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Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) is endemic to Australia and is now commercially cultivated worldwide.1 It is closely related genetically to the other macadamia plants, including the other main one, M. integrifolia, cultivated for macadamia nuts. Known in Brazil as sapucaia or castanha-de-sapucaia, Lecythis pisonis (also referred to as “cream nut” or “monkey pot”) is a large, deciduous tropical tree and member of the Brazil nut family, Lecythidaceae.2 Various parts of both of these plants have been associated with medicinal properties, including the potential for dermatologic activity. Notably, the leaves of L. pisonis have been used in traditional medicine to treat pruritus.2.
Macadamia
Extraction to Harness Antioxidant Activity
In 2015, Dailey and Vuong developed an aqueous extraction process to recover the phenolic content and antioxidant functionality from the skin waste of M. tetraphylla using response surface methodology. As an environmentally suitable solvent that is also cheap and safe, water was chosen to maximize the extraction scenario. They identified the proper conditions (90° C, a time of 20 min, and a sample-to-solvent ratio of 5 g/100 mL) to obtain sufficient phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids to render robust antioxidant function.1
Early in 2023, Somwongin et al. investigated various green extraction methods for viability in harnessing the cosmetic/cosmeceutical ingredients of M. integrifolia pericarps. Extracts were assessed for total phenolic content as well as antioxidant and anti–skin aging functions. They found that among the green extraction methods (ultrasound, micellar, microwave, and pulsed electric field extraction with water used as a clean solvent), the ultrasound-assisted extraction method netted the greatest yield and total phenolic content. It was also associated with the most robust antioxidant and anti–skin aging activities. Indeed, the researchers reported that its antioxidant activities were comparable to ascorbic acid and Trolox and its anti–skin aging potency on a par with epigallocatechin-3-gallate and oleanolic acid. The ultrasound-assisted extract was also deemed safe as it did not provoke irritation. The authors concluded that this environmentally suitable extraction method for M. integrifolia is appropriate for obtaining effective macadamia extracts for use in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.3
Anti-Aging Activity
In 2017, Addy et al. set out to characterize skin surface lipid composition and differences in an age- and sex-controlled population as a foundation for developing a botanically derived skin surface lipid mimetic agent. They noted that fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steryl esters, wax esters, and squalene are the main constituents of skin surface lipids. The investigators obtained skin surface lipid samples from the foreheads of 59 healthy 22-year-old women, analyzed them, and used the raw components of M. integrifolia, Simmondsia chinensis, and Olea europaea to engineer a mimetic product. They reported that the esterification reactions of jojoba, macadamia, and tall oils, combined with squalene derived from O. europaea, yielded an appropriate skin surface lipid mimetic, which, when applied to delipidized skin, assisted in recovering barrier function, enhancing skin hydration, and improving elasticity as well as firmness in aged skin. The researchers concluded that this skin surface lipid mimetic could serve as an effective supplement to human skin surface lipids in aged skin and for conditions in which the stratum corneum is impaired.4
Two years later, Hanum et al. compared the effects of macadamia nut oil nanocream and conventional cream for treating cutaneous aging over a 4-week period. The macadamia nut oil nanocream, which contained macadamia nut oil 10%, tween 80, propylene glycol, cetyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, and distilled water, was compared with the conventional cream based on effects on moisture, evenness, pore size, melanin, and wrinkling. The macadamia nut oil was found to yield superior anti-aging activity along each parameter as compared with the conventional cream. The researchers concluded that the macadamia nut oil in nanocream can be an effective formulation for providing benefits in addressing cutaneous aging.5
Macadamia nut oil has also been used in an anti-aging emulsion that was evaluated in a small study with 11 volunteers in 2008. Akhtar et al. prepared multiple emulsions of vitamin C and wheat protein using macadamia oil for its abundant supply of palmitoleic acid. Over 4 weeks, the emulsion was found to increase skin moisture without affecting other skin parameters, such as elasticity, erythema, melanin, pH, or sebum levels.6
Sapucaia (L. pisonis), an ornamental tree that is used for timber, produces edible, nutritious nuts that are rich in tocopherols, polyphenols, and fatty acids.7,8 In 2018, Demoliner et al. identified and characterized the phenolic substances present in sapucaia nut extract and its shell. Antioxidant activity conferred by the extract was attributed to the copious supply of catechin, epicatechin, and myricetin, as well as ellagic and ferulic acids, among the 14 phenolic constituents. The shell included 22 phenolic substances along with a significant level of condensed tannins and marked antioxidant function. The authors correlated the substantial activity imparted by the shell with its higher phenolic content, and suggested this robust source of natural antioxidants could be well suited to use in cosmetic products.9
