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Colposcopy is the preferred test in the work-up of patients with abnormal cervical cytology:
- Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL): mild dysplasia
- High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL): moderate to severe dysplasia.
- Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) with high-risk human papillo-mavirus (HPV) DNA
- Atypical squamous cells, cannot rule out HSIL (ASC-H)
- Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
- Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
Colposcopy is also recommended for patients with symptoms suggestive of cervical cancer (abnormal appearance of the cervix, persistent and undiagnosed vaginal discharge or bleeding) regardless of cytology results, and in the follow-up of patients previously treated for cervical dysplasia (Grade of Recommendation: B). Colposcopy is not recommended for routine cervical cancer screening.
Evidence summary
The primary role of colposcopy is to identify cervical lesions, allowing directed biopsies to identify invasive cancer or its precursors. Although colposcopy has been studied as a primary screening technique, issues of cost, accessibility, invasiveness, and low specificity severely limit its usefulness in this role.1 Using histology as the gold standard, the sensitivity of colposcopy for cervical abnormalities is high (96%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 95%–97%), but the specificity is much lower (48%; 95% CI, 47%–49%).2 This low specificity means that more than half of women with no cervical pathology will have an abnormal colposcopy result. The corresponding positive and negative likelihood ratios are 2 and 0.1, respectively. Consequently, a normal colposcopy result can effectively rule out cervical pathology, thus supporting its role as a diagnostic rather than a screening tool.
While most lesions are found by abnormal cytology, the sensitivity of the Papanicolaou smear ranges from 30% to 89%.3 Therefore, colposcopy is also indicated for patients with symptoms suggestive of cervical dysplasia or cancer (abnormal appearance of the cervix, or persistent and undiagnosed vaginal discharge or bleeding), even in the setting of normal cytology.4
Colposcopy is also indicated for follow-up after treatment of cervical dysplasia. One study5 identified 3 risk factors for recurrence of dysplasia after a loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP): residual disease at either the endocervical or ectocervical margins, and involvement of endocervical glands. The presence of these risk factors predicted a recurrence rate of almost 70%.5 Because 8% of the recurrences were missed on cytology, the authors recommended colposcopy 6 months after LEEP for patients with these risk factors.
Recommendations from others
The place of colposcopy in the work-up of patients with abnormal cytology is well supported. With the recent revision of the Bethesda System by the National Cancer Institute,6 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) held a consensus conference to review the literature and provide evidence-based guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology.7 Its recommendations on colposcopy are summarized in the Table.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s 1996 recommendations found insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of colposcopy as a screening tool for cervical cancer. Based on high cost and low specificity, it recommends against screening colposcopy.8
TABLE
Recommendations for colposcopy, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology7
| Cytology result | Recommendation for colposcopy | Strength of recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| ASC-US | Preferred for positive high-risk HPV DNA | A |
| Acceptable for any patient with ASC-US | A | |
| Also acceptable: intensive cytology follow-up alone | A | |
| Preferred for any immunosuppressed patient | B | |
| ASC-H | Preferred for all patients | A |
| AGC or AIS | Preferred for all patients (include endocervical curettage) | A |
| Preferred for those older than 35 years, or having atypical endometrial cells, or unexplained vaginal bleeding (include endometrial biopsy) | ||
| LSIL | Preferred for all patients | A |
| HSIL | Preferred for all patients (include endocervical curettage) | A |
Jacqueline M. Ruplinger, MD
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri–Columbia
The evaluation of abnormal Pap smear results is a common problem for providers of women’s health care. Questions as to which women should be referred for colposcopy occur most commonly when the Pap smear shows ASC-US, AGC, or abnormal clinical findings. The recent evidence-based guidelines from the ASCCP provide clearer guidance as to who needs colposcopy, especially when Pap smear results are minimally abnormal.
