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Should you restrict your cardiac patient from driving?
That depends, of course, on your patient’s particular condition, but your decision can be guided by various cardiovascular society consensus conferences, such as the one from the Canadian Cardiovascular society (TABLE), since no evidence-based guidelines exist. It seems sensible to say, though, that impairment of consciousness associated with any heart disease needs further evaluation, with a complete restriction of driving for at least 6 months (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on expert opinion and extrapolation from observational studies).
Helpful guide stratifies risk
Drew Malloy, MD
University of California Santa Cruz Student Health Service
This review points out the lack of evidence for a common clinical problem. Evidence is scant, but the TABLE helps the busy clinician stratify risks for different types of heart disease and provides some rational basis for the duration of restrictions. The existing expert consensus guidelines are sensible and useful when discussing this important issue with patients and their families after diagnosis of heart disease. However, to be quite frank, when I am driving I am more worried about the teenager on a cell phone behind the wheel of an SUV than my grandmother with an ICD.
Evidence summary
Our search identified no randomized controlled trials, no systematic reviews, 6 observational studies, and 3 consensus panel guidelines on risks from driving and cardiovascular disease. No studies deal specifically with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or valvular heart disease and the risk of motor vehicle crashes for patients with these conditions. A population-based case control study of 5204 male drivers ages 45 to 70 in Quebec found no increased risk of crash for drivers with unspecified cardiovascular disease.1
Car accidents among ICD patients are low
The most studied patients are those with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias—particularly those with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Based on observational studies of patients and their physicians, patients with ventricular arrhythmias treated with ICDs do not have an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes.2-4 The largest of the studies2 prospectively and anonymously surveyed 627 patients from the Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillators Trial. During follow-up, 2% of patients had a syncopal episode while driving, and 11% had dizziness or palpitations that required stopping the vehicle.
Of the 55 car crashes that occurred during 1619 patient-years after resumption of driving, 11% were preceded by a possible symptom of arrhythmia (0.4% per patient per year). The annual incidence of car accidents for patients with an ICD was 3.4% per patient-year. This is substantially lower than the 7.1% rate among the general driving population in the US.
Recommendations from others
Expert panel guidelines regarding fitness to drive for patients with heart disease are available from the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS),5 the European Society of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the North American Society of Pacing and Physiology,6 and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.7 The 2004 CCS guidelines are the most recent and include a “Risk of Harm” formula that attempts to assign a quantitative level of risk to drivers with heart disease. These guidelines appear sensible but are not evidence-based (TABLE).
TABLE
Should your heart patient get behind the wheel? A helpful guide
| CONDITIONS | TIME TO RESUME DRIVING |
|---|---|
| Coronary artery disease | |
| Coronary bypass graft | 1 month after discharge |
| ST elevation myocardial infarction | 1 month after discharge |
| Unstable angina | |
| – PCI during hospital stay | 48 hours after PCI |
| – PCI not done during hospital stay | 7 days after discharge |
| Ventricular arrhythmias | |
| Non-sustained VT with no loss of consciousness | No restriction |
| VF or unstable VT | 6 months after event |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | |
| For VF or VT with decreased level of consciousness | 6 months after event |
| Rhythm disturbances | |
| Atrial flutter (without impaired level of consciousness) | No restriction |
| Supraventricular tachycardia | No restriction |
| Atrial fibrillation | No restriction |
| Heart block | |
| First- and second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz Type 1 (without impairment of consciousness) | No restriction |
| Second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz Type II | No driving |
| Permanent pacemaker | |
| All patients | 1 week after implant; normal pacer function; no impaired level of consciousness |
| Congestive heart failure | |
| NYHA Classes I–III | No restriction |
| NYHA Classes IV | No driving |
| Adapted from Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference 2003.5 | |
| PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VF, ventricular fibrillation; | |
| VT, ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association | |
1. Guibert R, Potvin L, Ciampi A, Loiselle J, Philibert L, Franco ED. Are drivers with CVD more at risk for motor vehicle crashes? Study of men aged 45 to 70. Can Fam Physician 1998;44:770-776.
2. Akiyama T, Powell JL, Mitchell LB, Ehlert FA, Baessler C. Resumption of driving after life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia. N Engl J Med 2001;345:391-397.
3. Trappe HJ, Wenzlaff P, Grellman G. Should patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators be allowed to drive? Observations in 291 patients from a single center over an 11-year period. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998;2:193-201.
4. Curtis AB, Conti JB, Tucker KJ, Kubilis PS, Reilly RE, Woodard DA. Motor vehicle accidents in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:180-184.
5. CCS Consensus Conference 2003: Assessment of the cardiac patient fitness to drive and fly—executive summary. Can J Cardiol 2004;20:1313-1323.
6. Epstein AE, Miles WM, Benditt DG, et al. Personal and public safety issues related to arrhythmias that may affect consciousness: Implications for regulation and physician recommendations. A medical/scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996;94:1147-1166.
7. Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Cardiovascular Disease and Driving 2002. Available at: www.csanz.edu.au/guidelines/practice/Drivegl2002.pdf. Accessed on April 3, 2007.