Antifungal Activity
In 2015, Vieira et al. characterized 12 fractions enriched in peptides derived from L. pisonis seeds to determine inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. The fraction that exerted the strongest activity at 10 μg/mL, suppressing C. albicans growth by 38.5% and inducing a 69.3% loss of viability, was identified as similar to plant defensins and thus dubbed “L. pisonis defensin 1 (Lp-Def1).” The investigators concluded that Lp-Def1 acts on C. albicans by slightly elevating the induction of reactive oxygen species and causing a significant reduction in mitochondrial activity. They suggested that their findings support the use of plant defensins, particularly Lp-Def1, in the formulation of antifungal products, especially to address C. albicans.10
Pruritus
In 2012, Silva et al. studied the antipruritic impact of L. pisonis leaf extracts in mice and rats. Pretreatment with the various fractions of L. pisonis as well as constituent mixed triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids) significantly blocked scratching behavior provoked by compound 48/80. The degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells caused by compound 48/80 was also substantially decreased from pretreatment with the ethanol extract of L. pisonis, ether-L. pisonis fraction, and mixed triterpenes. The L. pisonis ether fraction suppressed edema induced by carrageenan administration and the ethanol extract displayed no toxicity up to an oral dose of 2g/kg. The investigators concluded that their results strongly support the antipruritic effects of L. pisonis leaves as well as the traditional use of the plant to treat pruritus.2
Stability for Cosmetic Creams
In 2020, Rampazzo et al. assessed the stability and cytotoxicity of a cosmetic cream containing sapucaia nut oil. All three tested concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10%) of the cream were found to be stable, with an effective preservative system, and deemed safe for use on human skin. To maintain a pH appropriate for a body cream, the formulation requires a stabilizing agent. The cream with 5% nut oil was identified as the most stable and satisfying for use on the skin.7
More recently, Hertel Pereira et al. investigated the benefits of using L. pisonis pericarp extract, known to exhibit abundant antioxidants, in an all-natural skin cream. They found that formulation instability increased proportionally with the concentration of the extract, but the use of the outer pericarp of L. pisonis was well suited for the cream formulation, with physical-chemical and organoleptic qualities unchanged after the stability test.11
Conclusion
The available literature on the medical applications of macadamia and sapucaia plants is sparse. Some recent findings are promising regarding possible uses in skin health. However, much more research is necessary before considering macadamia and sapucaia as viable sources of botanical agents capable of delivering significant cutaneous benefits.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author, and entrepreneur in Miami. She founded the division of cosmetic dermatology at the University of Miami in 1997. The third edition of her bestselling textbook, “Cosmetic Dermatology,” was published in 2022. Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, and Burt’s Bees. She is the CEO of Skin Type Solutions Inc., an SaaS company used to generate skin care routines in office and as an e-commerce solution. Write to her at [email protected].
References
1. Dailey A and Vuong QV. Antioxidants (Basel). 2015 Nov 12;4(4):699-718.
2. Silva LL et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jan 6;139(1):90-97.
3. Somwongin S et al. Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Jan;92:106266.
4. Addy J et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2017 Jan/Feb;68(1):59-67.
5. Hanum TI et al. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Nov 14;7(22):3917-3920.
6. Akhtar N and Yazan Y. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jan;21(1):45-50.
7. Rampazzo APS et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2020 Sep/Oct;71(5):239-250.
8. Rosa TLM et al. Food Res Int. 2020 Nov;137:109383.
9. Demoliner F et al. Food Res Int. 2018 Oct;112:434-442.
10. Vieira ME et al. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2015 Sep;47(9):716-729.
11. Hertel Pereira AC et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2021 Mar-Apr;72(2):155-162.
Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) is endemic to Australia and is now commercially cultivated worldwide.1 It is closely related genetically to the other macadamia plants, including the other main one, M. integrifolia, cultivated for macadamia nuts. Known in Brazil as sapucaia or castanha-de-sapucaia, Lecythis pisonis (also referred to as “cream nut” or “monkey pot”) is a large, deciduous tropical tree and member of the Brazil nut family, Lecythidaceae.2 Various parts of both of these plants have been associated with medicinal properties, including the potential for dermatologic activity. Notably, the leaves of L. pisonis have been used in traditional medicine to treat pruritus.2.
