Lymphoma & Plasma Cell Disorders

SAN DIEGO – Induction therapy with obinutuzumab, a bioengineered CD20 inhibitor, induced a slightly higher overall response rate in induction therapy than did rituximab in patients with relapsed, CD20-positive indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

According to independent radiology reviewers who were blinded to treatment type, the overall response rate – a composite of complete responses (CR), CR-unconfirmed (CRu), and partial responses – was 44.6% at the end of induction among 74 patients with follicular lymphoma that was treated with obinutuzumab (Genentech’s GA101), compared with 26.7% of patients on rituximab (Rituxan) (P = .01), said Dr. Laurie H. Sehn, a medical oncologist at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

However, the overall response rate (ORR) by trial investigator ratings – the primary end point – showed a trend that was not significant, at 44.6% vs. 33.3% (P = .08). There is currently no difference in progression-free survival, said Dr. Sehn, on behalf of her colleagues in the phase II GAUSS trial, touted at the first head-to-head comparison of the two anti-CD20 antibodies.

Patients with other indolent lymphoma histologies were included in the trial, but Dr. Sehn reported full data on patients with follicular lymphomas only.

Obinutuzumab is considered to be a type II monoclonal antibody, shown in preclinical testing to have better ability than does rituximab to cause cell death and to invoke a cellular immune response, with lower complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Dr, Sehn said at a briefing on Dec. 11 in advance of presentation of the results on Dec. 12, 2011.

"As a single drug, rituximab really has had one of the most significant impacts in outcome in B-cell lymphomas in probably the last several decades, so there’s a real motivation to take it one step further and possibly develop a new anti-CD20 antibody that might work better than rituximab or one that may continue to work when rituximab stops working, so as to further improve outcomes," Dr, Sehn said.

A lymphoma specialist who was not involved in the GAUSS trial commented that despite rituximab’s significant benefits, new treatments still are needed, but whether obinutuzumab or another pretender is heir to rituximab’s throne is still unclear.

"We’ve been waiting for a better rituximab for some period of time. It has certainly been the major advance in the therapy of lymphomas in the last 10 to 12 years. The question is, can we do better? Genentech has made an attempt with obinutuzumab to improve the outcome for these patients who are still rituximab-sensitive," commented Dr. Ephraim P. Hochberg of the division of hematology/oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

"The results are not overwhelming: there’s certainly a trend toward better progression-free survival, there’s a trend toward a slightly improved response rate, and a trend toward a slightly improved complete response rate, but this doesn’t look to be the home run that we might have hoped for with this patient population," he said.

The GAUSS trial is an ongoing, open-label, phase II study. Patients with relapsed CD20+ NHL who had a prior response lasting at least 6 months to a rituximab-containing regimen were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab 375 mg/m² IV weekly for 4 weeks or obinutuzumab 1 g IV weekly for 4 weeks. At the end of the induction phase, patients were assessed and those without disease progression continued with maintenance therapy on the same drug and dose every 2 months for up to 2 years.

In addition to the primary end point results shown above, they found that the best overall response rates by investigator determination occurred in 66.2% of patients on obinutuzumab (35.1% CR/Cru, and 31.1% partial response), and 64% among those on rituximab (18.7% CR/Cru, and 45.3% PR; P = .39). By independent review, the best ORR was 60.8% with obinutuzumab (27% CR/Cru, 33.8% PR), and 46.7% with rituximab (20% and 26.7%; P = .04).*

There were no differences in progression-survival with 39.2% of patients on obinutuzumab having an event at a median time to event of 17.3 months, compared with 34.7% of patients on rituximab with a median time to event of 17.4 months.

In the obinutuzumab arm, 93% of patients had at least one adverse event vs. 81% in the rituximab arm. There were no adverse events leading to death within 28 months of the last dose of obinutuzumab compared with 2 patients on rituximab. Adverse events leading to withdrawal occurred in 8% and 10%, respectively. The proportion of patients having at least one adverse event in each group was identical, at 14%.

Phase III trials with obinutuzumab are underway.

The study was supported by Roche. Dr. Sehn and three coauthors disclosed consulting and receiving honoraria and/or research funding from Roche/Genentech. Two coauthors are Roche employees. Dr. Hochberg has received consulting fees or research support from the company.

*Correction, 12/15/2011: The best overall response rate by independent review was incorrectly stated for rituximab. This version has been updated.

SAN DIEGO – Induction therapy with obinutuzumab, a bioengineered CD20 inhibitor, induced a slightly higher overall response rate in induction therapy than did rituximab in patients with relapsed, CD20-positive indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

According to independent radiology reviewers who were blinded to treatment type, the overall response rate – a composite of complete responses (CR), CR-unconfirmed (CRu), and partial responses – was 44.6% at the end of induction among 74 patients with follicular lymphoma that was treated with obinutuzumab (Genentech’s GA101), compared with 26.7% of patients on rituximab (Rituxan) (P = .01), said Dr. Laurie H. Sehn, a medical oncologist at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

However, the overall response rate (ORR) by trial investigator ratings – the primary end point – showed a trend that was not significant, at 44.6% vs. 33.3% (P = .08). There is currently no difference in progression-free survival, said Dr. Sehn, on behalf of her colleagues in the phase II GAUSS trial, touted at the first head-to-head comparison of the two anti-CD20 antibodies.

Patients with other indolent lymphoma histologies were included in the trial, but Dr. Sehn reported full data on patients with follicular lymphomas only.

Obinutuzumab is considered to be a type II monoclonal antibody, shown in preclinical testing to have better ability than does rituximab to cause cell death and to invoke a cellular immune response, with lower complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Dr, Sehn said at a briefing on Dec. 11 in advance of presentation of the results on Dec. 12, 2011.

"As a single drug, rituximab really has had one of the most significant impacts in outcome in B-cell lymphomas in probably the last several decades, so there’s a real motivation to take it one step further and possibly develop a new anti-CD20 antibody that might work better than rituximab or one that may continue to work when rituximab stops working, so as to further improve outcomes," Dr, Sehn said.

A lymphoma specialist who was not involved in the GAUSS trial commented that despite rituximab’s significant benefits, new treatments still are needed, but whether obinutuzumab or another pretender is heir to rituximab’s throne is still unclear.

"We’ve been waiting for a better rituximab for some period of time. It has certainly been the major advance in the therapy of lymphomas in the last 10 to 12 years. The question is, can we do better? Genentech has made an attempt with obinutuzumab to improve the outcome for these patients who are still rituximab-sensitive," commented Dr. Ephraim P. Hochberg of the division of hematology/oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

"The results are not overwhelming: there’s certainly a trend toward better progression-free survival, there’s a trend toward a slightly improved response rate, and a trend toward a slightly improved complete response rate, but this doesn’t look to be the home run that we might have hoped for with this patient population," he said.

The GAUSS trial is an ongoing, open-label, phase II study. Patients with relapsed CD20+ NHL who had a prior response lasting at least 6 months to a rituximab-containing regimen were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab 375 mg/m² IV weekly for 4 weeks or obinutuzumab 1 g IV weekly for 4 weeks. At the end of the induction phase, patients were assessed and those without disease progression continued with maintenance therapy on the same drug and dose every 2 months for up to 2 years.

In addition to the primary end point results shown above, they found that the best overall response rates by investigator determination occurred in 66.2% of patients on obinutuzumab (35.1% CR/Cru, and 31.1% partial response), and 64% among those on rituximab (18.7% CR/Cru, and 45.3% PR; P = .39). By independent review, the best ORR was 60.8% with obinutuzumab (27% CR/Cru, 33.8% PR), and 46.7% with rituximab (20% and 26.7%; P = .04).*

There were no differences in progression-survival with 39.2% of patients on obinutuzumab having an event at a median time to event of 17.3 months, compared with 34.7% of patients on rituximab with a median time to event of 17.4 months.

In the obinutuzumab arm, 93% of patients had at least one adverse event vs. 81% in the rituximab arm. There were no adverse events leading to death within 28 months of the last dose of obinutuzumab compared with 2 patients on rituximab. Adverse events leading to withdrawal occurred in 8% and 10%, respectively. The proportion of patients having at least one adverse event in each group was identical, at 14%.

Phase III trials with obinutuzumab are underway.

The study was supported by Roche. Dr. Sehn and three coauthors disclosed consulting and receiving honoraria and/or research funding from Roche/Genentech. Two coauthors are Roche employees. Dr. Hochberg has received consulting fees or research support from the company.

*Correction, 12/15/2011: The best overall response rate by independent review was incorrectly stated for rituximab. This version has been updated.

SAN DIEGO – Induction therapy with obinutuzumab, a bioengineered CD20 inhibitor, induced a slightly higher overall response rate in induction therapy than did rituximab in patients with relapsed, CD20-positive indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

According to independent radiology reviewers who were blinded to treatment type, the overall response rate – a composite of complete responses (CR), CR-unconfirmed (CRu), and partial responses – was 44.6% at the end of induction among 74 patients with follicular lymphoma that was treated with obinutuzumab (Genentech’s GA101), compared with 26.7% of patients on rituximab (Rituxan) (P = .01), said Dr. Laurie H. Sehn, a medical oncologist at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

However, the overall response rate (ORR) by trial investigator ratings – the primary end point – showed a trend that was not significant, at 44.6% vs. 33.3% (P = .08). There is currently no difference in progression-free survival, said Dr. Sehn, on behalf of her colleagues in the phase II GAUSS trial, touted at the first head-to-head comparison of the two anti-CD20 antibodies.

Patients with other indolent lymphoma histologies were included in the trial, but Dr. Sehn reported full data on patients with follicular lymphomas only.

Obinutuzumab is considered to be a type II monoclonal antibody, shown in preclinical testing to have better ability than does rituximab to cause cell death and to invoke a cellular immune response, with lower complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Dr, Sehn said at a briefing on Dec. 11 in advance of presentation of the results on Dec. 12, 2011.

"As a single drug, rituximab really has had one of the most significant impacts in outcome in B-cell lymphomas in probably the last several decades, so there’s a real motivation to take it one step further and possibly develop a new anti-CD20 antibody that might work better than rituximab or one that may continue to work when rituximab stops working, so as to further improve outcomes," Dr, Sehn said.

A lymphoma specialist who was not involved in the GAUSS trial commented that despite rituximab’s significant benefits, new treatments still are needed, but whether obinutuzumab or another pretender is heir to rituximab’s throne is still unclear.

"We’ve been waiting for a better rituximab for some period of time. It has certainly been the major advance in the therapy of lymphomas in the last 10 to 12 years. The question is, can we do better? Genentech has made an attempt with obinutuzumab to improve the outcome for these patients who are still rituximab-sensitive," commented Dr. Ephraim P. Hochberg of the division of hematology/oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

"The results are not overwhelming: there’s certainly a trend toward better progression-free survival, there’s a trend toward a slightly improved response rate, and a trend toward a slightly improved complete response rate, but this doesn’t look to be the home run that we might have hoped for with this patient population," he said.

The GAUSS trial is an ongoing, open-label, phase II study. Patients with relapsed CD20+ NHL who had a prior response lasting at least 6 months to a rituximab-containing regimen were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab 375 mg/m² IV weekly for 4 weeks or obinutuzumab 1 g IV weekly for 4 weeks. At the end of the induction phase, patients were assessed and those without disease progression continued with maintenance therapy on the same drug and dose every 2 months for up to 2 years.

In addition to the primary end point results shown above, they found that the best overall response rates by investigator determination occurred in 66.2% of patients on obinutuzumab (35.1% CR/Cru, and 31.1% partial response), and 64% among those on rituximab (18.7% CR/Cru, and 45.3% PR; P = .39). By independent review, the best ORR was 60.8% with obinutuzumab (27% CR/Cru, 33.8% PR), and 46.7% with rituximab (20% and 26.7%; P = .04).*

There were no differences in progression-survival with 39.2% of patients on obinutuzumab having an event at a median time to event of 17.3 months, compared with 34.7% of patients on rituximab with a median time to event of 17.4 months.

In the obinutuzumab arm, 93% of patients had at least one adverse event vs. 81% in the rituximab arm. There were no adverse events leading to death within 28 months of the last dose of obinutuzumab compared with 2 patients on rituximab. Adverse events leading to withdrawal occurred in 8% and 10%, respectively. The proportion of patients having at least one adverse event in each group was identical, at 14%.

Phase III trials with obinutuzumab are underway.

The study was supported by Roche. Dr. Sehn and three coauthors disclosed consulting and receiving honoraria and/or research funding from Roche/Genentech. Two coauthors are Roche employees. Dr. Hochberg has received consulting fees or research support from the company.

*Correction, 12/15/2011: The best overall response rate by independent review was incorrectly stated for rituximab. This version has been updated.

SAN DIEGO – In the long run, standard chemotherapy alone is more effective than radiation in keeping patients with limited-stage nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma alive, according to updated results from an intergroup trial in 405 patients.

