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Neurologist as patient: A missed diagnosis, poor communication, and incompetent care could have led to quadriplegia
When Steven Horowitz, MD, began experiencing neck and arm pain, numbness, and tingling following a bike ride several years ago, he immediately sought care at an elite medical center in California. As he recalls, an incompetent clinical exam and no access to highly abnormal test results done in the ED almost cost him his health. Had he listened to the doctors at that facility, he believes he would have become quadriplegic.
His training as a neurologist likely saved his life: “I was able to recover because, after arriving home, I reviewed my blood work and MRI online and recognized multiple problems.” He was able to get excellent care at his own local health care facility in Maine. The staff and leadership at the hospital in California wouldn’t admit wrongdoing, and efforts to seek recourse have proved fruitless, he said.
A lingering question nags at him: What if he had been an ordinary patient without medical expertise? What do his experiences say about the health care system’s management of medical omissions and errors?
Dr. Horowitz, 78 years old and retired, continues to teach medical students as an adjunct clinical professor of neurology at the Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. He is also on the teaching faculty of the Maine Medical Center. He was professor and chief of neurology at a major university in the Midwest for many years.
In 2018, he visited his daughter on the West Coast, enjoying a day of biking. The neck pain began 5 or 6 hours after the ride and spread to his arms. “There was also numbness and tingling,” he said.
“I told them I was a neurologist”
The next day the pain got worse. Dr. Horowitz went to the ED of a nearby medical center with his daughter and immediately disclosed that he was a neurologist. “I did this for several reasons,” he explained. He wanted to alert staff that he had a cervical spine problem because “I wanted them to do a cervical MRI scan, and I wanted to read it because I’m capable of doing that.” He also related a past history of infection and antibiotic use and asked for C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate tests in addition to regular blood work. “Those inflammatory markers, if abnormal, would indicate an infection,” said Dr. Horowitz.
No reflex hammer or Babinski test
During the reflex exam with a spine consultant, Dr. Horowitz noticed that the consultant wasn’t using a reflex hammer, the clinical equivalent of evaluating the heart or lungs without a stethoscope. “I asked where the reflex hammer was, and he said he didn’t need one or own one. He used the inside of his hand. Apparently, there was some mild weakness in some muscle groups, but he didn’t address that,” said Dr. Horowitz. The consultant also didn’t test for the Babinski sign until reminded of it.
He took out a stethoscope and struck the middle of the soles of Dr. Horowitz’s feet. “I thought to myself, this consultant is the consultant for the spine service? How is it possible that he has a stethoscope and not a reflex hammer and didn’t know how to test for the Babinski sign?” The consultant also didn’t examine for gait, coordination, or hand dexterity. “He took his finger and touched my feet and legs. That was his sensory exam. He didn’t use a pin or a tuning fork” or other methods including touch, temperature, position sense, and vibration to assess sensory abnormalities that might signal spinal cord dysfunction.
An MRI at the hospital revealed a mass at the back of the neck. No contrast material was used during the MRI even though this step would have signaled the presence of infection. “Gadolinium should have been injected during the MRI because that would have strongly suggested that this mass in my neck was not a little blood clot and more likely an infection. They would have realized something more complicated than degenerative arthritis was going on. They told me that I had advanced spondylosis and that the mass was a hematoma. They told me not to worry about the blood results. Then they discharged me.”
A life-threatening discovery
Dr. Horowitz didn’t see the results of the blood work-up until returning to Maine a few days later, when he checked the online report. There was a highly elevated CRP level – 30 times above the normal limit – and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell counts. “This showed that there was an infective process going on. And it wasn’t just a localized process, it was in my bloodstream,” he said.
Alarmed by the elevated markers, he immediately went to his local hospital. “Not only did I have arthritis, but my spinal cord was compressed.” Urgent surgery was performed, including a C2-7 fusion. The mass in the back of his neck turned out to be an abscess.
His training and experience as a physician/neurologist saved him from further damage, he said. “Because the compression of the spine was at the C2, C3, C4 level, not only would I have become quadriplegic, but my diaphragm would likely have been paralyzed and I would have needed a ventilator.”
Following a month’s care in the hospital and a rehabilitation center, he wrote to the CEO of the California hospital where he received his initial care.
“I wrote about the incompetent exam, the missed infection, a discharge without information. I wrote all that out to the CEO and sent the letter registered so that he would receive it.” The CEO forwarded the letter to a patient risk manager, who interviewed staff and supervisors in the ED, radiology, and the spine program. They responded 3 months later. According to Dr. Horowitz, the spine supervisor said, “The consultant performed the exam to the best of his ability.” No one admitted to any errors in care or the lack of recognition of the infection, although the neuroradiologist did apologize for not allowing Dr. Horowitz to read his own MRI in a timely manner.
“They had promised to wheel a portable computer into my alcove so I could view the MRI.” Several hours later, after persistent complaints, he was given 1 minute to look over at least 300 images at a desktop computer in the crowded ED. They gave him the MRI images on a disk, but he wasn’t able to read it on his iMac computer.
According to Dr. Horowitz, the ED should have called in an infectious disease consultant and a neurologist or neurosurgeon to do a more complete neurologic exam. “Instead of discharging me, they should have admitted me, telling me that I had spinal cord compression, an infection, and a mass in my neck—that they don’t know what this is about, and I shouldn’t go home.”
Eventually, after long-term intravenous antibiotics and extensive physical therapy, Dr. Horowitz recovered. “I definitely had PTSD afterwards. How could a non-eventful bike ride result in an unrecognized threatening illness? I thought a healing opportunity for me and an educational opportunity for the medical staff and students at this medical center would be for me to present my case to them at a conference at their facility the next time I visited my daughter in California. I thought an experienced clinician discussing his own illness in his own specialty would be unique.”
The hospital ignored his offer.
By happenstance, a year and a half later, Dr. Horowitz made contact with a hospital administrator after hearing her speak during a TED Radio Hour in his car. “We had several telephone conversations and email correspondences in October and November 2019 but none since,” he said. In one email, she wrote that “hospitals don’t seem to know what to do with the opportunity you present. I don’t think the challenge is unique to [this institution]. A forum for these kinds of discussions – constructive, insightful patient feedback – does not exist.”
Dr. Horowitz hasn’t considered a malpractice lawsuit. “The only result would be a monetary reward based on damages. Since permanent clinical damage did not occur, the suit would have been time consuming and the reward limited. I was able to recover because I was able to review the blood work and recognize my own problem and get excellent care at my own local health care facility. I was really hoping the doctors at the California hospital would learn from this episode.”
Dr. Horowitz also wrote the Medical Board of California a detailed letter, citing relevant medical literature, guidelines on spinal care, and his test results. Nearly 2 years later, he finally got a response. The board said there was no “clear and convincing evidence that negligence took place.” In Dr. Horowitz’s opinion, “the fact that CRP was 30 times past normal is ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ That the consultant didn’t have a reflex hammer is also ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ That the clinical neurologic exam was incompetent, by any measure, is ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ Even the Medical Board, tasked with patient protection, didn’t recognize negligent medical care. They might have if I had become quadriplegic.”
A new normal?
Dr. Horowitz, who wrote of his experience in The Washington Post, said it reflects a persistent, systemic problem in health care: the inability to address medical errors and correct them. In the article, he addressed a phenomenon called the “the normalization of deviance.” Diane Vaughn wrote about this phenomenon in a 1997 book about the Space Shuttle disaster. Multiple flaws were noted in previous shuttle launches but then rationalized and “normalized” when they didn’t cause a disaster – until they ultimately did.
