The Hospitalist

It’s hard to rank anything in hospital medicine much higher than making sure patients receive the medications they need. When mistakes happen, the care is less than optimal, and, in the worst cases, there can be disastrous consequences. Yet, the pharmacy process – involving interplay between hospitalists and pharmacists – can sometimes be clunky and inefficient, even in the age of electronic health records (EHRs).

The Hospitalist surveyed a half-dozen experts, who touched on the need for extra vigilance, areas at high risk for miscues, ways to refine communications and, ultimately, how to improve the care of patients. The following are tips and helpful hints for front-line hospitalists caring for hospitalized patients.

1. Avoid assumptions and shortcuts when reviewing a patient’s home medication list.

“As the saying goes, ‘garbage in, garbage out.’ This applies to completing a comprehensive medication review for a patient at the time of admission to the hospital, to ensure the patient is started on the right medications,” said Lisa Kroon, PharmD, chair of the department of clinical pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco.

2. Pay close attention to adjustments based on liver and kidney function.

“A hospitalist may take a more hands-off approach and just make the assumption that their medications are dose-adjusted appropriately, and I think that might be a bad assumption. [Don’t assume] that things are just automatically going to be adjusted,” Dr. Humber said.

3. Carefully choose drug-information sources.

“Hospitalists can contact drug-information centers that answer complex clinical questions about drugs if they do not have the time to explore themselves,” he said.

Creighton University, Omaha, Neb., for example, has such a center that has been nationally recognized.

4. Carefully review patients’ medications when they transfer from different levels of care.

Certain medications are started in the ICU that may not need to be continued on the non-ICU floor or at discharge, said MacKenzie Clark, PharmD, program pharmacist at the University of California, San Francisco. One example is quetiapine, which is used in the ICU for delirium.

“Unfortunately, we are seeing patients erroneously continued on this [medication] on the floor. Some are even discharged on this [med],” Clark said, adding that a specific order set can be developed that has a 72-hour automatic stop date for all orders for quetiapine when used specifically for delirium.

“[The order set] can help reduce the chance that it be continued unnecessarily when a patient transfers out of the ICU,” she explains.

Another class of medication that is often initiated in the ICU is proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Continuing these on the floor or at discharge, Clark said, should be carefully considered to avoid unnecessary use and potential adverse effects.

5. Seek opportunities to change from intravenous to oral medications – it could mean big savings.

Intravenous medications usually are more expensive than oral formulations. They also increase the risk of infection. Those are two good reasons to switch patients from IV to oral (PO) as early as possible.

“We find that physicians often don’t know how much drugs cost,” said Marilyn Stebbins, PharmD, vice chair of clinical innovation at University of California, San Francisco.

A common example, she said, is IV acetaminophen, the cost of which skyrocketed in 2014. Institutions can save significant dollars by limiting use of IV acetaminophen outside the perioperative area to patients unable to tolerate oral medications. For patients who are candidates for IV acetaminophen, consider setting an automatic expiration of the order at 24 hours.

Hospitalists can help reduce the drug budget by supporting IV-to-PO programs, in which pharmacists can automatically change an IV medication to PO formulation after verifying a patient is able to tolerate orals.

6. Consider a patient’s health insurance coverage when prescribing a drug at discharge.

“Don’t start the fancy drug that the patient can’t continue at home,” said Ian Jenkins, MD, SFHM, a hospitalist and health sciences clinical professor at the University of California, San Diego, and member of the UCSD pharmacy and therapeutics committee. “New anticoagulants are a great example. We run outpatient claims against their insurance before starting anything, as a policy to avoid this.”

7. Tell the pharmacist what you’re thinking.

Dr. Jenkins uses a case of sepsis as an example:

“If you make it clear that’s what’s happening, you can get a stat loading-dose infused and meet [The Joint Commission] goals for management and improve care, rather than just routine antibiotic starts,” he said.

8. Beware chronic medications that are not on the hospital formulary.

Your hospital likely has a formulary for chronic medications, such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins, which might be different than what the patient was taking at home. So, changes might need to be made, Dr. Clark.

“Pharmacists can assist in this,” she said. “Often, a ‘therapeutic interchange program’ can be established whereby a pharmacist can automatically change the medication to a therapeutically equivalent one and ensure the appropriate dose conversion.”

At discharge, the reverse process is required.

“Be sure you are not discharging the patient on the hospital formulary drug [e.g., ramipril] ... when they already have lisinopril in their medicine cabinet at home,” Clark said. “This can lead to confusion by the patient about which medication to take and result in unintended duplicate drug therapy or worse. A patient may not take either medication because they aren’t sure just what to take.”

9. Don’t hesitate to rely on pharmacists’ expertise.

“To ensure that patients enter and leave the hospital on the right medications and [that they are] taken at the right dose and time, do not forget to enlist your pharmacists to provide support during care transitions,” Dr. Stebbins said.