Evaluation of LSIL confirmed by colposcopy and biopsy is another area causing confusion. It is reasonable for these patients to be followed with regular Pap smears for up to 2 years, as the smears of many women will return to normal without any treatment. I usually do not recommend they return for colposcopy unless the Pap smear result worsens or does not normalize after 2 years.
Patients, as well as providers, have many questions regarding HPV testing. Recently, the ALTS trial has shown that HPV testing in patients with ASC-US can be useful in determining which patients need colposcopy.9
1. Pete I, Toth V, Bosze P. The value of colposcopy in screening cervical carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1998;19:120-2.
2. Mitchell MF, Schottenfeld D, Tortolero-Luna G, et al. Colposcopy for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:626-31.
3. Nanda K, Douglas C, Myers E, et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:810-9.
4. Newkirk GR. The colposcopic examination. In: Pfenninger J, Fowler GC, eds. Procedures for Primary Care Physicians. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1994;616-39.
5. Dietrich CS, 3rd, Yancey MK, Miyazawa K, et al. Risk factors for early cytologic abnormalities after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:188-92.
6. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 2002;287:2114-9.
7. Wright TC, Jr, Cox JT, Massad LS, et al. 2001 Consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287:2120-9.
8. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
9. Solomon D, Schiffman M, Tarone R, for the ALTS Study group. Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: baseline results from a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:293-9.
Colposcopy is the preferred test in the work-up of patients with abnormal cervical cytology:
- Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL): mild dysplasia
- High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL): moderate to severe dysplasia.
- Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) with high-risk human papillo-mavirus (HPV) DNA
- Atypical squamous cells, cannot rule out HSIL (ASC-H)
- Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
- Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
Colposcopy is also recommended for patients with symptoms suggestive of cervical cancer (abnormal appearance of the cervix, persistent and undiagnosed vaginal discharge or bleeding) regardless of cytology results, and in the follow-up of patients previously treated for cervical dysplasia (Grade of Recommendation: B). Colposcopy is not recommended for routine cervical cancer screening.
Evidence summary
The primary role of colposcopy is to identify cervical lesions, allowing directed biopsies to identify invasive cancer or its precursors. Although colposcopy has been studied as a primary screening technique, issues of cost, accessibility, invasiveness, and low specificity severely limit its usefulness in this role.1 Using histology as the gold standard, the sensitivity of colposcopy for cervical abnormalities is high (96%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 95%–97%), but the specificity is much lower (48%; 95% CI, 47%–49%).2 This low specificity means that more than half of women with no cervical pathology will have an abnormal colposcopy result. The corresponding positive and negative likelihood ratios are 2 and 0.1, respectively. Consequently, a normal colposcopy result can effectively rule out cervical pathology, thus supporting its role as a diagnostic rather than a screening tool.
While most lesions are found by abnormal cytology, the sensitivity of the Papanicolaou smear ranges from 30% to 89%.3 Therefore, colposcopy is also indicated for patients with symptoms suggestive of cervical dysplasia or cancer (abnormal appearance of the cervix, or persistent and undiagnosed vaginal discharge or bleeding), even in the setting of normal cytology.4
Colposcopy is also indicated for follow-up after treatment of cervical dysplasia. One study5 identified 3 risk factors for recurrence of dysplasia after a loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP): residual disease at either the endocervical or ectocervical margins, and involvement of endocervical glands. The presence of these risk factors predicted a recurrence rate of almost 70%.5 Because 8% of the recurrences were missed on cytology, the authors recommended colposcopy 6 months after LEEP for patients with these risk factors.
