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The children received the therapy with their parents or caregivers, who were more likely to demonstrate positive parenting behaviors than parents in the control group, authors of the new research published in JAMA Pediatrics found.
Approximately 13% of children have some form of developmental delay (DD) and more than half of these children also have at least one mental health disorder, which makes behavior problems a common and ongoing challenge, Daniel M. Bagner, PhD, a psychologist at Florida International University, Miami, and colleagues wrote.
Clinic-based interventions such as parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) have been effective for improving behavior in children with DD, the researchers said. PCIT involves in-session caregiver coaching using a 1-way mirror and a wireless earpiece worn by the caregiver.
Barriers to the use of PCIT, especially in marginalized and low-income communities, include transportation, clinician shortages, and stigma-related concerns about a clinic visit, the researchers wrote. Technology now allows for Internet-delivered PCIT to reach more children and families, but its effectiveness for children with DD has not been well studied.
In the new study, the researchers randomized 150 children with DD and externalizing behavior problems to up to 20 weeks of Internet-delivered parent-child interaction therapy (iPCIT) or to referral as usual (RAU, the control group). The children were randomized after completion of early intervention services within 3 months of their third birthday, and participated in the sessions with a parent or caregiver. Most of the participants were from economically disadvantaged households and underrepresented ethnic backgrounds.
The iPCIT intervention was conducted weekly with a remote therapist and lasted for 1-1.5 hours; approximately half of the families received the intervention in Spanish.
The primary outcome was rating on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and assessment of children and caregivers using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System, fourth edition (DPICS). Assessments occurred at baseline and at week 20 (post treatment), with follow ups at 6 and 12 months.
Scores on the CBCL in the iPCIT group decreased from a mean of 61.18 at baseline to 53.83 post intervention. Scores for the control group started at 64.05 and decreased to 59.49 post intervention. At 6-12 months, the scores for both groups remained stable.
Children who received iPCIT with their parent or caregiver also showed significantly lower levels of externalizing behavior problems, compared with the RAU controls post treatment, and at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups based on the Cohen d measure of standardized effect size for differences between groups.
Significantly more children in the iPCIT group showed clinically significant improvements in externalizing problems at post treatment, compared with the RAU group (74% vs. 42%; P < .001) and at 6 months’ follow-up (73% vs. 45%; P = .002). However, the differences from baseline were not significantly different between the two groups after 12 months, which suggests that the effects may wane over time, the researchers noted.
In addition, the rate of child compliance with parent commands, as measured by a cleanup task, approximately doubled by the 12-month follow-up among children in the iPCIT group versus an increase of approximately one-third in the RAU group.
For secondary outcome measures related to caregiver behaviors, the proportion of observed positive parenting behaviors increased in the iPCIT group during the course of the intervention (postintervention odds ratio, 1.10), and the proportion of controlling and critical behaviors decreased (postintervention OR, 1.40). Harsh and inconsistent discipline decreased in both groups based on self-reports, but the decrease was steeper in iPCIT families.
iPCIT did not have a greater impact than RAU in reducing caregiver stress. The researchers wrote that they were not surprised by the lack of stress reduction “given mixed findings on the impact of parenting interventions on stress in caregivers of children with DD.”
Data support iPCIT potential
Overall, the results support findings from previous studies of clinic-based PCIT for children with DD and previous studies of telehealth interventions for typically developing children, the researchers said.
“Moreover, iPCIT-treated children not only showed reductions in behavior problems, such as aggression, but demonstrated higher rates of following directions, which is especially important for children entering kindergarten,” they wrote.
The findings were limited by several factors including the narrow focus on the primary and secondary outcomes, the use of data from a single site in a single metropolitan area – which may limit generalizability – and the lack of comparison between iPCIT and a clinic-based PCIT control group, the researchers noted. The equipment in the current study was provided to families; therefore, differences in treatment response could not be attributed to differences in technology.
The study represents the first known randomized controlled trial to evaluate a telehealth parenting intervention for children with, according to the researchers. The results suggest that technology can be leveraged to help these patients, including those from ethnic minority families who may be underserved by clinic-based care in overcoming barriers to treatment such as transportation and availability of clinicians. Use of iPCIT could be a critical resource as young children with DD complete Part C services and enter the school system.
