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Regardless of its spiritual origins, yoga has become a popular way of reaching mind and body well-being with nearly 30 million people practicing regularly worldwide.1 Yoga, which is the combination of physical postures, controlled breathing, and meditation or mindfulness, has long been used in complementary and alternative medicine around the world and recently has gained popularity as a therapeutic practice, with nearly 14 million Americans reporting that yoga was recommended to them by a physician or therapist.2,3 Studies suggest that people who participate in even brief yoga programs may see improvements in anxiety, somatic stress and discomfort, health-related quality of life, and self-rated sleep quality, all benefits that can help medical conditions, especially those that are dermatologic in nature.4,5
Stress and Dermatologic Conditions
The interaction between the mind, skin, and body is well known. Research in psychoneuroimmunology, the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems, has examined the role of neuropeptides, hormones, and neurotransmitters in psychodermatological disorders. The correlation between neuroimmunological pathways and skin inflammation is now well recognized, specifically the interactions between the brain and skin underlying many dermatological diseases (eg, acne, alopecia areata, various types of eczema and dermatitis, oral and genital herpes, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, psoriasis, rosacea, urticaria, warts, breaking or ridging of the nails).6-9
Two biological systems are known to be affected by the systemic stress response: (1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which regulates the release of adrenocorticotropin, ß-endorphin, and cortisol, and (2) the sympathoadrenal medullary system, which regulates the release of catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine).7 Cortisol and catecholamines have been shown to have potent effects on the immune system as well as the inflammatory response.9 Additionally, it has been shown that cutaneous sensory nerve terminals release neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, both of which have different effects on the local inflammatory response.10,11
Psychological stress is well known to trigger many dermatologic conditions, but it also may lead to abnormal skin barrier function.12 The mechanism in which skin barrier function is affected appears to involve a stress-induced increase of endogenous glucocorticoids, which may consequently disrupt skin barrier function and recovery rates, stratum corneum cohesion, and epidermal antimicrobial function.13,14
Atopic dermatitis, for example, is classified as a psychophysiological disorder. Although it is not caused by stress, atopic dermatitis has been described to be precipitated or exacerbated by stress in patients.15 In fact, it was found that stressful life events preceded the onset of itching in more than 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis,16 which is especially relevant, as there is no cure and patients often experience a lifelong struggle with the condition. Additionally, stress mediates the degranulation of mast cells via corticotropin-releasing hormone and neuropeptides, and the upregulation of mast cell corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors supporting its putative role in the pathogenesis of urticaria.9,17 Furthermore, the increase in cortisol also has been described in the exacerbation of acne during times of stress.18
Psychological factors affect the management of skin conditions in more than one-third of reported dermatology patients; therefore, it is important to consider these factors in the treatment of chronic dermatological conditions, especially when they are inquired by the patient.19,20
Yoga Benefits in the Literature
The therapeutic potential of yoga has been explored in a growing number of randomized controlled trials to date.21 A recently published bibliometric analysis provided a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the randomized yoga trials available in the literature.22 The review included 366 full-text articles, with the 2 earliest studies published in 1975 and nearly 90% published within the last decade. In addition to healthy patients, it was found these randomized controlled yoga trials most commonly enrolled patients with breast cancer, depression, asthma, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.22 Another study examined psychological (eg, self-rated stress and stress behavior, anger, exhaustion, quality of life) and physiological (eg, blood pressure, heart rate, urinary catecholamines, salivary cortisol) measurements obtained before and after a 10-session yoga program that participants completed over a 4-month period, with results showing significant improvements (P<.05) on almost all stress-related subjective and physiological variables. Results were comparable with cognitive behavioral therapy.23
Not only has it been shown that yoga helps patients on a psychological level, but a recent study reported that 90-minute sessions of mindfulness meditation and gentle Hatha yoga over an 8-week period led to observable benefits on a cellular level, as telomere length was maintained in distressed breast cancer survivors compared to decreases in telomere length in the control group with patients who solely participated in a stress management seminar.24 To date, there are no known studies examining the effects of yoga on patients with skin cancer. However, a few studies have specifically examined the effect of yoga in managing non–cancer-related dermatologic issues. Specifically, one small study of psoriasis patients found that those who listened to mindfulness meditation tapes while undergoing standard phototherapy (psoralen plus UVA) healed faster than those who underwent phototherapy treatment alone.25
Because some dermatologic problems have comorbidities and increased risk factors of other medical problems, such as psoriasis with psoriatic arthritis and metabolic diseases (eg, abdominal obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease), it is even more pertinent to recommend approaches for healthy mind and body well-being as a supplement to medical care.26
Final Thoughts
With accurate diagnosis by a dermatologist, appropriate conventional treatments can improve dermatologic problems. These treatments alone can reduce patients’ stress and improve skin, hair, and nail conditions; however, if it is clear that stress is interfering with a patient’s overall well-being and ability to cope with his/her dermatologic condition, concurrent stress management interventions may be warranted. In some instances, recommending yoga sessions, mindful meditation, or breathing exercises may help, while in others referral to a mental health professional may be necessary.