At 12 years, 94% of patients receiving ABVD – doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin (Blenoxane), vinblastine (Velbe), and dacarbazine – chemotherapy were alive, compared with 87% receiving subtotal nodal radiation with or without chemotherapy (hazard ratio for death, 0.50; P = .04).

Although 5-year data showed that patients treated with radiation experienced greater disease control, the survival advantage with chemotherapy resulted from a lower rate of death from other causes, Dr. Ralph M. Meyer said at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

A total of 12 patients in the ABVD arm died: six due to Hodgkin’s, four to a second cancer, and two due to cardiac causes. In contrast, 10 of the 24 deaths in the radiation arm were due to a second cancer. There were two deaths due to cardiac events, four to Hodgkin’s, three fatal infections, and five other deaths.

Dr. Meyer acknowledged that interpretation of the results is bound to be controversial because subtotal nodal radiation is no longer current practice as it is considered excessive. Patients today with low-risk stage IA or IIA nonbulky disease typically receive two cycles of ABVD with 20 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy. Although modern technology has reduced radiation exposure, radiation therapy would still include the coronary artery, heart, and substantial areas of the subdiaphragmatic, he said at a press briefing.

What is clear from the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study is that measures of disease control, like freedom from progressive disease, are not accurate surrogates for long-term overall survival in patients with stage I-II nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma, said Dr. Meyer, director of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.

"New proxies that predict for risks of late-treatment effects are needed," he said.

Trials are testing the use of PET scanning during therapy to identify patients who may receive chemotherapy alone. It is hypothesized that if PET scans are negative and patients are in remission after two cycles of chemotherapy, the cure rate will be high with further chemotherapy alone, whereas radiation therapy or some other form of chemotherapy should be considered if there is residual PET activity.

How the use of PET will alter current treatment management will be another contentious issue since results from ongoing trials are not expected for 2-3 years. Moreover, the trials are limited because they are using disease control and progression-free survival as end points, which the current trial has shown are not good proxies for overall survival, Dr. Meyer said.

"Thus it will cause issues and interpretation as to how to proceed with these results," he said.

Dr. Meyer and his associates randomly assigned 405 patients with previously untreated stage IA or IIA nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma to receive ABVD chemotherapy alone or subtotal nodal radiation at a dose of 35 Gy in 20 daily fractions. Patients in the radiation group with a favorable risk profile received radiation only, while those with an unfavorable risk received two cycles of ABVD followed by radiation therapy. Median follow-up was 11.3 years.

At 12 years, freedom from disease progression was 92% with radiation vs. 87% with ABVD chemotherapy (HR, 1.91; P = .05,), Dr. Meyer said. Event-free survival was similar at 80% with radiation therapy and 85% with ABVD (HR, 0.88; P = .60).

The results were simultaneously published in the New England Journal of Medicine (N. Engl. J. Med. 2011 [doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111961]).

Dr. Meyer reported honoraria from Lilly and Celgene.

SAN DIEGO – In the long run, standard chemotherapy alone is more effective than radiation in keeping patients with limited-stage nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma alive, according to updated results from an intergroup trial in 405 patients.

At 12 years, 94% of patients receiving ABVD – doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin (Blenoxane), vinblastine (Velbe), and dacarbazine – chemotherapy were alive, compared with 87% receiving subtotal nodal radiation with or without chemotherapy (hazard ratio for death, 0.50; P = .04).

Although 5-year data showed that patients treated with radiation experienced greater disease control, the survival advantage with chemotherapy resulted from a lower rate of death from other causes, Dr. Ralph M. Meyer said at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

A total of 12 patients in the ABVD arm died: six due to Hodgkin’s, four to a second cancer, and two due to cardiac causes. In contrast, 10 of the 24 deaths in the radiation arm were due to a second cancer. There were two deaths due to cardiac events, four to Hodgkin’s, three fatal infections, and five other deaths.

Dr. Meyer acknowledged that interpretation of the results is bound to be controversial because subtotal nodal radiation is no longer current practice as it is considered excessive. Patients today with low-risk stage IA or IIA nonbulky disease typically receive two cycles of ABVD with 20 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy. Although modern technology has reduced radiation exposure, radiation therapy would still include the coronary artery, heart, and substantial areas of the subdiaphragmatic, he said at a press briefing.

What is clear from the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study is that measures of disease control, like freedom from progressive disease, are not accurate surrogates for long-term overall survival in patients with stage I-II nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma, said Dr. Meyer, director of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.

"New proxies that predict for risks of late-treatment effects are needed," he said.

Trials are testing the use of PET scanning during therapy to identify patients who may receive chemotherapy alone. It is hypothesized that if PET scans are negative and patients are in remission after two cycles of chemotherapy, the cure rate will be high with further chemotherapy alone, whereas radiation therapy or some other form of chemotherapy should be considered if there is residual PET activity.

How the use of PET will alter current treatment management will be another contentious issue since results from ongoing trials are not expected for 2-3 years. Moreover, the trials are limited because they are using disease control and progression-free survival as end points, which the current trial has shown are not good proxies for overall survival, Dr. Meyer said.

"Thus it will cause issues and interpretation as to how to proceed with these results," he said.

Dr. Meyer and his associates randomly assigned 405 patients with previously untreated stage IA or IIA nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma to receive ABVD chemotherapy alone or subtotal nodal radiation at a dose of 35 Gy in 20 daily fractions. Patients in the radiation group with a favorable risk profile received radiation only, while those with an unfavorable risk received two cycles of ABVD followed by radiation therapy. Median follow-up was 11.3 years.

At 12 years, freedom from disease progression was 92% with radiation vs. 87% with ABVD chemotherapy (HR, 1.91; P = .05,), Dr. Meyer said. Event-free survival was similar at 80% with radiation therapy and 85% with ABVD (HR, 0.88; P = .60).

The results were simultaneously published in the New England Journal of Medicine (N. Engl. J. Med. 2011 [doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111961]).

Dr. Meyer reported honoraria from Lilly and Celgene.

SAN DIEGO – In the long run, standard chemotherapy alone is more effective than radiation in keeping patients with limited-stage nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma alive, according to updated results from an intergroup trial in 405 patients.

At 12 years, 94% of patients receiving ABVD – doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin (Blenoxane), vinblastine (Velbe), and dacarbazine – chemotherapy were alive, compared with 87% receiving subtotal nodal radiation with or without chemotherapy (hazard ratio for death, 0.50; P = .04).

Although 5-year data showed that patients treated with radiation experienced greater disease control, the survival advantage with chemotherapy resulted from a lower rate of death from other causes, Dr. Ralph M. Meyer said at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

A total of 12 patients in the ABVD arm died: six due to Hodgkin’s, four to a second cancer, and two due to cardiac causes. In contrast, 10 of the 24 deaths in the radiation arm were due to a second cancer. There were two deaths due to cardiac events, four to Hodgkin’s, three fatal infections, and five other deaths.

Dr. Meyer acknowledged that interpretation of the results is bound to be controversial because subtotal nodal radiation is no longer current practice as it is considered excessive. Patients today with low-risk stage IA or IIA nonbulky disease typically receive two cycles of ABVD with 20 Gy of involved-field radiation therapy. Although modern technology has reduced radiation exposure, radiation therapy would still include the coronary artery, heart, and substantial areas of the subdiaphragmatic, he said at a press briefing.

What is clear from the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study is that measures of disease control, like freedom from progressive disease, are not accurate surrogates for long-term overall survival in patients with stage I-II nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma, said Dr. Meyer, director of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group.

"New proxies that predict for risks of late-treatment effects are needed," he said.

Trials are testing the use of PET scanning during therapy to identify patients who may receive chemotherapy alone. It is hypothesized that if PET scans are negative and patients are in remission after two cycles of chemotherapy, the cure rate will be high with further chemotherapy alone, whereas radiation therapy or some other form of chemotherapy should be considered if there is residual PET activity.

How the use of PET will alter current treatment management will be another contentious issue since results from ongoing trials are not expected for 2-3 years. Moreover, the trials are limited because they are using disease control and progression-free survival as end points, which the current trial has shown are not good proxies for overall survival, Dr. Meyer said.

"Thus it will cause issues and interpretation as to how to proceed with these results," he said.

Dr. Meyer and his associates randomly assigned 405 patients with previously untreated stage IA or IIA nonbulky Hodgkin’s lymphoma to receive ABVD chemotherapy alone or subtotal nodal radiation at a dose of 35 Gy in 20 daily fractions. Patients in the radiation group with a favorable risk profile received radiation only, while those with an unfavorable risk received two cycles of ABVD followed by radiation therapy. Median follow-up was 11.3 years.

At 12 years, freedom from disease progression was 92% with radiation vs. 87% with ABVD chemotherapy (HR, 1.91; P = .05,), Dr. Meyer said. Event-free survival was similar at 80% with radiation therapy and 85% with ABVD (HR, 0.88; P = .60).

The results were simultaneously published in the New England Journal of Medicine (N. Engl. J. Med. 2011 [doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111961]).

Dr. Meyer reported honoraria from Lilly and Celgene.

SAN DIEGO – Maintain with more rituximab or re-treat? For patients with low tumor burden follicular lymphomas, the answer seems to be that it doesn’t much matter, said investigators at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

Following 4 weeks of induction with rituximab monotherapy, time to treatment failure (TTTF), the primary end point, was virtually identical between patients randomized to 12 weeks of rituximab (Rituxan) maintenance (3.9 years) or rituximab re-treatment at progression (3.6 years, P = .80) in the E4402 RESORT (Rituximab Extended Schedule or Re-Treatment Trial) study.

One year after randomization, there were no significant differences in patient quality of life or stress burden between the treatment strategies, said Dr. Brad S. Kahl of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, on behalf of coinvestigators a briefing in advance of his presentation of the results at a late-breaking abstracts session on Dec. 13.

For the end point of time to first cytotoxic therapy, however, maintenance was significantly better, with 95% of patients not on chemotherapy at 3 years, compared with 86% for the re-treatment strategy (hazard ratio, 2.5; P = .027).

"Both strategies performed extremely well," Dr. Kahl said.

The re-treatment strategy was less costly: Patients in the maintenance arm received a mean of 15.8 total doses of rituximab, compared with a mean 4.5 doses in the re-treatment arm, Dr. Kahl noted. "To get this very small improvement in time to chemotherapy took roughly 4 times more drug in the maintenance arm," he said,

"Given that there was no difference in time to treatment failure, and given the excellent results with re-treatment or time to first chemotherapy, given a slightly better toxicity profile [with re-treatment], given a lack of a quality-of-life benefit for maintenance, and given the resource utilization strategy, the re-treatment strategy would be our recommended strategy when you\'re administering single-agent rituximab in this patient population," he said.

Maintenance does, however, provide a progression-free survival advantage for patients with high tumor burden follicular lymphoma following induction with a combination immunochemotherapy regimen, as shown in the PRIMA trial, in which 2-years of rituximab maintenance was associated with significantly better progression-free survival compared with observation alone (Lancet 2011;377:42-51 [doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62175-7]).

But some patients with low tumor burden may still be anxious about "doing nothing," and for them maintenance is still an appropriate option, said Dr. Ephraim P. Hochberg from the division of hematology/oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

"In my practice, the patients who I think are going to be psychologically intolerant of relapse, or for whom relapse is a devastating personal event, those are patients for whom there is a benefit to maintenance rituximab that\'s not measured in this sort of analysis," he said in an interview. Dr. Hochberg was not involved in RESORT.

The RESORT trial enrolled 545 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 384 of whom (71%) had a follicular histology; patients with nonfollicular histologies are being analyzed separately. Among the 384 patients, 274 had a response to induction rituximab, and were then randomized to either re-treatment at progression (134) or to maintenance with rituximab 375 mg/m² every 12 weeks. Each strategy was continued until treatment failure.

Time to treatment failure was defined as progression within 6 months of the last rituximab infusion, no response to re-treatment, initiation of alternative therapy, or inability to complete the protocol therapy. Patients were evaluated every 3 months and had restaging CT scans every 6 months,

Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities were seen in less than 5% of patients, and there were two on-study deaths, one in each treatment arm. Both strategies were "extremely well tolerated with minimal toxicities," Dr. Kahl said. There were more toxicities leading to a failure event in the maintenance arm, however.

"Our analysis so far shows that there is no quality-of-life benefit for the maintenance strategy relative to retreatment," he said.

The E4402 (RESORT) trial was sponsored by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Kahl disclosed being a consultant to Genentech and Roche, comarketer of rituximab. Two of his coauthors also are consultants to the company, and one is an employee. Dr. Hochberg has received consulting fees or research support from the company.