That depends, of course, on your patient’s particular condition, but your decision can be guided by various cardiovascular society consensus conferences, such as the one from the Canadian Cardiovascular society (TABLE), since no evidence-based guidelines exist. It seems sensible to say, though, that impairment of consciousness associated with any heart disease needs further evaluation, with a complete restriction of driving for at least 6 months (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on expert opinion and extrapolation from observational studies).
Helpful guide stratifies risk
Drew Malloy, MD
University of California Santa Cruz Student Health Service
This review points out the lack of evidence for a common clinical problem. Evidence is scant, but the TABLE helps the busy clinician stratify risks for different types of heart disease and provides some rational basis for the duration of restrictions. The existing expert consensus guidelines are sensible and useful when discussing this important issue with patients and their families after diagnosis of heart disease. However, to be quite frank, when I am driving I am more worried about the teenager on a cell phone behind the wheel of an SUV than my grandmother with an ICD.
Evidence summary
Our search identified no randomized controlled trials, no systematic reviews, 6 observational studies, and 3 consensus panel guidelines on risks from driving and cardiovascular disease. No studies deal specifically with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or valvular heart disease and the risk of motor vehicle crashes for patients with these conditions. A population-based case control study of 5204 male drivers ages 45 to 70 in Quebec found no increased risk of crash for drivers with unspecified cardiovascular disease.1
Car accidents among ICD patients are low
The most studied patients are those with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias—particularly those with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Based on observational studies of patients and their physicians, patients with ventricular arrhythmias treated with ICDs do not have an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes.2-4 The largest of the studies2 prospectively and anonymously surveyed 627 patients from the Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillators Trial. During follow-up, 2% of patients had a syncopal episode while driving, and 11% had dizziness or palpitations that required stopping the vehicle.
Of the 55 car crashes that occurred during 1619 patient-years after resumption of driving, 11% were preceded by a possible symptom of arrhythmia (0.4% per patient per year). The annual incidence of car accidents for patients with an ICD was 3.4% per patient-year. This is substantially lower than the 7.1% rate among the general driving population in the US.
Recommendations from others
Expert panel guidelines regarding fitness to drive for patients with heart disease are available from the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS),5 the European Society of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the North American Society of Pacing and Physiology,6 and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.7 The 2004 CCS guidelines are the most recent and include a “Risk of Harm” formula that attempts to assign a quantitative level of risk to drivers with heart disease. These guidelines appear sensible but are not evidence-based (TABLE).
TABLE
Should your heart patient get behind the wheel? A helpful guide
| CONDITIONS | TIME TO RESUME DRIVING |
|---|---|
| Coronary artery disease | |
| Coronary bypass graft | 1 month after discharge |
| ST elevation myocardial infarction | 1 month after discharge |
| Unstable angina | |
| – PCI during hospital stay | 48 hours after PCI |
| – PCI not done during hospital stay | 7 days after discharge |
| Ventricular arrhythmias | |
| Non-sustained VT with no loss of consciousness | No restriction |
| VF or unstable VT | 6 months after event |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | |
| For VF or VT with decreased level of consciousness | 6 months after event |
| Rhythm disturbances | |
| Atrial flutter (without impaired level of consciousness) | No restriction |
| Supraventricular tachycardia | No restriction |
| Atrial fibrillation | No restriction |
| Heart block | |
| First- and second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz Type 1 (without impairment of consciousness) | No restriction |
| Second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz Type II | No driving |
| Permanent pacemaker | |
| All patients | 1 week after implant; normal pacer function; no impaired level of consciousness |
| Congestive heart failure | |
| NYHA Classes I–III | No restriction |
| NYHA Classes IV | No driving |
| Adapted from Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference 2003.5 | |
| PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VF, ventricular fibrillation; | |
| VT, ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association | |
That depends, of course, on your patient’s particular condition, but your decision can be guided by various cardiovascular society consensus conferences, such as the one from the Canadian Cardiovascular society (TABLE), since no evidence-based guidelines exist. It seems sensible to say, though, that impairment of consciousness associated with any heart disease needs further evaluation, with a complete restriction of driving for at least 6 months (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, based on expert opinion and extrapolation from observational studies).
Helpful guide stratifies risk
Drew Malloy, MD
University of California Santa Cruz Student Health Service
This review points out the lack of evidence for a common clinical problem. Evidence is scant, but the TABLE helps the busy clinician stratify risks for different types of heart disease and provides some rational basis for the duration of restrictions. The existing expert consensus guidelines are sensible and useful when discussing this important issue with patients and their families after diagnosis of heart disease. However, to be quite frank, when I am driving I am more worried about the teenager on a cell phone behind the wheel of an SUV than my grandmother with an ICD.