Beyond the direct physiological effects of stress, it also is worth mentioning that patients who deal with stress also tend to scratch, pick, or irritate their skin more and often lack the motivation to adhere to skin care regimens or treatments, again supporting the idea that our approach in managing these patients must be multifaceted. As dermatologists in training, residents should be cognizant of the potential psychological sequelae of some dermatologic problems and be aware of the possible use of supplemental interventions by our patients.
1. Dangerfield A. Yoga wars. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7844691.stm. Published January 23, 2009. Accessed March 25, 2015.
2. Yoga Journal releases 2012 yoga in America market study [press release]. San Francisco, CA: Yoga Journal; December 6, 2012.
3. De Michaelis E. A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. London, United Kingdom: A&C Black; 2005.
4. Telles S, Singh N, Yadav A, et al. Effect of yoga on different aspects of mental health. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;56:245-254.
5. Rodriguez-Vallecillo E, Woodbury-Fariña MA. Dermatological manifestations of stress in normal and psychiatric populations. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:625-651.
6. Stander S, Raap U, Weisshaar E, et al. Pathogenesis of pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9:456-463.
7. Arck PC, Slominski A, Theoharides TC, et al. Neuroimmunology of stress: skin takes center stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1697-1704.
8. Recognizing the mind-skin connection. Harvard Health Publications Web site. http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Recognizing_the_mind-skin_connection. Published November 1, 2006. Accessed March 31, 2015.
9. Tausk F, Elenkov I, Moynihan J. Psychoneuroimmunology. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21:22-31.
10. Pavlovic S, Liezmann C, Blois SM, et al. Substance P is a key mediator of stress-induced protection from allergic sensitization via modified antigen presentation. J Immunol. 2011;186:848-855.
11. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, et al. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:71-79.
12. Koo JYM, Lee CS. General approach to evaluating psychodermatological disorders. In: Koo JYM, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2003:1-29.
13. Garg A, Chren MM, Sands LP, et al. Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:53-59.
14. Elias PM, Sun R, Eder AR, et al. Treating atopic dermatitis at the source: corrective barrier repair therapy based upon new pathogenic insights. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2013;8:27-36.
15. Morren MA, Przybilla B, Bamelis M, et al. Atopic dermatitis: triggering factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:467-473.
16. Faulstich ME, Williamson DA. An overview of atopic dermatitis: toward a bio-behavioural integration. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29:647-654.
17. Theoharides TC, Donelan JM, Papadopoulou N, et al. Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25:563-568.
18. Suh DH, Kwon HH. What’s new in the physiopathology of acne [published online ahead of print Jan 24, 2015]? Br J Dermatol. doi:10.1111/bjd.13634.
19. Picardi A, Mazzotti E, Pasquini P. Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among patients with skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:420-426.
20. Ponarovsky B, Amital D, Lazarov A, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with allergic and non-allergic cutaneous disorders. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:1217-1222.
21. Khalsa SB. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48:269-285.
22. Cramer H, Lauche R, Dobos G. Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: a bibliometric analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:328.
23. Granath J, Ingvarsson S, von Thiele U, et al. Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35:3-10.
24. Carlson LE, Beattie TL, Giese-Davis J, et al. Mindfulness-based cancer recovery and supportive-expressive therapy maintain telomere length relative to controls in distressed breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121:476-484.
25. Kabat-Zinn J, Wheeler E, Light T, et al. Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med. 1998;60:625-632.
26. Gisondi P, Galvan A, Idolazzi L, et al. Management of moderate to severe psoriasis in patients with metabolic comorbidities. Front Med (Lausanne). 2015;2:1.
