Recap

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a common condition that significantly affects quality of life and results in more than a million surgeries a year worldwide.

Symptoms of CRSwNP often mimic allergic rhinitis or bacterial rhinosinusitis, and patients frequently receive inappropriate prescriptions for allergy medications and even multiple courses of antibiotics. But appropriate therapeutic intervention can help to relieve CRSwNP symptoms, prevent unnecessary pain and suffering, reduce disease progression, and potentially prevent the need for nasal polypectomy.

Dr Stella Lee from the University of Pittsburgh discusses the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of CRSwNP, which is now viewed as a long-term, systemic inflammatory disorder, as well as strategies to assess symptom and disease severity.  

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Stella Lee, MD, Chief, Sinonasal Disorder and Allergy; Assistant Professor, Otolaryngology, Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .

Stella Lee, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received research grant from: sanofi-aventis; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc; GlaxoSmithKline; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Genentech.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a common condition that significantly affects quality of life and results in more than a million surgeries a year worldwide.

Symptoms of CRSwNP often mimic allergic rhinitis or bacterial rhinosinusitis, and patients frequently receive inappropriate prescriptions for allergy medications and even multiple courses of antibiotics. But appropriate therapeutic intervention can help to relieve CRSwNP symptoms, prevent unnecessary pain and suffering, reduce disease progression, and potentially prevent the need for nasal polypectomy.

Dr Stella Lee from the University of Pittsburgh discusses the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of CRSwNP, which is now viewed as a long-term, systemic inflammatory disorder, as well as strategies to assess symptom and disease severity.  

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Stella Lee, MD, Chief, Sinonasal Disorder and Allergy; Assistant Professor, Otolaryngology, Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .

Stella Lee, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received research grant from: sanofi-aventis; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc; GlaxoSmithKline; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Genentech.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a common condition that significantly affects quality of life and results in more than a million surgeries a year worldwide.

Symptoms of CRSwNP often mimic allergic rhinitis or bacterial rhinosinusitis, and patients frequently receive inappropriate prescriptions for allergy medications and even multiple courses of antibiotics. But appropriate therapeutic intervention can help to relieve CRSwNP symptoms, prevent unnecessary pain and suffering, reduce disease progression, and potentially prevent the need for nasal polypectomy.

Dr Stella Lee from the University of Pittsburgh discusses the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of CRSwNP, which is now viewed as a long-term, systemic inflammatory disorder, as well as strategies to assess symptom and disease severity.  

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Stella Lee, MD, Chief, Sinonasal Disorder and Allergy; Assistant Professor, Otolaryngology, Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .

Stella Lee, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received research grant from: sanofi-aventis; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc; GlaxoSmithKline; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Genentech.

"The eye of the hurricane" is how adolescent asthma is often described, according to Dr Benjamin Gaston, of Indiana University School of Medicine, given the disease is more prevalent in children but more severe in patients whose asthma continues on into adulthood.

In adolescence, increasingly severe disease may find itself on a collision course with nonadherence, which remains a challenge at this age. Because adolescents adapt easily to telemedicine and mobile apps, pandemic-related disruptions to in-person appointments may not be a barrier for this group and indeed may be beneficial.

The 2019 GINA and 2020 NHLBI guidelines offer promising new approaches, including use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with formoterol at the onset of symptoms. ICS with formoterol as rescue and long-acting monoclonal antibody injections have proven effective for some adolescents but are no substitute for daily prevention therapy, an important standard of care.

Obstacles remain, including the high cost of both ICS-formoterol and the new biologics, as well as the inconvenient packaging of formoterol, which is not included in most ICS-LABA combinations on the market.

Studies such as the NHLBI PrecISE trial are investigating predictive biomarkers that could lead to highly individualized treatments for adolescent patients with this heterogeneous disease.

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Benjamin Gaston, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine; Vice Chair for Translational Research, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana. 
Benjamin Gaston, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

"The eye of the hurricane" is how adolescent asthma is often described, according to Dr Benjamin Gaston, of Indiana University School of Medicine, given the disease is more prevalent in children but more severe in patients whose asthma continues on into adulthood.