Practical pediatric takeaways
“This was a great study, well-designed and very important and helpful for pediatric providers,” Cathy Haut, DNP, CPNP-AC, CPNP-PC, a pediatric nurse practitioner in Rehoboth Beach, Del., said in an interview.
“Young children with developmental delay and/or mental and behavioral health disorders require early identification and intervention,” said Dr. Haut. However, obstacles to intervention include stigma or parental denial of the disorder, as well as more practical challenges related to transportation, time to access a clinic or office, potential long length of treatment, and cost.
“Despite availability of state programs for young children, follow up and continued services can be challenging to complete. Once the child outgrows the state program finding alternative therapy can be difficult with the current shortage of pediatric mental health providers,” Dr. Haut noted.
“I was surprised to see that this study treatment phase was completed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, when telehealth was not as popular a mode for health care and was not utilized to the extent that it is now, especially for pediatric care,” said Dr. Haut. “I was not surprised at the results, as the traditional mode of PCIT includes therapy and training in a space that may not be as familiar to the child as their home environment, and would include live presence of the therapist/s, which may add to anxiety for both the parent and child.”
That almost half of the parents participating in the study had graduated from college and/or completed graduate degrees “may have contributed to some of the success of this study,” Dr. Haut noted.
Benefits and barriers
“The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant change to the frequency of use and overall success of telehealth services,” Dr. Haut said. “Additional provider education in aspects such as provider technique and the use of medical devices with improved specific health care technology assisted in advancing the experience and opportunity for successful telehealth visits. Telehealth therapy offers a cost-effective option for any pediatric patients and for providers, as the time and space commitment for the patient visit can be considerably less than live office visits.
“Unfortunately, there are still overall barriers that I have personally experienced with telehealth, including interruptions in connectivity, background noise, and lack of an available computer or tablet; and with the use of cell phones not always allowing full inclusion of the caregiver and child,” said Dr. Haut. Children with DD, behavioral problems, or other mental health disorders may pose challenges for parents to manage at home while simultaneously trying to fully focus on the therapy in an online setting.
Although the current study is encouraging, “larger studies focused on specific or individual pediatric mental health and/or behavioral disorders may offer more information for providers, and better document the success of telehealth delivery of services,” Dr. Haut said.
The study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Dr. Bagner disclosed funding from the National Institutes of Health. He also disclosed personal fees from PCIT International to train clinicians in PCIT supported by a grant from the Florida Department of Children and Families outside the current study. Dr. Haut had no financial conflicts to disclose, but serves on the editorial advisory board of Pediatric News.
The children received the therapy with their parents or caregivers, who were more likely to demonstrate positive parenting behaviors than parents in the control group, authors of the new research published in JAMA Pediatrics found.
Approximately 13% of children have some form of developmental delay (DD) and more than half of these children also have at least one mental health disorder, which makes behavior problems a common and ongoing challenge, Daniel M. Bagner, PhD, a psychologist at Florida International University, Miami, and colleagues wrote.
Clinic-based interventions such as parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) have been effective for improving behavior in children with DD, the researchers said. PCIT involves in-session caregiver coaching using a 1-way mirror and a wireless earpiece worn by the caregiver.
Barriers to the use of PCIT, especially in marginalized and low-income communities, include transportation, clinician shortages, and stigma-related concerns about a clinic visit, the researchers wrote. Technology now allows for Internet-delivered PCIT to reach more children and families, but its effectiveness for children with DD has not been well studied.
In the new study, the researchers randomized 150 children with DD and externalizing behavior problems to up to 20 weeks of Internet-delivered parent-child interaction therapy (iPCIT) or to referral as usual (RAU, the control group). The children were randomized after completion of early intervention services within 3 months of their third birthday, and participated in the sessions with a parent or caregiver. Most of the participants were from economically disadvantaged households and underrepresented ethnic backgrounds.
The iPCIT intervention was conducted weekly with a remote therapist and lasted for 1-1.5 hours; approximately half of the families received the intervention in Spanish.