Regardless of its spiritual origins, yoga has become a popular way of reaching mind and body well-being with nearly 30 million people practicing regularly worldwide.1 Yoga, which is the combination of physical postures, controlled breathing, and meditation or mindfulness, has long been used in complementary and alternative medicine around the world and recently has gained popularity as a therapeutic practice, with nearly 14 million Americans reporting that yoga was recommended to them by a physician or therapist.2,3 Studies suggest that people who participate in even brief yoga programs may see improvements in anxiety, somatic stress and discomfort, health-related quality of life, and self-rated sleep quality, all benefits that can help medical conditions, especially those that are dermatologic in nature.4,5
Stress and Dermatologic Conditions
The interaction between the mind, skin, and body is well known. Research in psychoneuroimmunology, the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems, has examined the role of neuropeptides, hormones, and neurotransmitters in psychodermatological disorders. The correlation between neuroimmunological pathways and skin inflammation is now well recognized, specifically the interactions between the brain and skin underlying many dermatological diseases (eg, acne, alopecia areata, various types of eczema and dermatitis, oral and genital herpes, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, psoriasis, rosacea, urticaria, warts, breaking or ridging of the nails).6-9
Two biological systems are known to be affected by the systemic stress response: (1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which regulates the release of adrenocorticotropin, ß-endorphin, and cortisol, and (2) the sympathoadrenal medullary system, which regulates the release of catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine).7 Cortisol and catecholamines have been shown to have potent effects on the immune system as well as the inflammatory response.9 Additionally, it has been shown that cutaneous sensory nerve terminals release neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, both of which have different effects on the local inflammatory response.10,11
Psychological stress is well known to trigger many dermatologic conditions, but it also may lead to abnormal skin barrier function.12 The mechanism in which skin barrier function is affected appears to involve a stress-induced increase of endogenous glucocorticoids, which may consequently disrupt skin barrier function and recovery rates, stratum corneum cohesion, and epidermal antimicrobial function.13,14
Atopic dermatitis, for example, is classified as a psychophysiological disorder. Although it is not caused by stress, atopic dermatitis has been described to be precipitated or exacerbated by stress in patients.15 In fact, it was found that stressful life events preceded the onset of itching in more than 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis,16 which is especially relevant, as there is no cure and patients often experience a lifelong struggle with the condition. Additionally, stress mediates the degranulation of mast cells via corticotropin-releasing hormone and neuropeptides, and the upregulation of mast cell corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors supporting its putative role in the pathogenesis of urticaria.9,17 Furthermore, the increase in cortisol also has been described in the exacerbation of acne during times of stress.18
Psychological factors affect the management of skin conditions in more than one-third of reported dermatology patients; therefore, it is important to consider these factors in the treatment of chronic dermatological conditions, especially when they are inquired by the patient.19,20
Yoga Benefits in the Literature
The therapeutic potential of yoga has been explored in a growing number of randomized controlled trials to date.21 A recently published bibliometric analysis provided a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the randomized yoga trials available in the literature.22 The review included 366 full-text articles, with the 2 earliest studies published in 1975 and nearly 90% published within the last decade. In addition to healthy patients, it was found these randomized controlled yoga trials most commonly enrolled patients with breast cancer, depression, asthma, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.22 Another study examined psychological (eg, self-rated stress and stress behavior, anger, exhaustion, quality of life) and physiological (eg, blood pressure, heart rate, urinary catecholamines, salivary cortisol) measurements obtained before and after a 10-session yoga program that participants completed over a 4-month period, with results showing significant improvements (P<.05) on almost all stress-related subjective and physiological variables. Results were comparable with cognitive behavioral therapy.23
Not only has it been shown that yoga helps patients on a psychological level, but a recent study reported that 90-minute sessions of mindfulness meditation and gentle Hatha yoga over an 8-week period led to observable benefits on a cellular level, as telomere length was maintained in distressed breast cancer survivors compared to decreases in telomere length in the control group with patients who solely participated in a stress management seminar.24 To date, there are no known studies examining the effects of yoga on patients with skin cancer. However, a few studies have specifically examined the effect of yoga in managing non–cancer-related dermatologic issues. Specifically, one small study of psoriasis patients found that those who listened to mindfulness meditation tapes while undergoing standard phototherapy (psoralen plus UVA) healed faster than those who underwent phototherapy treatment alone.25
Because some dermatologic problems have comorbidities and increased risk factors of other medical problems, such as psoriasis with psoriatic arthritis and metabolic diseases (eg, abdominal obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease), it is even more pertinent to recommend approaches for healthy mind and body well-being as a supplement to medical care.26
Final Thoughts
With accurate diagnosis by a dermatologist, appropriate conventional treatments can improve dermatologic problems. These treatments alone can reduce patients’ stress and improve skin, hair, and nail conditions; however, if it is clear that stress is interfering with a patient’s overall well-being and ability to cope with his/her dermatologic condition, concurrent stress management interventions may be warranted. In some instances, recommending yoga sessions, mindful meditation, or breathing exercises may help, while in others referral to a mental health professional may be necessary.