In adolescence, increasingly severe disease may find itself on a collision course with nonadherence, which remains a challenge at this age. Because adolescents adapt easily to telemedicine and mobile apps, pandemic-related disruptions to in-person appointments may not be a barrier for this group and indeed may be beneficial.

The 2019 GINA and 2020 NHLBI guidelines offer promising new approaches, including use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with formoterol at the onset of symptoms. ICS with formoterol as rescue and long-acting monoclonal antibody injections have proven effective for some adolescents but are no substitute for daily prevention therapy, an important standard of care.

Obstacles remain, including the high cost of both ICS-formoterol and the new biologics, as well as the inconvenient packaging of formoterol, which is not included in most ICS-LABA combinations on the market.

Studies such as the NHLBI PrecISE trial are investigating predictive biomarkers that could lead to highly individualized treatments for adolescent patients with this heterogeneous disease.

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Benjamin Gaston, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine; Vice Chair for Translational Research, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana. 
Benjamin Gaston, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

"The eye of the hurricane" is how adolescent asthma is often described, according to Dr Benjamin Gaston, of Indiana University School of Medicine, given the disease is more prevalent in children but more severe in patients whose asthma continues on into adulthood.

In adolescence, increasingly severe disease may find itself on a collision course with nonadherence, which remains a challenge at this age. Because adolescents adapt easily to telemedicine and mobile apps, pandemic-related disruptions to in-person appointments may not be a barrier for this group and indeed may be beneficial.

The 2019 GINA and 2020 NHLBI guidelines offer promising new approaches, including use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with formoterol at the onset of symptoms. ICS with formoterol as rescue and long-acting monoclonal antibody injections have proven effective for some adolescents but are no substitute for daily prevention therapy, an important standard of care.

Obstacles remain, including the high cost of both ICS-formoterol and the new biologics, as well as the inconvenient packaging of formoterol, which is not included in most ICS-LABA combinations on the market.

Studies such as the NHLBI PrecISE trial are investigating predictive biomarkers that could lead to highly individualized treatments for adolescent patients with this heterogeneous disease.

--

Benjamin Gaston, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine; Vice Chair for Translational Research, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana. 
Benjamin Gaston, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Until recently, atopic dermatitis was considered a childhood disease that was self-limited over a few years. Emerging studies have shown that the burden of atopic dermatitis includes potential cardiac disease in adulthood, comorbidities including allergy and psychological disorders, and possible superinfection complications. 

Dr Lawrence F. Eichenfield, chief of the department of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at Rady Children's Hospital, reports on biological, systemic, and topical treatments either currently in use or being studied for children suffering from atopic dermatitis. These studies include both steroid and steroid-sparing topical agents, a novel AhR modulating agent, as well as JAK inhibitors that are under active investigation.

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Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, Distinguished Professor; Vice Chair, Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego; Chief, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.

Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: AbbVie; Dermavant; Dermira; Forte Biosciences; Galderma Laboratories; Incyte; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Otsuka; Novartis; Pfizer. Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Regeneron; Sanofi-Genzyme; Pfizer. Received research grant from: AbbVie; Regeneron; Sanofi Genzyme; Ortho Dermatology. Serve(d) on the data safety monitoring board for: Asana; Glenmark/Ichnos.

Until recently, atopic dermatitis was considered a childhood disease that was self-limited over a few years. Emerging studies have shown that the burden of atopic dermatitis includes potential cardiac disease in adulthood, comorbidities including allergy and psychological disorders, and possible superinfection complications. 

Dr Lawrence F. Eichenfield, chief of the department of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at Rady Children's Hospital, reports on biological, systemic, and topical treatments either currently in use or being studied for children suffering from atopic dermatitis. These studies include both steroid and steroid-sparing topical agents, a novel AhR modulating agent, as well as JAK inhibitors that are under active investigation.

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Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, Distinguished Professor; Vice Chair, Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego; Chief, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.

Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: AbbVie; Dermavant; Dermira; Forte Biosciences; Galderma Laboratories; Incyte; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Otsuka; Novartis; Pfizer. Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Regeneron; Sanofi-Genzyme; Pfizer. Received research grant from: AbbVie; Regeneron; Sanofi Genzyme; Ortho Dermatology. Serve(d) on the data safety monitoring board for: Asana; Glenmark/Ichnos.