Dr. Humber said pharmacists are “uniquely qualified” to be medication experts in a facility, and that “kind of experience and that type of expertise to the care of the hospitalized patient is paramount.”

Dr. Thomas said that pharmacists can save hospitalists time.

“Check with your pharmacist on available decision-support tools, available infusion devices, institutional medication-related protocols, and medications within a drug class.”Additionally, encourage pharmacists to join you for rounds, if they’re not already doing so. Dr. Humber also said hospitalists should consider more one-on-one communications, noting that it’s always better to chat “face to face than it is over the phone or with a text message. Things can certainly get misinterpreted.”

10. Consider asking a pharmacist for advice on how to administer complicated regimens.

“Drugs can be administered in a variety of ways, including nasogastric, sublingual, oral, rectal, IV infusion, epidural, intra-arterial, topical, extracorporeal, and intrathecal,” Dr. Thomas said. “Not all drug formulations can be administered by all routes for a variety of reasons. Pharmacists can assist in determining the safest and most effective route of administration for drug formulations.”

11. Not all patients need broad-spectrum antibiotics for a prolonged period of time.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20%-50% of all antibiotics prescribed in U.S. acute care hospitals are either unnecessary or inappropriate, Dr. Kroon said.

“Specifying the dose, duration, and indication for all courses of antibiotics helps promote the appropriate use of antibiotics,” she noted.

Pharmacists play a large role in antibiotic dosing based on therapeutic levels, such as with vancomycin or on organ function, as with renal dose-adjustments; and in identifying drug-drug interactions that occur frequently with antibiotics, such as with the separation of quinolones from many supplements.

12. When ordering medications, a complete and legible signature is required.

With new computerized physician order entry ordering, it seems intuitive that what a physician orders is what they want, Dr. Kroon said. But, if medication orders are not completely clear, errors can arise at steps in the medication management process, such as when a pharmacist verifies and approves the medication order or at medication administration by a nurse. To avoid errors, she suggests that every medication order have the drug name, dose, route, and frequency. She also suggested that all “PRN” – as needed – orders need an indication and additional specificity if there are multiple medications.

For pain medications, an example might be: “Tylenol 1,000 mg PO q8h prn mild pain; Norco 5-325mg, 1 tab PO q4h prn moderate pain; oxycodone 5mg PO q4h prn severe pain.” This, Dr. Kroon explains, allows nurses to know when a specific medication should be administered to a patient. “Writing complete orders alleviates unnecessary paging to the ordering providers and ensures the timely administration of medications to patients,” she said.

It’s hard to rank anything in hospital medicine much higher than making sure patients receive the medications they need. When mistakes happen, the care is less than optimal, and, in the worst cases, there can be disastrous consequences. Yet, the pharmacy process – involving interplay between hospitalists and pharmacists – can sometimes be clunky and inefficient, even in the age of electronic health records (EHRs).

The Hospitalist surveyed a half-dozen experts, who touched on the need for extra vigilance, areas at high risk for miscues, ways to refine communications and, ultimately, how to improve the care of patients. The following are tips and helpful hints for front-line hospitalists caring for hospitalized patients.

1. Avoid assumptions and shortcuts when reviewing a patient’s home medication list.

“As the saying goes, ‘garbage in, garbage out.’ This applies to completing a comprehensive medication review for a patient at the time of admission to the hospital, to ensure the patient is started on the right medications,” said Lisa Kroon, PharmD, chair of the department of clinical pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco.

2. Pay close attention to adjustments based on liver and kidney function.

“A hospitalist may take a more hands-off approach and just make the assumption that their medications are dose-adjusted appropriately, and I think that might be a bad assumption. [Don’t assume] that things are just automatically going to be adjusted,” Dr. Humber said.

3. Carefully choose drug-information sources.

“Hospitalists can contact drug-information centers that answer complex clinical questions about drugs if they do not have the time to explore themselves,” he said.

Creighton University, Omaha, Neb., for example, has such a center that has been nationally recognized.

4. Carefully review patients’ medications when they transfer from different levels of care.

Certain medications are started in the ICU that may not need to be continued on the non-ICU floor or at discharge, said MacKenzie Clark, PharmD, program pharmacist at the University of California, San Francisco. One example is quetiapine, which is used in the ICU for delirium.

“Unfortunately, we are seeing patients erroneously continued on this [medication] on the floor. Some are even discharged on this [med],” Clark said, adding that a specific order set can be developed that has a 72-hour automatic stop date for all orders for quetiapine when used specifically for delirium.

“[The order set] can help reduce the chance that it be continued unnecessarily when a patient transfers out of the ICU,” she explains.

Another class of medication that is often initiated in the ICU is proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Continuing these on the floor or at discharge, Clark said, should be carefully considered to avoid unnecessary use and potential adverse effects.