Beyond the direct physiological effects of stress, it also is worth mentioning that patients who deal with stress also tend to scratch, pick, or irritate their skin more and often lack the motivation to adhere to skin care regimens or treatments, again supporting the idea that our approach in managing these patients must be multifaceted. As dermatologists in training, residents should be cognizant of the potential psychological sequelae of some dermatologic problems and be aware of the possible use of supplemental interventions by our patients.
Regardless of its spiritual origins, yoga has become a popular way of reaching mind and body well-being with nearly 30 million people practicing regularly worldwide.1 Yoga, which is the combination of physical postures, controlled breathing, and meditation or mindfulness, has long been used in complementary and alternative medicine around the world and recently has gained popularity as a therapeutic practice, with nearly 14 million Americans reporting that yoga was recommended to them by a physician or therapist.2,3 Studies suggest that people who participate in even brief yoga programs may see improvements in anxiety, somatic stress and discomfort, health-related quality of life, and self-rated sleep quality, all benefits that can help medical conditions, especially those that are dermatologic in nature.4,5
Stress and Dermatologic Conditions
The interaction between the mind, skin, and body is well known. Research in psychoneuroimmunology, the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems, has examined the role of neuropeptides, hormones, and neurotransmitters in psychodermatological disorders. The correlation between neuroimmunological pathways and skin inflammation is now well recognized, specifically the interactions between the brain and skin underlying many dermatological diseases (eg, acne, alopecia areata, various types of eczema and dermatitis, oral and genital herpes, hyperhidrosis, pruritus, psoriasis, rosacea, urticaria, warts, breaking or ridging of the nails).6-9
Two biological systems are known to be affected by the systemic stress response: (1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which regulates the release of adrenocorticotropin, ß-endorphin, and cortisol, and (2) the sympathoadrenal medullary system, which regulates the release of catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine).7 Cortisol and catecholamines have been shown to have potent effects on the immune system as well as the inflammatory response.9 Additionally, it has been shown that cutaneous sensory nerve terminals release neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, both of which have different effects on the local inflammatory response.10,11
Psychological stress is well known to trigger many dermatologic conditions, but it also may lead to abnormal skin barrier function.12 The mechanism in which skin barrier function is affected appears to involve a stress-induced increase of endogenous glucocorticoids, which may consequently disrupt skin barrier function and recovery rates, stratum corneum cohesion, and epidermal antimicrobial function.13,14
Atopic dermatitis, for example, is classified as a psychophysiological disorder. Although it is not caused by stress, atopic dermatitis has been described to be precipitated or exacerbated by stress in patients.15 In fact, it was found that stressful life events preceded the onset of itching in more than 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis,16 which is especially relevant, as there is no cure and patients often experience a lifelong struggle with the condition. Additionally, stress mediates the degranulation of mast cells via corticotropin-releasing hormone and neuropeptides, and the upregulation of mast cell corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors supporting its putative role in the pathogenesis of urticaria.9,17 Furthermore, the increase in cortisol also has been described in the exacerbation of acne during times of stress.18
Psychological factors affect the management of skin conditions in more than one-third of reported dermatology patients; therefore, it is important to consider these factors in the treatment of chronic dermatological conditions, especially when they are inquired by the patient.19,20
Yoga Benefits in the Literature
The therapeutic potential of yoga has been explored in a growing number of randomized controlled trials to date.21 A recently published bibliometric analysis provided a comprehensive review of the characteristics of the randomized yoga trials available in the literature.22 The review included 366 full-text articles, with the 2 earliest studies published in 1975 and nearly 90% published within the last decade. In addition to healthy patients, it was found these randomized controlled yoga trials most commonly enrolled patients with breast cancer, depression, asthma, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.22 Another study examined psychological (eg, self-rated stress and stress behavior, anger, exhaustion, quality of life) and physiological (eg, blood pressure, heart rate, urinary catecholamines, salivary cortisol) measurements obtained before and after a 10-session yoga program that participants completed over a 4-month period, with results showing significant improvements (P<.05) on almost all stress-related subjective and physiological variables. Results were comparable with cognitive behavioral therapy.23