“That’s relevant to my situation,” Dr. Horowitz said. “The spine supervisor at this hospital excused the consultant by saying, ‘he did the exam to the best of his ability.’ Further, the response to my complaints came from hospital representatives rather than physicians, meaning that the ‘normalization’ was institutional, and it was willing to accept his poor performance without sanctions.”
He imagines that he could not be the only case handled poorly by this hospital or that particular consultant. “He could have done the same thing to another patient who didn’t have my medical knowledge,” added Dr. Horowitz.
In her book, Ms. Vaughan noted that whistleblower activity is sometimes the only device that reveals normalization of deviance.
Dr. Horowitz sees himself as a whistleblower for these types of mistakes. “The question is, how do we deal with medical errors even in sophisticated patients who see these errors, and how do you manage this in the average patient? I don’t want to see this type of medical care rendered for any patient, hence my attempt to make this situation public.”
A teachable moment lost?
Commenting on this case, Alan Rapoport, MD, said, “[it]illustrates inadequate physician evaluation in the ED, poor communication from the examining doctor about abnormal lab and MRI findings, unwillingness to call in consultants to properly evaluate the situation, and no recognition of the need to admit the patient.”
Dr. Rapoport is the editor in chief of Neurology Reviews and a clinical professor of neurology at UCLA in Los Angeles. He is a past president of the International Headache Society.
He noted that the patient is in his late 70s and needed to fly across the country to arrive at home. “Months later, when this situation was explained to the hospital via the mail, they totally failed to recognize their inadequacies and apologize for their mistakes. They were probably concerned about being sued, but I believe that their actions increased their chances of a lawsuit,” Dr. Rapoport said.
“When a teaching remedy was offered by the patient to the hospital so the doctors involved could learn from the experience, the hospital was not interested. The only party that learned from this unfortunate episode was the patient, not the doctors, or the ER, or the hospital administration,” Dr. Rapoport said.
He continued, “It is scary to think that an excellent hospital would act in this manner and refuse to learn from their mistakes. The California medical board was notified and did not investigate. It is not too late for the hospital to apologize, communicate their shortcomings, and fix the problem at multiple levels in the hospital.”
Dr. Rapoport consulted Morris Levin, MD, a professor of neurology and director of the Headache Program at UCSF, to ask what he thought, theoretically, about how a hospital should respond when they make a mistake and how much they should divulge. Dr. Levin is involved in Medical Ethics and often lectures about it at conferences.
Dr. Levin said, “When medical errors are made, to me, it is ethically sound to identify them and ‘fess up.’ There has always been reluctance to do so because of fears of lawsuits, but it turns out that when institutions do disclose errors, their liability costs actually go down.” Dr. Levin cited the University of Michigan, which tried a full disclosure policy as an experiment. “It led to reduced costs, not to mention a boost in patient satisfaction,” Dr. Levin noted.
He continued, “I think patients want and deserve to know the truth. I also believe they understand that medical errors can and will happen. It is my observation that patients have several key concerns: 1) how the error(s) happened, 2) how the error affected their health and what can be done to restore them to optimal health, and 3) what the institution is going to do to prevent this kind of error from happening to others.”
Dr. Rapoport concurs with Dr. Levin. “I am glad Dr. Horowitz has fully recovered and at least he has learned from the experience. I do not think the hospital and doctors did,” Dr. Rapoport said.
This article was updated 11/12/20.
When Steven Horowitz, MD, began experiencing neck and arm pain, numbness, and tingling following a bike ride several years ago, he immediately sought care at an elite medical center in California. As he recalls, an incompetent clinical exam and no access to highly abnormal test results done in the ED almost cost him his health. Had he listened to the doctors at that facility, he believes he would have become quadriplegic.
His training as a neurologist likely saved his life: “I was able to recover because, after arriving home, I reviewed my blood work and MRI online and recognized multiple problems.” He was able to get excellent care at his own local health care facility in Maine. The staff and leadership at the hospital in California wouldn’t admit wrongdoing, and efforts to seek recourse have proved fruitless, he said.
A lingering question nags at him: What if he had been an ordinary patient without medical expertise? What do his experiences say about the health care system’s management of medical omissions and errors?
Dr. Horowitz, 78 years old and retired, continues to teach medical students as an adjunct clinical professor of neurology at the Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. He is also on the teaching faculty of the Maine Medical Center. He was professor and chief of neurology at a major university in the Midwest for many years.
In 2018, he visited his daughter on the West Coast, enjoying a day of biking. The neck pain began 5 or 6 hours after the ride and spread to his arms. “There was also numbness and tingling,” he said.
“I told them I was a neurologist”
The next day the pain got worse. Dr. Horowitz went to the ED of a nearby medical center with his daughter and immediately disclosed that he was a neurologist. “I did this for several reasons,” he explained. He wanted to alert staff that he had a cervical spine problem because “I wanted them to do a cervical MRI scan, and I wanted to read it because I’m capable of doing that.” He also related a past history of infection and antibiotic use and asked for C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate tests in addition to regular blood work. “Those inflammatory markers, if abnormal, would indicate an infection,” said Dr. Horowitz.
No reflex hammer or Babinski test
During the reflex exam with a spine consultant, Dr. Horowitz noticed that the consultant wasn’t using a reflex hammer, the clinical equivalent of evaluating the heart or lungs without a stethoscope. “I asked where the reflex hammer was, and he said he didn’t need one or own one. He used the inside of his hand. Apparently, there was some mild weakness in some muscle groups, but he didn’t address that,” said Dr. Horowitz. The consultant also didn’t test for the Babinski sign until reminded of it.
He took out a stethoscope and struck the middle of the soles of Dr. Horowitz’s feet. “I thought to myself, this consultant is the consultant for the spine service? How is it possible that he has a stethoscope and not a reflex hammer and didn’t know how to test for the Babinski sign?” The consultant also didn’t examine for gait, coordination, or hand dexterity. “He took his finger and touched my feet and legs. That was his sensory exam. He didn’t use a pin or a tuning fork” or other methods including touch, temperature, position sense, and vibration to assess sensory abnormalities that might signal spinal cord dysfunction.
An MRI at the hospital revealed a mass at the back of the neck. No contrast material was used during the MRI even though this step would have signaled the presence of infection. “Gadolinium should have been injected during the MRI because that would have strongly suggested that this mass in my neck was not a little blood clot and more likely an infection. They would have realized something more complicated than degenerative arthritis was going on. They told me that I had advanced spondylosis and that the mass was a hematoma. They told me not to worry about the blood results. Then they discharged me.”
A life-threatening discovery
Dr. Horowitz didn’t see the results of the blood work-up until returning to Maine a few days later, when he checked the online report. There was a highly elevated CRP level – 30 times above the normal limit – and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell counts. “This showed that there was an infective process going on. And it wasn’t just a localized process, it was in my bloodstream,” he said.
Alarmed by the elevated markers, he immediately went to his local hospital. “Not only did I have arthritis, but my spinal cord was compressed.” Urgent surgery was performed, including a C2-7 fusion. The mass in the back of his neck turned out to be an abscess.
His training and experience as a physician/neurologist saved him from further damage, he said. “Because the compression of the spine was at the C2, C3, C4 level, not only would I have become quadriplegic, but my diaphragm would likely have been paralyzed and I would have needed a ventilator.”
