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Verrucoid Lesion on the Eyelid
The Diagnosis: Inverted Follicular Keratosis
The differential diagnosis for endophytic squamous neoplasms encompasses benign and malignant entities. The histologic findings of our patient's lesion were compatible with the diagnosis of inverted follicular keratosis (IFK), a benign neoplasm that usually presents as a keratotic papule on the head or neck. Histologically, IFK is characterized by an endophytic growth pattern with squamous eddies (quiz images). Inverted follicular keratosis may represent an irritated seborrheic keratosis or a distinct neoplasm derived from the infundibular portion of the hair follicle; the exact etiology is uncertain.1,2 No relationship between IFK and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established.3 Inverted follicular keratosis can mimic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Important clues to the diagnosis of IFK are the presence of squamous eddies and the lack of squamous pearls or cytologic atypia.4 Squamous eddies consist of whorled keratinocytes without keratinization or atypia. Superficial shave biopsies may fail to demonstrate the characteristic well-circumscribed architecture and may lead to an erroneous diagnosis.
Acantholytic SCC is characterized by atypical keratinocytes that have lost cohesive properties, resulting in acantholysis (Figure 1).5 This histologic variant was once categorized as an aggressive variant of SCC, but studies have failed to support this assertion.5,6 Acantholytic SCC has a discohesive nature producing a pseudoglandular appearance sometimes mistaken for adenosquamous carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma. Recent literature has suggested that acantholytic SCCs, similar to IFKs, are derived from the follicular infundibulum.5,6 Also similar to IFKs, acantholytic SCCs often are located on the face. The invasive architecture and atypical cytology of acantholytic SCCs can differentiate them from IFKs. Acantholytic SCCs can contain keratin pearls with concentric keratinocytes showing incomplete keratinization centrally, often with retained nuclei, but rare to no squamous eddies unless irritated.
Trichilemmoma is an endophytic benign neoplasm derived from the outer sheath of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by lobules of clear cells hanging from the epidermis.7 A study investigating the relationship between HPV and trichilemmomas failed to definitively detect HPV in trichilemmomas and this relationship remains unclear.8 Desmoplastic trichilemmoma is a subtype histologically characterized by jagged islands of epithelial cells separated by dense pink stroma and encased in a glassy basement membrane (Figure 2). The presence of desmoplasia and a jagged growth pattern can mimic invasive SCC, but the absence of cytologic atypia and the surrounding basement membrane differs from SCC.4,7 Trichilemmomas typically are solitary, but multiple lesions are associated with Cowden syndrome. Cowden syndrome is a rare autosomal-dominant condition characterized by the presence of benign hamartomas and a predisposition to the development of malignancies including breast, endometrial, and thyroid cancers.9,10 There is no such association with desmoplastic trichilemmomas.11
Pilar sheath acanthoma is a benign neoplasm that clinically presents as a solitary flesh-colored nodule with a central pore containing keratin.12 Histologically, pilar sheath acanthoma is similar to a dilated pore of Winer with the addition of acanthotic epidermal projections (Figure 3).
Warty dyskeratoma (WD) is a benign endophytic neoplasm traditionally seen as a solitary lesion histologically similar to Darier disease. Warty dyskeratomas are known to occur both on the skin and oral mucosa.13 Histologically, WD is characterized as a cup-shaped lesion with numerous villi at the base of the lesion along with acantholysis and dyskeratosis (Figure 4). The dyskeratotic cells in WD consist of corps ronds, which are cells with abundant pink cytoplasm, and small nuclei along with grains, which are flattened basophilic cells. These dyskeratotic cells help differentiate WD from IFK. Although they are endophytic neoplasms, WDs are well circumscribed and should not be confused with SCC. Despite this entity's name and histologic similarity to verrucae, no relationship with HPV has been established.14
- Ruhoy SM, Thomas D, Nuovo GJ. Multiple inverted follicular keratoses as a presenting sign of Cowden's syndrome: case report with human papillomavirus studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:411-415.
- Lever WF. Inverted follicular keratosis is an irritated seborrheic keratosis. Am J Dermatopathol. 1983;5:474.
- Kambiz KH, Kaveh D, Maede D, et al. Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid may not be detected in non-genital benign papillomatous skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:334-338.
- Tan KB, Tan SH, Aw DC, et al. Simulators of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: diagnostic challenges on small biopsies and clinicopathological correlation [published online June 25, 2013]. J Skin Cancer. 2013;2013:752864.