Macadamia
Extraction to Harness Antioxidant Activity
In 2015, Dailey and Vuong developed an aqueous extraction process to recover the phenolic content and antioxidant functionality from the skin waste of M. tetraphylla using response surface methodology. As an environmentally suitable solvent that is also cheap and safe, water was chosen to maximize the extraction scenario. They identified the proper conditions (90° C, a time of 20 min, and a sample-to-solvent ratio of 5 g/100 mL) to obtain sufficient phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids to render robust antioxidant function.1
Early in 2023, Somwongin et al. investigated various green extraction methods for viability in harnessing the cosmetic/cosmeceutical ingredients of M. integrifolia pericarps. Extracts were assessed for total phenolic content as well as antioxidant and anti–skin aging functions. They found that among the green extraction methods (ultrasound, micellar, microwave, and pulsed electric field extraction with water used as a clean solvent), the ultrasound-assisted extraction method netted the greatest yield and total phenolic content. It was also associated with the most robust antioxidant and anti–skin aging activities. Indeed, the researchers reported that its antioxidant activities were comparable to ascorbic acid and Trolox and its anti–skin aging potency on a par with epigallocatechin-3-gallate and oleanolic acid. The ultrasound-assisted extract was also deemed safe as it did not provoke irritation. The authors concluded that this environmentally suitable extraction method for M. integrifolia is appropriate for obtaining effective macadamia extracts for use in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.3
Anti-Aging Activity
In 2017, Addy et al. set out to characterize skin surface lipid composition and differences in an age- and sex-controlled population as a foundation for developing a botanically derived skin surface lipid mimetic agent. They noted that fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steryl esters, wax esters, and squalene are the main constituents of skin surface lipids. The investigators obtained skin surface lipid samples from the foreheads of 59 healthy 22-year-old women, analyzed them, and used the raw components of M. integrifolia, Simmondsia chinensis, and Olea europaea to engineer a mimetic product. They reported that the esterification reactions of jojoba, macadamia, and tall oils, combined with squalene derived from O. europaea, yielded an appropriate skin surface lipid mimetic, which, when applied to delipidized skin, assisted in recovering barrier function, enhancing skin hydration, and improving elasticity as well as firmness in aged skin. The researchers concluded that this skin surface lipid mimetic could serve as an effective supplement to human skin surface lipids in aged skin and for conditions in which the stratum corneum is impaired.4
Two years later, Hanum et al. compared the effects of macadamia nut oil nanocream and conventional cream for treating cutaneous aging over a 4-week period. The macadamia nut oil nanocream, which contained macadamia nut oil 10%, tween 80, propylene glycol, cetyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, and distilled water, was compared with the conventional cream based on effects on moisture, evenness, pore size, melanin, and wrinkling. The macadamia nut oil was found to yield superior anti-aging activity along each parameter as compared with the conventional cream. The researchers concluded that the macadamia nut oil in nanocream can be an effective formulation for providing benefits in addressing cutaneous aging.5
Macadamia nut oil has also been used in an anti-aging emulsion that was evaluated in a small study with 11 volunteers in 2008. Akhtar et al. prepared multiple emulsions of vitamin C and wheat protein using macadamia oil for its abundant supply of palmitoleic acid. Over 4 weeks, the emulsion was found to increase skin moisture without affecting other skin parameters, such as elasticity, erythema, melanin, pH, or sebum levels.6
Sapucaia (L. pisonis), an ornamental tree that is used for timber, produces edible, nutritious nuts that are rich in tocopherols, polyphenols, and fatty acids.7,8 In 2018, Demoliner et al. identified and characterized the phenolic substances present in sapucaia nut extract and its shell. Antioxidant activity conferred by the extract was attributed to the copious supply of catechin, epicatechin, and myricetin, as well as ellagic and ferulic acids, among the 14 phenolic constituents. The shell included 22 phenolic substances along with a significant level of condensed tannins and marked antioxidant function. The authors correlated the substantial activity imparted by the shell with its higher phenolic content, and suggested this robust source of natural antioxidants could be well suited to use in cosmetic products.9
Antifungal Activity
