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Is MRI a viable alternative to lumbar puncture for MS diagnosis?
, a new study indicates.
The presence of oligoclonal bands is “very specific for MS and is obtained by lumbar puncture, which is invasive and can be unpleasant, so it is not an ideal test,” said study investigator Daniel Ontaneda, MD, PhD, with the Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research at the Cleveland Clinic.
In a pilot study, the central vein sign was “highly correlated with the presence of oligoclonal bands and in many cases could serve to prove that a person has MS without the need for a spinal tap,” Dr. Ontaneda said.
The study was presented at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Reducing the need for lumbar puncture
Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid are commonly used as a diagnostic biomarker for MS and can serve to meet the requirement for dissemination in time in the 2017 McDonald criteria. Central vein sign is an emerging neuroimaging biomarker for MS that may improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the need for lumbar puncture.
For the study, the investigators compared the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of central vein sign on MRI with that of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid for MS diagnosis.
Among the 53 participants, 24 (45%) met 2017 McDonald criteria for dissemination in space and time at baseline, and 27 (51%) met the criteria at 12-month follow-up.
At initial presentation, sensitivity for MS diagnosis was 75% for oligoclonal bands, 83% for central vein sign “Select-3” (3 central vein sign–positive lesions per scan), and 71% for central vein sign “Select-6” (6 central vein sign–positive lesions per scan).
The point estimate of sensitivity of central vein sign was higher than of oligoclonal bands, but there was no significant difference in sensitivities across methods.
Specificity at initial presentation was 76% for oligoclonal bands, 48% for Select-3, and 86% for Select-6.
The presence of oligoclonal bands was more specific than Select-3 for diagnosis of MS at initial presentation (P = .03), as was Select-6 (P = .001). There was no significant difference when comparing cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands with central vein sign Select-6.
At 12-month follow-up, the positive predictive value was 84% for oligoclonal bands and 95% for Select-6; combining oligoclonal bands and Select-6 gave a positive predictive value of 100%.
Dr. Ontaneda said that on the basis of these promising pilot data, the researchers have secured funding from the National Institutes of Health for a prospective study to further investigate the central vein sign as a potential biomarker for MS.
He also said there is “active discussion as to whether central vein sign should be added to the diagnostic criteria for MS.
“We think that it’s probably about time that we have diagnostic biomarkers that are sensitive and specific and can help us do away with complicated criteria to make the diagnosis, in favor of an imaging biomarker,” Dr. Ontaneda said.
A green light for further research
Commenting on the study, Shaheen Lakhan, MD, a neurologist and researcher from Boston, said that, “if an imaging finding on an otherwise routinely done MRI for patients with MS is just as good as analyses from the fluid from a spinal tap, of course, neurologists, and for sure patients, would go for the former.
“However, this study doesn’t fully support that argument just yet. It is retrospective with a tiny sample size, and the full way they standardized assessments and reporting hasn’t been fully reported,” said Dr. Lakhan, who was not involved in the study.
The study does, however, offer a “solid signal to green-light further exploration of a noninvasive assessment that may replace the dreaded spinal tap.
“In general, these principles need to be applied to all our invasive diagnostic criteria from biopsies to risky procedures, and also the incorporation of artificial intelligence/machine learning to aid in standardizing and scaling these assessments – and, frankly, reduce human error in readings,” said Dr. Lakhan.
Funding for the study was provided by the Race to Erase MS Foundation and the NIH. Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from the NIH, the National MS Society, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the Race to Erase MS Foundation, Genentech, Sanofi, and Novartis and has consulted for Biogen, Genentech, Sanofi, Janssen, Novartis, and Merck. Dr. Lakhan has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
, a new study indicates.
The presence of oligoclonal bands is “very specific for MS and is obtained by lumbar puncture, which is invasive and can be unpleasant, so it is not an ideal test,” said study investigator Daniel Ontaneda, MD, PhD, with the Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research at the Cleveland Clinic.
In a pilot study, the central vein sign was “highly correlated with the presence of oligoclonal bands and in many cases could serve to prove that a person has MS without the need for a spinal tap,” Dr. Ontaneda said.
The study was presented at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Reducing the need for lumbar puncture
Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid are commonly used as a diagnostic biomarker for MS and can serve to meet the requirement for dissemination in time in the 2017 McDonald criteria. Central vein sign is an emerging neuroimaging biomarker for MS that may improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the need for lumbar puncture.
For the study, the investigators compared the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of central vein sign on MRI with that of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid for MS diagnosis.
Among the 53 participants, 24 (45%) met 2017 McDonald criteria for dissemination in space and time at baseline, and 27 (51%) met the criteria at 12-month follow-up.
At initial presentation, sensitivity for MS diagnosis was 75% for oligoclonal bands, 83% for central vein sign “Select-3” (3 central vein sign–positive lesions per scan), and 71% for central vein sign “Select-6” (6 central vein sign–positive lesions per scan).
The point estimate of sensitivity of central vein sign was higher than of oligoclonal bands, but there was no significant difference in sensitivities across methods.
Specificity at initial presentation was 76% for oligoclonal bands, 48% for Select-3, and 86% for Select-6.
The presence of oligoclonal bands was more specific than Select-3 for diagnosis of MS at initial presentation (P = .03), as was Select-6 (P = .001). There was no significant difference when comparing cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands with central vein sign Select-6.
At 12-month follow-up, the positive predictive value was 84% for oligoclonal bands and 95% for Select-6; combining oligoclonal bands and Select-6 gave a positive predictive value of 100%.
Dr. Ontaneda said that on the basis of these promising pilot data, the researchers have secured funding from the National Institutes of Health for a prospective study to further investigate the central vein sign as a potential biomarker for MS.
He also said there is “active discussion as to whether central vein sign should be added to the diagnostic criteria for MS.
“We think that it’s probably about time that we have diagnostic biomarkers that are sensitive and specific and can help us do away with complicated criteria to make the diagnosis, in favor of an imaging biomarker,” Dr. Ontaneda said.
A green light for further research
Commenting on the study, Shaheen Lakhan, MD, a neurologist and researcher from Boston, said that, “if an imaging finding on an otherwise routinely done MRI for patients with MS is just as good as analyses from the fluid from a spinal tap, of course, neurologists, and for sure patients, would go for the former.
“However, this study doesn’t fully support that argument just yet. It is retrospective with a tiny sample size, and the full way they standardized assessments and reporting hasn’t been fully reported,” said Dr. Lakhan, who was not involved in the study.
The study does, however, offer a “solid signal to green-light further exploration of a noninvasive assessment that may replace the dreaded spinal tap.
“In general, these principles need to be applied to all our invasive diagnostic criteria from biopsies to risky procedures, and also the incorporation of artificial intelligence/machine learning to aid in standardizing and scaling these assessments – and, frankly, reduce human error in readings,” said Dr. Lakhan.
Funding for the study was provided by the Race to Erase MS Foundation and the NIH. Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from the NIH, the National MS Society, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the Race to Erase MS Foundation, Genentech, Sanofi, and Novartis and has consulted for Biogen, Genentech, Sanofi, Janssen, Novartis, and Merck. Dr. Lakhan has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
, a new study indicates.
The presence of oligoclonal bands is “very specific for MS and is obtained by lumbar puncture, which is invasive and can be unpleasant, so it is not an ideal test,” said study investigator Daniel Ontaneda, MD, PhD, with the Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research at the Cleveland Clinic.
In a pilot study, the central vein sign was “highly correlated with the presence of oligoclonal bands and in many cases could serve to prove that a person has MS without the need for a spinal tap,” Dr. Ontaneda said.
The study was presented at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Reducing the need for lumbar puncture
Oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid are commonly used as a diagnostic biomarker for MS and can serve to meet the requirement for dissemination in time in the 2017 McDonald criteria. Central vein sign is an emerging neuroimaging biomarker for MS that may improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the need for lumbar puncture.
For the study, the investigators compared the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of central vein sign on MRI with that of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid for MS diagnosis.
Among the 53 participants, 24 (45%) met 2017 McDonald criteria for dissemination in space and time at baseline, and 27 (51%) met the criteria at 12-month follow-up.
At initial presentation, sensitivity for MS diagnosis was 75% for oligoclonal bands, 83% for central vein sign “Select-3” (3 central vein sign–positive lesions per scan), and 71% for central vein sign “Select-6” (6 central vein sign–positive lesions per scan).
The point estimate of sensitivity of central vein sign was higher than of oligoclonal bands, but there was no significant difference in sensitivities across methods.
Specificity at initial presentation was 76% for oligoclonal bands, 48% for Select-3, and 86% for Select-6.
The presence of oligoclonal bands was more specific than Select-3 for diagnosis of MS at initial presentation (P = .03), as was Select-6 (P = .001). There was no significant difference when comparing cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands with central vein sign Select-6.
At 12-month follow-up, the positive predictive value was 84% for oligoclonal bands and 95% for Select-6; combining oligoclonal bands and Select-6 gave a positive predictive value of 100%.
Dr. Ontaneda said that on the basis of these promising pilot data, the researchers have secured funding from the National Institutes of Health for a prospective study to further investigate the central vein sign as a potential biomarker for MS.
He also said there is “active discussion as to whether central vein sign should be added to the diagnostic criteria for MS.
“We think that it’s probably about time that we have diagnostic biomarkers that are sensitive and specific and can help us do away with complicated criteria to make the diagnosis, in favor of an imaging biomarker,” Dr. Ontaneda said.
A green light for further research
Commenting on the study, Shaheen Lakhan, MD, a neurologist and researcher from Boston, said that, “if an imaging finding on an otherwise routinely done MRI for patients with MS is just as good as analyses from the fluid from a spinal tap, of course, neurologists, and for sure patients, would go for the former.
“However, this study doesn’t fully support that argument just yet. It is retrospective with a tiny sample size, and the full way they standardized assessments and reporting hasn’t been fully reported,” said Dr. Lakhan, who was not involved in the study.
The study does, however, offer a “solid signal to green-light further exploration of a noninvasive assessment that may replace the dreaded spinal tap.
“In general, these principles need to be applied to all our invasive diagnostic criteria from biopsies to risky procedures, and also the incorporation of artificial intelligence/machine learning to aid in standardizing and scaling these assessments – and, frankly, reduce human error in readings,” said Dr. Lakhan.
Funding for the study was provided by the Race to Erase MS Foundation and the NIH. Dr. Ontaneda has received research support from the NIH, the National MS Society, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the Race to Erase MS Foundation, Genentech, Sanofi, and Novartis and has consulted for Biogen, Genentech, Sanofi, Janssen, Novartis, and Merck. Dr. Lakhan has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
NfL levels might presage MS disability
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a well-known and useful biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity, but its association with disease progression is not well understood. A new analysis of MS patients in California’s EPIC cohort suggests that
“We see evidence for accelerated neuroaxonal damage in the year preceding the first diagnosis of the progression events, [but] only if they were associated with evidence of focal inflammatory activity – that can be either clinical or imaging evidence,” said Ahmed Abdelhak, MD, during a presentation of the study at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
“By the time we diagnose the EDSS progression, it’s already too late. Every damage or any accelerated neuroaxonal damage that has happened in association with this event already took place around a year ago. I think [this has] huge implications for the designing of clinical trials,” said Dr. Abdelhak, who is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, San Francisco.
In the study, researchers analyzed data from 609 MS cases, with a total of 3,906 office visits. The median age was 42 years, and 69.6% were female. Median disease duration was 6 years.
They examined the association between NfL scores and confirmed disease worsening, as recorded by an increase in EDSS score. There was an increase in NfL age-adjusted z score about 12 months in advance among patients with a progression association with a relapse in the past year, compared with individuals who did not experience disease progression. There was also a more modest increase among individuals who had disease progression without a recent relapse, but this was not statistically significant.
“Our findings suggest that the association between NfL levels and EDSS worsening is most prominent in the setting of relapse-associated events,” said Dr. Abdelhak.
Clinical implications and audience skepticism
During the Q&A following the talk, session moderator Charlotte Teunissen, PhD, professor of neurochemistry at Amsterdam University Medical Center, asked about the clinical implication of the finding. “It seems that you concluded that axonal damage has been done before the progression starts. Is that your conclusion? So it means that there is no option to interfere anymore, consequently.”
Dr. Abdelhak responded: “I think that’s a very important interpretation of the data, which I’m sure is a relatively new way of thinking about it. That means, indeed, that when we see these patients, measuring NfL wouldn’t deliver any additional value because they don’t differ between the groups at the time of EDSS worsening. And there is probably nothing more we can do about this event. But it’s still very important to know that any therapeutic intervention has also the need to prevent future disability progression, future neuroaxonal damage, but regarding what has happened already, I’m a little bit skeptical if we will be able to change anything.”
Dr. Teunissen expressed skepticism that there was no further neurodegeneration following the spike in NfL, and pointed out an important caveat, which was the study’s reliance on NfL. “You base your conclusions on what you observe for NfL, and it’s a far-fetched conclusion that there is no further axonal damage ongoing. Maybe NfL is just one marker, and it’s not the best biomarker to measure progression,” she said.
Dr. Abdelhak conceded that it will be necessary to confirm the findings with other biomarkers of neurological injury. Even different subunits of the NfL protein have been shown to have different dynamics in other neurological conditions. “So the data we have give definitely an incomplete picture because we [know] nothing about the other biomarkers of neuroaxonal injury, including the other subunits of NfL,” he said.
Later in the Q&A, Alasdair Coles, MD, professor of neurology at University of Cambridge (England), spoke from the audience. He suggested that the findings could be seen as dispiriting for clinicians. “Would the panel agree that actually for a clinician this is all rather disappointing, because none of these markers are telling us anything that we don’t otherwise know by examining the patient and doing scans?”
“I can attempt to tackle that provocative question,” replied Elias Sotirchos, MD, who also presented on an association between NfL and brain atrophy research during the session. He pointed out that all clinical tests are imperfect, and suggested that NfL isn’t something to be used in isolation. It could be useful when patients are experiencing new symptoms, or worsening symptoms, and in combination with MRI results. “My interpretation of NfL is that it does have incremental value, telling us which patients have lesions that are more destructive, potentially, given all of these consistent associations with brain atrophy and disability progression over time,” said Dr. Sotirchos, who is an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore.
Dr. Abdelhak and Dr. Teunissen have no relevant financial disclosures. Dr. Sotirchos has financial relationships with Alexion, Viela Bio, Horizon Therapeutics, Genentech, and Ad Scientiam.
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a well-known and useful biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity, but its association with disease progression is not well understood. A new analysis of MS patients in California’s EPIC cohort suggests that
“We see evidence for accelerated neuroaxonal damage in the year preceding the first diagnosis of the progression events, [but] only if they were associated with evidence of focal inflammatory activity – that can be either clinical or imaging evidence,” said Ahmed Abdelhak, MD, during a presentation of the study at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
“By the time we diagnose the EDSS progression, it’s already too late. Every damage or any accelerated neuroaxonal damage that has happened in association with this event already took place around a year ago. I think [this has] huge implications for the designing of clinical trials,” said Dr. Abdelhak, who is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, San Francisco.
In the study, researchers analyzed data from 609 MS cases, with a total of 3,906 office visits. The median age was 42 years, and 69.6% were female. Median disease duration was 6 years.
They examined the association between NfL scores and confirmed disease worsening, as recorded by an increase in EDSS score. There was an increase in NfL age-adjusted z score about 12 months in advance among patients with a progression association with a relapse in the past year, compared with individuals who did not experience disease progression. There was also a more modest increase among individuals who had disease progression without a recent relapse, but this was not statistically significant.
“Our findings suggest that the association between NfL levels and EDSS worsening is most prominent in the setting of relapse-associated events,” said Dr. Abdelhak.
Clinical implications and audience skepticism
During the Q&A following the talk, session moderator Charlotte Teunissen, PhD, professor of neurochemistry at Amsterdam University Medical Center, asked about the clinical implication of the finding. “It seems that you concluded that axonal damage has been done before the progression starts. Is that your conclusion? So it means that there is no option to interfere anymore, consequently.”
Dr. Abdelhak responded: “I think that’s a very important interpretation of the data, which I’m sure is a relatively new way of thinking about it. That means, indeed, that when we see these patients, measuring NfL wouldn’t deliver any additional value because they don’t differ between the groups at the time of EDSS worsening. And there is probably nothing more we can do about this event. But it’s still very important to know that any therapeutic intervention has also the need to prevent future disability progression, future neuroaxonal damage, but regarding what has happened already, I’m a little bit skeptical if we will be able to change anything.”
Dr. Teunissen expressed skepticism that there was no further neurodegeneration following the spike in NfL, and pointed out an important caveat, which was the study’s reliance on NfL. “You base your conclusions on what you observe for NfL, and it’s a far-fetched conclusion that there is no further axonal damage ongoing. Maybe NfL is just one marker, and it’s not the best biomarker to measure progression,” she said.
Dr. Abdelhak conceded that it will be necessary to confirm the findings with other biomarkers of neurological injury. Even different subunits of the NfL protein have been shown to have different dynamics in other neurological conditions. “So the data we have give definitely an incomplete picture because we [know] nothing about the other biomarkers of neuroaxonal injury, including the other subunits of NfL,” he said.
Later in the Q&A, Alasdair Coles, MD, professor of neurology at University of Cambridge (England), spoke from the audience. He suggested that the findings could be seen as dispiriting for clinicians. “Would the panel agree that actually for a clinician this is all rather disappointing, because none of these markers are telling us anything that we don’t otherwise know by examining the patient and doing scans?”