Following a month’s care in the hospital and a rehabilitation center, he wrote to the CEO of the California hospital where he received his initial care.
“I wrote about the incompetent exam, the missed infection, a discharge without information. I wrote all that out to the CEO and sent the letter registered so that he would receive it.” The CEO forwarded the letter to a patient risk manager, who interviewed staff and supervisors in the ED, radiology, and the spine program. They responded 3 months later. According to Dr. Horowitz, the spine supervisor said, “The consultant performed the exam to the best of his ability.” No one admitted to any errors in care or the lack of recognition of the infection, although the neuroradiologist did apologize for not allowing Dr. Horowitz to read his own MRI in a timely manner.
“They had promised to wheel a portable computer into my alcove so I could view the MRI.” Several hours later, after persistent complaints, he was given 1 minute to look over at least 300 images at a desktop computer in the crowded ED. They gave him the MRI images on a disk, but he wasn’t able to read it on his iMac computer.
According to Dr. Horowitz, the ED should have called in an infectious disease consultant and a neurologist or neurosurgeon to do a more complete neurologic exam. “Instead of discharging me, they should have admitted me, telling me that I had spinal cord compression, an infection, and a mass in my neck—that they don’t know what this is about, and I shouldn’t go home.”
Eventually, after long-term intravenous antibiotics and extensive physical therapy, Dr. Horowitz recovered. “I definitely had PTSD afterwards. How could a non-eventful bike ride result in an unrecognized threatening illness? I thought a healing opportunity for me and an educational opportunity for the medical staff and students at this medical center would be for me to present my case to them at a conference at their facility the next time I visited my daughter in California. I thought an experienced clinician discussing his own illness in his own specialty would be unique.”
The hospital ignored his offer.
By happenstance, a year and a half later, Dr. Horowitz made contact with a hospital administrator after hearing her speak during a TED Radio Hour in his car. “We had several telephone conversations and email correspondences in October and November 2019 but none since,” he said. In one email, she wrote that “hospitals don’t seem to know what to do with the opportunity you present. I don’t think the challenge is unique to [this institution]. A forum for these kinds of discussions – constructive, insightful patient feedback – does not exist.”
Dr. Horowitz hasn’t considered a malpractice lawsuit. “The only result would be a monetary reward based on damages. Since permanent clinical damage did not occur, the suit would have been time consuming and the reward limited. I was able to recover because I was able to review the blood work and recognize my own problem and get excellent care at my own local health care facility. I was really hoping the doctors at the California hospital would learn from this episode.”
Dr. Horowitz also wrote the Medical Board of California a detailed letter, citing relevant medical literature, guidelines on spinal care, and his test results. Nearly 2 years later, he finally got a response. The board said there was no “clear and convincing evidence that negligence took place.” In Dr. Horowitz’s opinion, “the fact that CRP was 30 times past normal is ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ That the consultant didn’t have a reflex hammer is also ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ That the clinical neurologic exam was incompetent, by any measure, is ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ Even the Medical Board, tasked with patient protection, didn’t recognize negligent medical care. They might have if I had become quadriplegic.”
A new normal?
Dr. Horowitz, who wrote of his experience in The Washington Post, said it reflects a persistent, systemic problem in health care: the inability to address medical errors and correct them. In the article, he addressed a phenomenon called the “the normalization of deviance.” Diane Vaughn wrote about this phenomenon in a 1997 book about the Space Shuttle disaster. Multiple flaws were noted in previous shuttle launches but then rationalized and “normalized” when they didn’t cause a disaster – until they ultimately did.
“That’s relevant to my situation,” Dr. Horowitz said. “The spine supervisor at this hospital excused the consultant by saying, ‘he did the exam to the best of his ability.’ Further, the response to my complaints came from hospital representatives rather than physicians, meaning that the ‘normalization’ was institutional, and it was willing to accept his poor performance without sanctions.”
He imagines that he could not be the only case handled poorly by this hospital or that particular consultant. “He could have done the same thing to another patient who didn’t have my medical knowledge,” added Dr. Horowitz.
In her book, Ms. Vaughan noted that whistleblower activity is sometimes the only device that reveals normalization of deviance.
Dr. Horowitz sees himself as a whistleblower for these types of mistakes. “The question is, how do we deal with medical errors even in sophisticated patients who see these errors, and how do you manage this in the average patient? I don’t want to see this type of medical care rendered for any patient, hence my attempt to make this situation public.”
A teachable moment lost?
Commenting on this case, Alan Rapoport, MD, said, “[it]illustrates inadequate physician evaluation in the ED, poor communication from the examining doctor about abnormal lab and MRI findings, unwillingness to call in consultants to properly evaluate the situation, and no recognition of the need to admit the patient.”
Dr. Rapoport is the editor in chief of Neurology Reviews and a clinical professor of neurology at UCLA in Los Angeles. He is a past president of the International Headache Society.
He noted that the patient is in his late 70s and needed to fly across the country to arrive at home. “Months later, when this situation was explained to the hospital via the mail, they totally failed to recognize their inadequacies and apologize for their mistakes. They were probably concerned about being sued, but I believe that their actions increased their chances of a lawsuit,” Dr. Rapoport said.
“When a teaching remedy was offered by the patient to the hospital so the doctors involved could learn from the experience, the hospital was not interested. The only party that learned from this unfortunate episode was the patient, not the doctors, or the ER, or the hospital administration,” Dr. Rapoport said.
He continued, “It is scary to think that an excellent hospital would act in this manner and refuse to learn from their mistakes. The California medical board was notified and did not investigate. It is not too late for the hospital to apologize, communicate their shortcomings, and fix the problem at multiple levels in the hospital.”
Dr. Rapoport consulted Morris Levin, MD, a professor of neurology and director of the Headache Program at UCSF, to ask what he thought, theoretically, about how a hospital should respond when they make a mistake and how much they should divulge. Dr. Levin is involved in Medical Ethics and often lectures about it at conferences.
Dr. Levin said, “When medical errors are made, to me, it is ethically sound to identify them and ‘fess up.’ There has always been reluctance to do so because of fears of lawsuits, but it turns out that when institutions do disclose errors, their liability costs actually go down.” Dr. Levin cited the University of Michigan, which tried a full disclosure policy as an experiment. “It led to reduced costs, not to mention a boost in patient satisfaction,” Dr. Levin noted.
He continued, “I think patients want and deserve to know the truth. I also believe they understand that medical errors can and will happen. It is my observation that patients have several key concerns: 1) how the error(s) happened, 2) how the error affected their health and what can be done to restore them to optimal health, and 3) what the institution is going to do to prevent this kind of error from happening to others.”
Dr. Rapoport concurs with Dr. Levin. “I am glad Dr. Horowitz has fully recovered and at least he has learned from the experience. I do not think the hospital and doctors did,” Dr. Rapoport said.
This article was updated 11/12/20.
When Steven Horowitz, MD, began experiencing neck and arm pain, numbness, and tingling following a bike ride several years ago, he immediately sought care at an elite medical center in California. As he recalls, an incompetent clinical exam and no access to highly abnormal test results done in the ED almost cost him his health. Had he listened to the doctors at that facility, he believes he would have become quadriplegic.
