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Terbinafine, 250 mg taken daily for 12 weeks, is the best regimen for toenail onychomycosis due to better clinical and mycologic cure rates, tolerability, and cost effectiveness (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, meta-analyses).
This expensive treatment is not always a high priority
José E. Rodríguez, MD
Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee
In my practice of mostly uninsured patients, onychomycosis treatment is not a high priority. The recommended drug, terbinafine, is costly and not available as a generic. Since this is primarily a cosmetic problem, we usually don’t treat it in my population. In the rare case that someone is willing to pay out of pocket, however, I will now use terbinafine, based on this review. At one of my practices, itraconazole was available at a reduced price, but that discount is outweighed by the superior safety profile of terbinafine.
Evidence summary
Fungal infections of the nail (onychomycosis) are often treated for relief of local symptoms and cosmetic reasons. Griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine have all been used orally.
A meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of terbinafine (Lamisil), pulse-dosed and continuous-dosed itraconazole (Sporanox), fluconazole (Diflucan), and griseofulvin showed mycological cure rates of varying degrees for each treatment (TABLE).1 Another meta-analysis of 6 studies comparing terbinafine with itraconazole reported odds ratios ranging from 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.8) to 2.9 (95% CI, 1.9–4.1), indicating an 80% to 190% increased likelihood of clinical cure with terbinafine compared with itraconazole.2
Lower relapse rates with terbinafine
Longer-term mycologic cure and clinical relapse rates have also been reported. A 5-year blinded prospective study found long-term mycologic cures of 46% for terbinafine vs 13% for itraconazole (number needed to treat [NNT]=4.3). This study also showed a lower clinical relapse for terbinafine (21% vs 48%; NNT=3.7).3 A cost-efficacy analysis of terbinafine, itraconazole, and griseofulvin found terbinafine to be the most cost-effective (TABLE).4
A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial compared daily terbinafine with pulse-dose terbinafine.5 Daily terbinafine (250 mg for 3 months) had a 70.9% mycologic cure, while pulse-dose terbinafine (500 mg daily for 1 week per month for 3 months) had only a 58.7% mycologic cure (relative risk [RR]=1.21 [95% CI, 1.02–1.43]; NNT=8.2). There was no significant difference in tolerability of the regimens.
Terbinafine is well-tolerated by most patients. A telephone survey after treatment with daily terbinafine or pulse-dose itraconazole reported greater ease and convenience, and higher overall satisfaction with continuous terbinafine vs pulse-dose itraconazole.6
A multicenter trial of diabetic patients with onychomycosis (mean±SD age, 55.7±11.7 years) revealed that terbinafine had comparable efficacy and caused no hypoglycemic reactions in this group, who were being treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemics.7 The terbinafine prescribing information suggests not using the drug for patients with chronic or active liver disease and recommends checking a pretreatment AST and ALT.8
TABLE
Efficacy and cost of treating toenail onychomycosis1,4
| TREATMENT | MYCOLOGICAL CURE RATES | COST PER CURE* |
|---|---|---|
| Terbinafine (continuous) | 76% (± 3%) | $ 645 |
| Itraconazole (pulse-dose) | 63% (± 7%) | $ 856 |
| Itraconazole (continuous) | 59% (± 5%) | $ 1845 |
| Griseofulvin | 60% (± 6%) | $ 2722 |
| Fluconazole | 48% (± 5%) | Not reported |
| * Cost includes drug, monitoring, and office visits (in 1996 dollars). | ||
Recommendations from others
Guidelines from the British Association of Dermatologists point out that terbinafine is superior to itraconazole, and consider it a first-line treatment because it has a better cure rate and lower relapse rate.9 UpToDate suggests oral terbinafine as initial treatment for onychomycosis at a dose of 250 mg daily for 12 weeks.10
1. Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Johnson AM. Cumulative meta-analysis of systemic antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatology 2004;150:537-544.
2. Krob AH, Fleischer AB, Jr, D’Agostino R, Jr, Feldman SR. Terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole in treating toenail onychomycosis: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cutan Med Surg 2003;7:306-311.
3. Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, Paul C, Billstein S, Evans EG. Long-term effectiveness of treatment vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatology 2002;138:353-357.
4. Angello JT, Voytovich RM, Jan SA. A cost/efficacy analysis of oral antifungals indicated for the treatment of onychomycosis: griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Am J Manag Care 1997;3:442-450.
5. Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:578-584
6. Warshaw EM, Bowman T, Bodman MA, Kim JJ, Silva S, Mathias SD. Satisfaction with onychomycosis treatment. Pulse versus continuous dosing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2003;93:373-379.
7. Farkas B, Paul C, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, Horvath A, Fekete G. Terbinafine (Lamasil) treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatology 2002;146:254-260
8. Physicians’; Desk Reference. 61st ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2007.
9. Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. For the British Association of Dermatologists. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:402-410.
10. Goldstein AO, Goldstein BG. Onychomycosis. UpToDate [database online]. Updated April 3, 2006. Available at: www.uptodate.com. Accessed on August 4, 2006.