“I can attempt to tackle that provocative question,” replied Elias Sotirchos, MD, who also presented on an association between NfL and brain atrophy research during the session. He pointed out that all clinical tests are imperfect, and suggested that NfL isn’t something to be used in isolation. It could be useful when patients are experiencing new symptoms, or worsening symptoms, and in combination with MRI results. “My interpretation of NfL is that it does have incremental value, telling us which patients have lesions that are more destructive, potentially, given all of these consistent associations with brain atrophy and disability progression over time,” said Dr. Sotirchos, who is an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore.
Dr. Abdelhak and Dr. Teunissen have no relevant financial disclosures. Dr. Sotirchos has financial relationships with Alexion, Viela Bio, Horizon Therapeutics, Genentech, and Ad Scientiam.
Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a well-known and useful biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS) disease activity, but its association with disease progression is not well understood. A new analysis of MS patients in California’s EPIC cohort suggests that
“We see evidence for accelerated neuroaxonal damage in the year preceding the first diagnosis of the progression events, [but] only if they were associated with evidence of focal inflammatory activity – that can be either clinical or imaging evidence,” said Ahmed Abdelhak, MD, during a presentation of the study at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
“By the time we diagnose the EDSS progression, it’s already too late. Every damage or any accelerated neuroaxonal damage that has happened in association with this event already took place around a year ago. I think [this has] huge implications for the designing of clinical trials,” said Dr. Abdelhak, who is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, San Francisco.
In the study, researchers analyzed data from 609 MS cases, with a total of 3,906 office visits. The median age was 42 years, and 69.6% were female. Median disease duration was 6 years.
They examined the association between NfL scores and confirmed disease worsening, as recorded by an increase in EDSS score. There was an increase in NfL age-adjusted z score about 12 months in advance among patients with a progression association with a relapse in the past year, compared with individuals who did not experience disease progression. There was also a more modest increase among individuals who had disease progression without a recent relapse, but this was not statistically significant.
“Our findings suggest that the association between NfL levels and EDSS worsening is most prominent in the setting of relapse-associated events,” said Dr. Abdelhak.
Clinical implications and audience skepticism
During the Q&A following the talk, session moderator Charlotte Teunissen, PhD, professor of neurochemistry at Amsterdam University Medical Center, asked about the clinical implication of the finding. “It seems that you concluded that axonal damage has been done before the progression starts. Is that your conclusion? So it means that there is no option to interfere anymore, consequently.”
Dr. Abdelhak responded: “I think that’s a very important interpretation of the data, which I’m sure is a relatively new way of thinking about it. That means, indeed, that when we see these patients, measuring NfL wouldn’t deliver any additional value because they don’t differ between the groups at the time of EDSS worsening. And there is probably nothing more we can do about this event. But it’s still very important to know that any therapeutic intervention has also the need to prevent future disability progression, future neuroaxonal damage, but regarding what has happened already, I’m a little bit skeptical if we will be able to change anything.”
Dr. Teunissen expressed skepticism that there was no further neurodegeneration following the spike in NfL, and pointed out an important caveat, which was the study’s reliance on NfL. “You base your conclusions on what you observe for NfL, and it’s a far-fetched conclusion that there is no further axonal damage ongoing. Maybe NfL is just one marker, and it’s not the best biomarker to measure progression,” she said.
Dr. Abdelhak conceded that it will be necessary to confirm the findings with other biomarkers of neurological injury. Even different subunits of the NfL protein have been shown to have different dynamics in other neurological conditions. “So the data we have give definitely an incomplete picture because we [know] nothing about the other biomarkers of neuroaxonal injury, including the other subunits of NfL,” he said.
Later in the Q&A, Alasdair Coles, MD, professor of neurology at University of Cambridge (England), spoke from the audience. He suggested that the findings could be seen as dispiriting for clinicians. “Would the panel agree that actually for a clinician this is all rather disappointing, because none of these markers are telling us anything that we don’t otherwise know by examining the patient and doing scans?”
“I can attempt to tackle that provocative question,” replied Elias Sotirchos, MD, who also presented on an association between NfL and brain atrophy research during the session. He pointed out that all clinical tests are imperfect, and suggested that NfL isn’t something to be used in isolation. It could be useful when patients are experiencing new symptoms, or worsening symptoms, and in combination with MRI results. “My interpretation of NfL is that it does have incremental value, telling us which patients have lesions that are more destructive, potentially, given all of these consistent associations with brain atrophy and disability progression over time,” said Dr. Sotirchos, who is an assistant professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore.
Dr. Abdelhak and Dr. Teunissen have no relevant financial disclosures. Dr. Sotirchos has financial relationships with Alexion, Viela Bio, Horizon Therapeutics, Genentech, and Ad Scientiam.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
A better way to predict fall risk in patients with MS?
Compared with patients with MS who didn’t fall, those who did fall had worse neuromuscular function as evidenced by a reduced rate of force development.
“Our study suggests that instead of looking at reduced maximum muscle strength, perhaps we should start looking at reduced rate of force development when trying to identify potential fallers,” said Laurits Taul-Madsen, PhD student, Aarhus University, Denmark.
The study was presented at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Explosive strength
In contrast to maximal muscle strength, the rate of force development is a measure of explosive strength, or simply the amount of force that an individual can produce over a given time period. When a patient is about to fall, what’s most important is not how strong the person is, but how quickly they can produce enough force to counteract the balance perturbation, thus avoid falling, said Dr. Taul-Madsen.
“If a person is very slow to produce this force, [that person] will have fallen before he or she has produced enough force to counteract the balance perturbation that the person is experiencing,” he added.
Research has shown a reduced rate of force development (RFD) in patients with MS, compared with healthy controls. However, little is known about the impact of RFD on falls in those with MS.
To investigate, researchers studied 53 adults with MS: Twenty-four had no fall history in the prior year, 16 had one to two prior falls, and 13 had three or more falls. The two groups of fallers were both slightly older and had a slightly higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, “which may not be so surprising,” Dr. Taul-Madsen said.
Knee extensor neuromuscular function, including maximum muscle strength and RFD at 50 and 200 milliseconds, was assessed via isokinetic dynamometry.
A high RFD is “good and the non-fallers had the highest RFD at 50 ms.” On this measure, “we saw quite a big difference between the non-fallers and the two groups of fallers,” Dr. Taul-Madsen reported.
At 200 ms, the RFD was again highest in the group of non-fallers but the difference was somewhat smaller. Non-fallers also had greater maximum muscle strength than that of the fallers.
There was “good” correlation between these neuromuscular measurements and falls, Dr. Taul-Madsen said.
He noted that RFD, which can be improved with resistance training, “seems like a specialized and difficult measurement, but it doesn’t have to be. It can be measured with just a linear encoder and a chair to perform the sit-to-stand test, so in clinical practice, it’s quite easily measured.”
‘Highly promising’ approach
“There are some data on predictors of falls in persons with MS, but not yet on neuromuscular function, as has been done in other populations,” said Brian Sandroff, PhD, senior research scientist, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, N.J.
This study is “interesting in that recurrent fallers were distinguished based on having worse neuromuscular function,” said Dr. Sandroff, who was not part of the research team.
“Although this relationship is somewhat intuitive,” RFD provides a “potentially sensitive measure that can be addressed via specific resistance exercise programs as a highly promising approach for reducing fall risk and falls themselves in persons with MS,” Dr. Sandroff said.
More generally, he said this study provides “more evidence on the multisystemic benefits of exercise training and having better physical fitness in persons with MS.
“The evidence seems to be converging more and more on this, as research groups across countries and continents are reporting on similar themes,” said Dr. Sandroff.
The study had no specific funding. Dr. Taul-Madsen and Dr. Sandroff report no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Compared with patients with MS who didn’t fall, those who did fall had worse neuromuscular function as evidenced by a reduced rate of force development.
“Our study suggests that instead of looking at reduced maximum muscle strength, perhaps we should start looking at reduced rate of force development when trying to identify potential fallers,” said Laurits Taul-Madsen, PhD student, Aarhus University, Denmark.
The study was presented at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Explosive strength
In contrast to maximal muscle strength, the rate of force development is a measure of explosive strength, or simply the amount of force that an individual can produce over a given time period. When a patient is about to fall, what’s most important is not how strong the person is, but how quickly they can produce enough force to counteract the balance perturbation, thus avoid falling, said Dr. Taul-Madsen.
“If a person is very slow to produce this force, [that person] will have fallen before he or she has produced enough force to counteract the balance perturbation that the person is experiencing,” he added.
Research has shown a reduced rate of force development (RFD) in patients with MS, compared with healthy controls. However, little is known about the impact of RFD on falls in those with MS.
To investigate, researchers studied 53 adults with MS: Twenty-four had no fall history in the prior year, 16 had one to two prior falls, and 13 had three or more falls. The two groups of fallers were both slightly older and had a slightly higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, “which may not be so surprising,” Dr. Taul-Madsen said.
Knee extensor neuromuscular function, including maximum muscle strength and RFD at 50 and 200 milliseconds, was assessed via isokinetic dynamometry.
A high RFD is “good and the non-fallers had the highest RFD at 50 ms.” On this measure, “we saw quite a big difference between the non-fallers and the two groups of fallers,” Dr. Taul-Madsen reported.
At 200 ms, the RFD was again highest in the group of non-fallers but the difference was somewhat smaller. Non-fallers also had greater maximum muscle strength than that of the fallers.
There was “good” correlation between these neuromuscular measurements and falls, Dr. Taul-Madsen said.
He noted that RFD, which can be improved with resistance training, “seems like a specialized and difficult measurement, but it doesn’t have to be. It can be measured with just a linear encoder and a chair to perform the sit-to-stand test, so in clinical practice, it’s quite easily measured.”
‘Highly promising’ approach
“There are some data on predictors of falls in persons with MS, but not yet on neuromuscular function, as has been done in other populations,” said Brian Sandroff, PhD, senior research scientist, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, N.J.
This study is “interesting in that recurrent fallers were distinguished based on having worse neuromuscular function,” said Dr. Sandroff, who was not part of the research team.
“Although this relationship is somewhat intuitive,” RFD provides a “potentially sensitive measure that can be addressed via specific resistance exercise programs as a highly promising approach for reducing fall risk and falls themselves in persons with MS,” Dr. Sandroff said.
More generally, he said this study provides “more evidence on the multisystemic benefits of exercise training and having better physical fitness in persons with MS.
“The evidence seems to be converging more and more on this, as research groups across countries and continents are reporting on similar themes,” said Dr. Sandroff.
The study had no specific funding. Dr. Taul-Madsen and Dr. Sandroff report no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Compared with patients with MS who didn’t fall, those who did fall had worse neuromuscular function as evidenced by a reduced rate of force development.
“Our study suggests that instead of looking at reduced maximum muscle strength, perhaps we should start looking at reduced rate of force development when trying to identify potential fallers,” said Laurits Taul-Madsen, PhD student, Aarhus University, Denmark.
The study was presented at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Explosive strength
In contrast to maximal muscle strength, the rate of force development is a measure of explosive strength, or simply the amount of force that an individual can produce over a given time period. When a patient is about to fall, what’s most important is not how strong the person is, but how quickly they can produce enough force to counteract the balance perturbation, thus avoid falling, said Dr. Taul-Madsen.
“If a person is very slow to produce this force, [that person] will have fallen before he or she has produced enough force to counteract the balance perturbation that the person is experiencing,” he added.
Research has shown a reduced rate of force development (RFD) in patients with MS, compared with healthy controls. However, little is known about the impact of RFD on falls in those with MS.
To investigate, researchers studied 53 adults with MS: Twenty-four had no fall history in the prior year, 16 had one to two prior falls, and 13 had three or more falls. The two groups of fallers were both slightly older and had a slightly higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, “which may not be so surprising,” Dr. Taul-Madsen said.
Knee extensor neuromuscular function, including maximum muscle strength and RFD at 50 and 200 milliseconds, was assessed via isokinetic dynamometry.
A high RFD is “good and the non-fallers had the highest RFD at 50 ms.” On this measure, “we saw quite a big difference between the non-fallers and the two groups of fallers,” Dr. Taul-Madsen reported.
At 200 ms, the RFD was again highest in the group of non-fallers but the difference was somewhat smaller. Non-fallers also had greater maximum muscle strength than that of the fallers.
There was “good” correlation between these neuromuscular measurements and falls, Dr. Taul-Madsen said.
He noted that RFD, which can be improved with resistance training, “seems like a specialized and difficult measurement, but it doesn’t have to be. It can be measured with just a linear encoder and a chair to perform the sit-to-stand test, so in clinical practice, it’s quite easily measured.”
‘Highly promising’ approach
“There are some data on predictors of falls in persons with MS, but not yet on neuromuscular function, as has been done in other populations,” said Brian Sandroff, PhD, senior research scientist, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, N.J.
This study is “interesting in that recurrent fallers were distinguished based on having worse neuromuscular function,” said Dr. Sandroff, who was not part of the research team.
“Although this relationship is somewhat intuitive,” RFD provides a “potentially sensitive measure that can be addressed via specific resistance exercise programs as a highly promising approach for reducing fall risk and falls themselves in persons with MS,” Dr. Sandroff said.
More generally, he said this study provides “more evidence on the multisystemic benefits of exercise training and having better physical fitness in persons with MS.
“The evidence seems to be converging more and more on this, as research groups across countries and continents are reporting on similar themes,” said Dr. Sandroff.
The study had no specific funding. Dr. Taul-Madsen and Dr. Sandroff report no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
‘Reassuring data’ for two MS meds in pregnancy
new research shows. Results of two studies show that preterm birth, spontaneous abortions, and major congenital anomalies were rare with anti-CD20 drugs ocrelizumab or natalizumab, even when continued well into the third trimester. However, hematologic abnormalities were common in newborns who were exposed to MS therapies during pregnancy.
The research comes at a time when the incidence of MS is on the rise worldwide and pregnancy in MS patients is becoming more common (Neurology. 2018 Oct 23;91[17]:e1559-69). “The results of our study should lead to a distinct risk-benefit discussion between neurologists and pregnant natalizumab-treated women to maintain treatment up to the 30th or even the 34th week of gestation, in combination with an early restart during the first 4 weeks after delivery,” Sandra Thiel, PhD, an investigator in one of the studies, told delegates attending the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). Dr. Thiel is in the department of neurology at St. Josef Hospital and Ruhr University Bochum (Germany).
Rising number of pregnancies
In a second study, researchers from Spain presented results from the largest dataset of pregnancy outcomes for an anti-CD20 therapy in MS. The trial included 2,020 pregnancies, most of which were followed prospectively. The study included data on pregnancies since 2008. The largest single-year increase among participants was in the past year, in which there was a 65% rise in the number of pregnancies.
“The number of women with MS exposed to ocrelizumab before, during, and after the pregnancy is increasing and increasing,” Celia Oreja-Guevara, MD, PhD, vice-chair of neurology and head of the Multiple Sclerosis Center of the University Hospital San Carlos, Madrid, told conference attendees. “We have more evidence, we have more knowledge, patients and physicians trust ocrelizumab more. They know that it’s a safe treatment, and more patients are becoming pregnant.”
Dr. Oreja-Guevara highlighted a decrease in the number of elective abortions, which dropped from 50% in 2021 to 11% in the past year. The number was higher for patients with known exposure to ocrelizumab (11.5% vs. 3.7%).
Among the prospective cases, ectopic pregnancies occurred in 1.8% of those who were not exposed to ocrelizumab versus 1.4% of those exposed to the medication. The overall rate of spontaneous abortion was 11.8%, which, Dr. Oreja-Guevara said, is lower than the rate among the general population in Spain.
In the total cohort, 79.0% of pregnancies resulted in live births. Rates were similar regardless of ocrelizumab exposure. About 57% of births were full term, and 10.0% were preterm. Gestational age was unknown in 32.9% of the cases.
Overall, 0.9% of infants had a major congenital anomaly, which Dr. Oreja-Guevara said is lower than the rate of 2%-3% in all children born in Europe.
A look at natalizumab
To examine outcomes following use of natalizumab during pregnancy, researchers examined data from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry, which was created in 2006 and follows people during pregnancy and up to 6 years post partum. Of the 350 pregnant people included in the study, 171 continued natalizumab therapy beyond the first trimester. Discontinuation occurred at a median of 30.9 gestational weeks.
Most patients did not experience MS relapse during pregnancy, but the number was higher for patients who continued taking natalizumab later into pregnancy compared with those who stopped taking the drug in the first trimester (94.8% vs. 67.6%).
In the group analysis, women who continued treatment after the first trimester had significantly fewer relapses during pregnancy (5.9% vs. 32.4%; P < .001) and in the postpartum period (22.8% vs. 49.7%, P < .001). Resuming treatment with natalizumab within 4 weeks after birth significantly reduced relapse risk post partum (odds ratio, 0.32; P < .001).
The researchers also examined relapse risk with respect to treatment duration after the first trimester. Significantly more women who discontinued natalizumab before the 30th gestational week experienced postpartum relapses, compared with those whose treatment extended beyond that point (38.5% vs. 16.0%; P = .008), especially during the first postpartum trimester (26.9% vs. 8.00%; P = .009).
There were no significant differences in preterm births or major congenital abnormalities between groups. However, about half of the infants exposed to natalizumab beyond the first trimester were born with anemia or other hematologic abnormalities.
Another unexpected finding was the number of infants who were small for their gestational age (SGA). About 19% of infants born to women who continued treatment later in pregnancy were SGA. Among those in the group that discontinued therapy in the first trimester, the figure was just under 17%.
“Pregnancy outcomes were within the expected range, but a potential increased risk for small for gestational age newborns justified further investigation,” Dr. Thiel said.
Reassuring data
Angie Child Jelin, MD, director of the first trimester screening program and associate professor of gynecology and obstetrics at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said that the increase in the number of pregnant patients with MS seen in their clinic could be caused in part by the growing body of work on MS treatment during pregnancy.