His training as a neurologist likely saved his life: “I was able to recover because, after arriving home, I reviewed my blood work and MRI online and recognized multiple problems.” He was able to get excellent care at his own local health care facility in Maine. The staff and leadership at the hospital in California wouldn’t admit wrongdoing, and efforts to seek recourse have proved fruitless, he said.
A lingering question nags at him: What if he had been an ordinary patient without medical expertise? What do his experiences say about the health care system’s management of medical omissions and errors?
Dr. Horowitz, 78 years old and retired, continues to teach medical students as an adjunct clinical professor of neurology at the Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston. He is also on the teaching faculty of the Maine Medical Center. He was professor and chief of neurology at a major university in the Midwest for many years.
In 2018, he visited his daughter on the West Coast, enjoying a day of biking. The neck pain began 5 or 6 hours after the ride and spread to his arms. “There was also numbness and tingling,” he said.
“I told them I was a neurologist”
The next day the pain got worse. Dr. Horowitz went to the ED of a nearby medical center with his daughter and immediately disclosed that he was a neurologist. “I did this for several reasons,” he explained. He wanted to alert staff that he had a cervical spine problem because “I wanted them to do a cervical MRI scan, and I wanted to read it because I’m capable of doing that.” He also related a past history of infection and antibiotic use and asked for C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate tests in addition to regular blood work. “Those inflammatory markers, if abnormal, would indicate an infection,” said Dr. Horowitz.
No reflex hammer or Babinski test
During the reflex exam with a spine consultant, Dr. Horowitz noticed that the consultant wasn’t using a reflex hammer, the clinical equivalent of evaluating the heart or lungs without a stethoscope. “I asked where the reflex hammer was, and he said he didn’t need one or own one. He used the inside of his hand. Apparently, there was some mild weakness in some muscle groups, but he didn’t address that,” said Dr. Horowitz. The consultant also didn’t test for the Babinski sign until reminded of it.
He took out a stethoscope and struck the middle of the soles of Dr. Horowitz’s feet. “I thought to myself, this consultant is the consultant for the spine service? How is it possible that he has a stethoscope and not a reflex hammer and didn’t know how to test for the Babinski sign?” The consultant also didn’t examine for gait, coordination, or hand dexterity. “He took his finger and touched my feet and legs. That was his sensory exam. He didn’t use a pin or a tuning fork” or other methods including touch, temperature, position sense, and vibration to assess sensory abnormalities that might signal spinal cord dysfunction.
An MRI at the hospital revealed a mass at the back of the neck. No contrast material was used during the MRI even though this step would have signaled the presence of infection. “Gadolinium should have been injected during the MRI because that would have strongly suggested that this mass in my neck was not a little blood clot and more likely an infection. They would have realized something more complicated than degenerative arthritis was going on. They told me that I had advanced spondylosis and that the mass was a hematoma. They told me not to worry about the blood results. Then they discharged me.”
A life-threatening discovery
Dr. Horowitz didn’t see the results of the blood work-up until returning to Maine a few days later, when he checked the online report. There was a highly elevated CRP level – 30 times above the normal limit – and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell counts. “This showed that there was an infective process going on. And it wasn’t just a localized process, it was in my bloodstream,” he said.
Alarmed by the elevated markers, he immediately went to his local hospital. “Not only did I have arthritis, but my spinal cord was compressed.” Urgent surgery was performed, including a C2-7 fusion. The mass in the back of his neck turned out to be an abscess.
His training and experience as a physician/neurologist saved him from further damage, he said. “Because the compression of the spine was at the C2, C3, C4 level, not only would I have become quadriplegic, but my diaphragm would likely have been paralyzed and I would have needed a ventilator.”
Following a month’s care in the hospital and a rehabilitation center, he wrote to the CEO of the California hospital where he received his initial care.
“I wrote about the incompetent exam, the missed infection, a discharge without information. I wrote all that out to the CEO and sent the letter registered so that he would receive it.” The CEO forwarded the letter to a patient risk manager, who interviewed staff and supervisors in the ED, radiology, and the spine program. They responded 3 months later. According to Dr. Horowitz, the spine supervisor said, “The consultant performed the exam to the best of his ability.” No one admitted to any errors in care or the lack of recognition of the infection, although the neuroradiologist did apologize for not allowing Dr. Horowitz to read his own MRI in a timely manner.
“They had promised to wheel a portable computer into my alcove so I could view the MRI.” Several hours later, after persistent complaints, he was given 1 minute to look over at least 300 images at a desktop computer in the crowded ED. They gave him the MRI images on a disk, but he wasn’t able to read it on his iMac computer.
According to Dr. Horowitz, the ED should have called in an infectious disease consultant and a neurologist or neurosurgeon to do a more complete neurologic exam. “Instead of discharging me, they should have admitted me, telling me that I had spinal cord compression, an infection, and a mass in my neck—that they don’t know what this is about, and I shouldn’t go home.”
Eventually, after long-term intravenous antibiotics and extensive physical therapy, Dr. Horowitz recovered. “I definitely had PTSD afterwards. How could a non-eventful bike ride result in an unrecognized threatening illness? I thought a healing opportunity for me and an educational opportunity for the medical staff and students at this medical center would be for me to present my case to them at a conference at their facility the next time I visited my daughter in California. I thought an experienced clinician discussing his own illness in his own specialty would be unique.”
The hospital ignored his offer.
By happenstance, a year and a half later, Dr. Horowitz made contact with a hospital administrator after hearing her speak during a TED Radio Hour in his car. “We had several telephone conversations and email correspondences in October and November 2019 but none since,” he said. In one email, she wrote that “hospitals don’t seem to know what to do with the opportunity you present. I don’t think the challenge is unique to [this institution]. A forum for these kinds of discussions – constructive, insightful patient feedback – does not exist.”
Dr. Horowitz hasn’t considered a malpractice lawsuit. “The only result would be a monetary reward based on damages. Since permanent clinical damage did not occur, the suit would have been time consuming and the reward limited. I was able to recover because I was able to review the blood work and recognize my own problem and get excellent care at my own local health care facility. I was really hoping the doctors at the California hospital would learn from this episode.”
Dr. Horowitz also wrote the Medical Board of California a detailed letter, citing relevant medical literature, guidelines on spinal care, and his test results. Nearly 2 years later, he finally got a response. The board said there was no “clear and convincing evidence that negligence took place.” In Dr. Horowitz’s opinion, “the fact that CRP was 30 times past normal is ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ That the consultant didn’t have a reflex hammer is also ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ That the clinical neurologic exam was incompetent, by any measure, is ‘clear and convincing evidence.’ Even the Medical Board, tasked with patient protection, didn’t recognize negligent medical care. They might have if I had become quadriplegic.”
A new normal?
Dr. Horowitz, who wrote of his experience in The Washington Post, said it reflects a persistent, systemic problem in health care: the inability to address medical errors and correct them. In the article, he addressed a phenomenon called the “the normalization of deviance.” Diane Vaughn wrote about this phenomenon in a 1997 book about the Space Shuttle disaster. Multiple flaws were noted in previous shuttle launches but then rationalized and “normalized” when they didn’t cause a disaster – until they ultimately did.
“That’s relevant to my situation,” Dr. Horowitz said. “The spine supervisor at this hospital excused the consultant by saying, ‘he did the exam to the best of his ability.’ Further, the response to my complaints came from hospital representatives rather than physicians, meaning that the ‘normalization’ was institutional, and it was willing to accept his poor performance without sanctions.”