The primary outcome was rating on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and assessment of children and caregivers using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System, fourth edition (DPICS). Assessments occurred at baseline and at week 20 (post treatment), with follow ups at 6 and 12 months.
Scores on the CBCL in the iPCIT group decreased from a mean of 61.18 at baseline to 53.83 post intervention. Scores for the control group started at 64.05 and decreased to 59.49 post intervention. At 6-12 months, the scores for both groups remained stable.
Children who received iPCIT with their parent or caregiver also showed significantly lower levels of externalizing behavior problems, compared with the RAU controls post treatment, and at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups based on the Cohen d measure of standardized effect size for differences between groups.
Significantly more children in the iPCIT group showed clinically significant improvements in externalizing problems at post treatment, compared with the RAU group (74% vs. 42%; P < .001) and at 6 months’ follow-up (73% vs. 45%; P = .002). However, the differences from baseline were not significantly different between the two groups after 12 months, which suggests that the effects may wane over time, the researchers noted.
In addition, the rate of child compliance with parent commands, as measured by a cleanup task, approximately doubled by the 12-month follow-up among children in the iPCIT group versus an increase of approximately one-third in the RAU group.
For secondary outcome measures related to caregiver behaviors, the proportion of observed positive parenting behaviors increased in the iPCIT group during the course of the intervention (postintervention odds ratio, 1.10), and the proportion of controlling and critical behaviors decreased (postintervention OR, 1.40). Harsh and inconsistent discipline decreased in both groups based on self-reports, but the decrease was steeper in iPCIT families.
iPCIT did not have a greater impact than RAU in reducing caregiver stress. The researchers wrote that they were not surprised by the lack of stress reduction “given mixed findings on the impact of parenting interventions on stress in caregivers of children with DD.”
Data support iPCIT potential
Overall, the results support findings from previous studies of clinic-based PCIT for children with DD and previous studies of telehealth interventions for typically developing children, the researchers said.
“Moreover, iPCIT-treated children not only showed reductions in behavior problems, such as aggression, but demonstrated higher rates of following directions, which is especially important for children entering kindergarten,” they wrote.
The findings were limited by several factors including the narrow focus on the primary and secondary outcomes, the use of data from a single site in a single metropolitan area – which may limit generalizability – and the lack of comparison between iPCIT and a clinic-based PCIT control group, the researchers noted. The equipment in the current study was provided to families; therefore, differences in treatment response could not be attributed to differences in technology.
The study represents the first known randomized controlled trial to evaluate a telehealth parenting intervention for children with, according to the researchers. The results suggest that technology can be leveraged to help these patients, including those from ethnic minority families who may be underserved by clinic-based care in overcoming barriers to treatment such as transportation and availability of clinicians. Use of iPCIT could be a critical resource as young children with DD complete Part C services and enter the school system.
Practical pediatric takeaways
“This was a great study, well-designed and very important and helpful for pediatric providers,” Cathy Haut, DNP, CPNP-AC, CPNP-PC, a pediatric nurse practitioner in Rehoboth Beach, Del., said in an interview.
“Young children with developmental delay and/or mental and behavioral health disorders require early identification and intervention,” said Dr. Haut. However, obstacles to intervention include stigma or parental denial of the disorder, as well as more practical challenges related to transportation, time to access a clinic or office, potential long length of treatment, and cost.
“Despite availability of state programs for young children, follow up and continued services can be challenging to complete. Once the child outgrows the state program finding alternative therapy can be difficult with the current shortage of pediatric mental health providers,” Dr. Haut noted.
“I was surprised to see that this study treatment phase was completed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, when telehealth was not as popular a mode for health care and was not utilized to the extent that it is now, especially for pediatric care,” said Dr. Haut. “I was not surprised at the results, as the traditional mode of PCIT includes therapy and training in a space that may not be as familiar to the child as their home environment, and would include live presence of the therapist/s, which may add to anxiety for both the parent and child.”
That almost half of the parents participating in the study had graduated from college and/or completed graduate degrees “may have contributed to some of the success of this study,” Dr. Haut noted.