“It’s very reassuring that these data have come out and showed how safe they are generally in pregnancy,” Dr. Jalin said.
Although hematologic abnormalities in newborns are thought to be acute, Dr. Jalin said long-term study is needed to better understand any potential lasting effects from those abnormalities, as well as any effects in SGA newborns.
“Long-term outcomes are very hard to acquire, but ideally you’d want long-term outcomes on all of these measures,” Dr. Jalin said.
Funding for the natalizumab study was not disclosed. The ocrelizumab study was funded by F. Hoffmann–La Roche. Dr. Oreja-Guevara received honoraria for consulting and serving on advisory boards from Biogen Idec, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, and Teva. Dr. Thiel has received speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare. Dr. Jalin reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
new research shows. Results of two studies show that preterm birth, spontaneous abortions, and major congenital anomalies were rare with anti-CD20 drugs ocrelizumab or natalizumab, even when continued well into the third trimester. However, hematologic abnormalities were common in newborns who were exposed to MS therapies during pregnancy.
The research comes at a time when the incidence of MS is on the rise worldwide and pregnancy in MS patients is becoming more common (Neurology. 2018 Oct 23;91[17]:e1559-69). “The results of our study should lead to a distinct risk-benefit discussion between neurologists and pregnant natalizumab-treated women to maintain treatment up to the 30th or even the 34th week of gestation, in combination with an early restart during the first 4 weeks after delivery,” Sandra Thiel, PhD, an investigator in one of the studies, told delegates attending the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). Dr. Thiel is in the department of neurology at St. Josef Hospital and Ruhr University Bochum (Germany).
Rising number of pregnancies
In a second study, researchers from Spain presented results from the largest dataset of pregnancy outcomes for an anti-CD20 therapy in MS. The trial included 2,020 pregnancies, most of which were followed prospectively. The study included data on pregnancies since 2008. The largest single-year increase among participants was in the past year, in which there was a 65% rise in the number of pregnancies.
“The number of women with MS exposed to ocrelizumab before, during, and after the pregnancy is increasing and increasing,” Celia Oreja-Guevara, MD, PhD, vice-chair of neurology and head of the Multiple Sclerosis Center of the University Hospital San Carlos, Madrid, told conference attendees. “We have more evidence, we have more knowledge, patients and physicians trust ocrelizumab more. They know that it’s a safe treatment, and more patients are becoming pregnant.”
Dr. Oreja-Guevara highlighted a decrease in the number of elective abortions, which dropped from 50% in 2021 to 11% in the past year. The number was higher for patients with known exposure to ocrelizumab (11.5% vs. 3.7%).
Among the prospective cases, ectopic pregnancies occurred in 1.8% of those who were not exposed to ocrelizumab versus 1.4% of those exposed to the medication. The overall rate of spontaneous abortion was 11.8%, which, Dr. Oreja-Guevara said, is lower than the rate among the general population in Spain.
In the total cohort, 79.0% of pregnancies resulted in live births. Rates were similar regardless of ocrelizumab exposure. About 57% of births were full term, and 10.0% were preterm. Gestational age was unknown in 32.9% of the cases.
Overall, 0.9% of infants had a major congenital anomaly, which Dr. Oreja-Guevara said is lower than the rate of 2%-3% in all children born in Europe.
A look at natalizumab
To examine outcomes following use of natalizumab during pregnancy, researchers examined data from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry, which was created in 2006 and follows people during pregnancy and up to 6 years post partum. Of the 350 pregnant people included in the study, 171 continued natalizumab therapy beyond the first trimester. Discontinuation occurred at a median of 30.9 gestational weeks.
Most patients did not experience MS relapse during pregnancy, but the number was higher for patients who continued taking natalizumab later into pregnancy compared with those who stopped taking the drug in the first trimester (94.8% vs. 67.6%).
In the group analysis, women who continued treatment after the first trimester had significantly fewer relapses during pregnancy (5.9% vs. 32.4%; P < .001) and in the postpartum period (22.8% vs. 49.7%, P < .001). Resuming treatment with natalizumab within 4 weeks after birth significantly reduced relapse risk post partum (odds ratio, 0.32; P < .001).
The researchers also examined relapse risk with respect to treatment duration after the first trimester. Significantly more women who discontinued natalizumab before the 30th gestational week experienced postpartum relapses, compared with those whose treatment extended beyond that point (38.5% vs. 16.0%; P = .008), especially during the first postpartum trimester (26.9% vs. 8.00%; P = .009).
There were no significant differences in preterm births or major congenital abnormalities between groups. However, about half of the infants exposed to natalizumab beyond the first trimester were born with anemia or other hematologic abnormalities.
Another unexpected finding was the number of infants who were small for their gestational age (SGA). About 19% of infants born to women who continued treatment later in pregnancy were SGA. Among those in the group that discontinued therapy in the first trimester, the figure was just under 17%.
“Pregnancy outcomes were within the expected range, but a potential increased risk for small for gestational age newborns justified further investigation,” Dr. Thiel said.
Reassuring data
Angie Child Jelin, MD, director of the first trimester screening program and associate professor of gynecology and obstetrics at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said that the increase in the number of pregnant patients with MS seen in their clinic could be caused in part by the growing body of work on MS treatment during pregnancy.
“It’s very reassuring that these data have come out and showed how safe they are generally in pregnancy,” Dr. Jalin said.
Although hematologic abnormalities in newborns are thought to be acute, Dr. Jalin said long-term study is needed to better understand any potential lasting effects from those abnormalities, as well as any effects in SGA newborns.
“Long-term outcomes are very hard to acquire, but ideally you’d want long-term outcomes on all of these measures,” Dr. Jalin said.
Funding for the natalizumab study was not disclosed. The ocrelizumab study was funded by F. Hoffmann–La Roche. Dr. Oreja-Guevara received honoraria for consulting and serving on advisory boards from Biogen Idec, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, and Teva. Dr. Thiel has received speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare. Dr. Jalin reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
new research shows. Results of two studies show that preterm birth, spontaneous abortions, and major congenital anomalies were rare with anti-CD20 drugs ocrelizumab or natalizumab, even when continued well into the third trimester. However, hematologic abnormalities were common in newborns who were exposed to MS therapies during pregnancy.
The research comes at a time when the incidence of MS is on the rise worldwide and pregnancy in MS patients is becoming more common (Neurology. 2018 Oct 23;91[17]:e1559-69). “The results of our study should lead to a distinct risk-benefit discussion between neurologists and pregnant natalizumab-treated women to maintain treatment up to the 30th or even the 34th week of gestation, in combination with an early restart during the first 4 weeks after delivery,” Sandra Thiel, PhD, an investigator in one of the studies, told delegates attending the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). Dr. Thiel is in the department of neurology at St. Josef Hospital and Ruhr University Bochum (Germany).
Rising number of pregnancies
In a second study, researchers from Spain presented results from the largest dataset of pregnancy outcomes for an anti-CD20 therapy in MS. The trial included 2,020 pregnancies, most of which were followed prospectively. The study included data on pregnancies since 2008. The largest single-year increase among participants was in the past year, in which there was a 65% rise in the number of pregnancies.
“The number of women with MS exposed to ocrelizumab before, during, and after the pregnancy is increasing and increasing,” Celia Oreja-Guevara, MD, PhD, vice-chair of neurology and head of the Multiple Sclerosis Center of the University Hospital San Carlos, Madrid, told conference attendees. “We have more evidence, we have more knowledge, patients and physicians trust ocrelizumab more. They know that it’s a safe treatment, and more patients are becoming pregnant.”
Dr. Oreja-Guevara highlighted a decrease in the number of elective abortions, which dropped from 50% in 2021 to 11% in the past year. The number was higher for patients with known exposure to ocrelizumab (11.5% vs. 3.7%).
Among the prospective cases, ectopic pregnancies occurred in 1.8% of those who were not exposed to ocrelizumab versus 1.4% of those exposed to the medication. The overall rate of spontaneous abortion was 11.8%, which, Dr. Oreja-Guevara said, is lower than the rate among the general population in Spain.
In the total cohort, 79.0% of pregnancies resulted in live births. Rates were similar regardless of ocrelizumab exposure. About 57% of births were full term, and 10.0% were preterm. Gestational age was unknown in 32.9% of the cases.
Overall, 0.9% of infants had a major congenital anomaly, which Dr. Oreja-Guevara said is lower than the rate of 2%-3% in all children born in Europe.
A look at natalizumab
To examine outcomes following use of natalizumab during pregnancy, researchers examined data from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry, which was created in 2006 and follows people during pregnancy and up to 6 years post partum. Of the 350 pregnant people included in the study, 171 continued natalizumab therapy beyond the first trimester. Discontinuation occurred at a median of 30.9 gestational weeks.
Most patients did not experience MS relapse during pregnancy, but the number was higher for patients who continued taking natalizumab later into pregnancy compared with those who stopped taking the drug in the first trimester (94.8% vs. 67.6%).
In the group analysis, women who continued treatment after the first trimester had significantly fewer relapses during pregnancy (5.9% vs. 32.4%; P < .001) and in the postpartum period (22.8% vs. 49.7%, P < .001). Resuming treatment with natalizumab within 4 weeks after birth significantly reduced relapse risk post partum (odds ratio, 0.32; P < .001).
The researchers also examined relapse risk with respect to treatment duration after the first trimester. Significantly more women who discontinued natalizumab before the 30th gestational week experienced postpartum relapses, compared with those whose treatment extended beyond that point (38.5% vs. 16.0%; P = .008), especially during the first postpartum trimester (26.9% vs. 8.00%; P = .009).
There were no significant differences in preterm births or major congenital abnormalities between groups. However, about half of the infants exposed to natalizumab beyond the first trimester were born with anemia or other hematologic abnormalities.
Another unexpected finding was the number of infants who were small for their gestational age (SGA). About 19% of infants born to women who continued treatment later in pregnancy were SGA. Among those in the group that discontinued therapy in the first trimester, the figure was just under 17%.
“Pregnancy outcomes were within the expected range, but a potential increased risk for small for gestational age newborns justified further investigation,” Dr. Thiel said.
Reassuring data
Angie Child Jelin, MD, director of the first trimester screening program and associate professor of gynecology and obstetrics at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, said that the increase in the number of pregnant patients with MS seen in their clinic could be caused in part by the growing body of work on MS treatment during pregnancy.
“It’s very reassuring that these data have come out and showed how safe they are generally in pregnancy,” Dr. Jalin said.
Although hematologic abnormalities in newborns are thought to be acute, Dr. Jalin said long-term study is needed to better understand any potential lasting effects from those abnormalities, as well as any effects in SGA newborns.
“Long-term outcomes are very hard to acquire, but ideally you’d want long-term outcomes on all of these measures,” Dr. Jalin said.
Funding for the natalizumab study was not disclosed. The ocrelizumab study was funded by F. Hoffmann–La Roche. Dr. Oreja-Guevara received honoraria for consulting and serving on advisory boards from Biogen Idec, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, and Teva. Dr. Thiel has received speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare. Dr. Jalin reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
Should McDonald criteria include optical nerve lesions?
The McDonald criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) has been around since 2001, with revisions in 2005, 2010, and 2017. They focus on lesions disseminated in space (DIS) and disseminated in time (DIT). As with any diagnostic, new science and methods inform changes.
At the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), several speakers made the case for the addition of ONL to the next McDonald revision. Arguments ranged from the inherent injustice that patients with a diagnosis of optic lesions should have to meet three symptoms of MS to get a diagnosis, while other patients require only two, to the possibility that early presentation with ocular symptoms could be an indicator of a more severe prognosis.
Still, many conditions can mimic the symptoms of ONL, so it is critical to be sure of the diagnosis before considering it a symptom of MS. For example, central serious maculopathy in young to middle-aged patients is often painless and could lead to an inadvertent MS diagnosis if it were added to the criteria. However, treatment with steroids can make it worse, according to Laura Balcer, MD, who spoke at the session. Dr. Balcer is a neuro-ophthalmologist at NYU Langone Health.
Adding ONL to McDonald
In the first talk of the session, Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD, discussed some of the history of the McDonald criteria and laid a groundwork for why it should be updated. He began by pointing out that the latest criteria require either symptomatic or asymptomatic MRI lesions to determine DIS or DIT.
Dr. Barkhof has led the Magnetic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MAGNIMS) group, which had some doubts about the 2017 revision to the McDonald criteria. “We discussed this and said, ‘Well, that is interesting. So you can have a brainstem lesion, which can be the symptomatic lesion and then you need one further region, so you have two regions, and then you have MS. But now if you have an optic nerve presentation, and you can find the optic nerve, it doesn’t count, and then you need two more regions. So there’s a bit of an imbalance. Why would you need three regions if you have an optic nerve, and only two if you have a spinal cord or a brainstem presentation?” recalled Dr. Barkhof, professor of radiology and neuroscience at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Identifying optic nerve lesions requires a good MRI that should use fat-saturation techniques.
Dr. Barkhof pointed out that the ONLs are a common presentation among MS patients. “We’re now preparing for the next revisions of the McDonnell criteria, and I’m confident and hopeful that we’ll make it this time,” said Dr. Barkhof.
Confirm the MS diagnosis
In the second talk, Angela Vidal-Jordana, MD, PhD, discussed ways to implement ONLs in the clinic. She emphasized the importance of ruling out other causes. “Even when a patient comes to us with a diagnosis of optic neuritis, we should question that. Different studies have shown that the optic neuritis overdiagnosis rate at referral might be as high as 60% of the cases,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana, a neurologist at Centre d’Esclerosi Multiple de Catalunya in Barcelona. Studies show that about half of those are due to misinterpretation of the clinical history and examination, she said.
“So when presenting new visual symptoms, we should ask whether this is suggestive of an inflammatory etiology or not, and whether they are typical for MS or not. If both answers to these questions are yes, then we should apply the diagnostic criteria,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
She presented results from a longitudinal, prospective study conducted within the MAGNIMS network supporting the inclusion of ONL into DIS criteria for MS. It included use of optic nerve MRI, OCT, and VEP [visual evoked potential]. “All of the modified DIS criteria, that is including one of the tests at each time, or a combination of them, led to a higher sensitivity of the diagnostic criteria (when optic nerve involvement was included), albeit with a small decrease in specificity which mainly was due to the fact that we only had 3 years of follow-up. The same held true when analyzing the secondary outcome of new T2 lesions or second relapse during the follow up,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
“As a summary, I would say for sure we will need first of all an MRI, and we need to know if we can evaluate the optic nerve by MRI or not. If not, and we still do not have a diagnosis of a MS, maybe we can order VEP or OCT and then the test selection should be based on the time elapsed since first CIS [clinically isolated syndrome]. If it’s less than 3 months, I would go for a VEP. If it’s more than 3 months, then I probably want to go for OCT,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
An aid to earlier diagnosis
In the last talk, Dr. Balcer discussed non-MRI methods for assessing ONLs. She noted that in about 25% of MS patients, ONLs are the first clinical demyelinating event. “Adding the optic nerve to the MS diagnostic criteria will allow us to diagnose our patients even earlier, (it) may help their vision, and could also help us to reduce the overall burden of MS disability over a lifetime. Importantly, entry into MS diagnosis can be delayed among patients for whom optic neuritis or even asymptomatic optic nerve lesions are noted at presentation, and there has been an enormous amount of data that have emerged over the past 5 years demonstrating the importance of the optic nerve in the MS diagnosis with implications for early therapy,” said Dr. Balcer.
She discussed optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is a key technique for diagnosing optic neuropathy. It measures the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers, which have been associated with vision impairment and can reveal asymptomatic involvement of optic nerves in MS.
Beware of misdiagnosis
In the Q&A period following the talks, much of the discussion turned to reliability of ONL diagnoses.
“Misdiagnosis is a huge problem. That’s my experience: People who are referred to me with optic neuritis often don’t have optic neuritis,” said comoderator Wallace Brownlee, MBChB, PhD, a consultant neurologist at Cleveland Clinic London. Misha Pless, MD, spoke up from the audience to second that. “I’m delighted that the optic nerve will finally get a place at the table. I’ve been practicing neuro-ophthalmology and I have also [been] an MS doctor for about 25 years. What I see here in this fantastic discussion is that a lot of neurologists are going to be – I hate to use the word ‘misled’ – into relying on technology like OCT, VEP, and MRI to make the diagnosis. I will submit to this panel that that will lead to a number of MS misdiagnoses because I have been doing this for 25 years and the number of patients that I’ve received with rule-out optic neuritis that had macular disease, optical changes, or corneal abrasions are too numerous to count. If you’re going to add optic neuritis in the list of criteria [for MS], you definitely have to have a little asterisk in my opinion and say, ‘with prior blessing from an ophthalmologist to rule out ocular disease,’ because I don’t know any neurologist that knows how to look in the back of the eye, and I don’t know any neurologist that has an OCT in their office,” said Dr. Pless, professor of ophthalmology and a neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla.
The panelists generally agreed with his point, although the hot mic picked up when one panelist whispered to another, ‘I have one,’ referring to an office OCT. “Using OCT in that regard, but also collaborating with your neuro-ophthalmologist and ophthalmologist is critical,” said Dr. Balcer.
Dr. Barkhof has financial relationships with Biogen, Merck, Roche, EISAI, Prothena, IXICO, Jansen, Combinostics, Novartis, GE, Queen Square, and Analytics. Dr. Vidal-Jordana has financial relationships with Roche, Novartis, Merck, and Sanofi. Dr. Balcer has no relevant financial disclosures. Dr. Brownlee has financial relationships with Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi.