SAN DIEGO – Maintain with more rituximab or re-treat? For patients with low tumor burden follicular lymphomas, the answer seems to be that it doesn’t much matter, said investigators at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

Following 4 weeks of induction with rituximab monotherapy, time to treatment failure (TTTF), the primary end point, was virtually identical between patients randomized to 12 weeks of rituximab (Rituxan) maintenance (3.9 years) or rituximab re-treatment at progression (3.6 years, P = .80) in the E4402 RESORT (Rituximab Extended Schedule or Re-Treatment Trial) study.

One year after randomization, there were no significant differences in patient quality of life or stress burden between the treatment strategies, said Dr. Brad S. Kahl of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, on behalf of coinvestigators a briefing in advance of his presentation of the results at a late-breaking abstracts session on Dec. 13.

For the end point of time to first cytotoxic therapy, however, maintenance was significantly better, with 95% of patients not on chemotherapy at 3 years, compared with 86% for the re-treatment strategy (hazard ratio, 2.5; P = .027).

"Both strategies performed extremely well," Dr. Kahl said.

The re-treatment strategy was less costly: Patients in the maintenance arm received a mean of 15.8 total doses of rituximab, compared with a mean 4.5 doses in the re-treatment arm, Dr. Kahl noted. "To get this very small improvement in time to chemotherapy took roughly 4 times more drug in the maintenance arm," he said,

"Given that there was no difference in time to treatment failure, and given the excellent results with re-treatment or time to first chemotherapy, given a slightly better toxicity profile [with re-treatment], given a lack of a quality-of-life benefit for maintenance, and given the resource utilization strategy, the re-treatment strategy would be our recommended strategy when you\'re administering single-agent rituximab in this patient population," he said.

Maintenance does, however, provide a progression-free survival advantage for patients with high tumor burden follicular lymphoma following induction with a combination immunochemotherapy regimen, as shown in the PRIMA trial, in which 2-years of rituximab maintenance was associated with significantly better progression-free survival compared with observation alone (Lancet 2011;377:42-51 [doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62175-7]).

But some patients with low tumor burden may still be anxious about "doing nothing," and for them maintenance is still an appropriate option, said Dr. Ephraim P. Hochberg from the division of hematology/oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

"In my practice, the patients who I think are going to be psychologically intolerant of relapse, or for whom relapse is a devastating personal event, those are patients for whom there is a benefit to maintenance rituximab that\'s not measured in this sort of analysis," he said in an interview. Dr. Hochberg was not involved in RESORT.

The RESORT trial enrolled 545 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 384 of whom (71%) had a follicular histology; patients with nonfollicular histologies are being analyzed separately. Among the 384 patients, 274 had a response to induction rituximab, and were then randomized to either re-treatment at progression (134) or to maintenance with rituximab 375 mg/m² every 12 weeks. Each strategy was continued until treatment failure.

Time to treatment failure was defined as progression within 6 months of the last rituximab infusion, no response to re-treatment, initiation of alternative therapy, or inability to complete the protocol therapy. Patients were evaluated every 3 months and had restaging CT scans every 6 months,

Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities were seen in less than 5% of patients, and there were two on-study deaths, one in each treatment arm. Both strategies were "extremely well tolerated with minimal toxicities," Dr. Kahl said. There were more toxicities leading to a failure event in the maintenance arm, however.

"Our analysis so far shows that there is no quality-of-life benefit for the maintenance strategy relative to retreatment," he said.

The E4402 (RESORT) trial was sponsored by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Kahl disclosed being a consultant to Genentech and Roche, comarketer of rituximab. Two of his coauthors also are consultants to the company, and one is an employee. Dr. Hochberg has received consulting fees or research support from the company.

SAN DIEGO – Maintain with more rituximab or re-treat? For patients with low tumor burden follicular lymphomas, the answer seems to be that it doesn’t much matter, said investigators at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

Following 4 weeks of induction with rituximab monotherapy, time to treatment failure (TTTF), the primary end point, was virtually identical between patients randomized to 12 weeks of rituximab (Rituxan) maintenance (3.9 years) or rituximab re-treatment at progression (3.6 years, P = .80) in the E4402 RESORT (Rituximab Extended Schedule or Re-Treatment Trial) study.

One year after randomization, there were no significant differences in patient quality of life or stress burden between the treatment strategies, said Dr. Brad S. Kahl of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, on behalf of coinvestigators a briefing in advance of his presentation of the results at a late-breaking abstracts session on Dec. 13.

For the end point of time to first cytotoxic therapy, however, maintenance was significantly better, with 95% of patients not on chemotherapy at 3 years, compared with 86% for the re-treatment strategy (hazard ratio, 2.5; P = .027).

"Both strategies performed extremely well," Dr. Kahl said.

The re-treatment strategy was less costly: Patients in the maintenance arm received a mean of 15.8 total doses of rituximab, compared with a mean 4.5 doses in the re-treatment arm, Dr. Kahl noted. "To get this very small improvement in time to chemotherapy took roughly 4 times more drug in the maintenance arm," he said,

"Given that there was no difference in time to treatment failure, and given the excellent results with re-treatment or time to first chemotherapy, given a slightly better toxicity profile [with re-treatment], given a lack of a quality-of-life benefit for maintenance, and given the resource utilization strategy, the re-treatment strategy would be our recommended strategy when you\'re administering single-agent rituximab in this patient population," he said.

Maintenance does, however, provide a progression-free survival advantage for patients with high tumor burden follicular lymphoma following induction with a combination immunochemotherapy regimen, as shown in the PRIMA trial, in which 2-years of rituximab maintenance was associated with significantly better progression-free survival compared with observation alone (Lancet 2011;377:42-51 [doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62175-7]).

But some patients with low tumor burden may still be anxious about "doing nothing," and for them maintenance is still an appropriate option, said Dr. Ephraim P. Hochberg from the division of hematology/oncology at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston.

"In my practice, the patients who I think are going to be psychologically intolerant of relapse, or for whom relapse is a devastating personal event, those are patients for whom there is a benefit to maintenance rituximab that\'s not measured in this sort of analysis," he said in an interview. Dr. Hochberg was not involved in RESORT.

The RESORT trial enrolled 545 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 384 of whom (71%) had a follicular histology; patients with nonfollicular histologies are being analyzed separately. Among the 384 patients, 274 had a response to induction rituximab, and were then randomized to either re-treatment at progression (134) or to maintenance with rituximab 375 mg/m² every 12 weeks. Each strategy was continued until treatment failure.

Time to treatment failure was defined as progression within 6 months of the last rituximab infusion, no response to re-treatment, initiation of alternative therapy, or inability to complete the protocol therapy. Patients were evaluated every 3 months and had restaging CT scans every 6 months,

Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities were seen in less than 5% of patients, and there were two on-study deaths, one in each treatment arm. Both strategies were "extremely well tolerated with minimal toxicities," Dr. Kahl said. There were more toxicities leading to a failure event in the maintenance arm, however.

"Our analysis so far shows that there is no quality-of-life benefit for the maintenance strategy relative to retreatment," he said.

The E4402 (RESORT) trial was sponsored by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Kahl disclosed being a consultant to Genentech and Roche, comarketer of rituximab. Two of his coauthors also are consultants to the company, and one is an employee. Dr. Hochberg has received consulting fees or research support from the company.

SAN DIEGO – A novel targeted agent was associated with high objective response rates at 10 months in patients with relapsed/refractory, heavily pretreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

At 10.2 months’ median follow-up, objective responses (combined complete and partial responses) were seen in 70% of 27 CLL/SLL patients assigned to a 420-mg daily dose of PCI-32765, an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). Objective responses were seen at 6.5 months’ follow-up in 44% of 34 patients on an 840 mg daily dose, reported Dr. Susan O’Brien, professor in the department of leukemia at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

The researchers had previously reported a 48% objective response rate at 6.2 months median follow-up.

Among patients who did not have a complete or partial response, a nodal partial response was noted in 19% of those in the 420-mg cohort and in 35% of those in the 840-mg group. A nodal partial response was defined as a reduction of greater than 50% in aggregate lymph node size, but with residual lymphocytosis.

Progression-free survival at 6 months is 92% in the 27 patients in the 420-mg cohort, and 90% in the 34 patients in the 840-mg group.

Although it’s still too early to tell which dose will be more effective, the evidence to date suggests that the 420-mg dose completely inhibits activity of the targeted kinase. Thus, the 840-mg dose may not be necessary, Dr. O'Brien said.

Further, PC-32765 does not cause myelosuppression, a trait noted with imatinib (Gleevec) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are effective in other leukemia subtypes.

"This is a big deal in CLL because all of the treatments that we have are pretty much chemo-based or antibody-based treatments. The biggest complication in treating CLL with pretty much every therapy we have is myelosuppression and infection, and of course these people are [already] immune suppressed. To have an agent that’s not myelosuppressive and this effective is very exciting," she said in a briefing prior to her presentation of the results at a session on Tuesday, Dec.13.

A leukemia specialist who was not involved in the study said that the results are particularly impressive given the nature of the patient population.

Patients also tolerated the drug well. The incidence of serious adverse events potentially related to PCI-32765 was 10%. The most common adverse event was diarrhea, which was generally mild, easily controlled, and self-limited, Dr. O’Brien said.

PCI-32765 binds selectively and irreversibly to BTK, an essential element of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway, thereby blocking receptor signaling, inducing cell death via apoptosis, and inhibiting cellular migration and adhesion of malignant B cells.

"To have an agent that’s not myelo-suppressive and this effective is very exciting."

The investigators enrolled both treatment-naive patients with CLL and those who had relapsed/refractory disease following at least two prior therapies, including fludarabine. The patients were treated with PCI-32765 administered daily for 28-day cycles until disease progression. Treatment-naive patients and 27 patients with relapsed/refractory disease were assigned to the 420-mg dose; 34 patients with relapsed/refractory disease were assigned to the 840-mg dose.

In all, 72% of patients had one or more poor-risk molecular features. Of this group, 31% had the 17p deletion, 33% had the 11q deletion, and 57% had IgV_H un-mutated.

Two patients dropped out of the trial because of adverse events (dose group not specified), and six patients (two in the 420-mg group, four in the 840-mg group) required a dose reduction.

The most frequently reported grade 1 or 2 adverse events were diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and ecchymosis. Serious adverse events were reported in 38% of patients. Serious events potentially related to the drug occurred in 10% of all patients.

The investigators noted that, in a majority of patients "a characteristic pattern of response, with a transient phase of lymphocytosis typically peaking within the first 2 months of therapy, followed by resolution over time."

At last follow-up, 22 of 27 patients on the 420-mg dose and 28 of 34 on the 840-mg dose were still on therapy. Phase-III trials are planned.

The trial was funded by Pharmacyclics. Dr. O’Brien disclosed serving on the board of directors or advisory committee, and has received research funding from the company. All of her coauthors disclosed either receiving research funding or consulting fees from the company, or being employees and receiving equity ownership in Phamacyclics.

SAN DIEGO – A novel targeted agent was associated with high objective response rates at 10 months in patients with relapsed/refractory, heavily pretreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

At 10.2 months’ median follow-up, objective responses (combined complete and partial responses) were seen in 70% of 27 CLL/SLL patients assigned to a 420-mg daily dose of PCI-32765, an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). Objective responses were seen at 6.5 months’ follow-up in 44% of 34 patients on an 840 mg daily dose, reported Dr. Susan O’Brien, professor in the department of leukemia at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

The researchers had previously reported a 48% objective response rate at 6.2 months median follow-up.

Among patients who did not have a complete or partial response, a nodal partial response was noted in 19% of those in the 420-mg cohort and in 35% of those in the 840-mg group. A nodal partial response was defined as a reduction of greater than 50% in aggregate lymph node size, but with residual lymphocytosis.

Progression-free survival at 6 months is 92% in the 27 patients in the 420-mg cohort, and 90% in the 34 patients in the 840-mg group.

Although it’s still too early to tell which dose will be more effective, the evidence to date suggests that the 420-mg dose completely inhibits activity of the targeted kinase. Thus, the 840-mg dose may not be necessary, Dr. O'Brien said.

Further, PC-32765 does not cause myelosuppression, a trait noted with imatinib (Gleevec) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are effective in other leukemia subtypes.

"This is a big deal in CLL because all of the treatments that we have are pretty much chemo-based or antibody-based treatments. The biggest complication in treating CLL with pretty much every therapy we have is myelosuppression and infection, and of course these people are [already] immune suppressed. To have an agent that’s not myelosuppressive and this effective is very exciting," she said in a briefing prior to her presentation of the results at a session on Tuesday, Dec.13.

A leukemia specialist who was not involved in the study said that the results are particularly impressive given the nature of the patient population.

Patients also tolerated the drug well. The incidence of serious adverse events potentially related to PCI-32765 was 10%. The most common adverse event was diarrhea, which was generally mild, easily controlled, and self-limited, Dr. O’Brien said.