Until recently, atopic dermatitis was considered a childhood disease that was self-limited over a few years. Emerging studies have shown that the burden of atopic dermatitis includes potential cardiac disease in adulthood, comorbidities including allergy and psychological disorders, and possible superinfection complications. 

Dr Lawrence F. Eichenfield, chief of the department of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at Rady Children's Hospital, reports on biological, systemic, and topical treatments either currently in use or being studied for children suffering from atopic dermatitis. These studies include both steroid and steroid-sparing topical agents, a novel AhR modulating agent, as well as JAK inhibitors that are under active investigation.

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Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, Distinguished Professor; Vice Chair, Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego; Chief, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California.

Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: AbbVie; Dermavant; Dermira; Forte Biosciences; Galderma Laboratories; Incyte; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Otsuka; Novartis; Pfizer. Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Regeneron; Sanofi-Genzyme; Pfizer. Received research grant from: AbbVie; Regeneron; Sanofi Genzyme; Ortho Dermatology. Serve(d) on the data safety monitoring board for: Asana; Glenmark/Ichnos.

Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by thickening of the skin, which often causes significant disability or physical distress. Early on in the disease course, it is commonly misdiagnosed as other diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.  

Patients are classified as having either limited or diffuse cutaneous disease depending on where it presents on the body. All patients with systemic sclerosis are susceptible to internal organ involvement regardless of whether they have limited or diffuse disease. 

Dr. Elizabeth Volkmann, Director of the UCLA Scleroderma Program, discusses key defining symptoms that can signal early presentation of systemic sclerosis. She also reviews how to properly screen patients with a high resolution chest CT scan, as interstitial lung disease is the leading cause of death among these patients. 
 

Elizabeth Volkmann, MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director, UCLA Scleroderma Program, Co-Director, CTD-ILD Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

Dr. Volkmann has disclosed the following financial relationships: 
Grants: Corbus, Forbius. Consulting: Boehringer Ingelheim.

Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by thickening of the skin, which often causes significant disability or physical distress. Early on in the disease course, it is commonly misdiagnosed as other diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.  

Patients are classified as having either limited or diffuse cutaneous disease depending on where it presents on the body. All patients with systemic sclerosis are susceptible to internal organ involvement regardless of whether they have limited or diffuse disease. 

Dr. Elizabeth Volkmann, Director of the UCLA Scleroderma Program, discusses key defining symptoms that can signal early presentation of systemic sclerosis. She also reviews how to properly screen patients with a high resolution chest CT scan, as interstitial lung disease is the leading cause of death among these patients. 
 

Elizabeth Volkmann, MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director, UCLA Scleroderma Program, Co-Director, CTD-ILD Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

Dr. Volkmann has disclosed the following financial relationships: 
Grants: Corbus, Forbius. Consulting: Boehringer Ingelheim.

Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by thickening of the skin, which often causes significant disability or physical distress. Early on in the disease course, it is commonly misdiagnosed as other diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.  

Patients are classified as having either limited or diffuse cutaneous disease depending on where it presents on the body. All patients with systemic sclerosis are susceptible to internal organ involvement regardless of whether they have limited or diffuse disease. 

Dr. Elizabeth Volkmann, Director of the UCLA Scleroderma Program, discusses key defining symptoms that can signal early presentation of systemic sclerosis. She also reviews how to properly screen patients with a high resolution chest CT scan, as interstitial lung disease is the leading cause of death among these patients. 
 

Elizabeth Volkmann, MD, MS, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director, UCLA Scleroderma Program, Co-Director, CTD-ILD Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

Dr. Volkmann has disclosed the following financial relationships: 
Grants: Corbus, Forbius. Consulting: Boehringer Ingelheim.

Hormone-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HER2-) breast cancer is not curable, but it can have an indolent course that can be controlled for many years with effective treatment.

For postmenopausal women with HR+ breast cancers, the standard of care is endocrine therapy such as exemestane, anastrozole, tamoxifen, or fulvestrant.

In the first-line setting, endocrine therapy may be given alone. In advanced or metastatic disease, endocrine therapy may be combined with one of several newer treatment options, most notably CDK4/6 inhibitors.