- Ogawa T, Kiuru M, Konia TH, et al. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is usually associated with hair follicles, not acantholytic actinic keratosis, and is not "high risk": diagnosis, management, and clinical outcomes in a series of 115 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76:327-333.
- Motaparthi K, Kapil JP, Velazquez EF. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: review of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines, prognostic factors, and histopathologic variants. Adv Anat Pathol. 2017;24:171-194.
- Sano DT, Yang JJ, Tebcherani AJ, et al. A rare clinical presentation of desmoplastic trichilemmoma mimicking invasive carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89:796-798.
- Stierman S, Chen S, Nuovo G, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus infection in trichilemmomas and verrucae using in situ hybridization. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37:75-80.
- Ngeow J, Eng C. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: clinical risk assessment and management protocol [published online October 22, 2014]. Methods. 2015;77-78:11-19.
- Molvi M, Sharma YK, Dash K. Cowden syndrome: case report, update and proposed diagnostic and surveillance routines. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60:255-259.
- Jin M, Hampel H, Pilarski R, et al. Phosphatase and tensin homolog immunohistochemical staining and clinical criteria for Cowden syndrome in patients with trichilemmoma or associated lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 2013;35:637-640.
- Mehregan AH, Brownstein MH. Pilar sheath acanthoma. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:1495-1497.
- Newland JR, Leventon GS. Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa. correlated light and electron microscopic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:176-183.
- Kaddu S, Dong H, Mayer G, et al. Warty dyskeratoma--"follicular dyskeratoma": analysis of clinicopathologic features of a distinctive follicular adnexal neoplasm. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:423-428.
The Diagnosis: Inverted Follicular Keratosis
The differential diagnosis for endophytic squamous neoplasms encompasses benign and malignant entities. The histologic findings of our patient's lesion were compatible with the diagnosis of inverted follicular keratosis (IFK), a benign neoplasm that usually presents as a keratotic papule on the head or neck. Histologically, IFK is characterized by an endophytic growth pattern with squamous eddies (quiz images). Inverted follicular keratosis may represent an irritated seborrheic keratosis or a distinct neoplasm derived from the infundibular portion of the hair follicle; the exact etiology is uncertain.1,2 No relationship between IFK and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established.3 Inverted follicular keratosis can mimic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Important clues to the diagnosis of IFK are the presence of squamous eddies and the lack of squamous pearls or cytologic atypia.4 Squamous eddies consist of whorled keratinocytes without keratinization or atypia. Superficial shave biopsies may fail to demonstrate the characteristic well-circumscribed architecture and may lead to an erroneous diagnosis.
Acantholytic SCC is characterized by atypical keratinocytes that have lost cohesive properties, resulting in acantholysis (Figure 1).5 This histologic variant was once categorized as an aggressive variant of SCC, but studies have failed to support this assertion.5,6 Acantholytic SCC has a discohesive nature producing a pseudoglandular appearance sometimes mistaken for adenosquamous carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma. Recent literature has suggested that acantholytic SCCs, similar to IFKs, are derived from the follicular infundibulum.5,6 Also similar to IFKs, acantholytic SCCs often are located on the face. The invasive architecture and atypical cytology of acantholytic SCCs can differentiate them from IFKs. Acantholytic SCCs can contain keratin pearls with concentric keratinocytes showing incomplete keratinization centrally, often with retained nuclei, but rare to no squamous eddies unless irritated.
Trichilemmoma is an endophytic benign neoplasm derived from the outer sheath of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by lobules of clear cells hanging from the epidermis.7 A study investigating the relationship between HPV and trichilemmomas failed to definitively detect HPV in trichilemmomas and this relationship remains unclear.8 Desmoplastic trichilemmoma is a subtype histologically characterized by jagged islands of epithelial cells separated by dense pink stroma and encased in a glassy basement membrane (Figure 2). The presence of desmoplasia and a jagged growth pattern can mimic invasive SCC, but the absence of cytologic atypia and the surrounding basement membrane differs from SCC.4,7 Trichilemmomas typically are solitary, but multiple lesions are associated with Cowden syndrome. Cowden syndrome is a rare autosomal-dominant condition characterized by the presence of benign hamartomas and a predisposition to the development of malignancies including breast, endometrial, and thyroid cancers.9,10 There is no such association with desmoplastic trichilemmomas.11
Pilar sheath acanthoma is a benign neoplasm that clinically presents as a solitary flesh-colored nodule with a central pore containing keratin.12 Histologically, pilar sheath acanthoma is similar to a dilated pore of Winer with the addition of acanthotic epidermal projections (Figure 3).