PCI-32765 binds selectively and irreversibly to BTK, an essential element of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway, thereby blocking receptor signaling, inducing cell death via apoptosis, and inhibiting cellular migration and adhesion of malignant B cells.

"To have an agent that’s not myelo-suppressive and this effective is very exciting."

The investigators enrolled both treatment-naive patients with CLL and those who had relapsed/refractory disease following at least two prior therapies, including fludarabine. The patients were treated with PCI-32765 administered daily for 28-day cycles until disease progression. Treatment-naive patients and 27 patients with relapsed/refractory disease were assigned to the 420-mg dose; 34 patients with relapsed/refractory disease were assigned to the 840-mg dose.

In all, 72% of patients had one or more poor-risk molecular features. Of this group, 31% had the 17p deletion, 33% had the 11q deletion, and 57% had IgV_H un-mutated.

Two patients dropped out of the trial because of adverse events (dose group not specified), and six patients (two in the 420-mg group, four in the 840-mg group) required a dose reduction.

The most frequently reported grade 1 or 2 adverse events were diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and ecchymosis. Serious adverse events were reported in 38% of patients. Serious events potentially related to the drug occurred in 10% of all patients.

The investigators noted that, in a majority of patients "a characteristic pattern of response, with a transient phase of lymphocytosis typically peaking within the first 2 months of therapy, followed by resolution over time."

At last follow-up, 22 of 27 patients on the 420-mg dose and 28 of 34 on the 840-mg dose were still on therapy. Phase-III trials are planned.

The trial was funded by Pharmacyclics. Dr. O’Brien disclosed serving on the board of directors or advisory committee, and has received research funding from the company. All of her coauthors disclosed either receiving research funding or consulting fees from the company, or being employees and receiving equity ownership in Phamacyclics.

SAN DIEGO – A novel targeted agent was associated with high objective response rates at 10 months in patients with relapsed/refractory, heavily pretreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

At 10.2 months’ median follow-up, objective responses (combined complete and partial responses) were seen in 70% of 27 CLL/SLL patients assigned to a 420-mg daily dose of PCI-32765, an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). Objective responses were seen at 6.5 months’ follow-up in 44% of 34 patients on an 840 mg daily dose, reported Dr. Susan O’Brien, professor in the department of leukemia at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

The researchers had previously reported a 48% objective response rate at 6.2 months median follow-up.

Among patients who did not have a complete or partial response, a nodal partial response was noted in 19% of those in the 420-mg cohort and in 35% of those in the 840-mg group. A nodal partial response was defined as a reduction of greater than 50% in aggregate lymph node size, but with residual lymphocytosis.

Progression-free survival at 6 months is 92% in the 27 patients in the 420-mg cohort, and 90% in the 34 patients in the 840-mg group.

Although it’s still too early to tell which dose will be more effective, the evidence to date suggests that the 420-mg dose completely inhibits activity of the targeted kinase. Thus, the 840-mg dose may not be necessary, Dr. O'Brien said.

Further, PC-32765 does not cause myelosuppression, a trait noted with imatinib (Gleevec) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are effective in other leukemia subtypes.

"This is a big deal in CLL because all of the treatments that we have are pretty much chemo-based or antibody-based treatments. The biggest complication in treating CLL with pretty much every therapy we have is myelosuppression and infection, and of course these people are [already] immune suppressed. To have an agent that’s not myelosuppressive and this effective is very exciting," she said in a briefing prior to her presentation of the results at a session on Tuesday, Dec.13.

A leukemia specialist who was not involved in the study said that the results are particularly impressive given the nature of the patient population.

Patients also tolerated the drug well. The incidence of serious adverse events potentially related to PCI-32765 was 10%. The most common adverse event was diarrhea, which was generally mild, easily controlled, and self-limited, Dr. O’Brien said.

PCI-32765 binds selectively and irreversibly to BTK, an essential element of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway, thereby blocking receptor signaling, inducing cell death via apoptosis, and inhibiting cellular migration and adhesion of malignant B cells.

"To have an agent that’s not myelo-suppressive and this effective is very exciting."

The investigators enrolled both treatment-naive patients with CLL and those who had relapsed/refractory disease following at least two prior therapies, including fludarabine. The patients were treated with PCI-32765 administered daily for 28-day cycles until disease progression. Treatment-naive patients and 27 patients with relapsed/refractory disease were assigned to the 420-mg dose; 34 patients with relapsed/refractory disease were assigned to the 840-mg dose.

In all, 72% of patients had one or more poor-risk molecular features. Of this group, 31% had the 17p deletion, 33% had the 11q deletion, and 57% had IgV_H un-mutated.

Two patients dropped out of the trial because of adverse events (dose group not specified), and six patients (two in the 420-mg group, four in the 840-mg group) required a dose reduction.

The most frequently reported grade 1 or 2 adverse events were diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and ecchymosis. Serious adverse events were reported in 38% of patients. Serious events potentially related to the drug occurred in 10% of all patients.

The investigators noted that, in a majority of patients "a characteristic pattern of response, with a transient phase of lymphocytosis typically peaking within the first 2 months of therapy, followed by resolution over time."

At last follow-up, 22 of 27 patients on the 420-mg dose and 28 of 34 on the 840-mg dose were still on therapy. Phase-III trials are planned.

The trial was funded by Pharmacyclics. Dr. O’Brien disclosed serving on the board of directors or advisory committee, and has received research funding from the company. All of her coauthors disclosed either receiving research funding or consulting fees from the company, or being employees and receiving equity ownership in Phamacyclics.

SAN DIEGO – Data mined from several phase II studies of carfilzomib monotherapy confirm previous observations, but also raise new questions and insights into the use of the investigational proteasome inhibitor in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma.

The first of three posters simultaneously presented at the American Society of Hematology used multivariate modeling to confirm a dose-response relationship for carfilzomib in bortezomib (Velcade)-naive and bortezomib-treated patients.

After study effect was adjusted for, the odds of achieving a partial response or better for a patient treated with 27 mg/m² were 4.08-fold higher than for a patient receiving only 20 mg/m² (P less than .001).

When using the average dose as a continuous variable and again adjusting for study effect, the odds of a response increased by 1.28-fold for each 1-mg/m² increase in average carfilzomib dose, equivalent to a 5.52-fold increase in the odds of a response if the average dose increased from 20 mg/m² to 27 mg/m² (P less than .001), reported Sunhee Ro, Ph.D., an employee of San Francisco–based Onyx Pharmaceuticals, which is developing the drug. Statistician Pierre Squifflet of the International Drug Development Institute in Belgium was the lead author.

The dose-effect relationship was observed not only on the primary end point of overall response rate, but also time to progression, progression-free survival, and overall survival.

The analysis included three study populations: 266 heavily pretreated patients who had received at least two prior therapies including bortezomib and either thalidomide or lenalidomide and who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m² in cycle one with escalation to 27 mg/m² if tolerable, 35 patients pretreated with one to three prior therapies including bortezomib who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m², and 129 bortezomib-naive patients treated at 20 mg/m² or the same dose with escalation to 27 mg/m² if tolerable.

A corresponding toxicity analysis is underway, as are clinical trials assessing higher-dose regimens. The analysis raises the obvious question of whether the 20- to-27-mg/m² dose schedule Onyx used in its recent accelerated review filing for carfilzomib is possibly too low.

Dr. Ro and other Onyx employees milling about the poster were hesitant to comment, with Ruben Sanchez, the associate director of publications at Onyx, saying only that the maximum tolerated dose of carfilzomib is 20-70 mg/m² and that studies are ongoing at an "experimental dose" of 20-56 mg/m².

Unfavorable Cytogenetics

The second poster confirmed that unfavorable cytogenetics did not significantly impact overall response rates or response duration, but found that median overall survival was shorter for those with cytogenetic abnormalities than for those with no detected abnormalities at 11.9 months vs. 19.2 months.

A similar trend was observed for median progression-free survival at 3.6 months vs. 4.6 months, reported Dr. Andrzej J. Jakubowiak of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor.

When the researchers looked at specific cytogenetic abnormalities in the 234 evaluable patients dosed using the 20- to 27-mg/m² schedule, median overall survival was the lowest among those with deletion 17p3 at 7 months vs. 10.6 months with deletion 13, 10.4 months with hypodiploidy, and 11.8 months with translocation t(4:14).

 

Progression-free survival and time to progression also tended to be longer for patients with hypoploidy and translocation t(4:14) than for patients with deletion 13 and deletion 17p13. This observation is compatible with current thinking highlighted in an educational multiple myeloma program at the meeting, that cytogenetic abnormalities are becoming something of a moving target, coauthor Dr. Sundar Jagannath, director of the multiple myeloma program at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York, said in an interview.

"One area, 17p13 deletion, is still a challenge, but t4;14 translocation, hypodiploidy, and deletion 13 ... are all no longer considered as high risk in the presence of protease inhibitors," he said. "It is nothing unique to carfilzomib; it’s just the class of protease inhibitors."

Dr. Jagannath said that even in patients with the problematic 17p13 deletion, researchers have used gene expression profiling to further delineate those at high and low risk, and that data clearly show that outcomes are improved in low-risk 17p13 deletion patients with the inclusion of the protease inhibitor bortezomib therapy.

Safety Data

The third poster features integrated safety data from 526 heavily pretreated patients receiving carfilzomib 20 mg/m² or 20-27 mg/m², showing that grade 3/4 treatment adverse events occurred in 80% of patients, but were characterized as mostly reversible and primarily hematologic in nature.

The most common grade 3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (23%), anemia (22%), lymphopenia (18%), and pneumonia (11%). There were no fatal hematologic events and no grade 4 or 5 bleeding reactions associated with thrombocytopenia, reported Dr. Seema Singhal, professor of medicine and director of the multiple myeloma program at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, and her associates.

Cardiac events, some of which resulted in discontinuation or death, occurred. Cardiac failure events were reported in 7% with discontinuation due to heart failure in 2%, cardiac arrest in 1%, and myocardial ischemia in less than 1%.

"The extent to which these [events] were due to patients’ baseline comorbidities, toxicity from prior treatment, effects of multiple myeloma, carfilzomib itself, or a combination of these factors cannot be determined," the authors wrote.

Dr. Jagannath said the cardiac events do not represent a new signal.

The studies in the analyses were supported by Onyx. Dr. Ro is an employee of Onyx. Dr. Jakubowiak, Dr. Singhal, and Dr Jagannath reported financial relationships with several firms including Onyx.

SAN DIEGO – Data mined from several phase II studies of carfilzomib monotherapy confirm previous observations, but also raise new questions and insights into the use of the investigational proteasome inhibitor in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma.

The first of three posters simultaneously presented at the American Society of Hematology used multivariate modeling to confirm a dose-response relationship for carfilzomib in bortezomib (Velcade)-naive and bortezomib-treated patients.

After study effect was adjusted for, the odds of achieving a partial response or better for a patient treated with 27 mg/m² were 4.08-fold higher than for a patient receiving only 20 mg/m² (P less than .001).

When using the average dose as a continuous variable and again adjusting for study effect, the odds of a response increased by 1.28-fold for each 1-mg/m² increase in average carfilzomib dose, equivalent to a 5.52-fold increase in the odds of a response if the average dose increased from 20 mg/m² to 27 mg/m² (P less than .001), reported Sunhee Ro, Ph.D., an employee of San Francisco–based Onyx Pharmaceuticals, which is developing the drug. Statistician Pierre Squifflet of the International Drug Development Institute in Belgium was the lead author.

The dose-effect relationship was observed not only on the primary end point of overall response rate, but also time to progression, progression-free survival, and overall survival.

The analysis included three study populations: 266 heavily pretreated patients who had received at least two prior therapies including bortezomib and either thalidomide or lenalidomide and who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m² in cycle one with escalation to 27 mg/m² if tolerable, 35 patients pretreated with one to three prior therapies including bortezomib who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m², and 129 bortezomib-naive patients treated at 20 mg/m² or the same dose with escalation to 27 mg/m² if tolerable.

A corresponding toxicity analysis is underway, as are clinical trials assessing higher-dose regimens. The analysis raises the obvious question of whether the 20- to-27-mg/m² dose schedule Onyx used in its recent accelerated review filing for carfilzomib is possibly too low.

Dr. Ro and other Onyx employees milling about the poster were hesitant to comment, with Ruben Sanchez, the associate director of publications at Onyx, saying only that the maximum tolerated dose of carfilzomib is 20-70 mg/m² and that studies are ongoing at an "experimental dose" of 20-56 mg/m².

Unfavorable Cytogenetics

The second poster confirmed that unfavorable cytogenetics did not significantly impact overall response rates or response duration, but found that median overall survival was shorter for those with cytogenetic abnormalities than for those with no detected abnormalities at 11.9 months vs. 19.2 months.

A similar trend was observed for median progression-free survival at 3.6 months vs. 4.6 months, reported Dr. Andrzej J. Jakubowiak of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor.