Not only has it been shown that yoga helps patients on a psychological level, but a recent study reported that 90-minute sessions of mindfulness meditation and gentle Hatha yoga over an 8-week period led to observable benefits on a cellular level, as telomere length was maintained in distressed breast cancer survivors compared to decreases in telomere length in the control group with patients who solely participated in a stress management seminar.24 To date, there are no known studies examining the effects of yoga on patients with skin cancer. However, a few studies have specifically examined the effect of yoga in managing non–cancer-related dermatologic issues. Specifically, one small study of psoriasis patients found that those who listened to mindfulness meditation tapes while undergoing standard phototherapy (psoralen plus UVA) healed faster than those who underwent phototherapy treatment alone.25
Because some dermatologic problems have comorbidities and increased risk factors of other medical problems, such as psoriasis with psoriatic arthritis and metabolic diseases (eg, abdominal obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease), it is even more pertinent to recommend approaches for healthy mind and body well-being as a supplement to medical care.26
Final Thoughts
With accurate diagnosis by a dermatologist, appropriate conventional treatments can improve dermatologic problems. These treatments alone can reduce patients’ stress and improve skin, hair, and nail conditions; however, if it is clear that stress is interfering with a patient’s overall well-being and ability to cope with his/her dermatologic condition, concurrent stress management interventions may be warranted. In some instances, recommending yoga sessions, mindful meditation, or breathing exercises may help, while in others referral to a mental health professional may be necessary.
Beyond the direct physiological effects of stress, it also is worth mentioning that patients who deal with stress also tend to scratch, pick, or irritate their skin more and often lack the motivation to adhere to skin care regimens or treatments, again supporting the idea that our approach in managing these patients must be multifaceted. As dermatologists in training, residents should be cognizant of the potential psychological sequelae of some dermatologic problems and be aware of the possible use of supplemental interventions by our patients.
1. Dangerfield A. Yoga wars. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7844691.stm. Published January 23, 2009. Accessed March 25, 2015.
2. Yoga Journal releases 2012 yoga in America market study [press release]. San Francisco, CA: Yoga Journal; December 6, 2012.
3. De Michaelis E. A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. London, United Kingdom: A&C Black; 2005.
4. Telles S, Singh N, Yadav A, et al. Effect of yoga on different aspects of mental health. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;56:245-254.
5. Rodriguez-Vallecillo E, Woodbury-Fariña MA. Dermatological manifestations of stress in normal and psychiatric populations. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:625-651.
6. Stander S, Raap U, Weisshaar E, et al. Pathogenesis of pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9:456-463.
7. Arck PC, Slominski A, Theoharides TC, et al. Neuroimmunology of stress: skin takes center stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1697-1704.
8. Recognizing the mind-skin connection. Harvard Health Publications Web site. http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Recognizing_the_mind-skin_connection. Published November 1, 2006. Accessed March 31, 2015.
9. Tausk F, Elenkov I, Moynihan J. Psychoneuroimmunology. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21:22-31.
10. Pavlovic S, Liezmann C, Blois SM, et al. Substance P is a key mediator of stress-induced protection from allergic sensitization via modified antigen presentation. J Immunol. 2011;186:848-855.
11. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, et al. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:71-79.
12. Koo JYM, Lee CS. General approach to evaluating psychodermatological disorders. In: Koo JYM, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2003:1-29.
13. Garg A, Chren MM, Sands LP, et al. Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:53-59.
14. Elias PM, Sun R, Eder AR, et al. Treating atopic dermatitis at the source: corrective barrier repair therapy based upon new pathogenic insights. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2013;8:27-36.
15. Morren MA, Przybilla B, Bamelis M, et al. Atopic dermatitis: triggering factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:467-473.
16. Faulstich ME, Williamson DA. An overview of atopic dermatitis: toward a bio-behavioural integration. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29:647-654.