Evidence summary
Our search identified no randomized controlled trials, no systematic reviews, 6 observational studies, and 3 consensus panel guidelines on risks from driving and cardiovascular disease. No studies deal specifically with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, or valvular heart disease and the risk of motor vehicle crashes for patients with these conditions. A population-based case control study of 5204 male drivers ages 45 to 70 in Quebec found no increased risk of crash for drivers with unspecified cardiovascular disease.1
Car accidents among ICD patients are low
The most studied patients are those with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias—particularly those with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Based on observational studies of patients and their physicians, patients with ventricular arrhythmias treated with ICDs do not have an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes.2-4 The largest of the studies2 prospectively and anonymously surveyed 627 patients from the Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillators Trial. During follow-up, 2% of patients had a syncopal episode while driving, and 11% had dizziness or palpitations that required stopping the vehicle.
Of the 55 car crashes that occurred during 1619 patient-years after resumption of driving, 11% were preceded by a possible symptom of arrhythmia (0.4% per patient per year). The annual incidence of car accidents for patients with an ICD was 3.4% per patient-year. This is substantially lower than the 7.1% rate among the general driving population in the US.
Recommendations from others
Expert panel guidelines regarding fitness to drive for patients with heart disease are available from the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS),5 the European Society of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the North American Society of Pacing and Physiology,6 and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.7 The 2004 CCS guidelines are the most recent and include a “Risk of Harm” formula that attempts to assign a quantitative level of risk to drivers with heart disease. These guidelines appear sensible but are not evidence-based (TABLE).
TABLE
Should your heart patient get behind the wheel? A helpful guide
| CONDITIONS | TIME TO RESUME DRIVING |
|---|---|
| Coronary artery disease | |
| Coronary bypass graft | 1 month after discharge |
| ST elevation myocardial infarction | 1 month after discharge |
| Unstable angina | |
| – PCI during hospital stay | 48 hours after PCI |
| – PCI not done during hospital stay | 7 days after discharge |
| Ventricular arrhythmias | |
| Non-sustained VT with no loss of consciousness | No restriction |
| VF or unstable VT | 6 months after event |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | |
| For VF or VT with decreased level of consciousness | 6 months after event |
| Rhythm disturbances | |
| Atrial flutter (without impaired level of consciousness) | No restriction |
| Supraventricular tachycardia | No restriction |
| Atrial fibrillation | No restriction |
| Heart block | |
| First- and second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz Type 1 (without impairment of consciousness) | No restriction |
| Second-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz Type II | No driving |
| Permanent pacemaker | |
| All patients | 1 week after implant; normal pacer function; no impaired level of consciousness |
| Congestive heart failure | |
| NYHA Classes I–III | No restriction |
| NYHA Classes IV | No driving |
| Adapted from Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference 2003.5 | |
| PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VF, ventricular fibrillation; | |
| VT, ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association | |
1. Guibert R, Potvin L, Ciampi A, Loiselle J, Philibert L, Franco ED. Are drivers with CVD more at risk for motor vehicle crashes? Study of men aged 45 to 70. Can Fam Physician 1998;44:770-776.
2. Akiyama T, Powell JL, Mitchell LB, Ehlert FA, Baessler C. Resumption of driving after life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia. N Engl J Med 2001;345:391-397.
3. Trappe HJ, Wenzlaff P, Grellman G. Should patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators be allowed to drive? Observations in 291 patients from a single center over an 11-year period. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998;2:193-201.
4. Curtis AB, Conti JB, Tucker KJ, Kubilis PS, Reilly RE, Woodard DA. Motor vehicle accidents in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:180-184.
5. CCS Consensus Conference 2003: Assessment of the cardiac patient fitness to drive and fly—executive summary. Can J Cardiol 2004;20:1313-1323.
6. Epstein AE, Miles WM, Benditt DG, et al. Personal and public safety issues related to arrhythmias that may affect consciousness: Implications for regulation and physician recommendations. A medical/scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996;94:1147-1166.
7. Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Cardiovascular Disease and Driving 2002. Available at: www.csanz.edu.au/guidelines/practice/Drivegl2002.pdf. Accessed on April 3, 2007.
1. Guibert R, Potvin L, Ciampi A, Loiselle J, Philibert L, Franco ED. Are drivers with CVD more at risk for motor vehicle crashes? Study of men aged 45 to 70. Can Fam Physician 1998;44:770-776.
2. Akiyama T, Powell JL, Mitchell LB, Ehlert FA, Baessler C. Resumption of driving after life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia. N Engl J Med 2001;345:391-397.
3. Trappe HJ, Wenzlaff P, Grellman G. Should patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators be allowed to drive? Observations in 291 patients from a single center over an 11-year period. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998;2:193-201.
4. Curtis AB, Conti JB, Tucker KJ, Kubilis PS, Reilly RE, Woodard DA. Motor vehicle accidents in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:180-184.
5. CCS Consensus Conference 2003: Assessment of the cardiac patient fitness to drive and fly—executive summary. Can J Cardiol 2004;20:1313-1323.
6. Epstein AE, Miles WM, Benditt DG, et al. Personal and public safety issues related to arrhythmias that may affect consciousness: Implications for regulation and physician recommendations. A medical/scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996;94:1147-1166.
7. Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Cardiovascular Disease and Driving 2002. Available at: www.csanz.edu.au/guidelines/practice/Drivegl2002.pdf. Accessed on April 3, 2007.
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