When the researchers looked at specific cytogenetic abnormalities in the 234 evaluable patients dosed using the 20- to 27-mg/m² schedule, median overall survival was the lowest among those with deletion 17p3 at 7 months vs. 10.6 months with deletion 13, 10.4 months with hypodiploidy, and 11.8 months with translocation t(4:14).

 

Progression-free survival and time to progression also tended to be longer for patients with hypoploidy and translocation t(4:14) than for patients with deletion 13 and deletion 17p13. This observation is compatible with current thinking highlighted in an educational multiple myeloma program at the meeting, that cytogenetic abnormalities are becoming something of a moving target, coauthor Dr. Sundar Jagannath, director of the multiple myeloma program at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York, said in an interview.

"One area, 17p13 deletion, is still a challenge, but t4;14 translocation, hypodiploidy, and deletion 13 ... are all no longer considered as high risk in the presence of protease inhibitors," he said. "It is nothing unique to carfilzomib; it’s just the class of protease inhibitors."

Dr. Jagannath said that even in patients with the problematic 17p13 deletion, researchers have used gene expression profiling to further delineate those at high and low risk, and that data clearly show that outcomes are improved in low-risk 17p13 deletion patients with the inclusion of the protease inhibitor bortezomib therapy.

Safety Data

The third poster features integrated safety data from 526 heavily pretreated patients receiving carfilzomib 20 mg/m² or 20-27 mg/m², showing that grade 3/4 treatment adverse events occurred in 80% of patients, but were characterized as mostly reversible and primarily hematologic in nature.

The most common grade 3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (23%), anemia (22%), lymphopenia (18%), and pneumonia (11%). There were no fatal hematologic events and no grade 4 or 5 bleeding reactions associated with thrombocytopenia, reported Dr. Seema Singhal, professor of medicine and director of the multiple myeloma program at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, and her associates.

Cardiac events, some of which resulted in discontinuation or death, occurred. Cardiac failure events were reported in 7% with discontinuation due to heart failure in 2%, cardiac arrest in 1%, and myocardial ischemia in less than 1%.

"The extent to which these [events] were due to patients’ baseline comorbidities, toxicity from prior treatment, effects of multiple myeloma, carfilzomib itself, or a combination of these factors cannot be determined," the authors wrote.

Dr. Jagannath said the cardiac events do not represent a new signal.

The studies in the analyses were supported by Onyx. Dr. Ro is an employee of Onyx. Dr. Jakubowiak, Dr. Singhal, and Dr Jagannath reported financial relationships with several firms including Onyx.

SAN DIEGO – Data mined from several phase II studies of carfilzomib monotherapy confirm previous observations, but also raise new questions and insights into the use of the investigational proteasome inhibitor in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma.

The first of three posters simultaneously presented at the American Society of Hematology used multivariate modeling to confirm a dose-response relationship for carfilzomib in bortezomib (Velcade)-naive and bortezomib-treated patients.

After study effect was adjusted for, the odds of achieving a partial response or better for a patient treated with 27 mg/m² were 4.08-fold higher than for a patient receiving only 20 mg/m² (P less than .001).

When using the average dose as a continuous variable and again adjusting for study effect, the odds of a response increased by 1.28-fold for each 1-mg/m² increase in average carfilzomib dose, equivalent to a 5.52-fold increase in the odds of a response if the average dose increased from 20 mg/m² to 27 mg/m² (P less than .001), reported Sunhee Ro, Ph.D., an employee of San Francisco–based Onyx Pharmaceuticals, which is developing the drug. Statistician Pierre Squifflet of the International Drug Development Institute in Belgium was the lead author.

The dose-effect relationship was observed not only on the primary end point of overall response rate, but also time to progression, progression-free survival, and overall survival.

The analysis included three study populations: 266 heavily pretreated patients who had received at least two prior therapies including bortezomib and either thalidomide or lenalidomide and who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m² in cycle one with escalation to 27 mg/m² if tolerable, 35 patients pretreated with one to three prior therapies including bortezomib who received carfilzomib 20 mg/m², and 129 bortezomib-naive patients treated at 20 mg/m² or the same dose with escalation to 27 mg/m² if tolerable.

A corresponding toxicity analysis is underway, as are clinical trials assessing higher-dose regimens. The analysis raises the obvious question of whether the 20- to-27-mg/m² dose schedule Onyx used in its recent accelerated review filing for carfilzomib is possibly too low.

Dr. Ro and other Onyx employees milling about the poster were hesitant to comment, with Ruben Sanchez, the associate director of publications at Onyx, saying only that the maximum tolerated dose of carfilzomib is 20-70 mg/m² and that studies are ongoing at an "experimental dose" of 20-56 mg/m².

Unfavorable Cytogenetics

The second poster confirmed that unfavorable cytogenetics did not significantly impact overall response rates or response duration, but found that median overall survival was shorter for those with cytogenetic abnormalities than for those with no detected abnormalities at 11.9 months vs. 19.2 months.

A similar trend was observed for median progression-free survival at 3.6 months vs. 4.6 months, reported Dr. Andrzej J. Jakubowiak of the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor.

When the researchers looked at specific cytogenetic abnormalities in the 234 evaluable patients dosed using the 20- to 27-mg/m² schedule, median overall survival was the lowest among those with deletion 17p3 at 7 months vs. 10.6 months with deletion 13, 10.4 months with hypodiploidy, and 11.8 months with translocation t(4:14).

 

Progression-free survival and time to progression also tended to be longer for patients with hypoploidy and translocation t(4:14) than for patients with deletion 13 and deletion 17p13. This observation is compatible with current thinking highlighted in an educational multiple myeloma program at the meeting, that cytogenetic abnormalities are becoming something of a moving target, coauthor Dr. Sundar Jagannath, director of the multiple myeloma program at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York, said in an interview.

"One area, 17p13 deletion, is still a challenge, but t4;14 translocation, hypodiploidy, and deletion 13 ... are all no longer considered as high risk in the presence of protease inhibitors," he said. "It is nothing unique to carfilzomib; it’s just the class of protease inhibitors."

Dr. Jagannath said that even in patients with the problematic 17p13 deletion, researchers have used gene expression profiling to further delineate those at high and low risk, and that data clearly show that outcomes are improved in low-risk 17p13 deletion patients with the inclusion of the protease inhibitor bortezomib therapy.

Safety Data

The third poster features integrated safety data from 526 heavily pretreated patients receiving carfilzomib 20 mg/m² or 20-27 mg/m², showing that grade 3/4 treatment adverse events occurred in 80% of patients, but were characterized as mostly reversible and primarily hematologic in nature.

The most common grade 3 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (23%), anemia (22%), lymphopenia (18%), and pneumonia (11%). There were no fatal hematologic events and no grade 4 or 5 bleeding reactions associated with thrombocytopenia, reported Dr. Seema Singhal, professor of medicine and director of the multiple myeloma program at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, and her associates.

Cardiac events, some of which resulted in discontinuation or death, occurred. Cardiac failure events were reported in 7% with discontinuation due to heart failure in 2%, cardiac arrest in 1%, and myocardial ischemia in less than 1%.

"The extent to which these [events] were due to patients’ baseline comorbidities, toxicity from prior treatment, effects of multiple myeloma, carfilzomib itself, or a combination of these factors cannot be determined," the authors wrote.

Dr. Jagannath said the cardiac events do not represent a new signal.

The studies in the analyses were supported by Onyx. Dr. Ro is an employee of Onyx. Dr. Jakubowiak, Dr. Singhal, and Dr Jagannath reported financial relationships with several firms including Onyx.

SAN DIEGO – Long after the event, hematopoietic stem cell recipients still bear a heavier burden of physical and emotional problems than do their siblings, and greater use of specialized health care, according to investigators at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

In all, 74% of transplant survivors reported having a chronic health condition at least 10 years on, compared with 39% of age-matched siblings in the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study.

"The difference was especially prominent for severe or life-threatening conditions: 25% of the survivors versus 8% of the siblings reported having a severe, life threatening condition," said Dr. Can-Lan Sun, director of survey research at City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, Calif., on behalf of coauthors at a press briefing.

"Survivors were five times more likely to report a severe life-threatening condition than siblings," she added.

The cumulative incidence of chronic health conditions over 15 years of follow-up was 71%, and the cumulative incidence of severe, life-threatening events was 40%, the authors found.

"We have many more survivors than we used to, and we’re very thankful for that, but I think it’s important to realize that once a transplant is over, it’s not really over – and that there are some long-term effects either because of the transplant procedure, or because of the chemotherapy that the patient had to get to the transplant," commented Dr. Stephanie J. Lee, professor of medicine at the University of Washington, and a transplant specialist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, both in Seattle.

Dr. Lee moderated the briefing but was not involved in the study.

The authors conducted a retrospective study that surveyed 366 hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors of at least 10 years’ duration and compared outcomes of chronic health conditions and psychological health with those of 309 aged-matched siblings. The severe and/or life-threatening conditions they considered included:

• Impaired hearing (loss not corrected by hearing aids).

• Legal blindness.

• Dialysis support.

• Gastrointestinal problems (surgery for intestinal obstruction, rectal or anal strictures, or cirrhosis.

• Cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, stroke).

• Joint replacement.

• Diabetes.

• Subsequent cancers.

The majority of survivors (65%) had received allogeneic transplants from a relative, 27% had autologous transplants, and 8% received HCT from unrelated donors. In all, 72% of patients had a conditioning regimen with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide or etoposide, or both.

Indications for transplant were acute myeloid leukemia (28%), chronic myeloid leukemia (17%), acute lymphocytic leukemia (17%), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (11%), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (7%), aplastic anemia, or others (10%).

In an analysis adjusted for age at questionnaire, sex, race/ethnicity, education level attained, income and insurance status, they found that the relative risk (RR) for survivors to have any grade 1-4 condition was 2.16. The RR for having a grade 1 or 2 condition was 2.24, and for having a grade 3 or 4 condition was 5.64 (P less than .001 for all comparisons).

In addition, an analysis of adverse psychological outcomes, adjusted for the same factors, showed that survivors had an RR for somatic distress (unexplained physical symptoms such as pain, fatigue, etc.) of 2.73 (P = .03).

"Among survivors, females, those with low income, and those with poor health status were more likely to report somatic distress," Dr. Sun said.

In contrast, there were no significant differences between survivors and siblings in risk for anxiety, depression, or global distress.

Survivors also reported high use of health care services, with 78% reporting receiving a general physical examination within the past 2 years, and nearly two-thirds reporting that they had returned to the cancer center for ongoing care.

"As HCT continues to be a curative option for a variety of hematological malignancies, the burden of long-term physical and emotional morbidity formed by HCT recipients who have survived at least 10 years is substantial," Dr. Sun concluded.

The study was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant and a Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Scholar award to Dr. Sun. Neither she nor Dr. Lee had reported conflicts of interest.

SAN DIEGO – Long after the event, hematopoietic stem cell recipients still bear a heavier burden of physical and emotional problems than do their siblings, and greater use of specialized health care, according to investigators at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

In all, 74% of transplant survivors reported having a chronic health condition at least 10 years on, compared with 39% of age-matched siblings in the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study.

"The difference was especially prominent for severe or life-threatening conditions: 25% of the survivors versus 8% of the siblings reported having a severe, life threatening condition," said Dr. Can-Lan Sun, director of survey research at City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, Calif., on behalf of coauthors at a press briefing.

"Survivors were five times more likely to report a severe life-threatening condition than siblings," she added.

The cumulative incidence of chronic health conditions over 15 years of follow-up was 71%, and the cumulative incidence of severe, life-threatening events was 40%, the authors found.

"We have many more survivors than we used to, and we’re very thankful for that, but I think it’s important to realize that once a transplant is over, it’s not really over – and that there are some long-term effects either because of the transplant procedure, or because of the chemotherapy that the patient had to get to the transplant," commented Dr. Stephanie J. Lee, professor of medicine at the University of Washington, and a transplant specialist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, both in Seattle.

Dr. Lee moderated the briefing but was not involved in the study.

The authors conducted a retrospective study that surveyed 366 hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors of at least 10 years’ duration and compared outcomes of chronic health conditions and psychological health with those of 309 aged-matched siblings. The severe and/or life-threatening conditions they considered included:

• Impaired hearing (loss not corrected by hearing aids).

• Legal blindness.

• Dialysis support.

• Gastrointestinal problems (surgery for intestinal obstruction, rectal or anal strictures, or cirrhosis.

• Cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, stroke).

• Joint replacement.

• Diabetes.

• Subsequent cancers.

The majority of survivors (65%) had received allogeneic transplants from a relative, 27% had autologous transplants, and 8% received HCT from unrelated donors. In all, 72% of patients had a conditioning regimen with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide or etoposide, or both.