Warty dyskeratoma (WD) is a benign endophytic neoplasm traditionally seen as a solitary lesion histologically similar to Darier disease. Warty dyskeratomas are known to occur both on the skin and oral mucosa.13 Histologically, WD is characterized as a cup-shaped lesion with numerous villi at the base of the lesion along with acantholysis and dyskeratosis (Figure 4). The dyskeratotic cells in WD consist of corps ronds, which are cells with abundant pink cytoplasm, and small nuclei along with grains, which are flattened basophilic cells. These dyskeratotic cells help differentiate WD from IFK. Although they are endophytic neoplasms, WDs are well circumscribed and should not be confused with SCC. Despite this entity's name and histologic similarity to verrucae, no relationship with HPV has been established.14
The Diagnosis: Inverted Follicular Keratosis
The differential diagnosis for endophytic squamous neoplasms encompasses benign and malignant entities. The histologic findings of our patient's lesion were compatible with the diagnosis of inverted follicular keratosis (IFK), a benign neoplasm that usually presents as a keratotic papule on the head or neck. Histologically, IFK is characterized by an endophytic growth pattern with squamous eddies (quiz images). Inverted follicular keratosis may represent an irritated seborrheic keratosis or a distinct neoplasm derived from the infundibular portion of the hair follicle; the exact etiology is uncertain.1,2 No relationship between IFK and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established.3 Inverted follicular keratosis can mimic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Important clues to the diagnosis of IFK are the presence of squamous eddies and the lack of squamous pearls or cytologic atypia.4 Squamous eddies consist of whorled keratinocytes without keratinization or atypia. Superficial shave biopsies may fail to demonstrate the characteristic well-circumscribed architecture and may lead to an erroneous diagnosis.
Acantholytic SCC is characterized by atypical keratinocytes that have lost cohesive properties, resulting in acantholysis (Figure 1).5 This histologic variant was once categorized as an aggressive variant of SCC, but studies have failed to support this assertion.5,6 Acantholytic SCC has a discohesive nature producing a pseudoglandular appearance sometimes mistaken for adenosquamous carcinoma or metastatic carcinoma. Recent literature has suggested that acantholytic SCCs, similar to IFKs, are derived from the follicular infundibulum.5,6 Also similar to IFKs, acantholytic SCCs often are located on the face. The invasive architecture and atypical cytology of acantholytic SCCs can differentiate them from IFKs. Acantholytic SCCs can contain keratin pearls with concentric keratinocytes showing incomplete keratinization centrally, often with retained nuclei, but rare to no squamous eddies unless irritated.
Trichilemmoma is an endophytic benign neoplasm derived from the outer sheath of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by lobules of clear cells hanging from the epidermis.7 A study investigating the relationship between HPV and trichilemmomas failed to definitively detect HPV in trichilemmomas and this relationship remains unclear.8 Desmoplastic trichilemmoma is a subtype histologically characterized by jagged islands of epithelial cells separated by dense pink stroma and encased in a glassy basement membrane (Figure 2). The presence of desmoplasia and a jagged growth pattern can mimic invasive SCC, but the absence of cytologic atypia and the surrounding basement membrane differs from SCC.4,7 Trichilemmomas typically are solitary, but multiple lesions are associated with Cowden syndrome. Cowden syndrome is a rare autosomal-dominant condition characterized by the presence of benign hamartomas and a predisposition to the development of malignancies including breast, endometrial, and thyroid cancers.9,10 There is no such association with desmoplastic trichilemmomas.11
Pilar sheath acanthoma is a benign neoplasm that clinically presents as a solitary flesh-colored nodule with a central pore containing keratin.12 Histologically, pilar sheath acanthoma is similar to a dilated pore of Winer with the addition of acanthotic epidermal projections (Figure 3).
Warty dyskeratoma (WD) is a benign endophytic neoplasm traditionally seen as a solitary lesion histologically similar to Darier disease. Warty dyskeratomas are known to occur both on the skin and oral mucosa.13 Histologically, WD is characterized as a cup-shaped lesion with numerous villi at the base of the lesion along with acantholysis and dyskeratosis (Figure 4). The dyskeratotic cells in WD consist of corps ronds, which are cells with abundant pink cytoplasm, and small nuclei along with grains, which are flattened basophilic cells. These dyskeratotic cells help differentiate WD from IFK. Although they are endophytic neoplasms, WDs are well circumscribed and should not be confused with SCC. Despite this entity's name and histologic similarity to verrucae, no relationship with HPV has been established.14
- Ruhoy SM, Thomas D, Nuovo GJ. Multiple inverted follicular keratoses as a presenting sign of Cowden's syndrome: case report with human papillomavirus studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:411-415.