Dr Peter Kaufman, of the University of Vermont Cancer Center, takes us through the latest evidence underlining the benefit of CDK4/6 inhibitors in terms of both progression-free and overall survival.

He also outlines the key research questions relating to the use of these drugs, including whether biomarkers can be identified to allow better patient selection.

Finally, Dr Kaufman discusses other therapeutic options for HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with alpelisib or everolimus, and the emerging use of selective estrogen receptor degraders.

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Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont

Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.

Peter A. Kaufman, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Eli Lilly and Company

Received research grant from: Eli Lilly and Company; Eisai; Pfizer; Macrogenics; Polyphor; Sanofi

Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Eli Lilly and Company; Eisai; Pfizer; Macrogenics; Polyphor; Sanofi; Amgen; Puma

Hormone-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HER2-) breast cancer is not curable, but it can have an indolent course that can be controlled for many years with effective treatment.

For postmenopausal women with HR+ breast cancers, the standard of care is endocrine therapy such as exemestane, anastrozole, tamoxifen, or fulvestrant.

In the first-line setting, endocrine therapy may be given alone. In advanced or metastatic disease, endocrine therapy may be combined with one of several newer treatment options, most notably CDK4/6 inhibitors.

Dr Peter Kaufman, of the University of Vermont Cancer Center, takes us through the latest evidence underlining the benefit of CDK4/6 inhibitors in terms of both progression-free and overall survival.

He also outlines the key research questions relating to the use of these drugs, including whether biomarkers can be identified to allow better patient selection.

Finally, Dr Kaufman discusses other therapeutic options for HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with alpelisib or everolimus, and the emerging use of selective estrogen receptor degraders.

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Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont

Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.

Peter A. Kaufman, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Eli Lilly and Company

Received research grant from: Eli Lilly and Company; Eisai; Pfizer; Macrogenics; Polyphor; Sanofi

Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Eli Lilly and Company; Eisai; Pfizer; Macrogenics; Polyphor; Sanofi; Amgen; Puma

Hormone-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HER2-) breast cancer is not curable, but it can have an indolent course that can be controlled for many years with effective treatment.

For postmenopausal women with HR+ breast cancers, the standard of care is endocrine therapy such as exemestane, anastrozole, tamoxifen, or fulvestrant.

In the first-line setting, endocrine therapy may be given alone. In advanced or metastatic disease, endocrine therapy may be combined with one of several newer treatment options, most notably CDK4/6 inhibitors.

Dr Peter Kaufman, of the University of Vermont Cancer Center, takes us through the latest evidence underlining the benefit of CDK4/6 inhibitors in terms of both progression-free and overall survival.

He also outlines the key research questions relating to the use of these drugs, including whether biomarkers can be identified to allow better patient selection.

Finally, Dr Kaufman discusses other therapeutic options for HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with alpelisib or everolimus, and the emerging use of selective estrogen receptor degraders.

--

Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont

Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont.

Peter A. Kaufman, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:

Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Eli Lilly and Company

Received research grant from: Eli Lilly and Company; Eisai; Pfizer; Macrogenics; Polyphor; Sanofi

Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Eli Lilly and Company; Eisai; Pfizer; Macrogenics; Polyphor; Sanofi; Amgen; Puma

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, affects at least 10% of adults in the industrialized world. In recent years, research has broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive the condition, leading to identification of potential targets and development of new therapies.

Dr Mark Lebwohl, chairman of the Department of Dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, explains that the March 2017 approval of dupilumab for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis touched off a new era of systemic treatments. Dozens of new drugs are being investigated, many with promising trial results, giving hope to the millions of patients who suffer from the persistent itch that defines the skin condition.

In this ReCAP, Dr Lebwohl summarizes current knowledge of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and highlights the most promising new therapies in the works.

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Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.