Indications for transplant were acute myeloid leukemia (28%), chronic myeloid leukemia (17%), acute lymphocytic leukemia (17%), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (11%), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (7%), aplastic anemia, or others (10%).

In an analysis adjusted for age at questionnaire, sex, race/ethnicity, education level attained, income and insurance status, they found that the relative risk (RR) for survivors to have any grade 1-4 condition was 2.16. The RR for having a grade 1 or 2 condition was 2.24, and for having a grade 3 or 4 condition was 5.64 (P less than .001 for all comparisons).

In addition, an analysis of adverse psychological outcomes, adjusted for the same factors, showed that survivors had an RR for somatic distress (unexplained physical symptoms such as pain, fatigue, etc.) of 2.73 (P = .03).

"Among survivors, females, those with low income, and those with poor health status were more likely to report somatic distress," Dr. Sun said.

In contrast, there were no significant differences between survivors and siblings in risk for anxiety, depression, or global distress.

Survivors also reported high use of health care services, with 78% reporting receiving a general physical examination within the past 2 years, and nearly two-thirds reporting that they had returned to the cancer center for ongoing care.

"As HCT continues to be a curative option for a variety of hematological malignancies, the burden of long-term physical and emotional morbidity formed by HCT recipients who have survived at least 10 years is substantial," Dr. Sun concluded.

The study was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant and a Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Scholar award to Dr. Sun. Neither she nor Dr. Lee had reported conflicts of interest.

SAN DIEGO – Long after the event, hematopoietic stem cell recipients still bear a heavier burden of physical and emotional problems than do their siblings, and greater use of specialized health care, according to investigators at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

In all, 74% of transplant survivors reported having a chronic health condition at least 10 years on, compared with 39% of age-matched siblings in the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study.

"The difference was especially prominent for severe or life-threatening conditions: 25% of the survivors versus 8% of the siblings reported having a severe, life threatening condition," said Dr. Can-Lan Sun, director of survey research at City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, Calif., on behalf of coauthors at a press briefing.

"Survivors were five times more likely to report a severe life-threatening condition than siblings," she added.

The cumulative incidence of chronic health conditions over 15 years of follow-up was 71%, and the cumulative incidence of severe, life-threatening events was 40%, the authors found.

"We have many more survivors than we used to, and we’re very thankful for that, but I think it’s important to realize that once a transplant is over, it’s not really over – and that there are some long-term effects either because of the transplant procedure, or because of the chemotherapy that the patient had to get to the transplant," commented Dr. Stephanie J. Lee, professor of medicine at the University of Washington, and a transplant specialist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, both in Seattle.

Dr. Lee moderated the briefing but was not involved in the study.

The authors conducted a retrospective study that surveyed 366 hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors of at least 10 years’ duration and compared outcomes of chronic health conditions and psychological health with those of 309 aged-matched siblings. The severe and/or life-threatening conditions they considered included:

• Impaired hearing (loss not corrected by hearing aids).

• Legal blindness.

• Dialysis support.

• Gastrointestinal problems (surgery for intestinal obstruction, rectal or anal strictures, or cirrhosis.

• Cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, stroke).

• Joint replacement.

• Diabetes.

• Subsequent cancers.

The majority of survivors (65%) had received allogeneic transplants from a relative, 27% had autologous transplants, and 8% received HCT from unrelated donors. In all, 72% of patients had a conditioning regimen with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide or etoposide, or both.

Indications for transplant were acute myeloid leukemia (28%), chronic myeloid leukemia (17%), acute lymphocytic leukemia (17%), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (11%), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (7%), aplastic anemia, or others (10%).

In an analysis adjusted for age at questionnaire, sex, race/ethnicity, education level attained, income and insurance status, they found that the relative risk (RR) for survivors to have any grade 1-4 condition was 2.16. The RR for having a grade 1 or 2 condition was 2.24, and for having a grade 3 or 4 condition was 5.64 (P less than .001 for all comparisons).

In addition, an analysis of adverse psychological outcomes, adjusted for the same factors, showed that survivors had an RR for somatic distress (unexplained physical symptoms such as pain, fatigue, etc.) of 2.73 (P = .03).

"Among survivors, females, those with low income, and those with poor health status were more likely to report somatic distress," Dr. Sun said.

In contrast, there were no significant differences between survivors and siblings in risk for anxiety, depression, or global distress.

Survivors also reported high use of health care services, with 78% reporting receiving a general physical examination within the past 2 years, and nearly two-thirds reporting that they had returned to the cancer center for ongoing care.

"As HCT continues to be a curative option for a variety of hematological malignancies, the burden of long-term physical and emotional morbidity formed by HCT recipients who have survived at least 10 years is substantial," Dr. Sun concluded.

The study was supported by a National Institutes of Health grant and a Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Scholar award to Dr. Sun. Neither she nor Dr. Lee had reported conflicts of interest.

SAN DIEGO – Filgrastim-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells convey no survival advantage over bone marrow transplants when the donor is not an HLA-identical sibling of the recipient, investigators have reported.

Two-year overall survival among 273 patients randomized to receive filgrastim (Neupogen)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from an unrelated donor was 51% in an intention-to-treat analysis, compared with 46% of 278 patients randomized to bone-marrow transplants (BMT), also from an unrelated donor (P=.288).

Moreover, filgrastim/PBSC was associated with an increased incidence of chronic extensive graft-versus host disease (GVHD) of 48%, compared with 32% for BMT (P less than .001). The incidence of acute GVHD did not differ between treatment types, Dr. Claudio Anasetti reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

PBSC was significantly better at engraftment, however, with only 7 patients (2.7%) experiencing either primary or secondary graft failure, compared with 24 (9.1%) of those who received BMT (P=.002).

Currently, around 75% of unrelated adult donor transplants use PBSC.

There are still some patients who might benefit from PBSC, he said, including those who are at increased risk for graft rejection. The incidence of rejection-related deaths was 8% among patients on BMT vs. 0% of patients on PBSC (P=.002). Patients at risk for rejection who do not receive pre-transplant immunosuppression, such as those with the myelodysplastic syndrome, may benefit more from PBSC, said Dr. Anasetti of the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute in Tampa, Fla.

Similarly, heavily pre-treated patients with systemic infections who require rapid reconstitution with blood cells also may benefit from PBSC over bone marrow, he said.

Previous randomized trials in HLA-identical siblings demonstrated that filgrastim-mobilized PBSC compared to BMT improved engraftment kinetics, increased risks of acute and chronic GVHD, but also decreased relapse and improved survival in patients with high risk leukemia. Dr. Anasetti and his associates performed the current study to compare outcomes of PBSC and marrow transplants from unrelated donors.

A physician who performs stem-cell transplants but was not involved in the study said that the findings run contrary to what she and many of her colleagues had expected.

The investigators enrolled patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and mycosis fungoides from 50 centers in the United States and Canada. The patients were randomized on a 1:1 ratio to either PBSC or BMT and stratified by transplant center and disease risk.

A total of 5% of the 278 patients randomized to BMT did not receive a transplant, and 4.3% crossed over to PBSC. Of 273 assigned to PBSC, 4.3% were not transplanted, and 0.4% crossed over to BMT.

The majority of patients (90%) were adults age 21 or older, 47% had AML, 28% had high-risk disease, 48% underwent pre-transplant conditioning with cyclophosphamide plus total body irradiation, and 71% received tacrolimus (Prograf) plus methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis.

Over 36-months median follow-up, there were no significant differences in either overall non-relapse deaths or in relapse rates, each of which occurred in about 30% of patients. Significantly more patients who received PBSC died from chronic GVHD: 21% compared with 10% of those who had received BMT (P=.002).

Patients on PBSC had better neutrophil engraftment at 5 days (P less than .001) and platelet engraftment at 7 days (P less than .001) than those who received BMT, however.

At 2-year follow-up, 57 of those who had received bone marrow were off of immunosuppressive therapy, compared with 37% of those who had received PBSC (P=.026).

Preplanned subset analyses showed no interactions between treatment arms in either disease risk, donor HLA matching, or patient age.

Future clinical research needs to focus on transplant approaches that can offset specific risks, such as prevention of graft failure with BMT, and prevention of acute and chronic GVHD with either source, Dr. Anasetti said.

The trial was funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Cancer Institute. Dr. Anasetti disclosed off-label use of cyclophosphamide, busulfan, melphalan, fludarabine, anti-thymocyte globulin, and irradiation to eradicate malignancy, and tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis. Co-author Daniel J. Weisdorf disclosed consulting for and receiving research funding from Genzyme. Co-author Peter Westervelt disclosed serving on a speakers bureau for Novartis.

SAN DIEGO – Filgrastim-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells convey no survival advantage over bone marrow transplants when the donor is not an HLA-identical sibling of the recipient, investigators have reported.

Two-year overall survival among 273 patients randomized to receive filgrastim (Neupogen)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from an unrelated donor was 51% in an intention-to-treat analysis, compared with 46% of 278 patients randomized to bone-marrow transplants (BMT), also from an unrelated donor (P=.288).

Moreover, filgrastim/PBSC was associated with an increased incidence of chronic extensive graft-versus host disease (GVHD) of 48%, compared with 32% for BMT (P less than .001). The incidence of acute GVHD did not differ between treatment types, Dr. Claudio Anasetti reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

PBSC was significantly better at engraftment, however, with only 7 patients (2.7%) experiencing either primary or secondary graft failure, compared with 24 (9.1%) of those who received BMT (P=.002).

Currently, around 75% of unrelated adult donor transplants use PBSC.

There are still some patients who might benefit from PBSC, he said, including those who are at increased risk for graft rejection. The incidence of rejection-related deaths was 8% among patients on BMT vs. 0% of patients on PBSC (P=.002). Patients at risk for rejection who do not receive pre-transplant immunosuppression, such as those with the myelodysplastic syndrome, may benefit more from PBSC, said Dr. Anasetti of the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute in Tampa, Fla.

Similarly, heavily pre-treated patients with systemic infections who require rapid reconstitution with blood cells also may benefit from PBSC over bone marrow, he said.

Previous randomized trials in HLA-identical siblings demonstrated that filgrastim-mobilized PBSC compared to BMT improved engraftment kinetics, increased risks of acute and chronic GVHD, but also decreased relapse and improved survival in patients with high risk leukemia. Dr. Anasetti and his associates performed the current study to compare outcomes of PBSC and marrow transplants from unrelated donors.

A physician who performs stem-cell transplants but was not involved in the study said that the findings run contrary to what she and many of her colleagues had expected.

The investigators enrolled patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and mycosis fungoides from 50 centers in the United States and Canada. The patients were randomized on a 1:1 ratio to either PBSC or BMT and stratified by transplant center and disease risk.

A total of 5% of the 278 patients randomized to BMT did not receive a transplant, and 4.3% crossed over to PBSC. Of 273 assigned to PBSC, 4.3% were not transplanted, and 0.4% crossed over to BMT.

The majority of patients (90%) were adults age 21 or older, 47% had AML, 28% had high-risk disease, 48% underwent pre-transplant conditioning with cyclophosphamide plus total body irradiation, and 71% received tacrolimus (Prograf) plus methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis.

Over 36-months median follow-up, there were no significant differences in either overall non-relapse deaths or in relapse rates, each of which occurred in about 30% of patients. Significantly more patients who received PBSC died from chronic GVHD: 21% compared with 10% of those who had received BMT (P=.002).

Patients on PBSC had better neutrophil engraftment at 5 days (P less than .001) and platelet engraftment at 7 days (P less than .001) than those who received BMT, however.

At 2-year follow-up, 57 of those who had received bone marrow were off of immunosuppressive therapy, compared with 37% of those who had received PBSC (P=.026).

Preplanned subset analyses showed no interactions between treatment arms in either disease risk, donor HLA matching, or patient age.

Future clinical research needs to focus on transplant approaches that can offset specific risks, such as prevention of graft failure with BMT, and prevention of acute and chronic GVHD with either source, Dr. Anasetti said.

The trial was funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Cancer Institute. Dr. Anasetti disclosed off-label use of cyclophosphamide, busulfan, melphalan, fludarabine, anti-thymocyte globulin, and irradiation to eradicate malignancy, and tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis. Co-author Daniel J. Weisdorf disclosed consulting for and receiving research funding from Genzyme. Co-author Peter Westervelt disclosed serving on a speakers bureau for Novartis.

SAN DIEGO – Filgrastim-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells convey no survival advantage over bone marrow transplants when the donor is not an HLA-identical sibling of the recipient, investigators have reported.

Two-year overall survival among 273 patients randomized to receive filgrastim (Neupogen)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) from an unrelated donor was 51% in an intention-to-treat analysis, compared with 46% of 278 patients randomized to bone-marrow transplants (BMT), also from an unrelated donor (P=.288).