He imagines that he could not be the only case handled poorly by this hospital or that particular consultant. “He could have done the same thing to another patient who didn’t have my medical knowledge,” added Dr. Horowitz.
In her book, Ms. Vaughan noted that whistleblower activity is sometimes the only device that reveals normalization of deviance.
Dr. Horowitz sees himself as a whistleblower for these types of mistakes. “The question is, how do we deal with medical errors even in sophisticated patients who see these errors, and how do you manage this in the average patient? I don’t want to see this type of medical care rendered for any patient, hence my attempt to make this situation public.”
A teachable moment lost?
Commenting on this case, Alan Rapoport, MD, said, “[it]illustrates inadequate physician evaluation in the ED, poor communication from the examining doctor about abnormal lab and MRI findings, unwillingness to call in consultants to properly evaluate the situation, and no recognition of the need to admit the patient.”
Dr. Rapoport is the editor in chief of Neurology Reviews and a clinical professor of neurology at UCLA in Los Angeles. He is a past president of the International Headache Society.
He noted that the patient is in his late 70s and needed to fly across the country to arrive at home. “Months later, when this situation was explained to the hospital via the mail, they totally failed to recognize their inadequacies and apologize for their mistakes. They were probably concerned about being sued, but I believe that their actions increased their chances of a lawsuit,” Dr. Rapoport said.
“When a teaching remedy was offered by the patient to the hospital so the doctors involved could learn from the experience, the hospital was not interested. The only party that learned from this unfortunate episode was the patient, not the doctors, or the ER, or the hospital administration,” Dr. Rapoport said.
He continued, “It is scary to think that an excellent hospital would act in this manner and refuse to learn from their mistakes. The California medical board was notified and did not investigate. It is not too late for the hospital to apologize, communicate their shortcomings, and fix the problem at multiple levels in the hospital.”
Dr. Rapoport consulted Morris Levin, MD, a professor of neurology and director of the Headache Program at UCSF, to ask what he thought, theoretically, about how a hospital should respond when they make a mistake and how much they should divulge. Dr. Levin is involved in Medical Ethics and often lectures about it at conferences.
Dr. Levin said, “When medical errors are made, to me, it is ethically sound to identify them and ‘fess up.’ There has always been reluctance to do so because of fears of lawsuits, but it turns out that when institutions do disclose errors, their liability costs actually go down.” Dr. Levin cited the University of Michigan, which tried a full disclosure policy as an experiment. “It led to reduced costs, not to mention a boost in patient satisfaction,” Dr. Levin noted.
He continued, “I think patients want and deserve to know the truth. I also believe they understand that medical errors can and will happen. It is my observation that patients have several key concerns: 1) how the error(s) happened, 2) how the error affected their health and what can be done to restore them to optimal health, and 3) what the institution is going to do to prevent this kind of error from happening to others.”
Dr. Rapoport concurs with Dr. Levin. “I am glad Dr. Horowitz has fully recovered and at least he has learned from the experience. I do not think the hospital and doctors did,” Dr. Rapoport said.
This article was updated 11/12/20.
Review finds mortality rates low in young pregnant women with SJS, TEN
Investigators who but higher rates of C-sections.
The systematic review found that early diagnosis and withdrawal of the causative medications, such as antiretrovirals, were beneficial.
While SJS and TEN have been reported in pregnant women, “the outcomes and treatment of these cases are poorly characterized in the literature,” noted Ajay N. Sharma, a medical student at the University of California, Irvine, and coauthors, who published their findings in the International Journal of Women’s Dermatology.
“Immune changes that occur during pregnancy create a relative state of immunosuppression, likely increasing the risk of these skin reactions,” Mr. Sharma said in an interview. Allopurinol, antiepileptic drugs, antibacterial sulfonamides, nevirapine, and oxicam NSAIDs are agents most often associated with SJS/TEN.
He and his coauthors conducted a systematic literature review to analyze the risk factors, outcomes, and treatment of SJS and TEN in pregnant patients and their newborns using PubMed and Cochrane data from September 2019. The review included 26 articles covering 177 pregnant patients with SJS or TEN. Affected women were fairly young, averaging 29.9 years of age and more than 24 weeks along in their pregnancy when they experienced a reaction.
The majority of cases (81.9%) involved SJS diagnoses. Investigators identified antiretroviral therapy (90% of all cases), antibiotics (3%), and gestational drugs (2%) as the most common causative agents. “Multiple large cohort studies included in our review specifically assessed outcomes in only pregnant patients with HIV, resulting in an overall distribution of offending medications biased toward antiretroviral therapy,” noted Mr. Sharma. Nevirapine, a staple antiretroviral in developing countries (the site of most studies in the review), emerged as the biggest causal agent linked to 75 cases; 1 case was linked to the antiretroviral drug efavirenz.
Approximately 85% of pregnant women in this review had HIV. However, the young patient population studied had few comorbidities and low transmission rates to the fetus. In the 94 cases where outcomes data were available, 98% of the mothers and 96% of the newborns survived. Two pregnant patients in this cohort died, one from septic shock secondary to a TEN superinfection, and the other from intracranial hemorrhage secondary to metastatic melanoma. Of the 94 fetuses, 4 died: 2 of sepsis after birth, 1 in utero with its mother, and there was 1 stillbirth.
“Withdrawal of the offending drug was enacted in every recorded case of SJS or TEN during pregnancy. This single intervention was adequate in 159 patients; no additional therapy was needed in these cases aside from standard wound care, fluid and electrolyte repletion, and pain control,” wrote the investigators. Clinicians administered antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin in patients needing further assistance.
The investigators also reported high rates of C-section – almost 50% – in this group of pregnant women.
Inconsistent reporting between studies limited results, Mr. Sharma and colleagues noted. “Not every report specified body surface area involvement, treatment regimen, maternal or fetal outcome, or delivery method. Although additional studies in the form of large-scale, randomized, clinical trials are needed to better delineate treatment, this systematic review provides a framework for managing this population.”
The study authors reported no conflicts of interest and no funding for the study.
SOURCE: Sharma AN et al. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020 Apr 13;6(4):239-47.
Investigators who but higher rates of C-sections.
The systematic review found that early diagnosis and withdrawal of the causative medications, such as antiretrovirals, were beneficial.
While SJS and TEN have been reported in pregnant women, “the outcomes and treatment of these cases are poorly characterized in the literature,” noted Ajay N. Sharma, a medical student at the University of California, Irvine, and coauthors, who published their findings in the International Journal of Women’s Dermatology.
“Immune changes that occur during pregnancy create a relative state of immunosuppression, likely increasing the risk of these skin reactions,” Mr. Sharma said in an interview. Allopurinol, antiepileptic drugs, antibacterial sulfonamides, nevirapine, and oxicam NSAIDs are agents most often associated with SJS/TEN.
He and his coauthors conducted a systematic literature review to analyze the risk factors, outcomes, and treatment of SJS and TEN in pregnant patients and their newborns using PubMed and Cochrane data from September 2019. The review included 26 articles covering 177 pregnant patients with SJS or TEN. Affected women were fairly young, averaging 29.9 years of age and more than 24 weeks along in their pregnancy when they experienced a reaction.