5. Seek opportunities to change from intravenous to oral medications – it could mean big savings.

Intravenous medications usually are more expensive than oral formulations. They also increase the risk of infection. Those are two good reasons to switch patients from IV to oral (PO) as early as possible.

“We find that physicians often don’t know how much drugs cost,” said Marilyn Stebbins, PharmD, vice chair of clinical innovation at University of California, San Francisco.

A common example, she said, is IV acetaminophen, the cost of which skyrocketed in 2014. Institutions can save significant dollars by limiting use of IV acetaminophen outside the perioperative area to patients unable to tolerate oral medications. For patients who are candidates for IV acetaminophen, consider setting an automatic expiration of the order at 24 hours.

Hospitalists can help reduce the drug budget by supporting IV-to-PO programs, in which pharmacists can automatically change an IV medication to PO formulation after verifying a patient is able to tolerate orals.

6. Consider a patient’s health insurance coverage when prescribing a drug at discharge.

“Don’t start the fancy drug that the patient can’t continue at home,” said Ian Jenkins, MD, SFHM, a hospitalist and health sciences clinical professor at the University of California, San Diego, and member of the UCSD pharmacy and therapeutics committee. “New anticoagulants are a great example. We run outpatient claims against their insurance before starting anything, as a policy to avoid this.”

7. Tell the pharmacist what you’re thinking.

Dr. Jenkins uses a case of sepsis as an example:

“If you make it clear that’s what’s happening, you can get a stat loading-dose infused and meet [The Joint Commission] goals for management and improve care, rather than just routine antibiotic starts,” he said.

8. Beware chronic medications that are not on the hospital formulary.

Your hospital likely has a formulary for chronic medications, such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins, which might be different than what the patient was taking at home. So, changes might need to be made, Dr. Clark.

“Pharmacists can assist in this,” she said. “Often, a ‘therapeutic interchange program’ can be established whereby a pharmacist can automatically change the medication to a therapeutically equivalent one and ensure the appropriate dose conversion.”

At discharge, the reverse process is required.

“Be sure you are not discharging the patient on the hospital formulary drug [e.g., ramipril] ... when they already have lisinopril in their medicine cabinet at home,” Clark said. “This can lead to confusion by the patient about which medication to take and result in unintended duplicate drug therapy or worse. A patient may not take either medication because they aren’t sure just what to take.”

9. Don’t hesitate to rely on pharmacists’ expertise.

“To ensure that patients enter and leave the hospital on the right medications and [that they are] taken at the right dose and time, do not forget to enlist your pharmacists to provide support during care transitions,” Dr. Stebbins said.

Dr. Humber said pharmacists are “uniquely qualified” to be medication experts in a facility, and that “kind of experience and that type of expertise to the care of the hospitalized patient is paramount.”

Dr. Thomas said that pharmacists can save hospitalists time.

“Check with your pharmacist on available decision-support tools, available infusion devices, institutional medication-related protocols, and medications within a drug class.”Additionally, encourage pharmacists to join you for rounds, if they’re not already doing so. Dr. Humber also said hospitalists should consider more one-on-one communications, noting that it’s always better to chat “face to face than it is over the phone or with a text message. Things can certainly get misinterpreted.”

10. Consider asking a pharmacist for advice on how to administer complicated regimens.

“Drugs can be administered in a variety of ways, including nasogastric, sublingual, oral, rectal, IV infusion, epidural, intra-arterial, topical, extracorporeal, and intrathecal,” Dr. Thomas said. “Not all drug formulations can be administered by all routes for a variety of reasons. Pharmacists can assist in determining the safest and most effective route of administration for drug formulations.”

11. Not all patients need broad-spectrum antibiotics for a prolonged period of time.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20%-50% of all antibiotics prescribed in U.S. acute care hospitals are either unnecessary or inappropriate, Dr. Kroon said.

“Specifying the dose, duration, and indication for all courses of antibiotics helps promote the appropriate use of antibiotics,” she noted.

Pharmacists play a large role in antibiotic dosing based on therapeutic levels, such as with vancomycin or on organ function, as with renal dose-adjustments; and in identifying drug-drug interactions that occur frequently with antibiotics, such as with the separation of quinolones from many supplements.

12. When ordering medications, a complete and legible signature is required.

With new computerized physician order entry ordering, it seems intuitive that what a physician orders is what they want, Dr. Kroon said. But, if medication orders are not completely clear, errors can arise at steps in the medication management process, such as when a pharmacist verifies and approves the medication order or at medication administration by a nurse. To avoid errors, she suggests that every medication order have the drug name, dose, route, and frequency. She also suggested that all “PRN” – as needed – orders need an indication and additional specificity if there are multiple medications.

For pain medications, an example might be: “Tylenol 1,000 mg PO q8h prn mild pain; Norco 5-325mg, 1 tab PO q4h prn moderate pain; oxycodone 5mg PO q4h prn severe pain.” This, Dr. Kroon explains, allows nurses to know when a specific medication should be administered to a patient. “Writing complete orders alleviates unnecessary paging to the ordering providers and ensures the timely administration of medications to patients,” she said.