Moreover, filgrastim/PBSC was associated with an increased incidence of chronic extensive graft-versus host disease (GVHD) of 48%, compared with 32% for BMT (P less than .001). The incidence of acute GVHD did not differ between treatment types, Dr. Claudio Anasetti reported at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

PBSC was significantly better at engraftment, however, with only 7 patients (2.7%) experiencing either primary or secondary graft failure, compared with 24 (9.1%) of those who received BMT (P=.002).

Currently, around 75% of unrelated adult donor transplants use PBSC.

There are still some patients who might benefit from PBSC, he said, including those who are at increased risk for graft rejection. The incidence of rejection-related deaths was 8% among patients on BMT vs. 0% of patients on PBSC (P=.002). Patients at risk for rejection who do not receive pre-transplant immunosuppression, such as those with the myelodysplastic syndrome, may benefit more from PBSC, said Dr. Anasetti of the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute in Tampa, Fla.

Similarly, heavily pre-treated patients with systemic infections who require rapid reconstitution with blood cells also may benefit from PBSC over bone marrow, he said.

Previous randomized trials in HLA-identical siblings demonstrated that filgrastim-mobilized PBSC compared to BMT improved engraftment kinetics, increased risks of acute and chronic GVHD, but also decreased relapse and improved survival in patients with high risk leukemia. Dr. Anasetti and his associates performed the current study to compare outcomes of PBSC and marrow transplants from unrelated donors.

A physician who performs stem-cell transplants but was not involved in the study said that the findings run contrary to what she and many of her colleagues had expected.

The investigators enrolled patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and mycosis fungoides from 50 centers in the United States and Canada. The patients were randomized on a 1:1 ratio to either PBSC or BMT and stratified by transplant center and disease risk.

A total of 5% of the 278 patients randomized to BMT did not receive a transplant, and 4.3% crossed over to PBSC. Of 273 assigned to PBSC, 4.3% were not transplanted, and 0.4% crossed over to BMT.

The majority of patients (90%) were adults age 21 or older, 47% had AML, 28% had high-risk disease, 48% underwent pre-transplant conditioning with cyclophosphamide plus total body irradiation, and 71% received tacrolimus (Prograf) plus methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis.

Over 36-months median follow-up, there were no significant differences in either overall non-relapse deaths or in relapse rates, each of which occurred in about 30% of patients. Significantly more patients who received PBSC died from chronic GVHD: 21% compared with 10% of those who had received BMT (P=.002).

Patients on PBSC had better neutrophil engraftment at 5 days (P less than .001) and platelet engraftment at 7 days (P less than .001) than those who received BMT, however.

At 2-year follow-up, 57 of those who had received bone marrow were off of immunosuppressive therapy, compared with 37% of those who had received PBSC (P=.026).

Preplanned subset analyses showed no interactions between treatment arms in either disease risk, donor HLA matching, or patient age.

Future clinical research needs to focus on transplant approaches that can offset specific risks, such as prevention of graft failure with BMT, and prevention of acute and chronic GVHD with either source, Dr. Anasetti said.

The trial was funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Cancer Institute. Dr. Anasetti disclosed off-label use of cyclophosphamide, busulfan, melphalan, fludarabine, anti-thymocyte globulin, and irradiation to eradicate malignancy, and tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis. Co-author Daniel J. Weisdorf disclosed consulting for and receiving research funding from Genzyme. Co-author Peter Westervelt disclosed serving on a speakers bureau for Novartis.

Hodgkin lymphoma cells

A novel agent has shown activity in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), but it can cause severe adverse events and even death at a high dosage.

Researchers found that mocetinostat, an oral isotype-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor, was somewhat effective against HL when given at 85 mg or 110 mg.

However, patients in both treatment arms experienced adverse events, some of which led to treatment discontinuation. And 2 of the 4 deaths that occurred in the 110-mg arm could be attributed to treatment.

Anas Younes, MD, of M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, and his colleagues reported these results in the December print issue of The Lancet Oncology.

Dr Younes’s team began this study by enrolling 51 patients with relapsed or refractory classical HL who were 18 years of age or older. Patients received mocetinostat orally 3 times a week, in 28-day cycles.

Twenty-three patients received 110 mg of the drug, and 28 patients received 85 mg.

The study’s primary outcome was disease control rate. This was defined as complete response, partial response, or stable disease for at least 6 treatment cycles.

In the 110-mg arm, 35% of patients (8/23) met the disease control criteria. In the 85-mg arm, the disease control rate was 25% (7/28).

A total of 12 patients (24%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Nine patients discontinued in the 85-mg cohort, as did 3 patients in the 110-mg cohort.

The most frequent grade 3 and 4 adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, and pneumonia. In the 110-mg arm, 4 patients experienced neutropenia, 5 reported fatigue, and 4 developed pneumonia. In the 85-mg group, 3 patients experienced neutropenia, 3 reported fatigue, and 2 developed pneumonia.

Four patients in the 110-mg arm died, and the researchers said 2 of these deaths may have been related to treatment.

The team therefore concluded that 85 mg of mocetinostat 3 times per week could be a promising treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory HL.

The researchers received funding from the maker of mocetinostat, MethylGene Inc., of Montreal, Canada, as well as Celgene Corporation, of Summit, New Jersey.

Hodgkin lymphoma cells

A novel agent has shown activity in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), but it can cause severe adverse events and even death at a high dosage.

Researchers found that mocetinostat, an oral isotype-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor, was somewhat effective against HL when given at 85 mg or 110 mg.

However, patients in both treatment arms experienced adverse events, some of which led to treatment discontinuation. And 2 of the 4 deaths that occurred in the 110-mg arm could be attributed to treatment.

Anas Younes, MD, of M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, and his colleagues reported these results in the December print issue of The Lancet Oncology.

Dr Younes’s team began this study by enrolling 51 patients with relapsed or refractory classical HL who were 18 years of age or older. Patients received mocetinostat orally 3 times a week, in 28-day cycles.

Twenty-three patients received 110 mg of the drug, and 28 patients received 85 mg.

The study’s primary outcome was disease control rate. This was defined as complete response, partial response, or stable disease for at least 6 treatment cycles.

In the 110-mg arm, 35% of patients (8/23) met the disease control criteria. In the 85-mg arm, the disease control rate was 25% (7/28).

A total of 12 patients (24%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Nine patients discontinued in the 85-mg cohort, as did 3 patients in the 110-mg cohort.

The most frequent grade 3 and 4 adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, and pneumonia. In the 110-mg arm, 4 patients experienced neutropenia, 5 reported fatigue, and 4 developed pneumonia. In the 85-mg group, 3 patients experienced neutropenia, 3 reported fatigue, and 2 developed pneumonia.

Four patients in the 110-mg arm died, and the researchers said 2 of these deaths may have been related to treatment.

The team therefore concluded that 85 mg of mocetinostat 3 times per week could be a promising treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory HL.

The researchers received funding from the maker of mocetinostat, MethylGene Inc., of Montreal, Canada, as well as Celgene Corporation, of Summit, New Jersey.

Hodgkin lymphoma cells

A novel agent has shown activity in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), but it can cause severe adverse events and even death at a high dosage.

Researchers found that mocetinostat, an oral isotype-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor, was somewhat effective against HL when given at 85 mg or 110 mg.

However, patients in both treatment arms experienced adverse events, some of which led to treatment discontinuation. And 2 of the 4 deaths that occurred in the 110-mg arm could be attributed to treatment.

Anas Younes, MD, of M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, and his colleagues reported these results in the December print issue of The Lancet Oncology.

Dr Younes’s team began this study by enrolling 51 patients with relapsed or refractory classical HL who were 18 years of age or older. Patients received mocetinostat orally 3 times a week, in 28-day cycles.

Twenty-three patients received 110 mg of the drug, and 28 patients received 85 mg.

The study’s primary outcome was disease control rate. This was defined as complete response, partial response, or stable disease for at least 6 treatment cycles.

In the 110-mg arm, 35% of patients (8/23) met the disease control criteria. In the 85-mg arm, the disease control rate was 25% (7/28).

A total of 12 patients (24%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events. Nine patients discontinued in the 85-mg cohort, as did 3 patients in the 110-mg cohort.

The most frequent grade 3 and 4 adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, and pneumonia. In the 110-mg arm, 4 patients experienced neutropenia, 5 reported fatigue, and 4 developed pneumonia. In the 85-mg group, 3 patients experienced neutropenia, 3 reported fatigue, and 2 developed pneumonia.

Four patients in the 110-mg arm died, and the researchers said 2 of these deaths may have been related to treatment.

The team therefore concluded that 85 mg of mocetinostat 3 times per week could be a promising treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory HL.

The researchers received funding from the maker of mocetinostat, MethylGene Inc., of Montreal, Canada, as well as Celgene Corporation, of Summit, New Jersey.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence says that it will recommend rituximab in combination with several chemotherapy regimens as first-line treatments for people with advanced follicular lymphoma.

Current NICE guidance recommends rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone (CVP) for this patient group.

In final draft guidance issued Dec. 1, the agency, which makes cost- and clinical-effectiveness decisions for England and Wales, said that rituximab (MabThera, Roche) could also be used in combination with chlorambucil or the following chemotherapy regimens:

– Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP).

– Mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone (MCP).

– Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, prednisolone, and interferon-alpha (CHVPi).

All recommended regimens are authorized in Europe, are commonly used in the United Kingdom, and have been evaluated with and without rituximab in open-label clinical trials in patients with stage III and IV follicular lymphoma. For all, addition of rituximab was shown to correspond with a significant survival benefit compared with the chemotherapy-alone groups.

Having a range of chemotherapy options available is important, NICE said, due to differences in patients’ fitness as they age. Chlorambucil is seen as an option mainly for older patients, or patients with a lower performance status.

Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets cells bearing the CD20 surface marker. For follicular lymphoma, dosage is 375 mg/m² body surface area for up to eight cycles, administered on day 1 of the chemotherapy cycle. Each 10-mL (100-mg) vial costs £174.63, or £873.15 for 500 mL.

Current NICE guidance also recommends rituximab monotherapy as a maintenance treatment immediately following first-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens. While most patients presenting with advanced follicular lymphoma are treatment-naive, rituximab plus chemotherapy is also recommended by NICE for relapsed or refractory advanced follicular lymphoma.

The NICE reviewers found all of the rituximab-plus-chemotherapy regimens to be well within NICE’s cost-effectiveness parameters, with an estimated incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £7,720 per quality-adjusted life year for rituximab plus CVP; £10,800 per QALY gained for rituximab plus CHOP; and £9,320 per QALY gained for rituximab plus MCP. For CHVPi, the cost-effectiveness estimates remained uncertain. However, the agency felt it was unlikely that estimates would exceed its "threshold range" of between £20,000 and £30,000 per QALY.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence says that it will recommend rituximab in combination with several chemotherapy regimens as first-line treatments for people with advanced follicular lymphoma.

Current NICE guidance recommends rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone (CVP) for this patient group.

In final draft guidance issued Dec. 1, the agency, which makes cost- and clinical-effectiveness decisions for England and Wales, said that rituximab (MabThera, Roche) could also be used in combination with chlorambucil or the following chemotherapy regimens:

– Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP).

– Mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone (MCP).

– Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, prednisolone, and interferon-alpha (CHVPi).

All recommended regimens are authorized in Europe, are commonly used in the United Kingdom, and have been evaluated with and without rituximab in open-label clinical trials in patients with stage III and IV follicular lymphoma. For all, addition of rituximab was shown to correspond with a significant survival benefit compared with the chemotherapy-alone groups.

Having a range of chemotherapy options available is important, NICE said, due to differences in patients’ fitness as they age. Chlorambucil is seen as an option mainly for older patients, or patients with a lower performance status.

Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets cells bearing the CD20 surface marker. For follicular lymphoma, dosage is 375 mg/m² body surface area for up to eight cycles, administered on day 1 of the chemotherapy cycle. Each 10-mL (100-mg) vial costs £174.63, or £873.15 for 500 mL.

Current NICE guidance also recommends rituximab monotherapy as a maintenance treatment immediately following first-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens. While most patients presenting with advanced follicular lymphoma are treatment-naive, rituximab plus chemotherapy is also recommended by NICE for relapsed or refractory advanced follicular lymphoma.

The NICE reviewers found all of the rituximab-plus-chemotherapy regimens to be well within NICE’s cost-effectiveness parameters, with an estimated incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £7,720 per quality-adjusted life year for rituximab plus CVP; £10,800 per QALY gained for rituximab plus CHOP; and £9,320 per QALY gained for rituximab plus MCP. For CHVPi, the cost-effectiveness estimates remained uncertain. However, the agency felt it was unlikely that estimates would exceed its "threshold range" of between £20,000 and £30,000 per QALY.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence says that it will recommend rituximab in combination with several chemotherapy regimens as first-line treatments for people with advanced follicular lymphoma.