Recommendations from others
The place of colposcopy in the work-up of patients with abnormal cytology is well supported. With the recent revision of the Bethesda System by the National Cancer Institute,6 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) held a consensus conference to review the literature and provide evidence-based guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology.7 Its recommendations on colposcopy are summarized in the Table.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s 1996 recommendations found insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of colposcopy as a screening tool for cervical cancer. Based on high cost and low specificity, it recommends against screening colposcopy.8
TABLE
Recommendations for colposcopy, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology7
| Cytology result | Recommendation for colposcopy | Strength of recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| ASC-US | Preferred for positive high-risk HPV DNA | A |
| Acceptable for any patient with ASC-US | A | |
| Also acceptable: intensive cytology follow-up alone | A | |
| Preferred for any immunosuppressed patient | B | |
| ASC-H | Preferred for all patients | A |
| AGC or AIS | Preferred for all patients (include endocervical curettage) | A |
| Preferred for those older than 35 years, or having atypical endometrial cells, or unexplained vaginal bleeding (include endometrial biopsy) | ||
| LSIL | Preferred for all patients | A |
| HSIL | Preferred for all patients (include endocervical curettage) | A |
Jacqueline M. Ruplinger, MD
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri–Columbia
The evaluation of abnormal Pap smear results is a common problem for providers of women’s health care. Questions as to which women should be referred for colposcopy occur most commonly when the Pap smear shows ASC-US, AGC, or abnormal clinical findings. The recent evidence-based guidelines from the ASCCP provide clearer guidance as to who needs colposcopy, especially when Pap smear results are minimally abnormal.
Evaluation of LSIL confirmed by colposcopy and biopsy is another area causing confusion. It is reasonable for these patients to be followed with regular Pap smears for up to 2 years, as the smears of many women will return to normal without any treatment. I usually do not recommend they return for colposcopy unless the Pap smear result worsens or does not normalize after 2 years.
Patients, as well as providers, have many questions regarding HPV testing. Recently, the ALTS trial has shown that HPV testing in patients with ASC-US can be useful in determining which patients need colposcopy.9
Colposcopy is the preferred test in the work-up of patients with abnormal cervical cytology:
- Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL): mild dysplasia
- High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL): moderate to severe dysplasia.
- Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) with high-risk human papillo-mavirus (HPV) DNA
- Atypical squamous cells, cannot rule out HSIL (ASC-H)
- Atypical glandular cells (AGC)
- Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
Colposcopy is also recommended for patients with symptoms suggestive of cervical cancer (abnormal appearance of the cervix, persistent and undiagnosed vaginal discharge or bleeding) regardless of cytology results, and in the follow-up of patients previously treated for cervical dysplasia (Grade of Recommendation: B). Colposcopy is not recommended for routine cervical cancer screening.
Evidence summary
The primary role of colposcopy is to identify cervical lesions, allowing directed biopsies to identify invasive cancer or its precursors. Although colposcopy has been studied as a primary screening technique, issues of cost, accessibility, invasiveness, and low specificity severely limit its usefulness in this role.1 Using histology as the gold standard, the sensitivity of colposcopy for cervical abnormalities is high (96%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 95%–97%), but the specificity is much lower (48%; 95% CI, 47%–49%).2 This low specificity means that more than half of women with no cervical pathology will have an abnormal colposcopy result. The corresponding positive and negative likelihood ratios are 2 and 0.1, respectively. Consequently, a normal colposcopy result can effectively rule out cervical pathology, thus supporting its role as a diagnostic rather than a screening tool.
While most lesions are found by abnormal cytology, the sensitivity of the Papanicolaou smear ranges from 30% to 89%.3 Therefore, colposcopy is also indicated for patients with symptoms suggestive of cervical dysplasia or cancer (abnormal appearance of the cervix, or persistent and undiagnosed vaginal discharge or bleeding), even in the setting of normal cytology.4
Colposcopy is also indicated for follow-up after treatment of cervical dysplasia. One study5 identified 3 risk factors for recurrence of dysplasia after a loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP): residual disease at either the endocervical or ectocervical margins, and involvement of endocervical glands. The presence of these risk factors predicted a recurrence rate of almost 70%.5 Because 8% of the recurrences were missed on cytology, the authors recommended colposcopy 6 months after LEEP for patients with these risk factors.