It’s hard to rank anything in hospital medicine much higher than making sure patients receive the medications they need. When mistakes happen, the care is less than optimal, and, in the worst cases, there can be disastrous consequences. Yet, the pharmacy process – involving interplay between hospitalists and pharmacists – can sometimes be clunky and inefficient, even in the age of electronic health records (EHRs).

The Hospitalist surveyed a half-dozen experts, who touched on the need for extra vigilance, areas at high risk for miscues, ways to refine communications and, ultimately, how to improve the care of patients. The following are tips and helpful hints for front-line hospitalists caring for hospitalized patients.

1. Avoid assumptions and shortcuts when reviewing a patient’s home medication list.

“As the saying goes, ‘garbage in, garbage out.’ This applies to completing a comprehensive medication review for a patient at the time of admission to the hospital, to ensure the patient is started on the right medications,” said Lisa Kroon, PharmD, chair of the department of clinical pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco.

2. Pay close attention to adjustments based on liver and kidney function.

“A hospitalist may take a more hands-off approach and just make the assumption that their medications are dose-adjusted appropriately, and I think that might be a bad assumption. [Don’t assume] that things are just automatically going to be adjusted,” Dr. Humber said.

3. Carefully choose drug-information sources.

“Hospitalists can contact drug-information centers that answer complex clinical questions about drugs if they do not have the time to explore themselves,” he said.

Creighton University, Omaha, Neb., for example, has such a center that has been nationally recognized.

4. Carefully review patients’ medications when they transfer from different levels of care.

Certain medications are started in the ICU that may not need to be continued on the non-ICU floor or at discharge, said MacKenzie Clark, PharmD, program pharmacist at the University of California, San Francisco. One example is quetiapine, which is used in the ICU for delirium.

“Unfortunately, we are seeing patients erroneously continued on this [medication] on the floor. Some are even discharged on this [med],” Clark said, adding that a specific order set can be developed that has a 72-hour automatic stop date for all orders for quetiapine when used specifically for delirium.

“[The order set] can help reduce the chance that it be continued unnecessarily when a patient transfers out of the ICU,” she explains.

Another class of medication that is often initiated in the ICU is proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Continuing these on the floor or at discharge, Clark said, should be carefully considered to avoid unnecessary use and potential adverse effects.

5. Seek opportunities to change from intravenous to oral medications – it could mean big savings.

Intravenous medications usually are more expensive than oral formulations. They also increase the risk of infection. Those are two good reasons to switch patients from IV to oral (PO) as early as possible.

“We find that physicians often don’t know how much drugs cost,” said Marilyn Stebbins, PharmD, vice chair of clinical innovation at University of California, San Francisco.

A common example, she said, is IV acetaminophen, the cost of which skyrocketed in 2014. Institutions can save significant dollars by limiting use of IV acetaminophen outside the perioperative area to patients unable to tolerate oral medications. For patients who are candidates for IV acetaminophen, consider setting an automatic expiration of the order at 24 hours.

Hospitalists can help reduce the drug budget by supporting IV-to-PO programs, in which pharmacists can automatically change an IV medication to PO formulation after verifying a patient is able to tolerate orals.

6. Consider a patient’s health insurance coverage when prescribing a drug at discharge.

“Don’t start the fancy drug that the patient can’t continue at home,” said Ian Jenkins, MD, SFHM, a hospitalist and health sciences clinical professor at the University of California, San Diego, and member of the UCSD pharmacy and therapeutics committee. “New anticoagulants are a great example. We run outpatient claims against their insurance before starting anything, as a policy to avoid this.”

7. Tell the pharmacist what you’re thinking.

Dr. Jenkins uses a case of sepsis as an example:

“If you make it clear that’s what’s happening, you can get a stat loading-dose infused and meet [The Joint Commission] goals for management and improve care, rather than just routine antibiotic starts,” he said.

8. Beware chronic medications that are not on the hospital formulary.

Your hospital likely has a formulary for chronic medications, such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins, which might be different than what the patient was taking at home. So, changes might need to be made, Dr. Clark.

“Pharmacists can assist in this,” she said. “Often, a ‘therapeutic interchange program’ can be established whereby a pharmacist can automatically change the medication to a therapeutically equivalent one and ensure the appropriate dose conversion.”

At discharge, the reverse process is required.

“Be sure you are not discharging the patient on the hospital formulary drug [e.g., ramipril] ... when they already have lisinopril in their medicine cabinet at home,” Clark said. “This can lead to confusion by the patient about which medication to take and result in unintended duplicate drug therapy or worse. A patient may not take either medication because they aren’t sure just what to take.”