The McDonald criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) has been around since 2001, with revisions in 2005, 2010, and 2017. They focus on lesions disseminated in space (DIS) and disseminated in time (DIT). As with any diagnostic, new science and methods inform changes.
At the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), several speakers made the case for the addition of ONL to the next McDonald revision. Arguments ranged from the inherent injustice that patients with a diagnosis of optic lesions should have to meet three symptoms of MS to get a diagnosis, while other patients require only two, to the possibility that early presentation with ocular symptoms could be an indicator of a more severe prognosis.
Still, many conditions can mimic the symptoms of ONL, so it is critical to be sure of the diagnosis before considering it a symptom of MS. For example, central serious maculopathy in young to middle-aged patients is often painless and could lead to an inadvertent MS diagnosis if it were added to the criteria. However, treatment with steroids can make it worse, according to Laura Balcer, MD, who spoke at the session. Dr. Balcer is a neuro-ophthalmologist at NYU Langone Health.
Adding ONL to McDonald
In the first talk of the session, Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD, discussed some of the history of the McDonald criteria and laid a groundwork for why it should be updated. He began by pointing out that the latest criteria require either symptomatic or asymptomatic MRI lesions to determine DIS or DIT.
Dr. Barkhof has led the Magnetic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MAGNIMS) group, which had some doubts about the 2017 revision to the McDonald criteria. “We discussed this and said, ‘Well, that is interesting. So you can have a brainstem lesion, which can be the symptomatic lesion and then you need one further region, so you have two regions, and then you have MS. But now if you have an optic nerve presentation, and you can find the optic nerve, it doesn’t count, and then you need two more regions. So there’s a bit of an imbalance. Why would you need three regions if you have an optic nerve, and only two if you have a spinal cord or a brainstem presentation?” recalled Dr. Barkhof, professor of radiology and neuroscience at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Identifying optic nerve lesions requires a good MRI that should use fat-saturation techniques.
Dr. Barkhof pointed out that the ONLs are a common presentation among MS patients. “We’re now preparing for the next revisions of the McDonnell criteria, and I’m confident and hopeful that we’ll make it this time,” said Dr. Barkhof.
Confirm the MS diagnosis
In the second talk, Angela Vidal-Jordana, MD, PhD, discussed ways to implement ONLs in the clinic. She emphasized the importance of ruling out other causes. “Even when a patient comes to us with a diagnosis of optic neuritis, we should question that. Different studies have shown that the optic neuritis overdiagnosis rate at referral might be as high as 60% of the cases,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana, a neurologist at Centre d’Esclerosi Multiple de Catalunya in Barcelona. Studies show that about half of those are due to misinterpretation of the clinical history and examination, she said.
“So when presenting new visual symptoms, we should ask whether this is suggestive of an inflammatory etiology or not, and whether they are typical for MS or not. If both answers to these questions are yes, then we should apply the diagnostic criteria,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
She presented results from a longitudinal, prospective study conducted within the MAGNIMS network supporting the inclusion of ONL into DIS criteria for MS. It included use of optic nerve MRI, OCT, and VEP [visual evoked potential]. “All of the modified DIS criteria, that is including one of the tests at each time, or a combination of them, led to a higher sensitivity of the diagnostic criteria (when optic nerve involvement was included), albeit with a small decrease in specificity which mainly was due to the fact that we only had 3 years of follow-up. The same held true when analyzing the secondary outcome of new T2 lesions or second relapse during the follow up,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
“As a summary, I would say for sure we will need first of all an MRI, and we need to know if we can evaluate the optic nerve by MRI or not. If not, and we still do not have a diagnosis of a MS, maybe we can order VEP or OCT and then the test selection should be based on the time elapsed since first CIS [clinically isolated syndrome]. If it’s less than 3 months, I would go for a VEP. If it’s more than 3 months, then I probably want to go for OCT,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
An aid to earlier diagnosis
In the last talk, Dr. Balcer discussed non-MRI methods for assessing ONLs. She noted that in about 25% of MS patients, ONLs are the first clinical demyelinating event. “Adding the optic nerve to the MS diagnostic criteria will allow us to diagnose our patients even earlier, (it) may help their vision, and could also help us to reduce the overall burden of MS disability over a lifetime. Importantly, entry into MS diagnosis can be delayed among patients for whom optic neuritis or even asymptomatic optic nerve lesions are noted at presentation, and there has been an enormous amount of data that have emerged over the past 5 years demonstrating the importance of the optic nerve in the MS diagnosis with implications for early therapy,” said Dr. Balcer.
She discussed optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is a key technique for diagnosing optic neuropathy. It measures the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers, which have been associated with vision impairment and can reveal asymptomatic involvement of optic nerves in MS.
Beware of misdiagnosis
In the Q&A period following the talks, much of the discussion turned to reliability of ONL diagnoses.
“Misdiagnosis is a huge problem. That’s my experience: People who are referred to me with optic neuritis often don’t have optic neuritis,” said comoderator Wallace Brownlee, MBChB, PhD, a consultant neurologist at Cleveland Clinic London. Misha Pless, MD, spoke up from the audience to second that. “I’m delighted that the optic nerve will finally get a place at the table. I’ve been practicing neuro-ophthalmology and I have also [been] an MS doctor for about 25 years. What I see here in this fantastic discussion is that a lot of neurologists are going to be – I hate to use the word ‘misled’ – into relying on technology like OCT, VEP, and MRI to make the diagnosis. I will submit to this panel that that will lead to a number of MS misdiagnoses because I have been doing this for 25 years and the number of patients that I’ve received with rule-out optic neuritis that had macular disease, optical changes, or corneal abrasions are too numerous to count. If you’re going to add optic neuritis in the list of criteria [for MS], you definitely have to have a little asterisk in my opinion and say, ‘with prior blessing from an ophthalmologist to rule out ocular disease,’ because I don’t know any neurologist that knows how to look in the back of the eye, and I don’t know any neurologist that has an OCT in their office,” said Dr. Pless, professor of ophthalmology and a neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla.
The panelists generally agreed with his point, although the hot mic picked up when one panelist whispered to another, ‘I have one,’ referring to an office OCT. “Using OCT in that regard, but also collaborating with your neuro-ophthalmologist and ophthalmologist is critical,” said Dr. Balcer.
Dr. Barkhof has financial relationships with Biogen, Merck, Roche, EISAI, Prothena, IXICO, Jansen, Combinostics, Novartis, GE, Queen Square, and Analytics. Dr. Vidal-Jordana has financial relationships with Roche, Novartis, Merck, and Sanofi. Dr. Balcer has no relevant financial disclosures. Dr. Brownlee has financial relationships with Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi.
The McDonald criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) has been around since 2001, with revisions in 2005, 2010, and 2017. They focus on lesions disseminated in space (DIS) and disseminated in time (DIT). As with any diagnostic, new science and methods inform changes.
At the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), several speakers made the case for the addition of ONL to the next McDonald revision. Arguments ranged from the inherent injustice that patients with a diagnosis of optic lesions should have to meet three symptoms of MS to get a diagnosis, while other patients require only two, to the possibility that early presentation with ocular symptoms could be an indicator of a more severe prognosis.
Still, many conditions can mimic the symptoms of ONL, so it is critical to be sure of the diagnosis before considering it a symptom of MS. For example, central serious maculopathy in young to middle-aged patients is often painless and could lead to an inadvertent MS diagnosis if it were added to the criteria. However, treatment with steroids can make it worse, according to Laura Balcer, MD, who spoke at the session. Dr. Balcer is a neuro-ophthalmologist at NYU Langone Health.
Adding ONL to McDonald
In the first talk of the session, Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD, discussed some of the history of the McDonald criteria and laid a groundwork for why it should be updated. He began by pointing out that the latest criteria require either symptomatic or asymptomatic MRI lesions to determine DIS or DIT.
Dr. Barkhof has led the Magnetic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MAGNIMS) group, which had some doubts about the 2017 revision to the McDonald criteria. “We discussed this and said, ‘Well, that is interesting. So you can have a brainstem lesion, which can be the symptomatic lesion and then you need one further region, so you have two regions, and then you have MS. But now if you have an optic nerve presentation, and you can find the optic nerve, it doesn’t count, and then you need two more regions. So there’s a bit of an imbalance. Why would you need three regions if you have an optic nerve, and only two if you have a spinal cord or a brainstem presentation?” recalled Dr. Barkhof, professor of radiology and neuroscience at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Identifying optic nerve lesions requires a good MRI that should use fat-saturation techniques.
Dr. Barkhof pointed out that the ONLs are a common presentation among MS patients. “We’re now preparing for the next revisions of the McDonnell criteria, and I’m confident and hopeful that we’ll make it this time,” said Dr. Barkhof.
Confirm the MS diagnosis
In the second talk, Angela Vidal-Jordana, MD, PhD, discussed ways to implement ONLs in the clinic. She emphasized the importance of ruling out other causes. “Even when a patient comes to us with a diagnosis of optic neuritis, we should question that. Different studies have shown that the optic neuritis overdiagnosis rate at referral might be as high as 60% of the cases,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana, a neurologist at Centre d’Esclerosi Multiple de Catalunya in Barcelona. Studies show that about half of those are due to misinterpretation of the clinical history and examination, she said.
“So when presenting new visual symptoms, we should ask whether this is suggestive of an inflammatory etiology or not, and whether they are typical for MS or not. If both answers to these questions are yes, then we should apply the diagnostic criteria,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
She presented results from a longitudinal, prospective study conducted within the MAGNIMS network supporting the inclusion of ONL into DIS criteria for MS. It included use of optic nerve MRI, OCT, and VEP [visual evoked potential]. “All of the modified DIS criteria, that is including one of the tests at each time, or a combination of them, led to a higher sensitivity of the diagnostic criteria (when optic nerve involvement was included), albeit with a small decrease in specificity which mainly was due to the fact that we only had 3 years of follow-up. The same held true when analyzing the secondary outcome of new T2 lesions or second relapse during the follow up,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
“As a summary, I would say for sure we will need first of all an MRI, and we need to know if we can evaluate the optic nerve by MRI or not. If not, and we still do not have a diagnosis of a MS, maybe we can order VEP or OCT and then the test selection should be based on the time elapsed since first CIS [clinically isolated syndrome]. If it’s less than 3 months, I would go for a VEP. If it’s more than 3 months, then I probably want to go for OCT,” said Dr. Vidal-Jordana.
An aid to earlier diagnosis
In the last talk, Dr. Balcer discussed non-MRI methods for assessing ONLs. She noted that in about 25% of MS patients, ONLs are the first clinical demyelinating event. “Adding the optic nerve to the MS diagnostic criteria will allow us to diagnose our patients even earlier, (it) may help their vision, and could also help us to reduce the overall burden of MS disability over a lifetime. Importantly, entry into MS diagnosis can be delayed among patients for whom optic neuritis or even asymptomatic optic nerve lesions are noted at presentation, and there has been an enormous amount of data that have emerged over the past 5 years demonstrating the importance of the optic nerve in the MS diagnosis with implications for early therapy,” said Dr. Balcer.
She discussed optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is a key technique for diagnosing optic neuropathy. It measures the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers, which have been associated with vision impairment and can reveal asymptomatic involvement of optic nerves in MS.
Beware of misdiagnosis
In the Q&A period following the talks, much of the discussion turned to reliability of ONL diagnoses.
“Misdiagnosis is a huge problem. That’s my experience: People who are referred to me with optic neuritis often don’t have optic neuritis,” said comoderator Wallace Brownlee, MBChB, PhD, a consultant neurologist at Cleveland Clinic London. Misha Pless, MD, spoke up from the audience to second that. “I’m delighted that the optic nerve will finally get a place at the table. I’ve been practicing neuro-ophthalmology and I have also [been] an MS doctor for about 25 years. What I see here in this fantastic discussion is that a lot of neurologists are going to be – I hate to use the word ‘misled’ – into relying on technology like OCT, VEP, and MRI to make the diagnosis. I will submit to this panel that that will lead to a number of MS misdiagnoses because I have been doing this for 25 years and the number of patients that I’ve received with rule-out optic neuritis that had macular disease, optical changes, or corneal abrasions are too numerous to count. If you’re going to add optic neuritis in the list of criteria [for MS], you definitely have to have a little asterisk in my opinion and say, ‘with prior blessing from an ophthalmologist to rule out ocular disease,’ because I don’t know any neurologist that knows how to look in the back of the eye, and I don’t know any neurologist that has an OCT in their office,” said Dr. Pless, professor of ophthalmology and a neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla.
The panelists generally agreed with his point, although the hot mic picked up when one panelist whispered to another, ‘I have one,’ referring to an office OCT. “Using OCT in that regard, but also collaborating with your neuro-ophthalmologist and ophthalmologist is critical,” said Dr. Balcer.
Dr. Barkhof has financial relationships with Biogen, Merck, Roche, EISAI, Prothena, IXICO, Jansen, Combinostics, Novartis, GE, Queen Square, and Analytics. Dr. Vidal-Jordana has financial relationships with Roche, Novartis, Merck, and Sanofi. Dr. Balcer has no relevant financial disclosures. Dr. Brownlee has financial relationships with Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
Stem cell transplantation ‘substantially’ superior to fingolimod in cutting MS relapse risk
, a new study suggests.
The multicenter observational study showed that AHSCT was associated with a better overall annual relapse rate and significantly greater disability improvement versus fingolimod. Stem cell transplantation also offered a slight advantage compared with natalizumab but showed no benefit over ocrelizumab.
“Based on these results, we can conclude that in this observational study AHSCT is substantially superior to fingolimod and marginally superior to natalizumab in reducing the risk of posttreatment relapses,” study investigator Tomas Kalincik, MD, PhD, said at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Research gap
Prior studies have suggested that AHSCT is associated with better disability outcomes than other immunotherapies in patients with active secondary progressive MS. Findings from another study on long-term efficacy in relapse prevention are also promising.
“The information that we are still lacking is the head-to-head comparison of the effectiveness of AHSCT in relapsing-remitting disease to concrete, highly effective therapies, which is the aim of this current study,” said Dr. Kalincik, professor of neurology at the University of Melbourne and head of the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Service at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia.
The study included 167 patients with relapsing-remitting MS from six centers in Ottawa, Uppsala, Sheffield, Bergen, Sydney, and Melbourne, combined with 1,675 patients from MSBase. Patients were included if they were treated with AHSCT or fingolimod (n = 769), natalizumab (n = 730) or ocrelizumab (n = 343).
Researchers used propensity matching to ensure the AHSCT and disease-modifying therapy (DMT) groups had similar relapse rates and disability scores at baseline. At 1 year, patients who underwent AHSCT were 74% more likely than were those on fingolimod to be relapse free (hazard ratio [HR], 0.26; P < .0001).
The AHSCT group had a lower overall annualized relapse rate (0.09 vs. 0.19, respectively; P < .0001) and a higher cumulative probability of remaining relapse free at 2 years (90% vs. 68%, respectively) and 5 years (85% vs. 54%, respectively). AHSCT was associated with significantly better confirmed disability improvement at 6 months compared with fingolimod (HR, 2.70; P < .0001).
The researchers found better outcomes with AHSCT compared with natalizumab, but the results weren’t as promising. The annual relapse rate with AHSCT was statistically significant (P = .03) but the clinical benefit was marginal, Dr. Kalincik said. However, the confirmed disability improvement was significantly better with AHSCT (HR, 2.68; P < .0001).
There was no significant difference in outcomes with AHSCT compared to ocrelizumab.
Adverse events were common with stem cell transplantation, a sticking point for at least one conference attendee who raised safety concerns. Among those treated with AHSCT, 23% had febrile neutropenia, 11% had serum sickness, and 36% experienced complications after discharge, mostly infection. There was one AHSCT treatment-related death.
“We’re showing that AHSCT is a highly potent therapy that definitely is competitive vis a vis the most potent standard conventional disease modifying therapies,” said Dr. Kalincik, who noted the high rate of adverse events. Still, treatment-related mortality from AHSCT has improved since the therapy was first used in MS patients, he added.
“I’m hoping the data provides some evidence to convince you that this treatment still has a place in our armamentarium,” Dr. Kalincik said.
Questions remain
Eva Kubala Havrdová, MD, PhD, professor of neurology in the Multiple Sclerosis Center at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, said the results add to a growing body of data on the efficacy of AHSCT in patients with highly active relapsing-remitting MS, but questions remain.
“It is important to understand that AHSCT provides advantage in terms of effectiveness compared with most of the DMTs,” Dr. Kubala Havrdová said. “However, it is a therapy associated with high risk of adverse events and this needs to be considered when one decides whether other, less invasive options have been exploited.”
Study funding was not reported. Dr. Kalincik disclosed ties with BioCSL, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, and WebMD Global. Dr. Kubala Havrdová reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
, a new study suggests.
The multicenter observational study showed that AHSCT was associated with a better overall annual relapse rate and significantly greater disability improvement versus fingolimod. Stem cell transplantation also offered a slight advantage compared with natalizumab but showed no benefit over ocrelizumab.
“Based on these results, we can conclude that in this observational study AHSCT is substantially superior to fingolimod and marginally superior to natalizumab in reducing the risk of posttreatment relapses,” study investigator Tomas Kalincik, MD, PhD, said at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Research gap
Prior studies have suggested that AHSCT is associated with better disability outcomes than other immunotherapies in patients with active secondary progressive MS. Findings from another study on long-term efficacy in relapse prevention are also promising.
“The information that we are still lacking is the head-to-head comparison of the effectiveness of AHSCT in relapsing-remitting disease to concrete, highly effective therapies, which is the aim of this current study,” said Dr. Kalincik, professor of neurology at the University of Melbourne and head of the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Service at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia.