Recommendations from others
The place of colposcopy in the work-up of patients with abnormal cytology is well supported. With the recent revision of the Bethesda System by the National Cancer Institute,6 the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) held a consensus conference to review the literature and provide evidence-based guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology.7 Its recommendations on colposcopy are summarized in the Table.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s 1996 recommendations found insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of colposcopy as a screening tool for cervical cancer. Based on high cost and low specificity, it recommends against screening colposcopy.8
TABLE
Recommendations for colposcopy, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology7
| Cytology result | Recommendation for colposcopy | Strength of recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| ASC-US | Preferred for positive high-risk HPV DNA | A |
| Acceptable for any patient with ASC-US | A | |
| Also acceptable: intensive cytology follow-up alone | A | |
| Preferred for any immunosuppressed patient | B | |
| ASC-H | Preferred for all patients | A |
| AGC or AIS | Preferred for all patients (include endocervical curettage) | A |
| Preferred for those older than 35 years, or having atypical endometrial cells, or unexplained vaginal bleeding (include endometrial biopsy) | ||
| LSIL | Preferred for all patients | A |
| HSIL | Preferred for all patients (include endocervical curettage) | A |
Jacqueline M. Ruplinger, MD
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri–Columbia
The evaluation of abnormal Pap smear results is a common problem for providers of women’s health care. Questions as to which women should be referred for colposcopy occur most commonly when the Pap smear shows ASC-US, AGC, or abnormal clinical findings. The recent evidence-based guidelines from the ASCCP provide clearer guidance as to who needs colposcopy, especially when Pap smear results are minimally abnormal.
Evaluation of LSIL confirmed by colposcopy and biopsy is another area causing confusion. It is reasonable for these patients to be followed with regular Pap smears for up to 2 years, as the smears of many women will return to normal without any treatment. I usually do not recommend they return for colposcopy unless the Pap smear result worsens or does not normalize after 2 years.
Patients, as well as providers, have many questions regarding HPV testing. Recently, the ALTS trial has shown that HPV testing in patients with ASC-US can be useful in determining which patients need colposcopy.9
1. Pete I, Toth V, Bosze P. The value of colposcopy in screening cervical carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1998;19:120-2.
2. Mitchell MF, Schottenfeld D, Tortolero-Luna G, et al. Colposcopy for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:626-31.
3. Nanda K, Douglas C, Myers E, et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:810-9.
4. Newkirk GR. The colposcopic examination. In: Pfenninger J, Fowler GC, eds. Procedures for Primary Care Physicians. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1994;616-39.
5. Dietrich CS, 3rd, Yancey MK, Miyazawa K, et al. Risk factors for early cytologic abnormalities after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:188-92.
6. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 2002;287:2114-9.
7. Wright TC, Jr, Cox JT, Massad LS, et al. 2001 Consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287:2120-9.
8. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
9. Solomon D, Schiffman M, Tarone R, for the ALTS Study group. Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: baseline results from a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:293-9.
1. Pete I, Toth V, Bosze P. The value of colposcopy in screening cervical carcinoma. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1998;19:120-2.
2. Mitchell MF, Schottenfeld D, Tortolero-Luna G, et al. Colposcopy for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:626-31.
3. Nanda K, Douglas C, Myers E, et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:810-9.
4. Newkirk GR. The colposcopic examination. In: Pfenninger J, Fowler GC, eds. Procedures for Primary Care Physicians. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1994;616-39.
5. Dietrich CS, 3rd, Yancey MK, Miyazawa K, et al. Risk factors for early cytologic abnormalities after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:188-92.
6. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 2002;287:2114-9.
7. Wright TC, Jr, Cox JT, Massad LS, et al. 2001 Consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287:2120-9.
8. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
9. Solomon D, Schiffman M, Tarone R, for the ALTS Study group. Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: baseline results from a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:293-9.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network