9. Don’t hesitate to rely on pharmacists’ expertise.

“To ensure that patients enter and leave the hospital on the right medications and [that they are] taken at the right dose and time, do not forget to enlist your pharmacists to provide support during care transitions,” Dr. Stebbins said.

Dr. Humber said pharmacists are “uniquely qualified” to be medication experts in a facility, and that “kind of experience and that type of expertise to the care of the hospitalized patient is paramount.”

Dr. Thomas said that pharmacists can save hospitalists time.

“Check with your pharmacist on available decision-support tools, available infusion devices, institutional medication-related protocols, and medications within a drug class.”Additionally, encourage pharmacists to join you for rounds, if they’re not already doing so. Dr. Humber also said hospitalists should consider more one-on-one communications, noting that it’s always better to chat “face to face than it is over the phone or with a text message. Things can certainly get misinterpreted.”

10. Consider asking a pharmacist for advice on how to administer complicated regimens.

“Drugs can be administered in a variety of ways, including nasogastric, sublingual, oral, rectal, IV infusion, epidural, intra-arterial, topical, extracorporeal, and intrathecal,” Dr. Thomas said. “Not all drug formulations can be administered by all routes for a variety of reasons. Pharmacists can assist in determining the safest and most effective route of administration for drug formulations.”

11. Not all patients need broad-spectrum antibiotics for a prolonged period of time.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20%-50% of all antibiotics prescribed in U.S. acute care hospitals are either unnecessary or inappropriate, Dr. Kroon said.

“Specifying the dose, duration, and indication for all courses of antibiotics helps promote the appropriate use of antibiotics,” she noted.

Pharmacists play a large role in antibiotic dosing based on therapeutic levels, such as with vancomycin or on organ function, as with renal dose-adjustments; and in identifying drug-drug interactions that occur frequently with antibiotics, such as with the separation of quinolones from many supplements.

12. When ordering medications, a complete and legible signature is required.

With new computerized physician order entry ordering, it seems intuitive that what a physician orders is what they want, Dr. Kroon said. But, if medication orders are not completely clear, errors can arise at steps in the medication management process, such as when a pharmacist verifies and approves the medication order or at medication administration by a nurse. To avoid errors, she suggests that every medication order have the drug name, dose, route, and frequency. She also suggested that all “PRN” – as needed – orders need an indication and additional specificity if there are multiple medications.

For pain medications, an example might be: “Tylenol 1,000 mg PO q8h prn mild pain; Norco 5-325mg, 1 tab PO q4h prn moderate pain; oxycodone 5mg PO q4h prn severe pain.” This, Dr. Kroon explains, allows nurses to know when a specific medication should be administered to a patient. “Writing complete orders alleviates unnecessary paging to the ordering providers and ensures the timely administration of medications to patients,” she said.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Can shock index (SI) in the ED predict the likelihood for hospital admission and inpatient mortality?

Dr. Dietsche is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Can shock index (SI) in the ED predict the likelihood for hospital admission and inpatient mortality?

Dr. Dietsche is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Can shock index (SI) in the ED predict the likelihood for hospital admission and inpatient mortality?

Dr. Dietsche is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Does perioperative statin use reduce 30-day mortality in noncardiac surgery?

BACKGROUND: Current perioperative guidelines focus on continuation of existing therapy in long-term statin users with weak recommendations of potential efficacy in reducing perioperative complications.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational cohort analysis.

Dr. Dietsche is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Does perioperative statin use reduce 30-day mortality in noncardiac surgery?

BACKGROUND: Current perioperative guidelines focus on continuation of existing therapy in long-term statin users with weak recommendations of potential efficacy in reducing perioperative complications.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational cohort analysis.

Dr. Dietsche is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Does perioperative statin use reduce 30-day mortality in noncardiac surgery?

BACKGROUND: Current perioperative guidelines focus on continuation of existing therapy in long-term statin users with weak recommendations of potential efficacy in reducing perioperative complications.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational cohort analysis.

Dr. Dietsche is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

Editor’s note: Each month, SHM puts the spotlight on some of our most active members who are making substantial contributions to hospital medicine. Log on to www.hospitalmedicine.org/getinvolved for more information on how you can lend your expertise to help SHM improve the care of hospitalized patients.

This month, The Hospitalist spotlights Ryan Gamlin, a nontraditional student at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Ryan was chosen to present his scientific abstract at SHM’s annual meeting in 2016, and encourages medical students to utilize SHM’s resources.
 

Tell TH about your unique pathway to medical school. How did you become an SHM member?

After 10 years working for and consulting to large health insurance companies, I was increasingly disillusioned with my work and the insurance industry and began feeling restless. When I considered possible avenues to help improve health and the health care delivery system, nothing held more intellectual or professional appeal than working on problems from the inside as a physician.

Describe your experience at your first annual meeting. Why would you encourage medical students to attend?

Hospital Medicine 2016 inspired me. As someone interested in the intersection of clinical care and the care system itself, I was amazed at the depth and breadth of forward-looking programming and the amount of similarly-inclined people!