The study included 167 patients with relapsing-remitting MS from six centers in Ottawa, Uppsala, Sheffield, Bergen, Sydney, and Melbourne, combined with 1,675 patients from MSBase. Patients were included if they were treated with AHSCT or fingolimod (n = 769), natalizumab (n = 730) or ocrelizumab (n = 343).
Researchers used propensity matching to ensure the AHSCT and disease-modifying therapy (DMT) groups had similar relapse rates and disability scores at baseline. At 1 year, patients who underwent AHSCT were 74% more likely than were those on fingolimod to be relapse free (hazard ratio [HR], 0.26; P < .0001).
The AHSCT group had a lower overall annualized relapse rate (0.09 vs. 0.19, respectively; P < .0001) and a higher cumulative probability of remaining relapse free at 2 years (90% vs. 68%, respectively) and 5 years (85% vs. 54%, respectively). AHSCT was associated with significantly better confirmed disability improvement at 6 months compared with fingolimod (HR, 2.70; P < .0001).
The researchers found better outcomes with AHSCT compared with natalizumab, but the results weren’t as promising. The annual relapse rate with AHSCT was statistically significant (P = .03) but the clinical benefit was marginal, Dr. Kalincik said. However, the confirmed disability improvement was significantly better with AHSCT (HR, 2.68; P < .0001).
There was no significant difference in outcomes with AHSCT compared to ocrelizumab.
Adverse events were common with stem cell transplantation, a sticking point for at least one conference attendee who raised safety concerns. Among those treated with AHSCT, 23% had febrile neutropenia, 11% had serum sickness, and 36% experienced complications after discharge, mostly infection. There was one AHSCT treatment-related death.
“We’re showing that AHSCT is a highly potent therapy that definitely is competitive vis a vis the most potent standard conventional disease modifying therapies,” said Dr. Kalincik, who noted the high rate of adverse events. Still, treatment-related mortality from AHSCT has improved since the therapy was first used in MS patients, he added.
“I’m hoping the data provides some evidence to convince you that this treatment still has a place in our armamentarium,” Dr. Kalincik said.
Questions remain
Eva Kubala Havrdová, MD, PhD, professor of neurology in the Multiple Sclerosis Center at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, said the results add to a growing body of data on the efficacy of AHSCT in patients with highly active relapsing-remitting MS, but questions remain.
“It is important to understand that AHSCT provides advantage in terms of effectiveness compared with most of the DMTs,” Dr. Kubala Havrdová said. “However, it is a therapy associated with high risk of adverse events and this needs to be considered when one decides whether other, less invasive options have been exploited.”
Study funding was not reported. Dr. Kalincik disclosed ties with BioCSL, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, and WebMD Global. Dr. Kubala Havrdová reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
, a new study suggests.
The multicenter observational study showed that AHSCT was associated with a better overall annual relapse rate and significantly greater disability improvement versus fingolimod. Stem cell transplantation also offered a slight advantage compared with natalizumab but showed no benefit over ocrelizumab.
“Based on these results, we can conclude that in this observational study AHSCT is substantially superior to fingolimod and marginally superior to natalizumab in reducing the risk of posttreatment relapses,” study investigator Tomas Kalincik, MD, PhD, said at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Research gap
Prior studies have suggested that AHSCT is associated with better disability outcomes than other immunotherapies in patients with active secondary progressive MS. Findings from another study on long-term efficacy in relapse prevention are also promising.
“The information that we are still lacking is the head-to-head comparison of the effectiveness of AHSCT in relapsing-remitting disease to concrete, highly effective therapies, which is the aim of this current study,” said Dr. Kalincik, professor of neurology at the University of Melbourne and head of the Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Service at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia.
The study included 167 patients with relapsing-remitting MS from six centers in Ottawa, Uppsala, Sheffield, Bergen, Sydney, and Melbourne, combined with 1,675 patients from MSBase. Patients were included if they were treated with AHSCT or fingolimod (n = 769), natalizumab (n = 730) or ocrelizumab (n = 343).
Researchers used propensity matching to ensure the AHSCT and disease-modifying therapy (DMT) groups had similar relapse rates and disability scores at baseline. At 1 year, patients who underwent AHSCT were 74% more likely than were those on fingolimod to be relapse free (hazard ratio [HR], 0.26; P < .0001).
The AHSCT group had a lower overall annualized relapse rate (0.09 vs. 0.19, respectively; P < .0001) and a higher cumulative probability of remaining relapse free at 2 years (90% vs. 68%, respectively) and 5 years (85% vs. 54%, respectively). AHSCT was associated with significantly better confirmed disability improvement at 6 months compared with fingolimod (HR, 2.70; P < .0001).
The researchers found better outcomes with AHSCT compared with natalizumab, but the results weren’t as promising. The annual relapse rate with AHSCT was statistically significant (P = .03) but the clinical benefit was marginal, Dr. Kalincik said. However, the confirmed disability improvement was significantly better with AHSCT (HR, 2.68; P < .0001).
There was no significant difference in outcomes with AHSCT compared to ocrelizumab.
Adverse events were common with stem cell transplantation, a sticking point for at least one conference attendee who raised safety concerns. Among those treated with AHSCT, 23% had febrile neutropenia, 11% had serum sickness, and 36% experienced complications after discharge, mostly infection. There was one AHSCT treatment-related death.
“We’re showing that AHSCT is a highly potent therapy that definitely is competitive vis a vis the most potent standard conventional disease modifying therapies,” said Dr. Kalincik, who noted the high rate of adverse events. Still, treatment-related mortality from AHSCT has improved since the therapy was first used in MS patients, he added.
“I’m hoping the data provides some evidence to convince you that this treatment still has a place in our armamentarium,” Dr. Kalincik said.
Questions remain
Eva Kubala Havrdová, MD, PhD, professor of neurology in the Multiple Sclerosis Center at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, said the results add to a growing body of data on the efficacy of AHSCT in patients with highly active relapsing-remitting MS, but questions remain.
“It is important to understand that AHSCT provides advantage in terms of effectiveness compared with most of the DMTs,” Dr. Kubala Havrdová said. “However, it is a therapy associated with high risk of adverse events and this needs to be considered when one decides whether other, less invasive options have been exploited.”
Study funding was not reported. Dr. Kalincik disclosed ties with BioCSL, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Eisai, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva, and WebMD Global. Dr. Kubala Havrdová reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
Higher cardiovascular fitness may help preserve mobility in MS
Investigators found that over time, lower cardiorespiratory fitness predicts increased variability in stride time and could represent a biomarker for subtle neuromuscular decline in patients with MS.
Cardiorespiratory fitness “may exert neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system,” study investigator Syamala Buragadda, neurophysical therapist and PhD candidate, Memorial University, St. John’s, Nfld..
She reported her research at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Gait changes
Gait is a complicated process involving coordination of multiple systems, but steps are almost always consistent and symmetric, said Ms. Buragadda. Patients with MS can experience subtle declines in gait quality even without relapses. Considering the neuroprotective properties of exercise, having higher fitness levels could prevent brain atrophy and protect against subtle gait changes.
Calculating stride time variability is a sensitive method to map changes in gait quality.
Ms. Buragadda, with co-investigator Michelle Ploughman, PhD, also with Memorial University, evaluated stride time variability over time in people with MS and explored whether cardiorespiratory fitness predicts stride time variability.
They recruited 49 adults with relapsing-remitting MS (63% women) and mild disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score < 4; median, 2.0) from MS clinics in Canada. None required walking aids, and none had experienced relapses in the prior 3 months.
Gait quality was assessed on an instrumented walkway, and variability was measured as the coefficient of variation of stride time. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a graded exercise test using recumbent stepper. Tests were conducted 2 years apart.
There were no significant changes in EDSS scores over the study period. However, stride time variability increased from 7.3% at baseline to 8.3% at 2 years.
Cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline significantly correlated with stride time variability 2 years later (P = .016) and was a significant predictor of stride time variability at 2 years, accounting for 10% of its variance, Ms. Buragadda reported.
Stride time variability, measured on an instrumented walkway, could be a biomarker for subtle changes to walking and balance, she said.
Limitations of the study include a convenience sample that may not represent the diversity of MS. Also, assessments were made at only two time points, and more time points would likely yield better predictive power. In addition, the lack of MRI images limits correlating structural changes with clinical observations of gait changes.
A buffer against disability?
In a comment, Valerie Block, physical therapist and adjunct instructor, department of physical therapy and rehabilitation science, University of California, San Francisco, and UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, said the findings in this study are not surprising and align with what she has observed, subjectively, in her work.
“In the general population, cardiovascular fitness has a wide array of benefits. Depending on what means the person uses to maintain or improve cardiovascular fitness (that is, running, walking, swimming, etc.), this would have the potential for neuroplastic effects on gait – even in MS and other neurological disorders,” Ms. Block said.
Also offering perspective, Brain Sandroff, PhD, senior research scientist, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, N.J., said the study provides “more evidence on the multisystemic benefits of exercise training and having better physical fitness in persons with MS. The evidence seems to be converging more and more on this, as research groups across countries and continents are reporting on similar themes,” said Dr. Sandroff.
He noted that the findings from this study coincide with some other data that showed that premorbid physical activity is associated with reduced mobility decline over time in persons with MS.
“Collectively, the data suggest that perhaps engaging in exercise training early in the disease (or having better cardiorespiratory fitness at diagnosis) provides a buffer against disability progression over time,” Dr. Sandroff said.
He said it would be interesting to see whether “physical fitness/premorbid physical activity provides such a buffer in those who already demonstrate mobility problems.”
The study had no specific funding. Ms. Buragadda, Dr. Ploughman, Ms. Block, and Dr. Sandroff have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Investigators found that over time, lower cardiorespiratory fitness predicts increased variability in stride time and could represent a biomarker for subtle neuromuscular decline in patients with MS.
Cardiorespiratory fitness “may exert neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system,” study investigator Syamala Buragadda, neurophysical therapist and PhD candidate, Memorial University, St. John’s, Nfld..
She reported her research at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Gait changes
Gait is a complicated process involving coordination of multiple systems, but steps are almost always consistent and symmetric, said Ms. Buragadda. Patients with MS can experience subtle declines in gait quality even without relapses. Considering the neuroprotective properties of exercise, having higher fitness levels could prevent brain atrophy and protect against subtle gait changes.
Calculating stride time variability is a sensitive method to map changes in gait quality.
Ms. Buragadda, with co-investigator Michelle Ploughman, PhD, also with Memorial University, evaluated stride time variability over time in people with MS and explored whether cardiorespiratory fitness predicts stride time variability.
They recruited 49 adults with relapsing-remitting MS (63% women) and mild disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score < 4; median, 2.0) from MS clinics in Canada. None required walking aids, and none had experienced relapses in the prior 3 months.
Gait quality was assessed on an instrumented walkway, and variability was measured as the coefficient of variation of stride time. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a graded exercise test using recumbent stepper. Tests were conducted 2 years apart.
There were no significant changes in EDSS scores over the study period. However, stride time variability increased from 7.3% at baseline to 8.3% at 2 years.
Cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline significantly correlated with stride time variability 2 years later (P = .016) and was a significant predictor of stride time variability at 2 years, accounting for 10% of its variance, Ms. Buragadda reported.
Stride time variability, measured on an instrumented walkway, could be a biomarker for subtle changes to walking and balance, she said.
Limitations of the study include a convenience sample that may not represent the diversity of MS. Also, assessments were made at only two time points, and more time points would likely yield better predictive power. In addition, the lack of MRI images limits correlating structural changes with clinical observations of gait changes.
A buffer against disability?
In a comment, Valerie Block, physical therapist and adjunct instructor, department of physical therapy and rehabilitation science, University of California, San Francisco, and UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, said the findings in this study are not surprising and align with what she has observed, subjectively, in her work.
“In the general population, cardiovascular fitness has a wide array of benefits. Depending on what means the person uses to maintain or improve cardiovascular fitness (that is, running, walking, swimming, etc.), this would have the potential for neuroplastic effects on gait – even in MS and other neurological disorders,” Ms. Block said.
Also offering perspective, Brain Sandroff, PhD, senior research scientist, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, N.J., said the study provides “more evidence on the multisystemic benefits of exercise training and having better physical fitness in persons with MS. The evidence seems to be converging more and more on this, as research groups across countries and continents are reporting on similar themes,” said Dr. Sandroff.
He noted that the findings from this study coincide with some other data that showed that premorbid physical activity is associated with reduced mobility decline over time in persons with MS.
“Collectively, the data suggest that perhaps engaging in exercise training early in the disease (or having better cardiorespiratory fitness at diagnosis) provides a buffer against disability progression over time,” Dr. Sandroff said.
He said it would be interesting to see whether “physical fitness/premorbid physical activity provides such a buffer in those who already demonstrate mobility problems.”
The study had no specific funding. Ms. Buragadda, Dr. Ploughman, Ms. Block, and Dr. Sandroff have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Investigators found that over time, lower cardiorespiratory fitness predicts increased variability in stride time and could represent a biomarker for subtle neuromuscular decline in patients with MS.
Cardiorespiratory fitness “may exert neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system,” study investigator Syamala Buragadda, neurophysical therapist and PhD candidate, Memorial University, St. John’s, Nfld..
She reported her research at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS).
Gait changes
Gait is a complicated process involving coordination of multiple systems, but steps are almost always consistent and symmetric, said Ms. Buragadda. Patients with MS can experience subtle declines in gait quality even without relapses. Considering the neuroprotective properties of exercise, having higher fitness levels could prevent brain atrophy and protect against subtle gait changes.
Calculating stride time variability is a sensitive method to map changes in gait quality.
Ms. Buragadda, with co-investigator Michelle Ploughman, PhD, also with Memorial University, evaluated stride time variability over time in people with MS and explored whether cardiorespiratory fitness predicts stride time variability.
They recruited 49 adults with relapsing-remitting MS (63% women) and mild disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score < 4; median, 2.0) from MS clinics in Canada. None required walking aids, and none had experienced relapses in the prior 3 months.
Gait quality was assessed on an instrumented walkway, and variability was measured as the coefficient of variation of stride time. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a graded exercise test using recumbent stepper. Tests were conducted 2 years apart.
There were no significant changes in EDSS scores over the study period. However, stride time variability increased from 7.3% at baseline to 8.3% at 2 years.
Cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline significantly correlated with stride time variability 2 years later (P = .016) and was a significant predictor of stride time variability at 2 years, accounting for 10% of its variance, Ms. Buragadda reported.
Stride time variability, measured on an instrumented walkway, could be a biomarker for subtle changes to walking and balance, she said.
Limitations of the study include a convenience sample that may not represent the diversity of MS. Also, assessments were made at only two time points, and more time points would likely yield better predictive power. In addition, the lack of MRI images limits correlating structural changes with clinical observations of gait changes.
A buffer against disability?
In a comment, Valerie Block, physical therapist and adjunct instructor, department of physical therapy and rehabilitation science, University of California, San Francisco, and UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, said the findings in this study are not surprising and align with what she has observed, subjectively, in her work.
“In the general population, cardiovascular fitness has a wide array of benefits. Depending on what means the person uses to maintain or improve cardiovascular fitness (that is, running, walking, swimming, etc.), this would have the potential for neuroplastic effects on gait – even in MS and other neurological disorders,” Ms. Block said.
Also offering perspective, Brain Sandroff, PhD, senior research scientist, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, N.J., said the study provides “more evidence on the multisystemic benefits of exercise training and having better physical fitness in persons with MS. The evidence seems to be converging more and more on this, as research groups across countries and continents are reporting on similar themes,” said Dr. Sandroff.
He noted that the findings from this study coincide with some other data that showed that premorbid physical activity is associated with reduced mobility decline over time in persons with MS.
“Collectively, the data suggest that perhaps engaging in exercise training early in the disease (or having better cardiorespiratory fitness at diagnosis) provides a buffer against disability progression over time,” Dr. Sandroff said.
He said it would be interesting to see whether “physical fitness/premorbid physical activity provides such a buffer in those who already demonstrate mobility problems.”
The study had no specific funding. Ms. Buragadda, Dr. Ploughman, Ms. Block, and Dr. Sandroff have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
High-efficacy therapies for MS: When and how to use them
Despite better long-term disease outcomes, there are concerns over long-term safety, and some physicians and patients remain wary of these medications.
High-efficacy therapies were the subject of a session at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). Key topics included patient selection, timing of escalation to high-efficacy therapies, and initial use of high-efficacy therapies. The session produced a compelling message, according to moderator Patricia Coyle, MD. “I think [the speakers provided] accumulating data that this is a smart thing to do: Use high-efficacy therapies early to get the maximum bang for the buck,” Dr. Coyle said in an interview. She is professor of neurology and director of the MS Comprehensive Care Center at Stony Brook (N.Y.) University.
Consider baseline characteristics
In the first talk, Xavier Montalban, MD, PhD, noted that a statement from the ECTRIMS/EAN (European Academy of Neurology) guideline update in 2021 said that a high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy (DMT) should be considered early in the disease course. A key question is whether any baseline characteristics can be used to select patients, and studies have shown worse prognosis with older age, male sex, low levels of vitamin D, and smoking status, among various other factors.
He presented subgroup analyses from trials of fingolimod and ozanimod, which showed that the drugs did not work as well in patients with poor prognostic factors such as an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4 or above and age over 40 years. Lower doses also tend to have less efficacy in males. “If you have [a patient with] bad baseline prognostic factors, you need high-efficacy medication at the right dose, because a lower dose will not work well. It is the same phenomenon for age,” Dr. Montalban said in his talk. On the other hand, he showed the results of a study of ofatumumab and ocrelizumab, both of which showed high efficacy even in patients with poor prognostic factors.
