mL IV infusion (n = 1,019) or an identical placebo IV infusion (n = 994) within one hour of the procedure. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of endometritis, wound infection, or other infections occurring up to six weeks after the c-section. Secondary outcomes included neonatal death, sepsis, and other neonatal and maternal complications.1
Patients in the placebo group had a higher rate of smoking during pregnancy; the researchers found no other significant differences.1
Results. The primary composite outcome occurred less frequently in the azithromycin group than in the placebo group (6.1% vs 12.0%; relative risk [RR], 0.51; number needed to treat [NNT], 17). When the researchers looked at the individual elements of the primary composite outcome, two had significant reductions versus placebo. Endometritis (3.8% vs 6.1%; RR, 0.62; NNT, 43) and wound infections (2.4% vs 6.6%; RR, 0.35; NNT, 24) occurred significantly less frequently, but there was no difference for other infections (0.3% vs 0.6%; RR, 0.49).
Serious maternal adverse events were also lower in the treatment group than in the control group (1.5% vs 2.9%; RR, 0.5; NNT, 71). There was no difference in composite secondary neonatal outcomes, including death and serious complications (14.3% vs 13.6%; RR, 1.05).1
WHAT’S NEW
Fewer infections without more adverse events
This study showed that adding azithromycin to standard antibiotic prophylaxis within one hour of a c-section reduces post–cesarean delivery infection rates without increasing the risk for maternal or neonatal adverse events.
CAVEATS
Caution with prolonged QT
While azithromycin was efficacious and well tolerated in the study, not every patient can take it. Patients with a previous drug reaction or allergy should avoid it, and experts advise prescribing it with caution for patients who have (or are at increased risk for) a prolonged QT interval, including those on other QT-prolonging medications.
Of note, women with scheduled c-sections and those with chorioamnionitis or another infection requiring postpartum antibiotics were excluded from this study. Thus, it is unknown if azithromycin use decreases complications in these patients.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
Drug availability is key
Nonelective c-sections are performed based on many factors, including a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. In many of these cases, speed of cesarean delivery may mean the difference between positive and negative outcomes. Availability of azithromycin on labor and delivery floors for timely administration within one hour of the procedure is important.
Additionally, azithromycin has known QT prolongation risks.11 While the baseline QT interval is not known for many healthy young women, this should be considered when azithromycin is utilized in combination with other medications that may prolong the QT interval.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center For Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
Copyright © 2017. The Family Physicians Inquiries Network. All rights reserved.
Reprinted with permission from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network and The Journal of Family Practice (2017;66[12]:762-764).
1. Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, et al. Adjunctive azithromycin prophylaxis for cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1231-1241.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:693-711.
3. Rouse DJ, Weiner SJ, Bloom SL, et al. Second-stage labor duration in nulliparous women: relationship to maternal and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(4):357.e1-e7.
4. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. Births—Method of Delivery. www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/delivery.htm. Accessed December 1, 2017.
5. Perencevich EN, Sands KE, Cosgrove SE, et al. Health and economic impact of surgical site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:196-203.
6. DeFrances CJ, Cullen KA, Kozak LJ. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2005 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. Vital Health Stat 13. 2007;(165):1-209.
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 120: use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:1472-1483.
8. Thigpen BD, Hood WA, Chauhan S, et al. Timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration in the uninfected laboring gravida: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 192:1864-1868.
9. Costantine MM, Rahman M, Ghulmiyah L, et al. Timing of perioperative antibiotics for cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:301.e1-e6.
10. Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, et al. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1183-1189.
11. Howard PA. Azithromycin-induced proarrhythmia and cardiovascular death. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:1547-1551.
1. Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, et al. Adjunctive azithromycin prophylaxis for cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375:1231-1241.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 1. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:693-711.
3. Rouse DJ, Weiner SJ, Bloom SL, et al. Second-stage labor duration in nulliparous women: relationship to maternal and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(4):357.e1-e7.
4. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. Births—Method of Delivery. www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/delivery.htm. Accessed December 1, 2017.
5. Perencevich EN, Sands KE, Cosgrove SE, et al. Health and economic impact of surgical site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:196-203.
6. DeFrances CJ, Cullen KA, Kozak LJ. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2005 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. Vital Health Stat 13. 2007;(165):1-209.
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 120: use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:1472-1483.
8. Thigpen BD, Hood WA, Chauhan S, et al. Timing of prophylactic antibiotic administration in the uninfected laboring gravida: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 192:1864-1868.
9. Costantine MM, Rahman M, Ghulmiyah L, et al. Timing of perioperative antibiotics for cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:301.e1-e6.
10. Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, et al. Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1183-1189.
11. Howard PA. Azithromycin-induced proarrhythmia and cardiovascular death. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:1547-1551.