Mark G. Lebwohl, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial information:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Allergan; Almirall; Arcutis Biotherapeutics; Avotres Therapeutics; BirchBioMed Inc.; Boehringer Ingelheim; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Cara Therapeutics; Castle Biosciences; Corrona; Dermavant Sciences; Evelo Biosciences; Foundation for Research and Education in Dermatology; Inozyme Pharma; Leo Pharma; Meiji Seika Pharma Co.; Menlo Dermatology Medical Group; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America; NeuroDerm; Pfizer Inc.; Promius Pharma LLC; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories; Theravance Biopharma, Inc.; Verrica Pharmaceuticals Inc. ¬

Received research grant from: AbbVie; Amgen Inc.; Arcutis Biotherapeutics; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Boehringer Ingelheim; Celgene Corporation; CLINUVEL; Eli Lilly and Company; Incyte Corporation; Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Kadmon Corporation; Leo Pharma; MedImmune Inc.; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Ortho Dermatologics; Pfizer Inc.; SCIderm; UCB, Inc.; Vidac Pharma.

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, affects at least 10% of adults in the industrialized world. In recent years, research has broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive the condition, leading to identification of potential targets and development of new therapies.

Dr Mark Lebwohl, chairman of the Department of Dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, explains that the March 2017 approval of dupilumab for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis touched off a new era of systemic treatments. Dozens of new drugs are being investigated, many with promising trial results, giving hope to the millions of patients who suffer from the persistent itch that defines the skin condition.

In this ReCAP, Dr Lebwohl summarizes current knowledge of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and highlights the most promising new therapies in the works.

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Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.

Mark G. Lebwohl, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial information:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Allergan; Almirall; Arcutis Biotherapeutics; Avotres Therapeutics; BirchBioMed Inc.; Boehringer Ingelheim; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Cara Therapeutics; Castle Biosciences; Corrona; Dermavant Sciences; Evelo Biosciences; Foundation for Research and Education in Dermatology; Inozyme Pharma; Leo Pharma; Meiji Seika Pharma Co.; Menlo Dermatology Medical Group; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America; NeuroDerm; Pfizer Inc.; Promius Pharma LLC; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories; Theravance Biopharma, Inc.; Verrica Pharmaceuticals Inc. ¬

Received research grant from: AbbVie; Amgen Inc.; Arcutis Biotherapeutics; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Boehringer Ingelheim; Celgene Corporation; CLINUVEL; Eli Lilly and Company; Incyte Corporation; Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Kadmon Corporation; Leo Pharma; MedImmune Inc.; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Ortho Dermatologics; Pfizer Inc.; SCIderm; UCB, Inc.; Vidac Pharma.

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, affects at least 10% of adults in the industrialized world. In recent years, research has broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive the condition, leading to identification of potential targets and development of new therapies.

Dr Mark Lebwohl, chairman of the Department of Dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, explains that the March 2017 approval of dupilumab for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis touched off a new era of systemic treatments. Dozens of new drugs are being investigated, many with promising trial results, giving hope to the millions of patients who suffer from the persistent itch that defines the skin condition.

In this ReCAP, Dr Lebwohl summarizes current knowledge of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and highlights the most promising new therapies in the works.

--

Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.

Mark G. Lebwohl, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial information:
Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Allergan; Almirall; Arcutis Biotherapeutics; Avotres Therapeutics; BirchBioMed Inc.; Boehringer Ingelheim; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Cara Therapeutics; Castle Biosciences; Corrona; Dermavant Sciences; Evelo Biosciences; Foundation for Research and Education in Dermatology; Inozyme Pharma; Leo Pharma; Meiji Seika Pharma Co.; Menlo Dermatology Medical Group; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America; NeuroDerm; Pfizer Inc.; Promius Pharma LLC; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories; Theravance Biopharma, Inc.; Verrica Pharmaceuticals Inc. ¬

Received research grant from: AbbVie; Amgen Inc.; Arcutis Biotherapeutics; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Boehringer Ingelheim; Celgene Corporation; CLINUVEL; Eli Lilly and Company; Incyte Corporation; Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Kadmon Corporation; Leo Pharma; MedImmune Inc.; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Ortho Dermatologics; Pfizer Inc.; SCIderm; UCB, Inc.; Vidac Pharma.

Lupus nephritis is a serious complication of lupus for which there is a great unmet therapeutic need. The first step to preserve kidney function is to identify kidney involvement with blood and urine tests, and to assess whether a kidney biopsy is needed. Dr. Richard Furie, Chief of Rheumatology at Northwell Health, shares recommendations for evaluating whether a patient is a candidate for kidney biopsy based on their protein/creatinine ratio and serologic activity.