Among patients with secondary progressive MS, clinical or MRI evidence of inflammatory activity is the only poor prognostic factor that appears to be a good predictor of treatment response.
Dr. Montalban also addressed the timing of intervention with DMTs. A study from his group prospectively followed 1,015 patients treated with DMTs. “Interestingly, what we observed is that patients who were treated with DMTs just after the first attack did better than those who were treated after the second attack, and you have to take into consideration that we treat those patients after the first attack, those who had the worst prognostic factors, so treatment was very effective in that sense,” said Dr. Montalban, director of the Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona.
Switching DMTs
In the second presentation, Dalia Rotstein, MD, discussed how to incorporate prognostic factors when switching a patient to high-efficacy therapies as a result of new disease activity while on another therapy.
Patients with favorable prognostic factors at baseline may be started out on immunomodulatory therapy. “Essentially, we want to match the intensity of the therapy to the intensity of the disease of the patient in front of us,” Dr. Rotstein said in her talk. Nevertheless, the course of MS is unpredictable, and the first year or two of immunomodulatory therapy can give physicians clues about the longer-term course of the disease. “We need to observe closely for disease activity in the first year, but even up to 2 years on therapy to determine a need for early escalation,” said Dr. Rotstein, assistant professor of medicine at University of Toronto.
For switching to high-efficacy therapies, any relapse, disability progression, or an EDSS change of 1 point or more could be a consideration. MRI indicators are more controversial, but one to three new T2 lesions also could prompt a switch.
Serum neural filament light chain (sNFL) is a useful biomarker for monitoring disease activity as it correlates well with new disease activity within the next year. It can be monitored every 3-4 months and adjusted for clinical factors and monitored for changing levels. A concerning finding can be followed up with an MRI or in-person visit.
When switching to a high-efficacy therapy, it’s important to administer any vaccines well in advance to ensure a good immune response.
When it comes to a washout period, physicians need to consider both the risk of immunosuppression and breakthrough disease activity. “But in general, we’ve observed that we can minimize the duration of the washout when stopping initial immunomodulator therapy to reduce the risk of breakthrough disease activity. We need to pay particular attention to the risk of rebound activity with longer washouts after stopping sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators because the rebound activity can be devastating,” said Dr. Rotstein.
A study of timing of relapses after fingolimod washout, carried out by Dr. Rotstein’s group, found a stark signal. “We observed that when the washout after fingolimod discontinuation was 30 days or more, there is a very high risk of early relapse,” she said.
The case for induction therapy
In the third talk, Gavin Giovannoni, MBBCh, PhD, discussed “flipping the pyramid” – that is, starting patients off immediately with high-efficacy therapies rather than waiting until they progress on other therapies. He likened such a decision to a gambler, because MS patients on less-effective therapy can suffer irreversible, long-term physical consequences, as well as social consequences such as unemployment due to cognitive effects.
“We always tend to put up a graph about the risks and benefits of a specific treatment, and we forget about the risks of untreated or undertreated MS. Keep that in mind when making decisions about high-efficacy therapies,” said Dr. Giovannoni, professor of neurology at Queen Mary University of London.
About 80% of patients on tier 1, or low-efficacy therapies, will have breakthrough activity on MRI within 4 years. Moving up a tier gets to about a 60% rate of breakthrough activity. High-efficacy therapies attain an efficacy of about 80% at 6 months. “If you have MS, you’ve got to realize that if you had to roll the dice, which tier would you want to be in? By putting all of them [on high-efficacy therapies], you’re going to get the majority responding and a few of them will break through,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He presented some real-world evidence to back up the argument: A study comparing outcomes in Sweden and Denmark, which have similar demographics. In Denmark, 7.6% of patients with MS received high-efficacy therapies initially, while in Sweden the proportion was 34.5%. Patients with MS treated in Sweden had a 29% lower probability of progressing to disability (P = .004) and there were 22% fewer discontinuations of DMTs (P < .001). Since that study, the proportion of patients receiving high-efficacy therapies to begin with is closer to 70%. “This is compelling evidence that you want to be on a [high-efficacy therapy] early. If I had MS, I would want to live in Sweden,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
Historical treatments focused on reducing relapses, and more recently on eliminating evidence of inflammatory disease. He said that physicians are prioritizing brain volume loss to improve long-term outcomes in MS, and some are studying long-term disability. “We know that brain volume loss in MS is a prognostic sign both at baseline and at follow-up. It predicts poor outcome, poor cognition and employment, poor quality of life, et cetera,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He cited data from studies of alemtuzumab that showed a significant reduction in brain volume loss. “The rate is about 0.2% per annum, which is kind of getting into the normal range for age-matched controls. Those people who were started off on interferons in the study lost a lot of brain volume in those first 2 years, and that’s irreversible,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He pointed out that studies of hematopoietic stem cell therapy showed similar brain-volume outcomes. “So flipping the pyramid with the two most highly effective therapies almost normalizes brain volume loss in people with MS,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
There is also evidence in other autoimmune diseases that early use of high-efficacy therapies improves outcomes. More aggressive therapy in rheumatoid arthritis has reduced joint replacements by 90%.
“I think you really, really need to give your patients the opportunity of flipping the pyramid. You shouldn’t decide that for them,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
Dr. Coyle has consulted for nearly all pharmaceutical companies developing drugs in the MS space. Dr. Montalban has financial relationships with Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Roche, Celgene, Actelion, Mylan, BMS, and Sandoz. Dr. Rotstein has financial ties with Roche Canada, Alexion, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Aventis. Dr. Giovannoni has financial ties with AbbVie, Aslan, Atara Bio, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, GW Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Japanese Tobacco, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, LifNano, Merck & Co., Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Moderna, Novartis, Sanofi, Roche/Genentech, and Teva.
Despite better long-term disease outcomes, there are concerns over long-term safety, and some physicians and patients remain wary of these medications.
High-efficacy therapies were the subject of a session at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). Key topics included patient selection, timing of escalation to high-efficacy therapies, and initial use of high-efficacy therapies. The session produced a compelling message, according to moderator Patricia Coyle, MD. “I think [the speakers provided] accumulating data that this is a smart thing to do: Use high-efficacy therapies early to get the maximum bang for the buck,” Dr. Coyle said in an interview. She is professor of neurology and director of the MS Comprehensive Care Center at Stony Brook (N.Y.) University.
Consider baseline characteristics
In the first talk, Xavier Montalban, MD, PhD, noted that a statement from the ECTRIMS/EAN (European Academy of Neurology) guideline update in 2021 said that a high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy (DMT) should be considered early in the disease course. A key question is whether any baseline characteristics can be used to select patients, and studies have shown worse prognosis with older age, male sex, low levels of vitamin D, and smoking status, among various other factors.
He presented subgroup analyses from trials of fingolimod and ozanimod, which showed that the drugs did not work as well in patients with poor prognostic factors such as an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4 or above and age over 40 years. Lower doses also tend to have less efficacy in males. “If you have [a patient with] bad baseline prognostic factors, you need high-efficacy medication at the right dose, because a lower dose will not work well. It is the same phenomenon for age,” Dr. Montalban said in his talk. On the other hand, he showed the results of a study of ofatumumab and ocrelizumab, both of which showed high efficacy even in patients with poor prognostic factors.
Among patients with secondary progressive MS, clinical or MRI evidence of inflammatory activity is the only poor prognostic factor that appears to be a good predictor of treatment response.
Dr. Montalban also addressed the timing of intervention with DMTs. A study from his group prospectively followed 1,015 patients treated with DMTs. “Interestingly, what we observed is that patients who were treated with DMTs just after the first attack did better than those who were treated after the second attack, and you have to take into consideration that we treat those patients after the first attack, those who had the worst prognostic factors, so treatment was very effective in that sense,” said Dr. Montalban, director of the Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona.
Switching DMTs
In the second presentation, Dalia Rotstein, MD, discussed how to incorporate prognostic factors when switching a patient to high-efficacy therapies as a result of new disease activity while on another therapy.
Patients with favorable prognostic factors at baseline may be started out on immunomodulatory therapy. “Essentially, we want to match the intensity of the therapy to the intensity of the disease of the patient in front of us,” Dr. Rotstein said in her talk. Nevertheless, the course of MS is unpredictable, and the first year or two of immunomodulatory therapy can give physicians clues about the longer-term course of the disease. “We need to observe closely for disease activity in the first year, but even up to 2 years on therapy to determine a need for early escalation,” said Dr. Rotstein, assistant professor of medicine at University of Toronto.
For switching to high-efficacy therapies, any relapse, disability progression, or an EDSS change of 1 point or more could be a consideration. MRI indicators are more controversial, but one to three new T2 lesions also could prompt a switch.
Serum neural filament light chain (sNFL) is a useful biomarker for monitoring disease activity as it correlates well with new disease activity within the next year. It can be monitored every 3-4 months and adjusted for clinical factors and monitored for changing levels. A concerning finding can be followed up with an MRI or in-person visit.
When switching to a high-efficacy therapy, it’s important to administer any vaccines well in advance to ensure a good immune response.
When it comes to a washout period, physicians need to consider both the risk of immunosuppression and breakthrough disease activity. “But in general, we’ve observed that we can minimize the duration of the washout when stopping initial immunomodulator therapy to reduce the risk of breakthrough disease activity. We need to pay particular attention to the risk of rebound activity with longer washouts after stopping sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators because the rebound activity can be devastating,” said Dr. Rotstein.
A study of timing of relapses after fingolimod washout, carried out by Dr. Rotstein’s group, found a stark signal. “We observed that when the washout after fingolimod discontinuation was 30 days or more, there is a very high risk of early relapse,” she said.
The case for induction therapy
In the third talk, Gavin Giovannoni, MBBCh, PhD, discussed “flipping the pyramid” – that is, starting patients off immediately with high-efficacy therapies rather than waiting until they progress on other therapies. He likened such a decision to a gambler, because MS patients on less-effective therapy can suffer irreversible, long-term physical consequences, as well as social consequences such as unemployment due to cognitive effects.
“We always tend to put up a graph about the risks and benefits of a specific treatment, and we forget about the risks of untreated or undertreated MS. Keep that in mind when making decisions about high-efficacy therapies,” said Dr. Giovannoni, professor of neurology at Queen Mary University of London.
About 80% of patients on tier 1, or low-efficacy therapies, will have breakthrough activity on MRI within 4 years. Moving up a tier gets to about a 60% rate of breakthrough activity. High-efficacy therapies attain an efficacy of about 80% at 6 months. “If you have MS, you’ve got to realize that if you had to roll the dice, which tier would you want to be in? By putting all of them [on high-efficacy therapies], you’re going to get the majority responding and a few of them will break through,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He presented some real-world evidence to back up the argument: A study comparing outcomes in Sweden and Denmark, which have similar demographics. In Denmark, 7.6% of patients with MS received high-efficacy therapies initially, while in Sweden the proportion was 34.5%. Patients with MS treated in Sweden had a 29% lower probability of progressing to disability (P = .004) and there were 22% fewer discontinuations of DMTs (P < .001). Since that study, the proportion of patients receiving high-efficacy therapies to begin with is closer to 70%. “This is compelling evidence that you want to be on a [high-efficacy therapy] early. If I had MS, I would want to live in Sweden,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
Historical treatments focused on reducing relapses, and more recently on eliminating evidence of inflammatory disease. He said that physicians are prioritizing brain volume loss to improve long-term outcomes in MS, and some are studying long-term disability. “We know that brain volume loss in MS is a prognostic sign both at baseline and at follow-up. It predicts poor outcome, poor cognition and employment, poor quality of life, et cetera,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He cited data from studies of alemtuzumab that showed a significant reduction in brain volume loss. “The rate is about 0.2% per annum, which is kind of getting into the normal range for age-matched controls. Those people who were started off on interferons in the study lost a lot of brain volume in those first 2 years, and that’s irreversible,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He pointed out that studies of hematopoietic stem cell therapy showed similar brain-volume outcomes. “So flipping the pyramid with the two most highly effective therapies almost normalizes brain volume loss in people with MS,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
There is also evidence in other autoimmune diseases that early use of high-efficacy therapies improves outcomes. More aggressive therapy in rheumatoid arthritis has reduced joint replacements by 90%.
“I think you really, really need to give your patients the opportunity of flipping the pyramid. You shouldn’t decide that for them,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
Dr. Coyle has consulted for nearly all pharmaceutical companies developing drugs in the MS space. Dr. Montalban has financial relationships with Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Roche, Celgene, Actelion, Mylan, BMS, and Sandoz. Dr. Rotstein has financial ties with Roche Canada, Alexion, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Aventis. Dr. Giovannoni has financial ties with AbbVie, Aslan, Atara Bio, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, GW Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Japanese Tobacco, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, LifNano, Merck & Co., Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Moderna, Novartis, Sanofi, Roche/Genentech, and Teva.
Despite better long-term disease outcomes, there are concerns over long-term safety, and some physicians and patients remain wary of these medications.
High-efficacy therapies were the subject of a session at the annual meeting of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS). Key topics included patient selection, timing of escalation to high-efficacy therapies, and initial use of high-efficacy therapies. The session produced a compelling message, according to moderator Patricia Coyle, MD. “I think [the speakers provided] accumulating data that this is a smart thing to do: Use high-efficacy therapies early to get the maximum bang for the buck,” Dr. Coyle said in an interview. She is professor of neurology and director of the MS Comprehensive Care Center at Stony Brook (N.Y.) University.
Consider baseline characteristics
In the first talk, Xavier Montalban, MD, PhD, noted that a statement from the ECTRIMS/EAN (European Academy of Neurology) guideline update in 2021 said that a high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy (DMT) should be considered early in the disease course. A key question is whether any baseline characteristics can be used to select patients, and studies have shown worse prognosis with older age, male sex, low levels of vitamin D, and smoking status, among various other factors.
He presented subgroup analyses from trials of fingolimod and ozanimod, which showed that the drugs did not work as well in patients with poor prognostic factors such as an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4 or above and age over 40 years. Lower doses also tend to have less efficacy in males. “If you have [a patient with] bad baseline prognostic factors, you need high-efficacy medication at the right dose, because a lower dose will not work well. It is the same phenomenon for age,” Dr. Montalban said in his talk. On the other hand, he showed the results of a study of ofatumumab and ocrelizumab, both of which showed high efficacy even in patients with poor prognostic factors.
Among patients with secondary progressive MS, clinical or MRI evidence of inflammatory activity is the only poor prognostic factor that appears to be a good predictor of treatment response.
Dr. Montalban also addressed the timing of intervention with DMTs. A study from his group prospectively followed 1,015 patients treated with DMTs. “Interestingly, what we observed is that patients who were treated with DMTs just after the first attack did better than those who were treated after the second attack, and you have to take into consideration that we treat those patients after the first attack, those who had the worst prognostic factors, so treatment was very effective in that sense,” said Dr. Montalban, director of the Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia at Vall d’Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona.
Switching DMTs
In the second presentation, Dalia Rotstein, MD, discussed how to incorporate prognostic factors when switching a patient to high-efficacy therapies as a result of new disease activity while on another therapy.
Patients with favorable prognostic factors at baseline may be started out on immunomodulatory therapy. “Essentially, we want to match the intensity of the therapy to the intensity of the disease of the patient in front of us,” Dr. Rotstein said in her talk. Nevertheless, the course of MS is unpredictable, and the first year or two of immunomodulatory therapy can give physicians clues about the longer-term course of the disease. “We need to observe closely for disease activity in the first year, but even up to 2 years on therapy to determine a need for early escalation,” said Dr. Rotstein, assistant professor of medicine at University of Toronto.
For switching to high-efficacy therapies, any relapse, disability progression, or an EDSS change of 1 point or more could be a consideration. MRI indicators are more controversial, but one to three new T2 lesions also could prompt a switch.
Serum neural filament light chain (sNFL) is a useful biomarker for monitoring disease activity as it correlates well with new disease activity within the next year. It can be monitored every 3-4 months and adjusted for clinical factors and monitored for changing levels. A concerning finding can be followed up with an MRI or in-person visit.
When switching to a high-efficacy therapy, it’s important to administer any vaccines well in advance to ensure a good immune response.
When it comes to a washout period, physicians need to consider both the risk of immunosuppression and breakthrough disease activity. “But in general, we’ve observed that we can minimize the duration of the washout when stopping initial immunomodulator therapy to reduce the risk of breakthrough disease activity. We need to pay particular attention to the risk of rebound activity with longer washouts after stopping sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators because the rebound activity can be devastating,” said Dr. Rotstein.
A study of timing of relapses after fingolimod washout, carried out by Dr. Rotstein’s group, found a stark signal. “We observed that when the washout after fingolimod discontinuation was 30 days or more, there is a very high risk of early relapse,” she said.
The case for induction therapy
In the third talk, Gavin Giovannoni, MBBCh, PhD, discussed “flipping the pyramid” – that is, starting patients off immediately with high-efficacy therapies rather than waiting until they progress on other therapies. He likened such a decision to a gambler, because MS patients on less-effective therapy can suffer irreversible, long-term physical consequences, as well as social consequences such as unemployment due to cognitive effects.
“We always tend to put up a graph about the risks and benefits of a specific treatment, and we forget about the risks of untreated or undertreated MS. Keep that in mind when making decisions about high-efficacy therapies,” said Dr. Giovannoni, professor of neurology at Queen Mary University of London.