Benefits and barriers
“The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant change to the frequency of use and overall success of telehealth services,” Dr. Haut said. “Additional provider education in aspects such as provider technique and the use of medical devices with improved specific health care technology assisted in advancing the experience and opportunity for successful telehealth visits. Telehealth therapy offers a cost-effective option for any pediatric patients and for providers, as the time and space commitment for the patient visit can be considerably less than live office visits.
“Unfortunately, there are still overall barriers that I have personally experienced with telehealth, including interruptions in connectivity, background noise, and lack of an available computer or tablet; and with the use of cell phones not always allowing full inclusion of the caregiver and child,” said Dr. Haut. Children with DD, behavioral problems, or other mental health disorders may pose challenges for parents to manage at home while simultaneously trying to fully focus on the therapy in an online setting.
Although the current study is encouraging, “larger studies focused on specific or individual pediatric mental health and/or behavioral disorders may offer more information for providers, and better document the success of telehealth delivery of services,” Dr. Haut said.
The study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Dr. Bagner disclosed funding from the National Institutes of Health. He also disclosed personal fees from PCIT International to train clinicians in PCIT supported by a grant from the Florida Department of Children and Families outside the current study. Dr. Haut had no financial conflicts to disclose, but serves on the editorial advisory board of Pediatric News.
The children received the therapy with their parents or caregivers, who were more likely to demonstrate positive parenting behaviors than parents in the control group, authors of the new research published in JAMA Pediatrics found.
Approximately 13% of children have some form of developmental delay (DD) and more than half of these children also have at least one mental health disorder, which makes behavior problems a common and ongoing challenge, Daniel M. Bagner, PhD, a psychologist at Florida International University, Miami, and colleagues wrote.
Clinic-based interventions such as parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) have been effective for improving behavior in children with DD, the researchers said. PCIT involves in-session caregiver coaching using a 1-way mirror and a wireless earpiece worn by the caregiver.
Barriers to the use of PCIT, especially in marginalized and low-income communities, include transportation, clinician shortages, and stigma-related concerns about a clinic visit, the researchers wrote. Technology now allows for Internet-delivered PCIT to reach more children and families, but its effectiveness for children with DD has not been well studied.
In the new study, the researchers randomized 150 children with DD and externalizing behavior problems to up to 20 weeks of Internet-delivered parent-child interaction therapy (iPCIT) or to referral as usual (RAU, the control group). The children were randomized after completion of early intervention services within 3 months of their third birthday, and participated in the sessions with a parent or caregiver. Most of the participants were from economically disadvantaged households and underrepresented ethnic backgrounds.
The iPCIT intervention was conducted weekly with a remote therapist and lasted for 1-1.5 hours; approximately half of the families received the intervention in Spanish.
The primary outcome was rating on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and assessment of children and caregivers using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System, fourth edition (DPICS). Assessments occurred at baseline and at week 20 (post treatment), with follow ups at 6 and 12 months.
Scores on the CBCL in the iPCIT group decreased from a mean of 61.18 at baseline to 53.83 post intervention. Scores for the control group started at 64.05 and decreased to 59.49 post intervention. At 6-12 months, the scores for both groups remained stable.
Children who received iPCIT with their parent or caregiver also showed significantly lower levels of externalizing behavior problems, compared with the RAU controls post treatment, and at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups based on the Cohen d measure of standardized effect size for differences between groups.
Significantly more children in the iPCIT group showed clinically significant improvements in externalizing problems at post treatment, compared with the RAU group (74% vs. 42%; P < .001) and at 6 months’ follow-up (73% vs. 45%; P = .002). However, the differences from baseline were not significantly different between the two groups after 12 months, which suggests that the effects may wane over time, the researchers noted.
In addition, the rate of child compliance with parent commands, as measured by a cleanup task, approximately doubled by the 12-month follow-up among children in the iPCIT group versus an increase of approximately one-third in the RAU group.