The majority of cases (81.9%) involved SJS diagnoses. Investigators identified antiretroviral therapy (90% of all cases), antibiotics (3%), and gestational drugs (2%) as the most common causative agents. “Multiple large cohort studies included in our review specifically assessed outcomes in only pregnant patients with HIV, resulting in an overall distribution of offending medications biased toward antiretroviral therapy,” noted Mr. Sharma. Nevirapine, a staple antiretroviral in developing countries (the site of most studies in the review), emerged as the biggest causal agent linked to 75 cases; 1 case was linked to the antiretroviral drug efavirenz.
Approximately 85% of pregnant women in this review had HIV. However, the young patient population studied had few comorbidities and low transmission rates to the fetus. In the 94 cases where outcomes data were available, 98% of the mothers and 96% of the newborns survived. Two pregnant patients in this cohort died, one from septic shock secondary to a TEN superinfection, and the other from intracranial hemorrhage secondary to metastatic melanoma. Of the 94 fetuses, 4 died: 2 of sepsis after birth, 1 in utero with its mother, and there was 1 stillbirth.
“Withdrawal of the offending drug was enacted in every recorded case of SJS or TEN during pregnancy. This single intervention was adequate in 159 patients; no additional therapy was needed in these cases aside from standard wound care, fluid and electrolyte repletion, and pain control,” wrote the investigators. Clinicians administered antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin in patients needing further assistance.
The investigators also reported high rates of C-section – almost 50% – in this group of pregnant women.
Inconsistent reporting between studies limited results, Mr. Sharma and colleagues noted. “Not every report specified body surface area involvement, treatment regimen, maternal or fetal outcome, or delivery method. Although additional studies in the form of large-scale, randomized, clinical trials are needed to better delineate treatment, this systematic review provides a framework for managing this population.”
The study authors reported no conflicts of interest and no funding for the study.
SOURCE: Sharma AN et al. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020 Apr 13;6(4):239-47.
Investigators who but higher rates of C-sections.
The systematic review found that early diagnosis and withdrawal of the causative medications, such as antiretrovirals, were beneficial.
While SJS and TEN have been reported in pregnant women, “the outcomes and treatment of these cases are poorly characterized in the literature,” noted Ajay N. Sharma, a medical student at the University of California, Irvine, and coauthors, who published their findings in the International Journal of Women’s Dermatology.
“Immune changes that occur during pregnancy create a relative state of immunosuppression, likely increasing the risk of these skin reactions,” Mr. Sharma said in an interview. Allopurinol, antiepileptic drugs, antibacterial sulfonamides, nevirapine, and oxicam NSAIDs are agents most often associated with SJS/TEN.
He and his coauthors conducted a systematic literature review to analyze the risk factors, outcomes, and treatment of SJS and TEN in pregnant patients and their newborns using PubMed and Cochrane data from September 2019. The review included 26 articles covering 177 pregnant patients with SJS or TEN. Affected women were fairly young, averaging 29.9 years of age and more than 24 weeks along in their pregnancy when they experienced a reaction.
The majority of cases (81.9%) involved SJS diagnoses. Investigators identified antiretroviral therapy (90% of all cases), antibiotics (3%), and gestational drugs (2%) as the most common causative agents. “Multiple large cohort studies included in our review specifically assessed outcomes in only pregnant patients with HIV, resulting in an overall distribution of offending medications biased toward antiretroviral therapy,” noted Mr. Sharma. Nevirapine, a staple antiretroviral in developing countries (the site of most studies in the review), emerged as the biggest causal agent linked to 75 cases; 1 case was linked to the antiretroviral drug efavirenz.
Approximately 85% of pregnant women in this review had HIV. However, the young patient population studied had few comorbidities and low transmission rates to the fetus. In the 94 cases where outcomes data were available, 98% of the mothers and 96% of the newborns survived. Two pregnant patients in this cohort died, one from septic shock secondary to a TEN superinfection, and the other from intracranial hemorrhage secondary to metastatic melanoma. Of the 94 fetuses, 4 died: 2 of sepsis after birth, 1 in utero with its mother, and there was 1 stillbirth.
“Withdrawal of the offending drug was enacted in every recorded case of SJS or TEN during pregnancy. This single intervention was adequate in 159 patients; no additional therapy was needed in these cases aside from standard wound care, fluid and electrolyte repletion, and pain control,” wrote the investigators. Clinicians administered antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin in patients needing further assistance.
The investigators also reported high rates of C-section – almost 50% – in this group of pregnant women.
Inconsistent reporting between studies limited results, Mr. Sharma and colleagues noted. “Not every report specified body surface area involvement, treatment regimen, maternal or fetal outcome, or delivery method. Although additional studies in the form of large-scale, randomized, clinical trials are needed to better delineate treatment, this systematic review provides a framework for managing this population.”
The study authors reported no conflicts of interest and no funding for the study.
SOURCE: Sharma AN et al. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2020 Apr 13;6(4):239-47.
FROM THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S DERMATOLOGY
Global stomach cancer deaths decline as colorectal cancer deaths stagnate, rise
The data suggest fewer people are dying from stomach cancer, but in some countries, the risk of colorectal cancer death is increasing or declining much more slowly than other causes of premature death.
As for other cancers, in more than half of the countries analyzed, the risk of liver and prostate cancer death is on the rise in men, and the risk of lung cancer death is on the rise in women.
The global decrease in the risk of stomach cancer death may be explained by the fact that stomach cancer’s main cause is Helicobacter pylori infection, which correlates with general food hygiene, the study’s corresponding author Majid Ezzati, PhD, professor of global environmental health at Imperial College London, said in an interview.
“Factors such as more widespread electrification and refrigeration tend to drive the rates down,” he explained.
Dr. Ezzati and colleagues detailed their findings in the second edition of the NCD Countdown 2030 report, recently published in The Lancet.
The report revolves around the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4, which is to reduce premature deaths from NCDs by one-third between 2015 and 2030. The causes of death include cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes, which are collectively known as NCD4. “Premature” deaths are defined as deaths in people aged 30-70 years.
SDG target 3.4 is still attainable, according to Dr. Ezzati and colleagues. However, their report showed that many countries are falling short of this goal.
The findings come from an analysis of 2016 World Health Organization global estimate data on age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality for 176 countries and territories with at least 200,000 inhabitants. Mathematical modeling was used to assess the number of approaches countries used to accelerate declines in mortality.
Results of the analysis
“Trends in the risk of death from 2010 to 2016 varied considerably among NCD4 causes of death,” Dr. Ezzati and colleagues wrote.
Stomach cancer, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and chronic respiratory diseases had the fastest rates of decline among risks of premature death.
In fact, stomach cancer was the fastest declining cause of death in 45 countries (25.6%) among men and in 40 countries (22.7%) among women.
On the other hand, the risk of premature death from colorectal, liver, breast, prostate, and other cancers declined more slowly than the risk of premature death from other NCDs.
The risk of death from colorectal, liver, and prostate cancers in men and lung cancer in women rose in more than 50% of the countries surveyed.
“The median annual rate of change in the probability of dying prematurely from various causes ranged from +0.2% per year for lung cancer to –2.5% per year for hemorrhagic stroke in women, and from +0.5% per year for colorectal cancer to –1.8% per year for hemorrhagic stroke in men,” the investigators summarized.
Explaining the GI cancer results
“There are dramatic differences between the upper and lower GI tract, both in terms of anatomy/embryologic origin but also in terms of exposures,” observed Mark Lewis, MD, medical director of the gastrointestinal oncology program at Intermountain Healthcare in Salt Lake City, in an interview.