In 2015, Vieira et al. characterized 12 fractions enriched in peptides derived from L. pisonis seeds to determine inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. The fraction that exerted the strongest activity at 10 μg/mL, suppressing C. albicans growth by 38.5% and inducing a 69.3% loss of viability, was identified as similar to plant defensins and thus dubbed “L. pisonis defensin 1 (Lp-Def1).” The investigators concluded that Lp-Def1 acts on C. albicans by slightly elevating the induction of reactive oxygen species and causing a significant reduction in mitochondrial activity. They suggested that their findings support the use of plant defensins, particularly Lp-Def1, in the formulation of antifungal products, especially to address C. albicans.10
Pruritus
In 2012, Silva et al. studied the antipruritic impact of L. pisonis leaf extracts in mice and rats. Pretreatment with the various fractions of L. pisonis as well as constituent mixed triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids) significantly blocked scratching behavior provoked by compound 48/80. The degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells caused by compound 48/80 was also substantially decreased from pretreatment with the ethanol extract of L. pisonis, ether-L. pisonis fraction, and mixed triterpenes. The L. pisonis ether fraction suppressed edema induced by carrageenan administration and the ethanol extract displayed no toxicity up to an oral dose of 2g/kg. The investigators concluded that their results strongly support the antipruritic effects of L. pisonis leaves as well as the traditional use of the plant to treat pruritus.2
Stability for Cosmetic Creams
In 2020, Rampazzo et al. assessed the stability and cytotoxicity of a cosmetic cream containing sapucaia nut oil. All three tested concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10%) of the cream were found to be stable, with an effective preservative system, and deemed safe for use on human skin. To maintain a pH appropriate for a body cream, the formulation requires a stabilizing agent. The cream with 5% nut oil was identified as the most stable and satisfying for use on the skin.7
More recently, Hertel Pereira et al. investigated the benefits of using L. pisonis pericarp extract, known to exhibit abundant antioxidants, in an all-natural skin cream. They found that formulation instability increased proportionally with the concentration of the extract, but the use of the outer pericarp of L. pisonis was well suited for the cream formulation, with physical-chemical and organoleptic qualities unchanged after the stability test.11
Conclusion
The available literature on the medical applications of macadamia and sapucaia plants is sparse. Some recent findings are promising regarding possible uses in skin health. However, much more research is necessary before considering macadamia and sapucaia as viable sources of botanical agents capable of delivering significant cutaneous benefits.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author, and entrepreneur in Miami. She founded the division of cosmetic dermatology at the University of Miami in 1997. The third edition of her bestselling textbook, “Cosmetic Dermatology,” was published in 2022. Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, and Burt’s Bees. She is the CEO of Skin Type Solutions Inc., an SaaS company used to generate skin care routines in office and as an e-commerce solution. Write to her at [email protected].
References
1. Dailey A and Vuong QV. Antioxidants (Basel). 2015 Nov 12;4(4):699-718.
2. Silva LL et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jan 6;139(1):90-97.
3. Somwongin S et al. Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Jan;92:106266.
4. Addy J et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2017 Jan/Feb;68(1):59-67.
5. Hanum TI et al. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Nov 14;7(22):3917-3920.
6. Akhtar N and Yazan Y. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jan;21(1):45-50.
7. Rampazzo APS et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2020 Sep/Oct;71(5):239-250.
8. Rosa TLM et al. Food Res Int. 2020 Nov;137:109383.
9. Demoliner F et al. Food Res Int. 2018 Oct;112:434-442.
10. Vieira ME et al. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2015 Sep;47(9):716-729.
11. Hertel Pereira AC et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2021 Mar-Apr;72(2):155-162.
Macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) is endemic to Australia and is now commercially cultivated worldwide.1 It is closely related genetically to the other macadamia plants, including the other main one, M. integrifolia, cultivated for macadamia nuts. Known in Brazil as sapucaia or castanha-de-sapucaia, Lecythis pisonis (also referred to as “cream nut” or “monkey pot”) is a large, deciduous tropical tree and member of the Brazil nut family, Lecythidaceae.2 Various parts of both of these plants have been associated with medicinal properties, including the potential for dermatologic activity. Notably, the leaves of L. pisonis have been used in traditional medicine to treat pruritus.2.