For secondary outcome measures related to caregiver behaviors, the proportion of observed positive parenting behaviors increased in the iPCIT group during the course of the intervention (postintervention odds ratio, 1.10), and the proportion of controlling and critical behaviors decreased (postintervention OR, 1.40). Harsh and inconsistent discipline decreased in both groups based on self-reports, but the decrease was steeper in iPCIT families.
iPCIT did not have a greater impact than RAU in reducing caregiver stress. The researchers wrote that they were not surprised by the lack of stress reduction “given mixed findings on the impact of parenting interventions on stress in caregivers of children with DD.”
Data support iPCIT potential
Overall, the results support findings from previous studies of clinic-based PCIT for children with DD and previous studies of telehealth interventions for typically developing children, the researchers said.
“Moreover, iPCIT-treated children not only showed reductions in behavior problems, such as aggression, but demonstrated higher rates of following directions, which is especially important for children entering kindergarten,” they wrote.
The findings were limited by several factors including the narrow focus on the primary and secondary outcomes, the use of data from a single site in a single metropolitan area – which may limit generalizability – and the lack of comparison between iPCIT and a clinic-based PCIT control group, the researchers noted. The equipment in the current study was provided to families; therefore, differences in treatment response could not be attributed to differences in technology.
The study represents the first known randomized controlled trial to evaluate a telehealth parenting intervention for children with, according to the researchers. The results suggest that technology can be leveraged to help these patients, including those from ethnic minority families who may be underserved by clinic-based care in overcoming barriers to treatment such as transportation and availability of clinicians. Use of iPCIT could be a critical resource as young children with DD complete Part C services and enter the school system.
Practical pediatric takeaways
“This was a great study, well-designed and very important and helpful for pediatric providers,” Cathy Haut, DNP, CPNP-AC, CPNP-PC, a pediatric nurse practitioner in Rehoboth Beach, Del., said in an interview.
“Young children with developmental delay and/or mental and behavioral health disorders require early identification and intervention,” said Dr. Haut. However, obstacles to intervention include stigma or parental denial of the disorder, as well as more practical challenges related to transportation, time to access a clinic or office, potential long length of treatment, and cost.
“Despite availability of state programs for young children, follow up and continued services can be challenging to complete. Once the child outgrows the state program finding alternative therapy can be difficult with the current shortage of pediatric mental health providers,” Dr. Haut noted.
“I was surprised to see that this study treatment phase was completed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, when telehealth was not as popular a mode for health care and was not utilized to the extent that it is now, especially for pediatric care,” said Dr. Haut. “I was not surprised at the results, as the traditional mode of PCIT includes therapy and training in a space that may not be as familiar to the child as their home environment, and would include live presence of the therapist/s, which may add to anxiety for both the parent and child.”
That almost half of the parents participating in the study had graduated from college and/or completed graduate degrees “may have contributed to some of the success of this study,” Dr. Haut noted.
Benefits and barriers
“The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant change to the frequency of use and overall success of telehealth services,” Dr. Haut said. “Additional provider education in aspects such as provider technique and the use of medical devices with improved specific health care technology assisted in advancing the experience and opportunity for successful telehealth visits. Telehealth therapy offers a cost-effective option for any pediatric patients and for providers, as the time and space commitment for the patient visit can be considerably less than live office visits.
“Unfortunately, there are still overall barriers that I have personally experienced with telehealth, including interruptions in connectivity, background noise, and lack of an available computer or tablet; and with the use of cell phones not always allowing full inclusion of the caregiver and child,” said Dr. Haut. Children with DD, behavioral problems, or other mental health disorders may pose challenges for parents to manage at home while simultaneously trying to fully focus on the therapy in an online setting.
Although the current study is encouraging, “larger studies focused on specific or individual pediatric mental health and/or behavioral disorders may offer more information for providers, and better document the success of telehealth delivery of services,” Dr. Haut said.
The study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Dr. Bagner disclosed funding from the National Institutes of Health. He also disclosed personal fees from PCIT International to train clinicians in PCIT supported by a grant from the Florida Department of Children and Families outside the current study. Dr. Haut had no financial conflicts to disclose, but serves on the editorial advisory board of Pediatric News.
FROM JAMA PEDIATRICS