I wish that every medical student – irrespective of their intended specialty – could attend an SHM meeting to witness firsthand how a progressive, thriving professional society integrates members at all levels (student, resident, early-career faculty, and beyond) into their work of improving health care.
 

As a medical student, why is SHM beneficial to your professional growth as a future physician?

I see SHM as a “big tent” professional society that values insights and expertise from all types of physicians, with tangible commitments to support them in the types of system-improving work that are important to me in my career. SHM’s member resources and commitment to students’ and residents’ professional development are incomparable.

What are the biggest opportunities you see for yourself and other future physicians in the changing health care landscape?

The days when a physician’s job was limited to doctoring are over. Our generation of physicians must be great clinicians and work to heal a sick health care system. Now more than ever, physicians must be systems thinkers, designers, and fixers, equipped with the tools of quality improvement, design thinking, finance, and health policy.

Opportunities for meaningful improvement exist at every level, from care teams to health systems, the health care industry, and policy at every level. I would encourage those at any stage of their careers to find an area that they’re excited about or interested in. Seek out information and mentors in that area at their institutions or within SHM, and just start working on something.

There is a tremendous amount of uncertainty in health care; reimbursement paradigms are changing, clinical expectations only grow, and the forces competing for every doctor’s limited time seem unlimited. Uncertainty is uncomfortable, but it also means opportunity. I’m excited to see the commitment to leadership from SHM and so many of its members. It has never been more necessary.
 

Felicia Steele is SHM’s communications coordinator.

Editor’s note: Each month, SHM puts the spotlight on some of our most active members who are making substantial contributions to hospital medicine. Log on to www.hospitalmedicine.org/getinvolved for more information on how you can lend your expertise to help SHM improve the care of hospitalized patients.

This month, The Hospitalist spotlights Ryan Gamlin, a nontraditional student at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Ryan was chosen to present his scientific abstract at SHM’s annual meeting in 2016, and encourages medical students to utilize SHM’s resources.
 

Tell TH about your unique pathway to medical school. How did you become an SHM member?

After 10 years working for and consulting to large health insurance companies, I was increasingly disillusioned with my work and the insurance industry and began feeling restless. When I considered possible avenues to help improve health and the health care delivery system, nothing held more intellectual or professional appeal than working on problems from the inside as a physician.

Describe your experience at your first annual meeting. Why would you encourage medical students to attend?

Hospital Medicine 2016 inspired me. As someone interested in the intersection of clinical care and the care system itself, I was amazed at the depth and breadth of forward-looking programming and the amount of similarly-inclined people!

I wish that every medical student – irrespective of their intended specialty – could attend an SHM meeting to witness firsthand how a progressive, thriving professional society integrates members at all levels (student, resident, early-career faculty, and beyond) into their work of improving health care.
 

As a medical student, why is SHM beneficial to your professional growth as a future physician?

I see SHM as a “big tent” professional society that values insights and expertise from all types of physicians, with tangible commitments to support them in the types of system-improving work that are important to me in my career. SHM’s member resources and commitment to students’ and residents’ professional development are incomparable.

What are the biggest opportunities you see for yourself and other future physicians in the changing health care landscape?

The days when a physician’s job was limited to doctoring are over. Our generation of physicians must be great clinicians and work to heal a sick health care system. Now more than ever, physicians must be systems thinkers, designers, and fixers, equipped with the tools of quality improvement, design thinking, finance, and health policy.

Opportunities for meaningful improvement exist at every level, from care teams to health systems, the health care industry, and policy at every level. I would encourage those at any stage of their careers to find an area that they’re excited about or interested in. Seek out information and mentors in that area at their institutions or within SHM, and just start working on something.

There is a tremendous amount of uncertainty in health care; reimbursement paradigms are changing, clinical expectations only grow, and the forces competing for every doctor’s limited time seem unlimited. Uncertainty is uncomfortable, but it also means opportunity. I’m excited to see the commitment to leadership from SHM and so many of its members. It has never been more necessary.
 

Felicia Steele is SHM’s communications coordinator.

Editor’s note: Each month, SHM puts the spotlight on some of our most active members who are making substantial contributions to hospital medicine. Log on to www.hospitalmedicine.org/getinvolved for more information on how you can lend your expertise to help SHM improve the care of hospitalized patients.

This month, The Hospitalist spotlights Ryan Gamlin, a nontraditional student at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Ryan was chosen to present his scientific abstract at SHM’s annual meeting in 2016, and encourages medical students to utilize SHM’s resources.
 

Tell TH about your unique pathway to medical school. How did you become an SHM member?

After 10 years working for and consulting to large health insurance companies, I was increasingly disillusioned with my work and the insurance industry and began feeling restless. When I considered possible avenues to help improve health and the health care delivery system, nothing held more intellectual or professional appeal than working on problems from the inside as a physician.