H. pylori infection, family history, and diet factor into stomach cancer risk, Dr. Lewis said.
While family history isn’t modifiable, “we are much better now at identifying and eradicating the potentially carcinogenic H. pylori bacterium. In terms of diet, the advent of modern refrigeration has made the prevalence of heavily salted/preserved foods decline,” he added.
A 14-day course of treatment (with a proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics) can eliminate H. pylori, Dr. Lewis continued. “The prophylactic effect against gastric cancer is massive, cutting risk by roughly half,” he said.
At least in the United States, colorectal cancer rates have declined in people 50 years and older, but rates have risen sharply in younger age groups, increasing by 2% annually in the last decade, according to statistics in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.
“One prevailing theory is prior antibiotic prescriptions [even in childhood] might perturb the microbiome of the lower GI tract and predispose to cancer,” Dr. Lewis said, pointing to a recent study in the British Journal of Cancer that identified an association between repeated antibiotic use and colorectal cancer.
Reducing NCD deaths
Dr. Ezzati and colleagues said six high-income countries – Denmark, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, and South Korea – are likely to meet SDG target 3.4 if they maintain or exceed average rates of decline seen during 2010-2016. Seventeen countries are on track to reach the target for women, and 15 countries are on track for men.
High-income countries in Asia-Pacific, western Europe, Australasia, and Canada have seen the lowest NCD4 mortality risk, whereas low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and men in central Asia and eastern Europe have seen the highest risk.
“To move forward, we must learn from those countries that are doing well and replicate their strategies to NCD prevention and healthcare,” Dr. Ezzati said in a statement. “Our analysis shows that every country still has options to achieve SDG target 3.4, but they need to address multiple diseases and have strong health systems.”
Increasing access to effective cancer screening and diagnosing and treating cancers earlier could help reduce long-term health consequences and premature deaths from cancer, according to Dr. Ezzati and colleagues. Screening would help even the playing field on cancer diagnosis and survival rates between higher-income countries and low- and middle-income countries.
“This approach will allow earlier diagnosis during precancerous or early stages of disease, followed by treatment of those cancers with effective treatment,” the authors stated.
Tobacco and alcohol interventions and increasing access to quality primary care would also help tamp down on NCD-related deaths.
The authors acknowledged that low-income countries, which may be struggling with other health crises such as COVID-19 and Ebola, may find it a challenge to stage such interventions.
“COVID-19 has exposed how a failure to invest in effective public health to prevent NCDs and provide health care for people living with NCDs can come back to bite us,” said Katie Dain, CEO of the NCD Alliance.
“The good news is that all countries can still meet the 2030 targets, with sound policies and smart investments. NCD prevention and treatment can no longer be seen a ‘nice to have.’ It must be considered as part of pandemic preparedness,” she added.
COVID-19 should serve as an impetus for governments to invest in healthier lifestyle and diet habits and curb alcohol and tobacco use, according to an editorial in The Lancet related to the analysis.
The current report updates 2018’s first NCD Countdown Report, which linked NCD4 conditions to approximately 32 million or 80% of NCD deaths. Unlike the recent report, 2018’s data didn’t focus on specific diseases.
The current report was funded by Research England. Dr. Ezzati received a charitable grant from the AstraZeneca Young Health Programme and personal fees from Prudential and Scor, outside of this report. None of the other authors reported competing interests. Dr. Lewis has no relevant disclosures except that he is a commentator for Medscape, which is owned by the same parent company as MDedge.
SOURCE: Bennett JE et al. Lancet. 2020 Sep 3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31761-X.
The data suggest fewer people are dying from stomach cancer, but in some countries, the risk of colorectal cancer death is increasing or declining much more slowly than other causes of premature death.
As for other cancers, in more than half of the countries analyzed, the risk of liver and prostate cancer death is on the rise in men, and the risk of lung cancer death is on the rise in women.
The global decrease in the risk of stomach cancer death may be explained by the fact that stomach cancer’s main cause is Helicobacter pylori infection, which correlates with general food hygiene, the study’s corresponding author Majid Ezzati, PhD, professor of global environmental health at Imperial College London, said in an interview.
“Factors such as more widespread electrification and refrigeration tend to drive the rates down,” he explained.
Dr. Ezzati and colleagues detailed their findings in the second edition of the NCD Countdown 2030 report, recently published in The Lancet.
The report revolves around the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4, which is to reduce premature deaths from NCDs by one-third between 2015 and 2030. The causes of death include cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes, which are collectively known as NCD4. “Premature” deaths are defined as deaths in people aged 30-70 years.
SDG target 3.4 is still attainable, according to Dr. Ezzati and colleagues. However, their report showed that many countries are falling short of this goal.
The findings come from an analysis of 2016 World Health Organization global estimate data on age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality for 176 countries and territories with at least 200,000 inhabitants. Mathematical modeling was used to assess the number of approaches countries used to accelerate declines in mortality.
Results of the analysis
“Trends in the risk of death from 2010 to 2016 varied considerably among NCD4 causes of death,” Dr. Ezzati and colleagues wrote.
Stomach cancer, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and chronic respiratory diseases had the fastest rates of decline among risks of premature death.
In fact, stomach cancer was the fastest declining cause of death in 45 countries (25.6%) among men and in 40 countries (22.7%) among women.
On the other hand, the risk of premature death from colorectal, liver, breast, prostate, and other cancers declined more slowly than the risk of premature death from other NCDs.
The risk of death from colorectal, liver, and prostate cancers in men and lung cancer in women rose in more than 50% of the countries surveyed.
“The median annual rate of change in the probability of dying prematurely from various causes ranged from +0.2% per year for lung cancer to –2.5% per year for hemorrhagic stroke in women, and from +0.5% per year for colorectal cancer to –1.8% per year for hemorrhagic stroke in men,” the investigators summarized.
Explaining the GI cancer results
“There are dramatic differences between the upper and lower GI tract, both in terms of anatomy/embryologic origin but also in terms of exposures,” observed Mark Lewis, MD, medical director of the gastrointestinal oncology program at Intermountain Healthcare in Salt Lake City, in an interview.
H. pylori infection, family history, and diet factor into stomach cancer risk, Dr. Lewis said.
While family history isn’t modifiable, “we are much better now at identifying and eradicating the potentially carcinogenic H. pylori bacterium. In terms of diet, the advent of modern refrigeration has made the prevalence of heavily salted/preserved foods decline,” he added.
A 14-day course of treatment (with a proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics) can eliminate H. pylori, Dr. Lewis continued. “The prophylactic effect against gastric cancer is massive, cutting risk by roughly half,” he said.
At least in the United States, colorectal cancer rates have declined in people 50 years and older, but rates have risen sharply in younger age groups, increasing by 2% annually in the last decade, according to statistics in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.
“One prevailing theory is prior antibiotic prescriptions [even in childhood] might perturb the microbiome of the lower GI tract and predispose to cancer,” Dr. Lewis said, pointing to a recent study in the British Journal of Cancer that identified an association between repeated antibiotic use and colorectal cancer.
Reducing NCD deaths
Dr. Ezzati and colleagues said six high-income countries – Denmark, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, and South Korea – are likely to meet SDG target 3.4 if they maintain or exceed average rates of decline seen during 2010-2016. Seventeen countries are on track to reach the target for women, and 15 countries are on track for men.