Terbinafine, 250 mg taken daily for 12 weeks, is the best regimen for toenail onychomycosis due to better clinical and mycologic cure rates, tolerability, and cost effectiveness (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, meta-analyses).
This expensive treatment is not always a high priority
José E. Rodríguez, MD
Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee
In my practice of mostly uninsured patients, onychomycosis treatment is not a high priority. The recommended drug, terbinafine, is costly and not available as a generic. Since this is primarily a cosmetic problem, we usually don’t treat it in my population. In the rare case that someone is willing to pay out of pocket, however, I will now use terbinafine, based on this review. At one of my practices, itraconazole was available at a reduced price, but that discount is outweighed by the superior safety profile of terbinafine.
Evidence summary
Fungal infections of the nail (onychomycosis) are often treated for relief of local symptoms and cosmetic reasons. Griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine have all been used orally.
A meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of terbinafine (Lamisil), pulse-dosed and continuous-dosed itraconazole (Sporanox), fluconazole (Diflucan), and griseofulvin showed mycological cure rates of varying degrees for each treatment (TABLE).1 Another meta-analysis of 6 studies comparing terbinafine with itraconazole reported odds ratios ranging from 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.8) to 2.9 (95% CI, 1.9–4.1), indicating an 80% to 190% increased likelihood of clinical cure with terbinafine compared with itraconazole.2
Lower relapse rates with terbinafine
Longer-term mycologic cure and clinical relapse rates have also been reported. A 5-year blinded prospective study found long-term mycologic cures of 46% for terbinafine vs 13% for itraconazole (number needed to treat [NNT]=4.3). This study also showed a lower clinical relapse for terbinafine (21% vs 48%; NNT=3.7).3 A cost-efficacy analysis of terbinafine, itraconazole, and griseofulvin found terbinafine to be the most cost-effective (TABLE).4
A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial compared daily terbinafine with pulse-dose terbinafine.5 Daily terbinafine (250 mg for 3 months) had a 70.9% mycologic cure, while pulse-dose terbinafine (500 mg daily for 1 week per month for 3 months) had only a 58.7% mycologic cure (relative risk [RR]=1.21 [95% CI, 1.02–1.43]; NNT=8.2). There was no significant difference in tolerability of the regimens.
Terbinafine is well-tolerated by most patients. A telephone survey after treatment with daily terbinafine or pulse-dose itraconazole reported greater ease and convenience, and higher overall satisfaction with continuous terbinafine vs pulse-dose itraconazole.6
A multicenter trial of diabetic patients with onychomycosis (mean±SD age, 55.7±11.7 years) revealed that terbinafine had comparable efficacy and caused no hypoglycemic reactions in this group, who were being treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemics.7 The terbinafine prescribing information suggests not using the drug for patients with chronic or active liver disease and recommends checking a pretreatment AST and ALT.8
TABLE
Efficacy and cost of treating toenail onychomycosis1,4
| TREATMENT | MYCOLOGICAL CURE RATES | COST PER CURE* |
|---|---|---|
| Terbinafine (continuous) | 76% (± 3%) | $ 645 |
| Itraconazole (pulse-dose) | 63% (± 7%) | $ 856 |
| Itraconazole (continuous) | 59% (± 5%) | $ 1845 |
| Griseofulvin | 60% (± 6%) | $ 2722 |
| Fluconazole | 48% (± 5%) | Not reported |
| * Cost includes drug, monitoring, and office visits (in 1996 dollars). | ||
Recommendations from others
Guidelines from the British Association of Dermatologists point out that terbinafine is superior to itraconazole, and consider it a first-line treatment because it has a better cure rate and lower relapse rate.9 UpToDate suggests oral terbinafine as initial treatment for onychomycosis at a dose of 250 mg daily for 12 weeks.10
Terbinafine, 250 mg taken daily for 12 weeks, is the best regimen for toenail onychomycosis due to better clinical and mycologic cure rates, tolerability, and cost effectiveness (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, meta-analyses).
This expensive treatment is not always a high priority
José E. Rodríguez, MD
Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee
In my practice of mostly uninsured patients, onychomycosis treatment is not a high priority. The recommended drug, terbinafine, is costly and not available as a generic. Since this is primarily a cosmetic problem, we usually don’t treat it in my population. In the rare case that someone is willing to pay out of pocket, however, I will now use terbinafine, based on this review. At one of my practices, itraconazole was available at a reduced price, but that discount is outweighed by the superior safety profile of terbinafine.
Evidence summary
Fungal infections of the nail (onychomycosis) are often treated for relief of local symptoms and cosmetic reasons. Griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine have all been used orally.
A meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of terbinafine (Lamisil), pulse-dosed and continuous-dosed itraconazole (Sporanox), fluconazole (Diflucan), and griseofulvin showed mycological cure rates of varying degrees for each treatment (TABLE).1 Another meta-analysis of 6 studies comparing terbinafine with itraconazole reported odds ratios ranging from 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.8) to 2.9 (95% CI, 1.9–4.1), indicating an 80% to 190% increased likelihood of clinical cure with terbinafine compared with itraconazole.2
Lower relapse rates with terbinafine
Longer-term mycologic cure and clinical relapse rates have also been reported. A 5-year blinded prospective study found long-term mycologic cures of 46% for terbinafine vs 13% for itraconazole (number needed to treat [NNT]=4.3). This study also showed a lower clinical relapse for terbinafine (21% vs 48%; NNT=3.7).3 A cost-efficacy analysis of terbinafine, itraconazole, and griseofulvin found terbinafine to be the most cost-effective (TABLE).4
A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial compared daily terbinafine with pulse-dose terbinafine.5 Daily terbinafine (250 mg for 3 months) had a 70.9% mycologic cure, while pulse-dose terbinafine (500 mg daily for 1 week per month for 3 months) had only a 58.7% mycologic cure (relative risk [RR]=1.21 [95% CI, 1.02–1.43]; NNT=8.2). There was no significant difference in tolerability of the regimens.
Terbinafine is well-tolerated by most patients. A telephone survey after treatment with daily terbinafine or pulse-dose itraconazole reported greater ease and convenience, and higher overall satisfaction with continuous terbinafine vs pulse-dose itraconazole.6
A multicenter trial of diabetic patients with onychomycosis (mean±SD age, 55.7±11.7 years) revealed that terbinafine had comparable efficacy and caused no hypoglycemic reactions in this group, who were being treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemics.7 The terbinafine prescribing information suggests not using the drug for patients with chronic or active liver disease and recommends checking a pretreatment AST and ALT.8
TABLE
Efficacy and cost of treating toenail onychomycosis1,4
| TREATMENT | MYCOLOGICAL CURE RATES | COST PER CURE* |
|---|---|---|
| Terbinafine (continuous) | 76% (± 3%) | $ 645 |
| Itraconazole (pulse-dose) | 63% (± 7%) | $ 856 |
| Itraconazole (continuous) | 59% (± 5%) | $ 1845 |
| Griseofulvin | 60% (± 6%) | $ 2722 |
| Fluconazole | 48% (± 5%) | Not reported |
| * Cost includes drug, monitoring, and office visits (in 1996 dollars). | ||
Recommendations from others
Guidelines from the British Association of Dermatologists point out that terbinafine is superior to itraconazole, and consider it a first-line treatment because it has a better cure rate and lower relapse rate.9 UpToDate suggests oral terbinafine as initial treatment for onychomycosis at a dose of 250 mg daily for 12 weeks.10
1. Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Johnson AM. Cumulative meta-analysis of systemic antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatology 2004;150:537-544.
2. Krob AH, Fleischer AB, Jr, D’Agostino R, Jr, Feldman SR. Terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole in treating toenail onychomycosis: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cutan Med Surg 2003;7:306-311.
3. Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, Paul C, Billstein S, Evans EG. Long-term effectiveness of treatment vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatology 2002;138:353-357.
4. Angello JT, Voytovich RM, Jan SA. A cost/efficacy analysis of oral antifungals indicated for the treatment of onychomycosis: griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Am J Manag Care 1997;3:442-450.
5. Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:578-584
6. Warshaw EM, Bowman T, Bodman MA, Kim JJ, Silva S, Mathias SD. Satisfaction with onychomycosis treatment. Pulse versus continuous dosing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2003;93:373-379.
7. Farkas B, Paul C, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, Horvath A, Fekete G. Terbinafine (Lamasil) treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatology 2002;146:254-260
8. Physicians’; Desk Reference. 61st ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2007.
9. Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. For the British Association of Dermatologists. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:402-410.
10. Goldstein AO, Goldstein BG. Onychomycosis. UpToDate [database online]. Updated April 3, 2006. Available at: www.uptodate.com. Accessed on August 4, 2006.
1. Gupta AK, Ryder JE, Johnson AM. Cumulative meta-analysis of systemic antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatology 2004;150:537-544.
2. Krob AH, Fleischer AB, Jr, D’Agostino R, Jr, Feldman SR. Terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole in treating toenail onychomycosis: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cutan Med Surg 2003;7:306-311.
3. Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, Paul C, Billstein S, Evans EG. Long-term effectiveness of treatment vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Arch Dermatology 2002;138:353-357.
4. Angello JT, Voytovich RM, Jan SA. A cost/efficacy analysis of oral antifungals indicated for the treatment of onychomycosis: griseofulvin, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Am J Manag Care 1997;3:442-450.
5. Warshaw EM, Fett DD, Bloomfield HE, et al. Pulse versus continuous terbinafine for onychomycosis: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:578-584
6. Warshaw EM, Bowman T, Bodman MA, Kim JJ, Silva S, Mathias SD. Satisfaction with onychomycosis treatment. Pulse versus continuous dosing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2003;93:373-379.
7. Farkas B, Paul C, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, Horvath A, Fekete G. Terbinafine (Lamasil) treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Br J Dermatology 2002;146:254-260
8. Physicians’; Desk Reference. 61st ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2007.
9. Roberts DT, Taylor WD, Boyle J. For the British Association of Dermatologists. Guidelines for treatment of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:402-410.
10. Goldstein AO, Goldstein BG. Onychomycosis. UpToDate [database online]. Updated April 3, 2006. Available at: www.uptodate.com. Accessed on August 4, 2006.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network