Dr. Furie also reviews treatment options based on biopsy results, including steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and calcineurin inhibitors, as well as significant findings from the recent BLISS-LN, NOBILITY, and AURORA trials.

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Chief of Rheumatology, Northwell Health
Professor, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
Professor of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell

Richard A. Furie, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a consultant for AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Genentech; Biogen; Aurinia; Bristol-Myers Squibb; EMD Serono.
Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Genentech; Biogen; Aurinia; Bristol-Myers Squibb; EMD Serono.

Lupus nephritis is a serious complication of lupus for which there is a great unmet therapeutic need. The first step to preserve kidney function is to identify kidney involvement with blood and urine tests, and to assess whether a kidney biopsy is needed. Dr. Richard Furie, Chief of Rheumatology at Northwell Health, shares recommendations for evaluating whether a patient is a candidate for kidney biopsy based on their protein/creatinine ratio and serologic activity.

Dr. Furie also reviews treatment options based on biopsy results, including steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and calcineurin inhibitors, as well as significant findings from the recent BLISS-LN, NOBILITY, and AURORA trials.

--

Chief of Rheumatology, Northwell Health
Professor, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
Professor of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell

Richard A. Furie, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a consultant for AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Genentech; Biogen; Aurinia; Bristol-Myers Squibb; EMD Serono.
Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Genentech; Biogen; Aurinia; Bristol-Myers Squibb; EMD Serono.

Lupus nephritis is a serious complication of lupus for which there is a great unmet therapeutic need. The first step to preserve kidney function is to identify kidney involvement with blood and urine tests, and to assess whether a kidney biopsy is needed. Dr. Richard Furie, Chief of Rheumatology at Northwell Health, shares recommendations for evaluating whether a patient is a candidate for kidney biopsy based on their protein/creatinine ratio and serologic activity.

Dr. Furie also reviews treatment options based on biopsy results, including steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and calcineurin inhibitors, as well as significant findings from the recent BLISS-LN, NOBILITY, and AURORA trials.

--

Chief of Rheumatology, Northwell Health
Professor, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
Professor of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell

Richard A. Furie, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a consultant for AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Genentech; Biogen; Aurinia; Bristol-Myers Squibb; EMD Serono.
Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline; Genentech; Biogen; Aurinia; Bristol-Myers Squibb; EMD Serono.

Treatment options for atopic dermatitis have evolved significantly in the past several years, but the current guidelines have yet to catch up.

Drs Steven Feldman and Lindsay Strowd, from Wake Forest School of Medicine, discuss gaps in the American Academy of Dermatology treatment guidelines for atopic dermatitis.

The current guidelines have not been updated to include medications approved for atopic dermatitis, including crisaborole, a steroid-sparing ointment used to treat mild to moderate disease in patients 3 months of age and older.

Another drug that has been approved since the 2014 guidelines is the biologic dupilumab, which is a monoclonal antibody that acts on the IL-4 receptor. The agent inhibits the binding of IL-4 receptors to the principal cytokines responsible for mediating the disease. Dupilumab is administered by injection and is approved for patients 6 years and older with moderate to severe disease.

The doctors also discuss therapies for atopic dermatitis currently in development, including topical and oral JAK inhibitors. They agree that the long-term benefit of topical JAK inhibitors may be limited, but that oral JAK inhibitors have the potential to be more effective than dupilumab and more acceptable to patients who do not like injections.

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Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a consultant for: AbbVie; Alvotech; Advance Medical; Almirall; Arena; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Caremark; Amgen; Celgene; Galderma Laboratories; Gerson Lehrman Group; Guidepoint Global; Helsinn; Janssen; Kikaku; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Merck; Mylan; Novartis; Ortho Dermatology; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi; Sienna; Sun Pharma; Suncare Research; Xenoport
Serve(d) as a speaker for: AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Janssen; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis; Ortho Dermatology; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi; Sun Pharma
Receive(d) grant support from: AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Galderma Laboratories; Janssen; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi
Receive(d) royalties from: Informa; UpToDate; Xlibris
Holds stock in: Causa Technologies; Medical Quality Enhancement Corporation
Serves as founder and chief technology officer for: Causa Technologies

Lindsay C. Strowd, MD, Associate Professor, Vice Chair, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Lindsay C. Strowd, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Treatment options for atopic dermatitis have evolved significantly in the past several years, but the current guidelines have yet to catch up.