Describe your experience at your first annual meeting. Why would you encourage medical students to attend?

Hospital Medicine 2016 inspired me. As someone interested in the intersection of clinical care and the care system itself, I was amazed at the depth and breadth of forward-looking programming and the amount of similarly-inclined people!

I wish that every medical student – irrespective of their intended specialty – could attend an SHM meeting to witness firsthand how a progressive, thriving professional society integrates members at all levels (student, resident, early-career faculty, and beyond) into their work of improving health care.
 

As a medical student, why is SHM beneficial to your professional growth as a future physician?

I see SHM as a “big tent” professional society that values insights and expertise from all types of physicians, with tangible commitments to support them in the types of system-improving work that are important to me in my career. SHM’s member resources and commitment to students’ and residents’ professional development are incomparable.

What are the biggest opportunities you see for yourself and other future physicians in the changing health care landscape?

The days when a physician’s job was limited to doctoring are over. Our generation of physicians must be great clinicians and work to heal a sick health care system. Now more than ever, physicians must be systems thinkers, designers, and fixers, equipped with the tools of quality improvement, design thinking, finance, and health policy.

Opportunities for meaningful improvement exist at every level, from care teams to health systems, the health care industry, and policy at every level. I would encourage those at any stage of their careers to find an area that they’re excited about or interested in. Seek out information and mentors in that area at their institutions or within SHM, and just start working on something.

There is a tremendous amount of uncertainty in health care; reimbursement paradigms are changing, clinical expectations only grow, and the forces competing for every doctor’s limited time seem unlimited. Uncertainty is uncomfortable, but it also means opportunity. I’m excited to see the commitment to leadership from SHM and so many of its members. It has never been more necessary.
 

Felicia Steele is SHM’s communications coordinator.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Does physician sex affect hospitalized patient outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies had suggested different practice patterns between male and female physicians in process measure of quality. No prior evaluation of patient outcomes examining those differences was studied in the past.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study.

Dr. Orjuela is assistant professor of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Does physician sex affect hospitalized patient outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies had suggested different practice patterns between male and female physicians in process measure of quality. No prior evaluation of patient outcomes examining those differences was studied in the past.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study.

Dr. Orjuela is assistant professor of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Does physician sex affect hospitalized patient outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies had suggested different practice patterns between male and female physicians in process measure of quality. No prior evaluation of patient outcomes examining those differences was studied in the past.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study.

Dr. Orjuela is assistant professor of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Are hospitalized patients experiencing an increased mortality risk at the end-rotation resident transition in care and is this association related to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) 2011 duty-hour regulations?

BACKGROUND: Prior studies of physicians’ transitions in care were associated with potential adverse patient events and outcomes. A higher mortality risk was suggested among patients with a complex hospital course or prolonged length of stay in association to house-staff transitions of care.

Dr. Orjuela is assistant professor of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora

CLINICAL QUESTION: Are hospitalized patients experiencing an increased mortality risk at the end-rotation resident transition in care and is this association related to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) 2011 duty-hour regulations?

BACKGROUND: Prior studies of physicians’ transitions in care were associated with potential adverse patient events and outcomes. A higher mortality risk was suggested among patients with a complex hospital course or prolonged length of stay in association to house-staff transitions of care.

Dr. Orjuela is assistant professor of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora

CLINICAL QUESTION: Are hospitalized patients experiencing an increased mortality risk at the end-rotation resident transition in care and is this association related to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) 2011 duty-hour regulations?

BACKGROUND: Prior studies of physicians’ transitions in care were associated with potential adverse patient events and outcomes. A higher mortality risk was suggested among patients with a complex hospital course or prolonged length of stay in association to house-staff transitions of care.

Dr. Orjuela is assistant professor of neurology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora

CLINICAL QUESTION: What are the benefits and harms of perioperative pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients undergoing surgery?

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SYNOPSIS: Thirty-nine trials were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Twenty-five of these were prospective and 14 were retrospective. The overall incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism was 0.9% (across 20 studies) and 0.3% (across 19 studies), respectively. Pharmacologic prophylaxis overall reduced DVT incidence (0.5% vs. 1.2%; relative risk, 0.51; P = .03). Subgroup analysis demonstrated this was significant for abdominal/pelvic surgeries and with low molecular weight heparin. Six studies compared duration of standard prophylaxis (10 days) with extended prophylaxis (4 weeks), with a lower VTE rate in the extended group. Bleeding events were noted in 13 studies and pharmacologic prophylaxis significantly increased bleeding risk (2.7% vs. 8%; RR, 2.51; P less than .0001).

BOTTOM LINE: Perioperative pharmacologic prophylaxis reduces DVT risk in patients with cancer, with greatest risk reduction seen in patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic surgeries. This comes at the cost of increased bleeding complications.