Macadamia
Extraction to Harness Antioxidant Activity
In 2015, Dailey and Vuong developed an aqueous extraction process to recover the phenolic content and antioxidant functionality from the skin waste of M. tetraphylla using response surface methodology. As an environmentally suitable solvent that is also cheap and safe, water was chosen to maximize the extraction scenario. They identified the proper conditions (90° C, a time of 20 min, and a sample-to-solvent ratio of 5 g/100 mL) to obtain sufficient phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids to render robust antioxidant function.1
Early in 2023, Somwongin et al. investigated various green extraction methods for viability in harnessing the cosmetic/cosmeceutical ingredients of M. integrifolia pericarps. Extracts were assessed for total phenolic content as well as antioxidant and anti–skin aging functions. They found that among the green extraction methods (ultrasound, micellar, microwave, and pulsed electric field extraction with water used as a clean solvent), the ultrasound-assisted extraction method netted the greatest yield and total phenolic content. It was also associated with the most robust antioxidant and anti–skin aging activities. Indeed, the researchers reported that its antioxidant activities were comparable to ascorbic acid and Trolox and its anti–skin aging potency on a par with epigallocatechin-3-gallate and oleanolic acid. The ultrasound-assisted extract was also deemed safe as it did not provoke irritation. The authors concluded that this environmentally suitable extraction method for M. integrifolia is appropriate for obtaining effective macadamia extracts for use in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.3
Anti-Aging Activity
In 2017, Addy et al. set out to characterize skin surface lipid composition and differences in an age- and sex-controlled population as a foundation for developing a botanically derived skin surface lipid mimetic agent. They noted that fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steryl esters, wax esters, and squalene are the main constituents of skin surface lipids. The investigators obtained skin surface lipid samples from the foreheads of 59 healthy 22-year-old women, analyzed them, and used the raw components of M. integrifolia, Simmondsia chinensis, and Olea europaea to engineer a mimetic product. They reported that the esterification reactions of jojoba, macadamia, and tall oils, combined with squalene derived from O. europaea, yielded an appropriate skin surface lipid mimetic, which, when applied to delipidized skin, assisted in recovering barrier function, enhancing skin hydration, and improving elasticity as well as firmness in aged skin. The researchers concluded that this skin surface lipid mimetic could serve as an effective supplement to human skin surface lipids in aged skin and for conditions in which the stratum corneum is impaired.4
Two years later, Hanum et al. compared the effects of macadamia nut oil nanocream and conventional cream for treating cutaneous aging over a 4-week period. The macadamia nut oil nanocream, which contained macadamia nut oil 10%, tween 80, propylene glycol, cetyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, and distilled water, was compared with the conventional cream based on effects on moisture, evenness, pore size, melanin, and wrinkling. The macadamia nut oil was found to yield superior anti-aging activity along each parameter as compared with the conventional cream. The researchers concluded that the macadamia nut oil in nanocream can be an effective formulation for providing benefits in addressing cutaneous aging.5
Macadamia nut oil has also been used in an anti-aging emulsion that was evaluated in a small study with 11 volunteers in 2008. Akhtar et al. prepared multiple emulsions of vitamin C and wheat protein using macadamia oil for its abundant supply of palmitoleic acid. Over 4 weeks, the emulsion was found to increase skin moisture without affecting other skin parameters, such as elasticity, erythema, melanin, pH, or sebum levels.6
Sapucaia (L. pisonis), an ornamental tree that is used for timber, produces edible, nutritious nuts that are rich in tocopherols, polyphenols, and fatty acids.7,8 In 2018, Demoliner et al. identified and characterized the phenolic substances present in sapucaia nut extract and its shell. Antioxidant activity conferred by the extract was attributed to the copious supply of catechin, epicatechin, and myricetin, as well as ellagic and ferulic acids, among the 14 phenolic constituents. The shell included 22 phenolic substances along with a significant level of condensed tannins and marked antioxidant function. The authors correlated the substantial activity imparted by the shell with its higher phenolic content, and suggested this robust source of natural antioxidants could be well suited to use in cosmetic products.9