17. Theoharides TC, Donelan JM, Papadopoulou N, et al. Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25:563-568.
18. Suh DH, Kwon HH. What’s new in the physiopathology of acne [published online ahead of print Jan 24, 2015]? Br J Dermatol. doi:10.1111/bjd.13634.
19. Picardi A, Mazzotti E, Pasquini P. Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among patients with skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:420-426.
20. Ponarovsky B, Amital D, Lazarov A, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with allergic and non-allergic cutaneous disorders. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:1217-1222.
21. Khalsa SB. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48:269-285.
22. Cramer H, Lauche R, Dobos G. Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: a bibliometric analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:328.
23. Granath J, Ingvarsson S, von Thiele U, et al. Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35:3-10.
24. Carlson LE, Beattie TL, Giese-Davis J, et al. Mindfulness-based cancer recovery and supportive-expressive therapy maintain telomere length relative to controls in distressed breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121:476-484.
25. Kabat-Zinn J, Wheeler E, Light T, et al. Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med. 1998;60:625-632.
26. Gisondi P, Galvan A, Idolazzi L, et al. Management of moderate to severe psoriasis in patients with metabolic comorbidities. Front Med (Lausanne). 2015;2:1.
1. Dangerfield A. Yoga wars. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7844691.stm. Published January 23, 2009. Accessed March 25, 2015.
2. Yoga Journal releases 2012 yoga in America market study [press release]. San Francisco, CA: Yoga Journal; December 6, 2012.
3. De Michaelis E. A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. London, United Kingdom: A&C Black; 2005.
4. Telles S, Singh N, Yadav A, et al. Effect of yoga on different aspects of mental health. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;56:245-254.
5. Rodriguez-Vallecillo E, Woodbury-Fariña MA. Dermatological manifestations of stress in normal and psychiatric populations. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:625-651.
6. Stander S, Raap U, Weisshaar E, et al. Pathogenesis of pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9:456-463.
7. Arck PC, Slominski A, Theoharides TC, et al. Neuroimmunology of stress: skin takes center stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1697-1704.
8. Recognizing the mind-skin connection. Harvard Health Publications Web site. http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Recognizing_the_mind-skin_connection. Published November 1, 2006. Accessed March 31, 2015.
9. Tausk F, Elenkov I, Moynihan J. Psychoneuroimmunology. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21:22-31.
10. Pavlovic S, Liezmann C, Blois SM, et al. Substance P is a key mediator of stress-induced protection from allergic sensitization via modified antigen presentation. J Immunol. 2011;186:848-855.
11. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, et al. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:71-79.
12. Koo JYM, Lee CS. General approach to evaluating psychodermatological disorders. In: Koo JYM, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2003:1-29.
13. Garg A, Chren MM, Sands LP, et al. Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:53-59.
14. Elias PM, Sun R, Eder AR, et al. Treating atopic dermatitis at the source: corrective barrier repair therapy based upon new pathogenic insights. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2013;8:27-36.
15. Morren MA, Przybilla B, Bamelis M, et al. Atopic dermatitis: triggering factors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:467-473.
16. Faulstich ME, Williamson DA. An overview of atopic dermatitis: toward a bio-behavioural integration. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29:647-654.
17. Theoharides TC, Donelan JM, Papadopoulou N, et al. Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25:563-568.
18. Suh DH, Kwon HH. What’s new in the physiopathology of acne [published online ahead of print Jan 24, 2015]? Br J Dermatol. doi:10.1111/bjd.13634.
19. Picardi A, Mazzotti E, Pasquini P. Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among patients with skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:420-426.
20. Ponarovsky B, Amital D, Lazarov A, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with allergic and non-allergic cutaneous disorders. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:1217-1222.
21. Khalsa SB. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48:269-285.
22. Cramer H, Lauche R, Dobos G. Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: a bibliometric analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:328.
23. Granath J, Ingvarsson S, von Thiele U, et al. Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn Behav Ther. 2006;35:3-10.
24. Carlson LE, Beattie TL, Giese-Davis J, et al. Mindfulness-based cancer recovery and supportive-expressive therapy maintain telomere length relative to controls in distressed breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015;121:476-484.
25. Kabat-Zinn J, Wheeler E, Light T, et al. Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med. 1998;60:625-632.
26. Gisondi P, Galvan A, Idolazzi L, et al. Management of moderate to severe psoriasis in patients with metabolic comorbidities. Front Med (Lausanne). 2015;2:1.