Current NICE guidance recommends rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone (CVP) for this patient group.

In final draft guidance issued Dec. 1, the agency, which makes cost- and clinical-effectiveness decisions for England and Wales, said that rituximab (MabThera, Roche) could also be used in combination with chlorambucil or the following chemotherapy regimens:

– Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP).

– Mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone (MCP).

– Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, prednisolone, and interferon-alpha (CHVPi).

All recommended regimens are authorized in Europe, are commonly used in the United Kingdom, and have been evaluated with and without rituximab in open-label clinical trials in patients with stage III and IV follicular lymphoma. For all, addition of rituximab was shown to correspond with a significant survival benefit compared with the chemotherapy-alone groups.

Having a range of chemotherapy options available is important, NICE said, due to differences in patients’ fitness as they age. Chlorambucil is seen as an option mainly for older patients, or patients with a lower performance status.

Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets cells bearing the CD20 surface marker. For follicular lymphoma, dosage is 375 mg/m² body surface area for up to eight cycles, administered on day 1 of the chemotherapy cycle. Each 10-mL (100-mg) vial costs £174.63, or £873.15 for 500 mL.

Current NICE guidance also recommends rituximab monotherapy as a maintenance treatment immediately following first-line treatment with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens. While most patients presenting with advanced follicular lymphoma are treatment-naive, rituximab plus chemotherapy is also recommended by NICE for relapsed or refractory advanced follicular lymphoma.

The NICE reviewers found all of the rituximab-plus-chemotherapy regimens to be well within NICE’s cost-effectiveness parameters, with an estimated incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £7,720 per quality-adjusted life year for rituximab plus CVP; £10,800 per QALY gained for rituximab plus CHOP; and £9,320 per QALY gained for rituximab plus MCP. For CHVPi, the cost-effectiveness estimates remained uncertain. However, the agency felt it was unlikely that estimates would exceed its "threshold range" of between £20,000 and £30,000 per QALY.

PARIS – Elderly patients with multiple myeloma and severe comorbid disease are more than twice as likely to die as were those with no comorbidities, data from a single-center, retrospective study show.

Mild or moderate comorbidities did not appear to influence overall survival significantly in the 179-patient study. The hazard ratio (HR) for death in patients with severe comorbidity vs. none was 2.36 (P = .01), which was associated with a median overall survival of 15.1 months.

Median overall survival was 43.1 months for those with no comorbidities and 31.5 and 35 months, respectively, in those with mild (HR, 1.38; P = .26) or moderate (HR, 1.5; P = .19) comorbidities.

"The severity of comorbidities is associated with poorer survival in older adults with multiple myeloma," said lead author Dr. Tanya M. Wildes of Washington University in St. Louis.

Nevertheless, comorbidities are not currently incorporated into any staging systems for the disease, Dr. Wildes observed in an interview at the annual meeting of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology.

The research is part of a wider project that is looking at the value of performing a geriatric assessment to help predict which elderly patients with hematological malignancies may be able to undergo standard cancer treatment, or require additional monitoring for adverse events, or more supportive care.

"The severity of comorbidities is associated with poorer survival in older adults with multiple myeloma."

In the current study, Dr. Wildes and her colleagues identified all patients who were diagnosed and treated for multiple myeloma at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, between January 2000 and March 2010. Demographic, clinical, and survival data were obtained, with concomitant conditions graded using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation (ACE) 27 index as none, mild, moderate, or severe.

The primary end point of the study was overall survival, the duration of which was calculated from the date of diagnosis until the time of last follow-up.

The median age of patients at baseline was 69 years (range, 65-91 years). There was a similar percentage of men (48.4%) and women (51.4%), and 75% of the population was white. Most of the remainder were black (23.5%).

According to the ACE-27 index, 41.3% of patients had mild, 24.6% had moderate, and 15.6% had severe comorbidities. The remaining 18.5% had no comorbidities.

"The challenge with multiple myeloma is that some of the comorbidities may be disease related as opposed to patient’s underlying comorbidities," Dr. Wildes noted. That would require reviewing the patients’ medical records, which was not done in the current evaluation of this data set but is something that the researchers plan on looking at next.

"These are hypothesis-generating data at the moment," Dr. Wildes said. Further study, to evaluate the impact of comorbidities on survival in multiple myeloma and their influence on patients’ tolerance of therapy and treatment decisions, is needed.

"On average, three comorbidities can be expected in a patient [aged] 65 years and older," said Dr. Lazzaro Repetto of the Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani at the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico in Rome.

Speaking at separate session during the meeting, Dr. Repetto said common comorbidities in elderly cancer patients included cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, diabetes, dementia, depression, anemia, osteoporosis, arthritis and arthrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All of these may have an impact on survival.

Indeed, other research presented by a Danish team showed that colorectal and lung cancers in particular were associated with a high number of comorbidities when compared with the general elderly population. A high comorbidity burden was also linked to reduced overall survival, but only in those with lung cancer, reported Dr. Trine Lembrecht Jørgensen of Odense (Denmark) University Hospital and associates.

The presence of comorbidities can alter treatment decisions, influencing the type of treatment offered, said Dr. Repetto. However, although assessing comorbid disease is important, it should always be part of a wider geriatric assessment, he advised. This should include measures of cognition, emotional and physical functioning, medication use, socioeconomic and social support factors, and the patient’s wishes.

"Using the geriatric assessment we can personalize treatment, and optimize the balance between benefit and risk of our decisions," Dr. Repetto suggested.

Dr. Wildes’ research was supported by a grant from the U.S. National Cancer Institute. Dr. Wildes and Dr. Repetto had no conflicts of interest.

PARIS – Elderly patients with multiple myeloma and severe comorbid disease are more than twice as likely to die as were those with no comorbidities, data from a single-center, retrospective study show.

Mild or moderate comorbidities did not appear to influence overall survival significantly in the 179-patient study. The hazard ratio (HR) for death in patients with severe comorbidity vs. none was 2.36 (P = .01), which was associated with a median overall survival of 15.1 months.

Median overall survival was 43.1 months for those with no comorbidities and 31.5 and 35 months, respectively, in those with mild (HR, 1.38; P = .26) or moderate (HR, 1.5; P = .19) comorbidities.

"The severity of comorbidities is associated with poorer survival in older adults with multiple myeloma," said lead author Dr. Tanya M. Wildes of Washington University in St. Louis.

Nevertheless, comorbidities are not currently incorporated into any staging systems for the disease, Dr. Wildes observed in an interview at the annual meeting of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology.

The research is part of a wider project that is looking at the value of performing a geriatric assessment to help predict which elderly patients with hematological malignancies may be able to undergo standard cancer treatment, or require additional monitoring for adverse events, or more supportive care.

"The severity of comorbidities is associated with poorer survival in older adults with multiple myeloma."

In the current study, Dr. Wildes and her colleagues identified all patients who were diagnosed and treated for multiple myeloma at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, between January 2000 and March 2010. Demographic, clinical, and survival data were obtained, with concomitant conditions graded using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation (ACE) 27 index as none, mild, moderate, or severe.

The primary end point of the study was overall survival, the duration of which was calculated from the date of diagnosis until the time of last follow-up.

The median age of patients at baseline was 69 years (range, 65-91 years). There was a similar percentage of men (48.4%) and women (51.4%), and 75% of the population was white. Most of the remainder were black (23.5%).

According to the ACE-27 index, 41.3% of patients had mild, 24.6% had moderate, and 15.6% had severe comorbidities. The remaining 18.5% had no comorbidities.

"The challenge with multiple myeloma is that some of the comorbidities may be disease related as opposed to patient’s underlying comorbidities," Dr. Wildes noted. That would require reviewing the patients’ medical records, which was not done in the current evaluation of this data set but is something that the researchers plan on looking at next.

"These are hypothesis-generating data at the moment," Dr. Wildes said. Further study, to evaluate the impact of comorbidities on survival in multiple myeloma and their influence on patients’ tolerance of therapy and treatment decisions, is needed.

"On average, three comorbidities can be expected in a patient [aged] 65 years and older," said Dr. Lazzaro Repetto of the Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani at the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico in Rome.

Speaking at separate session during the meeting, Dr. Repetto said common comorbidities in elderly cancer patients included cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, diabetes, dementia, depression, anemia, osteoporosis, arthritis and arthrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All of these may have an impact on survival.

Indeed, other research presented by a Danish team showed that colorectal and lung cancers in particular were associated with a high number of comorbidities when compared with the general elderly population. A high comorbidity burden was also linked to reduced overall survival, but only in those with lung cancer, reported Dr. Trine Lembrecht Jørgensen of Odense (Denmark) University Hospital and associates.

The presence of comorbidities can alter treatment decisions, influencing the type of treatment offered, said Dr. Repetto. However, although assessing comorbid disease is important, it should always be part of a wider geriatric assessment, he advised. This should include measures of cognition, emotional and physical functioning, medication use, socioeconomic and social support factors, and the patient’s wishes.

"Using the geriatric assessment we can personalize treatment, and optimize the balance between benefit and risk of our decisions," Dr. Repetto suggested.

Dr. Wildes’ research was supported by a grant from the U.S. National Cancer Institute. Dr. Wildes and Dr. Repetto had no conflicts of interest.

PARIS – Elderly patients with multiple myeloma and severe comorbid disease are more than twice as likely to die as were those with no comorbidities, data from a single-center, retrospective study show.

Mild or moderate comorbidities did not appear to influence overall survival significantly in the 179-patient study. The hazard ratio (HR) for death in patients with severe comorbidity vs. none was 2.36 (P = .01), which was associated with a median overall survival of 15.1 months.

Median overall survival was 43.1 months for those with no comorbidities and 31.5 and 35 months, respectively, in those with mild (HR, 1.38; P = .26) or moderate (HR, 1.5; P = .19) comorbidities.

"The severity of comorbidities is associated with poorer survival in older adults with multiple myeloma," said lead author Dr. Tanya M. Wildes of Washington University in St. Louis.

Nevertheless, comorbidities are not currently incorporated into any staging systems for the disease, Dr. Wildes observed in an interview at the annual meeting of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology.

The research is part of a wider project that is looking at the value of performing a geriatric assessment to help predict which elderly patients with hematological malignancies may be able to undergo standard cancer treatment, or require additional monitoring for adverse events, or more supportive care.

"The severity of comorbidities is associated with poorer survival in older adults with multiple myeloma."

In the current study, Dr. Wildes and her colleagues identified all patients who were diagnosed and treated for multiple myeloma at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, between January 2000 and March 2010. Demographic, clinical, and survival data were obtained, with concomitant conditions graded using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation (ACE) 27 index as none, mild, moderate, or severe.

The primary end point of the study was overall survival, the duration of which was calculated from the date of diagnosis until the time of last follow-up.

The median age of patients at baseline was 69 years (range, 65-91 years). There was a similar percentage of men (48.4%) and women (51.4%), and 75% of the population was white. Most of the remainder were black (23.5%).

According to the ACE-27 index, 41.3% of patients had mild, 24.6% had moderate, and 15.6% had severe comorbidities. The remaining 18.5% had no comorbidities.

"The challenge with multiple myeloma is that some of the comorbidities may be disease related as opposed to patient’s underlying comorbidities," Dr. Wildes noted. That would require reviewing the patients’ medical records, which was not done in the current evaluation of this data set but is something that the researchers plan on looking at next.

"These are hypothesis-generating data at the moment," Dr. Wildes said. Further study, to evaluate the impact of comorbidities on survival in multiple myeloma and their influence on patients’ tolerance of therapy and treatment decisions, is needed.

"On average, three comorbidities can be expected in a patient [aged] 65 years and older," said Dr. Lazzaro Repetto of the Istituto Nazionale di Riposo e Cura per Anziani at the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico in Rome.

Speaking at separate session during the meeting, Dr. Repetto said common comorbidities in elderly cancer patients included cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, diabetes, dementia, depression, anemia, osteoporosis, arthritis and arthrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All of these may have an impact on survival.

Indeed, other research presented by a Danish team showed that colorectal and lung cancers in particular were associated with a high number of comorbidities when compared with the general elderly population. A high comorbidity burden was also linked to reduced overall survival, but only in those with lung cancer, reported Dr. Trine Lembrecht Jørgensen of Odense (Denmark) University Hospital and associates.

The presence of comorbidities can alter treatment decisions, influencing the type of treatment offered, said Dr. Repetto. However, although assessing comorbid disease is important, it should always be part of a wider geriatric assessment, he advised. This should include measures of cognition, emotional and physical functioning, medication use, socioeconomic and social support factors, and the patient’s wishes.

"Using the geriatric assessment we can personalize treatment, and optimize the balance between benefit and risk of our decisions," Dr. Repetto suggested.

Dr. Wildes’ research was supported by a grant from the U.S. National Cancer Institute. Dr. Wildes and Dr. Repetto had no conflicts of interest.