- Lever WF. Inverted follicular keratosis is an irritated seborrheic keratosis. Am J Dermatopathol. 1983;5:474.
- Kambiz KH, Kaveh D, Maede D, et al. Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid may not be detected in non-genital benign papillomatous skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:334-338.
- Tan KB, Tan SH, Aw DC, et al. Simulators of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: diagnostic challenges on small biopsies and clinicopathological correlation [published online June 25, 2013]. J Skin Cancer. 2013;2013:752864.
- Ogawa T, Kiuru M, Konia TH, et al. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is usually associated with hair follicles, not acantholytic actinic keratosis, and is not "high risk": diagnosis, management, and clinical outcomes in a series of 115 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76:327-333.
- Motaparthi K, Kapil JP, Velazquez EF. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: review of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines, prognostic factors, and histopathologic variants. Adv Anat Pathol. 2017;24:171-194.
- Sano DT, Yang JJ, Tebcherani AJ, et al. A rare clinical presentation of desmoplastic trichilemmoma mimicking invasive carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89:796-798.
- Stierman S, Chen S, Nuovo G, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus infection in trichilemmomas and verrucae using in situ hybridization. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37:75-80.
- Ngeow J, Eng C. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: clinical risk assessment and management protocol [published online October 22, 2014]. Methods. 2015;77-78:11-19.
- Molvi M, Sharma YK, Dash K. Cowden syndrome: case report, update and proposed diagnostic and surveillance routines. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60:255-259.
- Jin M, Hampel H, Pilarski R, et al. Phosphatase and tensin homolog immunohistochemical staining and clinical criteria for Cowden syndrome in patients with trichilemmoma or associated lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 2013;35:637-640.
- Mehregan AH, Brownstein MH. Pilar sheath acanthoma. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:1495-1497.
- Newland JR, Leventon GS. Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa. correlated light and electron microscopic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:176-183.
- Kaddu S, Dong H, Mayer G, et al. Warty dyskeratoma--"follicular dyskeratoma": analysis of clinicopathologic features of a distinctive follicular adnexal neoplasm. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:423-428.
- Ruhoy SM, Thomas D, Nuovo GJ. Multiple inverted follicular keratoses as a presenting sign of Cowden's syndrome: case report with human papillomavirus studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:411-415.
- Lever WF. Inverted follicular keratosis is an irritated seborrheic keratosis. Am J Dermatopathol. 1983;5:474.
- Kambiz KH, Kaveh D, Maede D, et al. Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid may not be detected in non-genital benign papillomatous skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:334-338.
- Tan KB, Tan SH, Aw DC, et al. Simulators of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: diagnostic challenges on small biopsies and clinicopathological correlation [published online June 25, 2013]. J Skin Cancer. 2013;2013:752864.
- Ogawa T, Kiuru M, Konia TH, et al. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is usually associated with hair follicles, not acantholytic actinic keratosis, and is not "high risk": diagnosis, management, and clinical outcomes in a series of 115 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76:327-333.
- Motaparthi K, Kapil JP, Velazquez EF. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: review of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines, prognostic factors, and histopathologic variants. Adv Anat Pathol. 2017;24:171-194.
- Sano DT, Yang JJ, Tebcherani AJ, et al. A rare clinical presentation of desmoplastic trichilemmoma mimicking invasive carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89:796-798.
- Stierman S, Chen S, Nuovo G, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus infection in trichilemmomas and verrucae using in situ hybridization. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37:75-80.
- Ngeow J, Eng C. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: clinical risk assessment and management protocol [published online October 22, 2014]. Methods. 2015;77-78:11-19.
- Molvi M, Sharma YK, Dash K. Cowden syndrome: case report, update and proposed diagnostic and surveillance routines. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60:255-259.
- Jin M, Hampel H, Pilarski R, et al. Phosphatase and tensin homolog immunohistochemical staining and clinical criteria for Cowden syndrome in patients with trichilemmoma or associated lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 2013;35:637-640.
- Mehregan AH, Brownstein MH. Pilar sheath acanthoma. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114:1495-1497.
- Newland JR, Leventon GS. Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa. correlated light and electron microscopic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:176-183.
- Kaddu S, Dong H, Mayer G, et al. Warty dyskeratoma--"follicular dyskeratoma": analysis of clinicopathologic features of a distinctive follicular adnexal neoplasm. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:423-428.
A 60-year-old man presented with a 3-mm verrucous papule on the right upper eyelid of 2 years' duration.