CITATIONS: Guo Q, Huang B, Zhao J, et al. Perioperative pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2016 Nov. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002074.

Dr. Patil is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: What are the benefits and harms of perioperative pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients undergoing surgery?

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SYNOPSIS: Thirty-nine trials were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Twenty-five of these were prospective and 14 were retrospective. The overall incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism was 0.9% (across 20 studies) and 0.3% (across 19 studies), respectively. Pharmacologic prophylaxis overall reduced DVT incidence (0.5% vs. 1.2%; relative risk, 0.51; P = .03). Subgroup analysis demonstrated this was significant for abdominal/pelvic surgeries and with low molecular weight heparin. Six studies compared duration of standard prophylaxis (10 days) with extended prophylaxis (4 weeks), with a lower VTE rate in the extended group. Bleeding events were noted in 13 studies and pharmacologic prophylaxis significantly increased bleeding risk (2.7% vs. 8%; RR, 2.51; P less than .0001).

BOTTOM LINE: Perioperative pharmacologic prophylaxis reduces DVT risk in patients with cancer, with greatest risk reduction seen in patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic surgeries. This comes at the cost of increased bleeding complications.

CITATIONS: Guo Q, Huang B, Zhao J, et al. Perioperative pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2016 Nov. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002074.

Dr. Patil is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: What are the benefits and harms of perioperative pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients undergoing surgery?

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SYNOPSIS: Thirty-nine trials were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Twenty-five of these were prospective and 14 were retrospective. The overall incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism was 0.9% (across 20 studies) and 0.3% (across 19 studies), respectively. Pharmacologic prophylaxis overall reduced DVT incidence (0.5% vs. 1.2%; relative risk, 0.51; P = .03). Subgroup analysis demonstrated this was significant for abdominal/pelvic surgeries and with low molecular weight heparin. Six studies compared duration of standard prophylaxis (10 days) with extended prophylaxis (4 weeks), with a lower VTE rate in the extended group. Bleeding events were noted in 13 studies and pharmacologic prophylaxis significantly increased bleeding risk (2.7% vs. 8%; RR, 2.51; P less than .0001).

BOTTOM LINE: Perioperative pharmacologic prophylaxis reduces DVT risk in patients with cancer, with greatest risk reduction seen in patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic surgeries. This comes at the cost of increased bleeding complications.

CITATIONS: Guo Q, Huang B, Zhao J, et al. Perioperative pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2016 Nov. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002074.

Dr. Patil is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Did hospitals receiving the highest penalties for readmissions have accelerated improvement in this metric after passage of Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP)?

BACKGROUND: Medicare passed the HRRP to incentivize reductions in readmission rates. The impact of penalties on relative hospital improvement rates remains unknown.

Dr. Patil is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Did hospitals receiving the highest penalties for readmissions have accelerated improvement in this metric after passage of Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP)?

BACKGROUND: Medicare passed the HRRP to incentivize reductions in readmission rates. The impact of penalties on relative hospital improvement rates remains unknown.

Dr. Patil is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: Did hospitals receiving the highest penalties for readmissions have accelerated improvement in this metric after passage of Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP)?

BACKGROUND: Medicare passed the HRRP to incentivize reductions in readmission rates. The impact of penalties on relative hospital improvement rates remains unknown.

Dr. Patil is a clinical instructor, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: For patients with advanced dementia, does a goals-of-care intervention improve communication and care outcomes?

Dr. Cumbler is the associate chief of hospital medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: For patients with advanced dementia, does a goals-of-care intervention improve communication and care outcomes?

Dr. Cumbler is the associate chief of hospital medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

CLINICAL QUESTION: For patients with advanced dementia, does a goals-of-care intervention improve communication and care outcomes?

Dr. Cumbler is the associate chief of hospital medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

BOSTON – Strengthening member engagement is a top goal for incoming AATS President Duke E. Cameron, MD.

In this video, Dr. Cameron, of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, shared his objectives as the next AATS leader and the direction he envisions for the specialty over the next 100 years. Dr. Cameron also discussed his hope for new online educational efforts and the importance of physician collaboration with other health professionals.

[email protected]

On Twitter @legal_med

BOSTON – Strengthening member engagement is a top goal for incoming AATS President Duke E. Cameron, MD.

In this video, Dr. Cameron, of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, shared his objectives as the next AATS leader and the direction he envisions for the specialty over the next 100 years. Dr. Cameron also discussed his hope for new online educational efforts and the importance of physician collaboration with other health professionals.

[email protected]

On Twitter @legal_med

BOSTON – Strengthening member engagement is a top goal for incoming AATS President Duke E. Cameron, MD.

In this video, Dr. Cameron, of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, shared his objectives as the next AATS leader and the direction he envisions for the specialty over the next 100 years. Dr. Cameron also discussed his hope for new online educational efforts and the importance of physician collaboration with other health professionals.

[email protected]

On Twitter @legal_med