Antifungal Activity
In 2015, Vieira et al. characterized 12 fractions enriched in peptides derived from L. pisonis seeds to determine inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. The fraction that exerted the strongest activity at 10 μg/mL, suppressing C. albicans growth by 38.5% and inducing a 69.3% loss of viability, was identified as similar to plant defensins and thus dubbed “L. pisonis defensin 1 (Lp-Def1).” The investigators concluded that Lp-Def1 acts on C. albicans by slightly elevating the induction of reactive oxygen species and causing a significant reduction in mitochondrial activity. They suggested that their findings support the use of plant defensins, particularly Lp-Def1, in the formulation of antifungal products, especially to address C. albicans.10
Pruritus
In 2012, Silva et al. studied the antipruritic impact of L. pisonis leaf extracts in mice and rats. Pretreatment with the various fractions of L. pisonis as well as constituent mixed triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids) significantly blocked scratching behavior provoked by compound 48/80. The degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells caused by compound 48/80 was also substantially decreased from pretreatment with the ethanol extract of L. pisonis, ether-L. pisonis fraction, and mixed triterpenes. The L. pisonis ether fraction suppressed edema induced by carrageenan administration and the ethanol extract displayed no toxicity up to an oral dose of 2g/kg. The investigators concluded that their results strongly support the antipruritic effects of L. pisonis leaves as well as the traditional use of the plant to treat pruritus.2
Stability for Cosmetic Creams
In 2020, Rampazzo et al. assessed the stability and cytotoxicity of a cosmetic cream containing sapucaia nut oil. All three tested concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10%) of the cream were found to be stable, with an effective preservative system, and deemed safe for use on human skin. To maintain a pH appropriate for a body cream, the formulation requires a stabilizing agent. The cream with 5% nut oil was identified as the most stable and satisfying for use on the skin.7
More recently, Hertel Pereira et al. investigated the benefits of using L. pisonis pericarp extract, known to exhibit abundant antioxidants, in an all-natural skin cream. They found that formulation instability increased proportionally with the concentration of the extract, but the use of the outer pericarp of L. pisonis was well suited for the cream formulation, with physical-chemical and organoleptic qualities unchanged after the stability test.11
Conclusion
The available literature on the medical applications of macadamia and sapucaia plants is sparse. Some recent findings are promising regarding possible uses in skin health. However, much more research is necessary before considering macadamia and sapucaia as viable sources of botanical agents capable of delivering significant cutaneous benefits.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author, and entrepreneur in Miami. She founded the division of cosmetic dermatology at the University of Miami in 1997. The third edition of her bestselling textbook, “Cosmetic Dermatology,” was published in 2022. Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, and Burt’s Bees. She is the CEO of Skin Type Solutions Inc., an SaaS company used to generate skin care routines in office and as an e-commerce solution. Write to her at [email protected].
References
1. Dailey A and Vuong QV. Antioxidants (Basel). 2015 Nov 12;4(4):699-718.
2. Silva LL et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jan 6;139(1):90-97.
3. Somwongin S et al. Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 Jan;92:106266.
4. Addy J et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2017 Jan/Feb;68(1):59-67.
5. Hanum TI et al. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Nov 14;7(22):3917-3920.
6. Akhtar N and Yazan Y. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jan;21(1):45-50.
7. Rampazzo APS et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2020 Sep/Oct;71(5):239-250.
8. Rosa TLM et al. Food Res Int. 2020 Nov;137:109383.
9. Demoliner F et al. Food Res Int. 2018 Oct;112:434-442.
10. Vieira ME et al. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2015 Sep;47(9):716-729.
11. Hertel Pereira AC et al. J Cosmet Sci. 2021 Mar-Apr;72(2):155-162.