About 80% of patients on tier 1, or low-efficacy therapies, will have breakthrough activity on MRI within 4 years. Moving up a tier gets to about a 60% rate of breakthrough activity. High-efficacy therapies attain an efficacy of about 80% at 6 months. “If you have MS, you’ve got to realize that if you had to roll the dice, which tier would you want to be in? By putting all of them [on high-efficacy therapies], you’re going to get the majority responding and a few of them will break through,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He presented some real-world evidence to back up the argument: A study comparing outcomes in Sweden and Denmark, which have similar demographics. In Denmark, 7.6% of patients with MS received high-efficacy therapies initially, while in Sweden the proportion was 34.5%. Patients with MS treated in Sweden had a 29% lower probability of progressing to disability (P = .004) and there were 22% fewer discontinuations of DMTs (P < .001). Since that study, the proportion of patients receiving high-efficacy therapies to begin with is closer to 70%. “This is compelling evidence that you want to be on a [high-efficacy therapy] early. If I had MS, I would want to live in Sweden,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
Historical treatments focused on reducing relapses, and more recently on eliminating evidence of inflammatory disease. He said that physicians are prioritizing brain volume loss to improve long-term outcomes in MS, and some are studying long-term disability. “We know that brain volume loss in MS is a prognostic sign both at baseline and at follow-up. It predicts poor outcome, poor cognition and employment, poor quality of life, et cetera,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He cited data from studies of alemtuzumab that showed a significant reduction in brain volume loss. “The rate is about 0.2% per annum, which is kind of getting into the normal range for age-matched controls. Those people who were started off on interferons in the study lost a lot of brain volume in those first 2 years, and that’s irreversible,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
He pointed out that studies of hematopoietic stem cell therapy showed similar brain-volume outcomes. “So flipping the pyramid with the two most highly effective therapies almost normalizes brain volume loss in people with MS,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
There is also evidence in other autoimmune diseases that early use of high-efficacy therapies improves outcomes. More aggressive therapy in rheumatoid arthritis has reduced joint replacements by 90%.
“I think you really, really need to give your patients the opportunity of flipping the pyramid. You shouldn’t decide that for them,” said Dr. Giovannoni.
Dr. Coyle has consulted for nearly all pharmaceutical companies developing drugs in the MS space. Dr. Montalban has financial relationships with Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Roche, Celgene, Actelion, Mylan, BMS, and Sandoz. Dr. Rotstein has financial ties with Roche Canada, Alexion, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Aventis. Dr. Giovannoni has financial ties with AbbVie, Aslan, Atara Bio, Biogen, BMS-Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, GW Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Japanese Tobacco, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, LifNano, Merck & Co., Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Moderna, Novartis, Sanofi, Roche/Genentech, and Teva.
FROM ECTRIMS 2022
One in three MS patients reports chronic itch
, according to investigators.
Itch is historically underrecognized as a symptom of MS, but physicians should know that it is common and may negatively impact quality of life, reported lead author Giuseppe Ingrasci, MD, a dermatology research fellow at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, and colleagues.
While previous publications suggest that pruritus occurs in just 2%-6% of patients with MS, principal author Gil Yosipovitch, MD, professor, Stiefel Chair of Medical Dermatology, and director of the Miami Itch Center in the Dr. Phillip Frost department of dermatology and cutaneous surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, encountered itch in enough patients with MS that he presented his observations to a group of neurologists.
Most of them dismissed him, he recalled in an interview: “The neurologists said, ‘Very interesting, but we don’t really see it.’ ”
One of those neurologists, however, decided to take a closer look.
Andrew Brown, MD, assistant professor of clinical neurology and chief of the general neurology division at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, began asking his patients with MS if they were experiencing itch and soon found that it was “a very common problem,” according to Dr. Yosipovitch.
Dr. Yosipovitch, who was the first to report pruritus in patients with psoriasis, launched the present investigation with Dr. Brown to determine if itch is also a blind spot in the world of MS. Their results, and their uphill battle to publication, suggest that it very well could be.
After being rejected from six neurology journals, with one editor suggesting that itch is “not relevant at all to neurology,” their findings were published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology.
A common problem that may indicate more severe disease
At the Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence in Miami, 27 out of 79 outpatients with MS (35%) reported pruritus, with an average severity of 5.42 out of 10. Among those with itch, the extremities were affected in about half of the patients, while the face, scalp, and trunk were affected in about one-third of the patients. Many described paroxysmal itch that was aggravated by heat, and about half experienced itch on a weekly basis.
Further investigation showed that itch was associated with more severe MS. Compared with patients not experiencing itch, those with itch were significantly more likely to report fatigue (77% vs. 44%), anxiety or depression (48% vs. 16%), and cognitive impairment (62% vs. 26%).
MRI findings backed up these clinical results. Compared with patients not experiencing itch, patients with itch had significantly more T2 hyperintensities in the posterior cervical cord (74.1% vs. 46.0%) and anterior pons/ventromedial medulla (62% vs. 26%). These hyperintensities in the medulla were also associated with an 11-fold increased rate of itch on the face or scalp (odds ratio, 11.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-78.6, P = 0.025).
“Health care providers should be aware of episodes of localized, neuropathic itch in MS patients, as they appear to be more prevalent than previously thought and may impair these patients’ quality of life,” the investigators concluded.
Challenges with symptom characterization, management
“This is an important study for both patients and clinicians,” said Justin Abbatemarco, MD, of Cleveland Clinic’s Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, in a written comment. “As the authors mention, many of our patients experience transient symptoms, including many different types of sensory disturbance (that is, pins & needles, burning, electrical shocks, and itching). These symptoms can be really distressing for patients and their caregivers.”
While Dr. Abbatemarco has encountered severe itching in “several patients” with MS, he maintained that it is “relatively uncommon” and noted that MS symptomatology is an inherently cloudy subject.
“I think it is difficult to be definite in any opinion on this topic,” Dr. Abbatemarco said. “How patients experience these symptoms is very subjective and can be difficult to describe/characterize.”
Dr. Abbatemarco emphasized that transient symptoms “do not usually represent MS relapse/flare or new inflammatory disease activity. Instead, we believe these symptoms are related to old areas of injury or demyelination.”
Symptom management can be challenging, he added. He recommended setting realistic expectations, and in the case of pruritus, asking dermatologists to rule out other causes of itch, and to offer “unique treatment approaches.”
Cool the itch?
Noting how heat appears to aggravate itch in patients with MS, Dr. Yosipovitch suggested that one of those unique – and simple – treatment approaches may be cooling itchy areas. Alternatively, clinicians may consider oral agents, like gabapentin to dampen neural transmission, or compounded formulations applied to the skin to reduce neural sensitivity, such as topical ketamine. Finally, Dr. Yosipovitch speculated that newer antibody agents for MS could potentially reduce itch.
All these treatment suggestions are purely hypothetical, he said, and require further investigation before they can be recommended with confidence.
The investigators disclosed relationships with Galderma, Pfizer, Novartis, and others. Dr. Abbatemarco disclosed no conflicts of interest.
Correction, 9/19/22: An earlier version of this article misidentified the photo of Dr. Justin Abbatemarco.
, according to investigators.
Itch is historically underrecognized as a symptom of MS, but physicians should know that it is common and may negatively impact quality of life, reported lead author Giuseppe Ingrasci, MD, a dermatology research fellow at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, and colleagues.
While previous publications suggest that pruritus occurs in just 2%-6% of patients with MS, principal author Gil Yosipovitch, MD, professor, Stiefel Chair of Medical Dermatology, and director of the Miami Itch Center in the Dr. Phillip Frost department of dermatology and cutaneous surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, encountered itch in enough patients with MS that he presented his observations to a group of neurologists.
Most of them dismissed him, he recalled in an interview: “The neurologists said, ‘Very interesting, but we don’t really see it.’ ”
One of those neurologists, however, decided to take a closer look.
Andrew Brown, MD, assistant professor of clinical neurology and chief of the general neurology division at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, began asking his patients with MS if they were experiencing itch and soon found that it was “a very common problem,” according to Dr. Yosipovitch.
Dr. Yosipovitch, who was the first to report pruritus in patients with psoriasis, launched the present investigation with Dr. Brown to determine if itch is also a blind spot in the world of MS. Their results, and their uphill battle to publication, suggest that it very well could be.
After being rejected from six neurology journals, with one editor suggesting that itch is “not relevant at all to neurology,” their findings were published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology.
A common problem that may indicate more severe disease
At the Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence in Miami, 27 out of 79 outpatients with MS (35%) reported pruritus, with an average severity of 5.42 out of 10. Among those with itch, the extremities were affected in about half of the patients, while the face, scalp, and trunk were affected in about one-third of the patients. Many described paroxysmal itch that was aggravated by heat, and about half experienced itch on a weekly basis.
Further investigation showed that itch was associated with more severe MS. Compared with patients not experiencing itch, those with itch were significantly more likely to report fatigue (77% vs. 44%), anxiety or depression (48% vs. 16%), and cognitive impairment (62% vs. 26%).
MRI findings backed up these clinical results. Compared with patients not experiencing itch, patients with itch had significantly more T2 hyperintensities in the posterior cervical cord (74.1% vs. 46.0%) and anterior pons/ventromedial medulla (62% vs. 26%). These hyperintensities in the medulla were also associated with an 11-fold increased rate of itch on the face or scalp (odds ratio, 11.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-78.6, P = 0.025).
“Health care providers should be aware of episodes of localized, neuropathic itch in MS patients, as they appear to be more prevalent than previously thought and may impair these patients’ quality of life,” the investigators concluded.
Challenges with symptom characterization, management
“This is an important study for both patients and clinicians,” said Justin Abbatemarco, MD, of Cleveland Clinic’s Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, in a written comment. “As the authors mention, many of our patients experience transient symptoms, including many different types of sensory disturbance (that is, pins & needles, burning, electrical shocks, and itching). These symptoms can be really distressing for patients and their caregivers.”
While Dr. Abbatemarco has encountered severe itching in “several patients” with MS, he maintained that it is “relatively uncommon” and noted that MS symptomatology is an inherently cloudy subject.
“I think it is difficult to be definite in any opinion on this topic,” Dr. Abbatemarco said. “How patients experience these symptoms is very subjective and can be difficult to describe/characterize.”
Dr. Abbatemarco emphasized that transient symptoms “do not usually represent MS relapse/flare or new inflammatory disease activity. Instead, we believe these symptoms are related to old areas of injury or demyelination.”
Symptom management can be challenging, he added. He recommended setting realistic expectations, and in the case of pruritus, asking dermatologists to rule out other causes of itch, and to offer “unique treatment approaches.”
Cool the itch?
Noting how heat appears to aggravate itch in patients with MS, Dr. Yosipovitch suggested that one of those unique – and simple – treatment approaches may be cooling itchy areas. Alternatively, clinicians may consider oral agents, like gabapentin to dampen neural transmission, or compounded formulations applied to the skin to reduce neural sensitivity, such as topical ketamine. Finally, Dr. Yosipovitch speculated that newer antibody agents for MS could potentially reduce itch.
All these treatment suggestions are purely hypothetical, he said, and require further investigation before they can be recommended with confidence.
The investigators disclosed relationships with Galderma, Pfizer, Novartis, and others. Dr. Abbatemarco disclosed no conflicts of interest.
Correction, 9/19/22: An earlier version of this article misidentified the photo of Dr. Justin Abbatemarco.
, according to investigators.
Itch is historically underrecognized as a symptom of MS, but physicians should know that it is common and may negatively impact quality of life, reported lead author Giuseppe Ingrasci, MD, a dermatology research fellow at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, and colleagues.
While previous publications suggest that pruritus occurs in just 2%-6% of patients with MS, principal author Gil Yosipovitch, MD, professor, Stiefel Chair of Medical Dermatology, and director of the Miami Itch Center in the Dr. Phillip Frost department of dermatology and cutaneous surgery at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, encountered itch in enough patients with MS that he presented his observations to a group of neurologists.
Most of them dismissed him, he recalled in an interview: “The neurologists said, ‘Very interesting, but we don’t really see it.’ ”
One of those neurologists, however, decided to take a closer look.
Andrew Brown, MD, assistant professor of clinical neurology and chief of the general neurology division at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, began asking his patients with MS if they were experiencing itch and soon found that it was “a very common problem,” according to Dr. Yosipovitch.
Dr. Yosipovitch, who was the first to report pruritus in patients with psoriasis, launched the present investigation with Dr. Brown to determine if itch is also a blind spot in the world of MS. Their results, and their uphill battle to publication, suggest that it very well could be.
After being rejected from six neurology journals, with one editor suggesting that itch is “not relevant at all to neurology,” their findings were published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology.
A common problem that may indicate more severe disease
At the Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence in Miami, 27 out of 79 outpatients with MS (35%) reported pruritus, with an average severity of 5.42 out of 10. Among those with itch, the extremities were affected in about half of the patients, while the face, scalp, and trunk were affected in about one-third of the patients. Many described paroxysmal itch that was aggravated by heat, and about half experienced itch on a weekly basis.
Further investigation showed that itch was associated with more severe MS. Compared with patients not experiencing itch, those with itch were significantly more likely to report fatigue (77% vs. 44%), anxiety or depression (48% vs. 16%), and cognitive impairment (62% vs. 26%).
MRI findings backed up these clinical results. Compared with patients not experiencing itch, patients with itch had significantly more T2 hyperintensities in the posterior cervical cord (74.1% vs. 46.0%) and anterior pons/ventromedial medulla (62% vs. 26%). These hyperintensities in the medulla were also associated with an 11-fold increased rate of itch on the face or scalp (odds ratio, 11.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-78.6, P = 0.025).
“Health care providers should be aware of episodes of localized, neuropathic itch in MS patients, as they appear to be more prevalent than previously thought and may impair these patients’ quality of life,” the investigators concluded.
Challenges with symptom characterization, management
“This is an important study for both patients and clinicians,” said Justin Abbatemarco, MD, of Cleveland Clinic’s Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, in a written comment. “As the authors mention, many of our patients experience transient symptoms, including many different types of sensory disturbance (that is, pins & needles, burning, electrical shocks, and itching). These symptoms can be really distressing for patients and their caregivers.”
While Dr. Abbatemarco has encountered severe itching in “several patients” with MS, he maintained that it is “relatively uncommon” and noted that MS symptomatology is an inherently cloudy subject.
“I think it is difficult to be definite in any opinion on this topic,” Dr. Abbatemarco said. “How patients experience these symptoms is very subjective and can be difficult to describe/characterize.”
Dr. Abbatemarco emphasized that transient symptoms “do not usually represent MS relapse/flare or new inflammatory disease activity. Instead, we believe these symptoms are related to old areas of injury or demyelination.”
Symptom management can be challenging, he added. He recommended setting realistic expectations, and in the case of pruritus, asking dermatologists to rule out other causes of itch, and to offer “unique treatment approaches.”
Cool the itch?
Noting how heat appears to aggravate itch in patients with MS, Dr. Yosipovitch suggested that one of those unique – and simple – treatment approaches may be cooling itchy areas. Alternatively, clinicians may consider oral agents, like gabapentin to dampen neural transmission, or compounded formulations applied to the skin to reduce neural sensitivity, such as topical ketamine. Finally, Dr. Yosipovitch speculated that newer antibody agents for MS could potentially reduce itch.
All these treatment suggestions are purely hypothetical, he said, and require further investigation before they can be recommended with confidence.
The investigators disclosed relationships with Galderma, Pfizer, Novartis, and others. Dr. Abbatemarco disclosed no conflicts of interest.
Correction, 9/19/22: An earlier version of this article misidentified the photo of Dr. Justin Abbatemarco.
FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY
MS Researchers Wonder Aloud: Is Remyelination Possible?
The 3 “Rs” of multiple sclerosis (MS)—repair, remyelinate, and restore—spell out the goals of patients and physicians alike. MS is an incurable, immune-mediated, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and is thought to develop from unexplained autoimmune attacks directed at myelin (the covering on neurons) and glial cells, or “oligodendrocytes.” Neurodegeneration is evident early in the disease process and is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, energy failure, and neuronal and glial death.
While most new and investigational therapies aim to address immune dysfunction, a new idea—
one not involving immune dysregulation—is being explored in various studies: Are there agents, outside of traditional MS therapies, able to help with remyelination?
Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and MS
Neurons, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. In MS, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are key drivers of oxidative stress and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is particularly relevant for neurodegeneration in MS. The observed dysfunction includes mitochondrial DNA damage, deficiency in mitochondrial DNA repair, reduced levels of antioxidants, and increased free radicals. Furthermore, the structure and number of mitochondria temporarily increase to accommodate the increased energy needs. Despite the attempted adaptation, energy failure ultimately occurs, resulting in a mismatch between energy needs or consumption and energy production. Neuroinflammation and the imbalance between energy consumption and generation create a vicious, continuous cycle that is characteristic in progressive MS. The energy failure is then associated with neuronal death, Wallerian degeneration, and subsequent accumulation of neurologic disability.
Current therapeutic landscape
While the therapeutic landscape for MS continues to evolve, the approved 20-plus therapies are primarily directed at the immune system. The overall goal is to modulate immune dysregulation and decrease inflammation. Current therapies may be able to control this macroscopic inflammatory activity.
However, current treatments only show modest effects on disease progression, and do not help to repair neurons, remyelinate axons, or restore function that was impaired due to disease progression. Some US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved therapies are thought to modulate mitochondrial functions. For example, the class of fumarates (eg, dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, monomethyl fumarate) activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2 -related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in treated MS patients. However, it is unclear whether activation of the Nrf2 pathway is involved in the therapeutic effects of fumarates. A recent study challenged the importance of the Nrf2 pathway as a therapeutic target for fumarates. It showed that in an MS animal model, the effects of fumarates on disease control were similar between Nrf2 knock-out mice and the wild type, suggesting that fumarates' therapeutic effects are independent of the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, fumarates failed to show benefits in progressive forms of MS both clinically and on a biomarker level.