Drs Steven Feldman and Lindsay Strowd, from Wake Forest School of Medicine, discuss gaps in the American Academy of Dermatology treatment guidelines for atopic dermatitis.

The current guidelines have not been updated to include medications approved for atopic dermatitis, including crisaborole, a steroid-sparing ointment used to treat mild to moderate disease in patients 3 months of age and older.

Another drug that has been approved since the 2014 guidelines is the biologic dupilumab, which is a monoclonal antibody that acts on the IL-4 receptor. The agent inhibits the binding of IL-4 receptors to the principal cytokines responsible for mediating the disease. Dupilumab is administered by injection and is approved for patients 6 years and older with moderate to severe disease.

The doctors also discuss therapies for atopic dermatitis currently in development, including topical and oral JAK inhibitors. They agree that the long-term benefit of topical JAK inhibitors may be limited, but that oral JAK inhibitors have the potential to be more effective than dupilumab and more acceptable to patients who do not like injections.

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Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a consultant for: AbbVie; Alvotech; Advance Medical; Almirall; Arena; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Caremark; Amgen; Celgene; Galderma Laboratories; Gerson Lehrman Group; Guidepoint Global; Helsinn; Janssen; Kikaku; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Merck; Mylan; Novartis; Ortho Dermatology; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi; Sienna; Sun Pharma; Suncare Research; Xenoport
Serve(d) as a speaker for: AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Janssen; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis; Ortho Dermatology; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi; Sun Pharma
Receive(d) grant support from: AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Galderma Laboratories; Janssen; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi
Receive(d) royalties from: Informa; UpToDate; Xlibris
Holds stock in: Causa Technologies; Medical Quality Enhancement Corporation
Serves as founder and chief technology officer for: Causa Technologies

Lindsay C. Strowd, MD, Associate Professor, Vice Chair, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Lindsay C. Strowd, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Treatment options for atopic dermatitis have evolved significantly in the past several years, but the current guidelines have yet to catch up.

Drs Steven Feldman and Lindsay Strowd, from Wake Forest School of Medicine, discuss gaps in the American Academy of Dermatology treatment guidelines for atopic dermatitis.

The current guidelines have not been updated to include medications approved for atopic dermatitis, including crisaborole, a steroid-sparing ointment used to treat mild to moderate disease in patients 3 months of age and older.

Another drug that has been approved since the 2014 guidelines is the biologic dupilumab, which is a monoclonal antibody that acts on the IL-4 receptor. The agent inhibits the binding of IL-4 receptors to the principal cytokines responsible for mediating the disease. Dupilumab is administered by injection and is approved for patients 6 years and older with moderate to severe disease.

The doctors also discuss therapies for atopic dermatitis currently in development, including topical and oral JAK inhibitors. They agree that the long-term benefit of topical JAK inhibitors may be limited, but that oral JAK inhibitors have the potential to be more effective than dupilumab and more acceptable to patients who do not like injections.

--

Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Steven R. Feldman, MD, PhD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a consultant for: AbbVie; Alvotech; Advance Medical; Almirall; Arena; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Caremark; Amgen; Celgene; Galderma Laboratories; Gerson Lehrman Group; Guidepoint Global; Helsinn; Janssen; Kikaku; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Merck; Mylan; Novartis; Ortho Dermatology; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi; Sienna; Sun Pharma; Suncare Research; Xenoport
Serve(d) as a speaker for: AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Janssen; Leo Pharma; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis; Ortho Dermatology; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi; Sun Pharma
Receive(d) grant support from: AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Galderma Laboratories; Janssen; Eli Lilly and Company; Novartis; Pfizer; Regeneron; Sanofi
Receive(d) royalties from: Informa; UpToDate; Xlibris
Holds stock in: Causa Technologies; Medical Quality Enhancement Corporation
Serves as founder and chief technology officer for: Causa Technologies

Lindsay C. Strowd, MD, Associate Professor, Vice Chair, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Lindsay C. Strowd, MD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.