Metformin, the mitochondria, and neurodegeneration
Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) is an oral medication used primarily as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. However, due to its pharmacologic properties, mitochondrial effects, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, scientists have shown recent interest in studying metformin in neurodegenerative diseases, including MS. Some of the potential benefits of metformin in neurodegenerative diseases include reduction of oxidative stress and countering mitochondrial dysfunction. It is known that metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex 1. Also, several studies have shown a positive effect of metformin on the reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA regulation. Therefore, could metformin help combat mitochondrial dysfunction in MS or rejuvenate certain elements within the CNS in people with neurodegenerative diseases, including MS?
Oligodendrocytes and remyelination
Oligodendrocytes are cells responsible for myelinating axons within the CNS. Those cells originate from progenitors called OPCs. Interestingly, in humans, OPCs can mature into oligodendrocytes throughout their lifecycle, although to a much lesser extent in adults compared with children. However, therapeutic efforts to facilitate OPC maturation in vivo in MS lesions have failed thus far. Examples include high-dose biotin, the anti-LINGO-1 opicinumab, and the anticancer, retinoid-analog drug bexarotene.
So, what is behind these unfortunate failures? Some molecules (eg, biotin, opicinumab) failed to meet their clinical endpoints in randomized clinical trials, while others had severe toxicity that halted further clinical testing (eg, bexarotene). On the other hand, some molecules (eg, clemastine fumarate), showed a modest yet promising effect on biomarkers in small clinical trials.
A discussion on molecule failures
What could explain the failure of molecules with such promising preclinical findings? One could argue that clinical trial designs may have been insufficient to detect small remyelinating effects. One could also argue that the maturation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes is too complex to facilitate using 1 molecule that may be an inhibitor of maturation or to activate/augment a facilitator of the maturation process. There are too many natural inhibitors and facilitators of OPC maturation, and an approach with combination therapy might have a better chance at achieving a favorable therapeutic effect.
Another piece of the complexity of OPC maturation is the recent discovery that, in humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals, aged OPCs do not have the same capacity to mature into oligodendrocytes as young OPCs. There might be some clinical support here, as children with MS have more ability to recover from MS attacks than their adult counterparts. Also, the older the individual with MS is, the less likely they are to recover from MS attacks and the more likely they are to show signs of disease progression compared with their younger counterparts.
Theoretically, age-related recovery from clinical attacks may be partially explained by complications due to OPC aging. To this point, can we rejuvenate OPCs and restore their ability to mature into oligodendrocytes? Can metformin be the medicine that does so?
Interestingly, scientists could restore the ability of older OPCs to mature into oligodendrocytes, at least in the rodent model, through calorie restriction (eg, intermittent fasting) or by mimicking this state using metformin.
Metformin and the 3 “Rs”
One idea is to use metformin to create a biochemical state that allows OPCs to regain their ability to mature into oligodendrocytes in adult or aging individuals with MS. If that is achieved, other molecules may augment OPC' maturation or inhibit OPC maturation-inhibitors and become successful in promoting remyelination. A phase 2 clinical trial in the United Kingdom that is currently recruiting participants intends to investigate a combination of metformin and clemastine fumarate in 50 patients with relapsing-remitting MS. The goal is to learn whether metformin plus clemastine allows for therapeutic remyelination. In addition, a Canadian study is investigating metformin in children with MS. Two other studies are currently recruiting to study metformin in relapsing MS (Egypt) and progressive MS (United States).
Although testing metformin as a treatment for MS is still in the early stages, the scientific rationale is valid and supported by compelling preclinical evidence. Ongoing clinical trials will likely provide preliminary results on whether metformin will advance in clinical testing and provide clinically meaningful improvements for people living with MS.
If metformin is, in fact, a conditioning agent for use in remyelinating therapies, future clinical trials could be designed to administer metformin to rejuvenate OPCs before the administration of any molecule combination designed to facilitate OPC maturation. However, these trials will need to address an important issue: dosage. In type 2 diabetes, the typical daily dose is between 500 and 3000 mg per day. But in tests on rodents – which weigh about 10 grams – to rejuvenate OPCs, the doses of metformin were very high: 200 to 300 mg/kg. Given the body weight of humans and to avoid drug toxicity, the resulting smaller doses of metformin will take time to exert their potential therapeutic effect.
Should future research be successful in developing combination molecular therapies with diverse and synergistic therapeutic targets, then the 3 “Rs” in MS will allow for a fourth “R” to effectively succeed: repair, remyelinate, restore, and rehabilitate.
The 3 “Rs” of multiple sclerosis (MS)—repair, remyelinate, and restore—spell out the goals of patients and physicians alike. MS is an incurable, immune-mediated, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and is thought to develop from unexplained autoimmune attacks directed at myelin (the covering on neurons) and glial cells, or “oligodendrocytes.” Neurodegeneration is evident early in the disease process and is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, energy failure, and neuronal and glial death.
While most new and investigational therapies aim to address immune dysfunction, a new idea—
one not involving immune dysregulation—is being explored in various studies: Are there agents, outside of traditional MS therapies, able to help with remyelination?
Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and MS
Neurons, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. In MS, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are key drivers of oxidative stress and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is particularly relevant for neurodegeneration in MS. The observed dysfunction includes mitochondrial DNA damage, deficiency in mitochondrial DNA repair, reduced levels of antioxidants, and increased free radicals. Furthermore, the structure and number of mitochondria temporarily increase to accommodate the increased energy needs. Despite the attempted adaptation, energy failure ultimately occurs, resulting in a mismatch between energy needs or consumption and energy production. Neuroinflammation and the imbalance between energy consumption and generation create a vicious, continuous cycle that is characteristic in progressive MS. The energy failure is then associated with neuronal death, Wallerian degeneration, and subsequent accumulation of neurologic disability.
Current therapeutic landscape
While the therapeutic landscape for MS continues to evolve, the approved 20-plus therapies are primarily directed at the immune system. The overall goal is to modulate immune dysregulation and decrease inflammation. Current therapies may be able to control this macroscopic inflammatory activity.
However, current treatments only show modest effects on disease progression, and do not help to repair neurons, remyelinate axons, or restore function that was impaired due to disease progression. Some US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved therapies are thought to modulate mitochondrial functions. For example, the class of fumarates (eg, dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, monomethyl fumarate) activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2 -related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in treated MS patients. However, it is unclear whether activation of the Nrf2 pathway is involved in the therapeutic effects of fumarates. A recent study challenged the importance of the Nrf2 pathway as a therapeutic target for fumarates. It showed that in an MS animal model, the effects of fumarates on disease control were similar between Nrf2 knock-out mice and the wild type, suggesting that fumarates' therapeutic effects are independent of the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, fumarates failed to show benefits in progressive forms of MS both clinically and on a biomarker level.
Metformin, the mitochondria, and neurodegeneration
Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) is an oral medication used primarily as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. However, due to its pharmacologic properties, mitochondrial effects, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, scientists have shown recent interest in studying metformin in neurodegenerative diseases, including MS. Some of the potential benefits of metformin in neurodegenerative diseases include reduction of oxidative stress and countering mitochondrial dysfunction. It is known that metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex 1. Also, several studies have shown a positive effect of metformin on the reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA regulation. Therefore, could metformin help combat mitochondrial dysfunction in MS or rejuvenate certain elements within the CNS in people with neurodegenerative diseases, including MS?
Oligodendrocytes and remyelination
Oligodendrocytes are cells responsible for myelinating axons within the CNS. Those cells originate from progenitors called OPCs. Interestingly, in humans, OPCs can mature into oligodendrocytes throughout their lifecycle, although to a much lesser extent in adults compared with children. However, therapeutic efforts to facilitate OPC maturation in vivo in MS lesions have failed thus far. Examples include high-dose biotin, the anti-LINGO-1 opicinumab, and the anticancer, retinoid-analog drug bexarotene.
So, what is behind these unfortunate failures? Some molecules (eg, biotin, opicinumab) failed to meet their clinical endpoints in randomized clinical trials, while others had severe toxicity that halted further clinical testing (eg, bexarotene). On the other hand, some molecules (eg, clemastine fumarate), showed a modest yet promising effect on biomarkers in small clinical trials.
A discussion on molecule failures
What could explain the failure of molecules with such promising preclinical findings? One could argue that clinical trial designs may have been insufficient to detect small remyelinating effects. One could also argue that the maturation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes is too complex to facilitate using 1 molecule that may be an inhibitor of maturation or to activate/augment a facilitator of the maturation process. There are too many natural inhibitors and facilitators of OPC maturation, and an approach with combination therapy might have a better chance at achieving a favorable therapeutic effect.
Another piece of the complexity of OPC maturation is the recent discovery that, in humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals, aged OPCs do not have the same capacity to mature into oligodendrocytes as young OPCs. There might be some clinical support here, as children with MS have more ability to recover from MS attacks than their adult counterparts. Also, the older the individual with MS is, the less likely they are to recover from MS attacks and the more likely they are to show signs of disease progression compared with their younger counterparts.
Theoretically, age-related recovery from clinical attacks may be partially explained by complications due to OPC aging. To this point, can we rejuvenate OPCs and restore their ability to mature into oligodendrocytes? Can metformin be the medicine that does so?
Interestingly, scientists could restore the ability of older OPCs to mature into oligodendrocytes, at least in the rodent model, through calorie restriction (eg, intermittent fasting) or by mimicking this state using metformin.
Metformin and the 3 “Rs”
One idea is to use metformin to create a biochemical state that allows OPCs to regain their ability to mature into oligodendrocytes in adult or aging individuals with MS. If that is achieved, other molecules may augment OPC' maturation or inhibit OPC maturation-inhibitors and become successful in promoting remyelination. A phase 2 clinical trial in the United Kingdom that is currently recruiting participants intends to investigate a combination of metformin and clemastine fumarate in 50 patients with relapsing-remitting MS. The goal is to learn whether metformin plus clemastine allows for therapeutic remyelination. In addition, a Canadian study is investigating metformin in children with MS. Two other studies are currently recruiting to study metformin in relapsing MS (Egypt) and progressive MS (United States).
Although testing metformin as a treatment for MS is still in the early stages, the scientific rationale is valid and supported by compelling preclinical evidence. Ongoing clinical trials will likely provide preliminary results on whether metformin will advance in clinical testing and provide clinically meaningful improvements for people living with MS.
If metformin is, in fact, a conditioning agent for use in remyelinating therapies, future clinical trials could be designed to administer metformin to rejuvenate OPCs before the administration of any molecule combination designed to facilitate OPC maturation. However, these trials will need to address an important issue: dosage. In type 2 diabetes, the typical daily dose is between 500 and 3000 mg per day. But in tests on rodents – which weigh about 10 grams – to rejuvenate OPCs, the doses of metformin were very high: 200 to 300 mg/kg. Given the body weight of humans and to avoid drug toxicity, the resulting smaller doses of metformin will take time to exert their potential therapeutic effect.
Should future research be successful in developing combination molecular therapies with diverse and synergistic therapeutic targets, then the 3 “Rs” in MS will allow for a fourth “R” to effectively succeed: repair, remyelinate, restore, and rehabilitate.
The 3 “Rs” of multiple sclerosis (MS)—repair, remyelinate, and restore—spell out the goals of patients and physicians alike. MS is an incurable, immune-mediated, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and is thought to develop from unexplained autoimmune attacks directed at myelin (the covering on neurons) and glial cells, or “oligodendrocytes.” Neurodegeneration is evident early in the disease process and is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, energy failure, and neuronal and glial death.
While most new and investigational therapies aim to address immune dysfunction, a new idea—
one not involving immune dysregulation—is being explored in various studies: Are there agents, outside of traditional MS therapies, able to help with remyelination?
Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and MS
Neurons, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. In MS, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are key drivers of oxidative stress and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is particularly relevant for neurodegeneration in MS. The observed dysfunction includes mitochondrial DNA damage, deficiency in mitochondrial DNA repair, reduced levels of antioxidants, and increased free radicals. Furthermore, the structure and number of mitochondria temporarily increase to accommodate the increased energy needs. Despite the attempted adaptation, energy failure ultimately occurs, resulting in a mismatch between energy needs or consumption and energy production. Neuroinflammation and the imbalance between energy consumption and generation create a vicious, continuous cycle that is characteristic in progressive MS. The energy failure is then associated with neuronal death, Wallerian degeneration, and subsequent accumulation of neurologic disability.
Current therapeutic landscape
While the therapeutic landscape for MS continues to evolve, the approved 20-plus therapies are primarily directed at the immune system. The overall goal is to modulate immune dysregulation and decrease inflammation. Current therapies may be able to control this macroscopic inflammatory activity.
However, current treatments only show modest effects on disease progression, and do not help to repair neurons, remyelinate axons, or restore function that was impaired due to disease progression. Some US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved therapies are thought to modulate mitochondrial functions. For example, the class of fumarates (eg, dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, monomethyl fumarate) activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2 -related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in treated MS patients. However, it is unclear whether activation of the Nrf2 pathway is involved in the therapeutic effects of fumarates. A recent study challenged the importance of the Nrf2 pathway as a therapeutic target for fumarates. It showed that in an MS animal model, the effects of fumarates on disease control were similar between Nrf2 knock-out mice and the wild type, suggesting that fumarates' therapeutic effects are independent of the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, fumarates failed to show benefits in progressive forms of MS both clinically and on a biomarker level.
Metformin, the mitochondria, and neurodegeneration
Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) is an oral medication used primarily as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. However, due to its pharmacologic properties, mitochondrial effects, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, scientists have shown recent interest in studying metformin in neurodegenerative diseases, including MS. Some of the potential benefits of metformin in neurodegenerative diseases include reduction of oxidative stress and countering mitochondrial dysfunction. It is known that metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex 1. Also, several studies have shown a positive effect of metformin on the reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA regulation. Therefore, could metformin help combat mitochondrial dysfunction in MS or rejuvenate certain elements within the CNS in people with neurodegenerative diseases, including MS?
Oligodendrocytes and remyelination
Oligodendrocytes are cells responsible for myelinating axons within the CNS. Those cells originate from progenitors called OPCs. Interestingly, in humans, OPCs can mature into oligodendrocytes throughout their lifecycle, although to a much lesser extent in adults compared with children. However, therapeutic efforts to facilitate OPC maturation in vivo in MS lesions have failed thus far. Examples include high-dose biotin, the anti-LINGO-1 opicinumab, and the anticancer, retinoid-analog drug bexarotene.
So, what is behind these unfortunate failures? Some molecules (eg, biotin, opicinumab) failed to meet their clinical endpoints in randomized clinical trials, while others had severe toxicity that halted further clinical testing (eg, bexarotene). On the other hand, some molecules (eg, clemastine fumarate), showed a modest yet promising effect on biomarkers in small clinical trials.
A discussion on molecule failures
What could explain the failure of molecules with such promising preclinical findings? One could argue that clinical trial designs may have been insufficient to detect small remyelinating effects. One could also argue that the maturation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes is too complex to facilitate using 1 molecule that may be an inhibitor of maturation or to activate/augment a facilitator of the maturation process. There are too many natural inhibitors and facilitators of OPC maturation, and an approach with combination therapy might have a better chance at achieving a favorable therapeutic effect.
Another piece of the complexity of OPC maturation is the recent discovery that, in humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals, aged OPCs do not have the same capacity to mature into oligodendrocytes as young OPCs. There might be some clinical support here, as children with MS have more ability to recover from MS attacks than their adult counterparts. Also, the older the individual with MS is, the less likely they are to recover from MS attacks and the more likely they are to show signs of disease progression compared with their younger counterparts.
Theoretically, age-related recovery from clinical attacks may be partially explained by complications due to OPC aging. To this point, can we rejuvenate OPCs and restore their ability to mature into oligodendrocytes? Can metformin be the medicine that does so?
Interestingly, scientists could restore the ability of older OPCs to mature into oligodendrocytes, at least in the rodent model, through calorie restriction (eg, intermittent fasting) or by mimicking this state using metformin.
Metformin and the 3 “Rs”
One idea is to use metformin to create a biochemical state that allows OPCs to regain their ability to mature into oligodendrocytes in adult or aging individuals with MS. If that is achieved, other molecules may augment OPC' maturation or inhibit OPC maturation-inhibitors and become successful in promoting remyelination. A phase 2 clinical trial in the United Kingdom that is currently recruiting participants intends to investigate a combination of metformin and clemastine fumarate in 50 patients with relapsing-remitting MS. The goal is to learn whether metformin plus clemastine allows for therapeutic remyelination. In addition, a Canadian study is investigating metformin in children with MS. Two other studies are currently recruiting to study metformin in relapsing MS (Egypt) and progressive MS (United States).
Although testing metformin as a treatment for MS is still in the early stages, the scientific rationale is valid and supported by compelling preclinical evidence. Ongoing clinical trials will likely provide preliminary results on whether metformin will advance in clinical testing and provide clinically meaningful improvements for people living with MS.
If metformin is, in fact, a conditioning agent for use in remyelinating therapies, future clinical trials could be designed to administer metformin to rejuvenate OPCs before the administration of any molecule combination designed to facilitate OPC maturation. However, these trials will need to address an important issue: dosage. In type 2 diabetes, the typical daily dose is between 500 and 3000 mg per day. But in tests on rodents – which weigh about 10 grams – to rejuvenate OPCs, the doses of metformin were very high: 200 to 300 mg/kg. Given the body weight of humans and to avoid drug toxicity, the resulting smaller doses of metformin will take time to exert their potential therapeutic effect.
Should future research be successful in developing combination molecular therapies with diverse and synergistic therapeutic targets, then the 3 “Rs” in MS will allow for a fourth “R” to effectively succeed: repair, remyelinate, restore, and rehabilitate.