High-income countries in Asia-Pacific, western Europe, Australasia, and Canada have seen the lowest NCD4 mortality risk, whereas low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and men in central Asia and eastern Europe have seen the highest risk.
“To move forward, we must learn from those countries that are doing well and replicate their strategies to NCD prevention and healthcare,” Dr. Ezzati said in a statement. “Our analysis shows that every country still has options to achieve SDG target 3.4, but they need to address multiple diseases and have strong health systems.”
Increasing access to effective cancer screening and diagnosing and treating cancers earlier could help reduce long-term health consequences and premature deaths from cancer, according to Dr. Ezzati and colleagues. Screening would help even the playing field on cancer diagnosis and survival rates between higher-income countries and low- and middle-income countries.
“This approach will allow earlier diagnosis during precancerous or early stages of disease, followed by treatment of those cancers with effective treatment,” the authors stated.
Tobacco and alcohol interventions and increasing access to quality primary care would also help tamp down on NCD-related deaths.
The authors acknowledged that low-income countries, which may be struggling with other health crises such as COVID-19 and Ebola, may find it a challenge to stage such interventions.
“COVID-19 has exposed how a failure to invest in effective public health to prevent NCDs and provide health care for people living with NCDs can come back to bite us,” said Katie Dain, CEO of the NCD Alliance.
“The good news is that all countries can still meet the 2030 targets, with sound policies and smart investments. NCD prevention and treatment can no longer be seen a ‘nice to have.’ It must be considered as part of pandemic preparedness,” she added.
COVID-19 should serve as an impetus for governments to invest in healthier lifestyle and diet habits and curb alcohol and tobacco use, according to an editorial in The Lancet related to the analysis.
The current report updates 2018’s first NCD Countdown Report, which linked NCD4 conditions to approximately 32 million or 80% of NCD deaths. Unlike the recent report, 2018’s data didn’t focus on specific diseases.
The current report was funded by Research England. Dr. Ezzati received a charitable grant from the AstraZeneca Young Health Programme and personal fees from Prudential and Scor, outside of this report. None of the other authors reported competing interests. Dr. Lewis has no relevant disclosures except that he is a commentator for Medscape, which is owned by the same parent company as MDedge.
SOURCE: Bennett JE et al. Lancet. 2020 Sep 3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31761-X.
The data suggest fewer people are dying from stomach cancer, but in some countries, the risk of colorectal cancer death is increasing or declining much more slowly than other causes of premature death.
As for other cancers, in more than half of the countries analyzed, the risk of liver and prostate cancer death is on the rise in men, and the risk of lung cancer death is on the rise in women.
The global decrease in the risk of stomach cancer death may be explained by the fact that stomach cancer’s main cause is Helicobacter pylori infection, which correlates with general food hygiene, the study’s corresponding author Majid Ezzati, PhD, professor of global environmental health at Imperial College London, said in an interview.
“Factors such as more widespread electrification and refrigeration tend to drive the rates down,” he explained.
Dr. Ezzati and colleagues detailed their findings in the second edition of the NCD Countdown 2030 report, recently published in The Lancet.
The report revolves around the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4, which is to reduce premature deaths from NCDs by one-third between 2015 and 2030. The causes of death include cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes, which are collectively known as NCD4. “Premature” deaths are defined as deaths in people aged 30-70 years.
SDG target 3.4 is still attainable, according to Dr. Ezzati and colleagues. However, their report showed that many countries are falling short of this goal.
The findings come from an analysis of 2016 World Health Organization global estimate data on age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality for 176 countries and territories with at least 200,000 inhabitants. Mathematical modeling was used to assess the number of approaches countries used to accelerate declines in mortality.
Results of the analysis
“Trends in the risk of death from 2010 to 2016 varied considerably among NCD4 causes of death,” Dr. Ezzati and colleagues wrote.
Stomach cancer, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and chronic respiratory diseases had the fastest rates of decline among risks of premature death.
In fact, stomach cancer was the fastest declining cause of death in 45 countries (25.6%) among men and in 40 countries (22.7%) among women.
On the other hand, the risk of premature death from colorectal, liver, breast, prostate, and other cancers declined more slowly than the risk of premature death from other NCDs.
The risk of death from colorectal, liver, and prostate cancers in men and lung cancer in women rose in more than 50% of the countries surveyed.
“The median annual rate of change in the probability of dying prematurely from various causes ranged from +0.2% per year for lung cancer to –2.5% per year for hemorrhagic stroke in women, and from +0.5% per year for colorectal cancer to –1.8% per year for hemorrhagic stroke in men,” the investigators summarized.
Explaining the GI cancer results
“There are dramatic differences between the upper and lower GI tract, both in terms of anatomy/embryologic origin but also in terms of exposures,” observed Mark Lewis, MD, medical director of the gastrointestinal oncology program at Intermountain Healthcare in Salt Lake City, in an interview.
H. pylori infection, family history, and diet factor into stomach cancer risk, Dr. Lewis said.
While family history isn’t modifiable, “we are much better now at identifying and eradicating the potentially carcinogenic H. pylori bacterium. In terms of diet, the advent of modern refrigeration has made the prevalence of heavily salted/preserved foods decline,” he added.
A 14-day course of treatment (with a proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics) can eliminate H. pylori, Dr. Lewis continued. “The prophylactic effect against gastric cancer is massive, cutting risk by roughly half,” he said.
At least in the United States, colorectal cancer rates have declined in people 50 years and older, but rates have risen sharply in younger age groups, increasing by 2% annually in the last decade, according to statistics in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.
“One prevailing theory is prior antibiotic prescriptions [even in childhood] might perturb the microbiome of the lower GI tract and predispose to cancer,” Dr. Lewis said, pointing to a recent study in the British Journal of Cancer that identified an association between repeated antibiotic use and colorectal cancer.
Reducing NCD deaths
Dr. Ezzati and colleagues said six high-income countries – Denmark, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, and South Korea – are likely to meet SDG target 3.4 if they maintain or exceed average rates of decline seen during 2010-2016. Seventeen countries are on track to reach the target for women, and 15 countries are on track for men.
High-income countries in Asia-Pacific, western Europe, Australasia, and Canada have seen the lowest NCD4 mortality risk, whereas low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and men in central Asia and eastern Europe have seen the highest risk.
“To move forward, we must learn from those countries that are doing well and replicate their strategies to NCD prevention and healthcare,” Dr. Ezzati said in a statement. “Our analysis shows that every country still has options to achieve SDG target 3.4, but they need to address multiple diseases and have strong health systems.”
Increasing access to effective cancer screening and diagnosing and treating cancers earlier could help reduce long-term health consequences and premature deaths from cancer, according to Dr. Ezzati and colleagues. Screening would help even the playing field on cancer diagnosis and survival rates between higher-income countries and low- and middle-income countries.
“This approach will allow earlier diagnosis during precancerous or early stages of disease, followed by treatment of those cancers with effective treatment,” the authors stated.
Tobacco and alcohol interventions and increasing access to quality primary care would also help tamp down on NCD-related deaths.
The authors acknowledged that low-income countries, which may be struggling with other health crises such as COVID-19 and Ebola, may find it a challenge to stage such interventions.
“COVID-19 has exposed how a failure to invest in effective public health to prevent NCDs and provide health care for people living with NCDs can come back to bite us,” said Katie Dain, CEO of the NCD Alliance.
“The good news is that all countries can still meet the 2030 targets, with sound policies and smart investments. NCD prevention and treatment can no longer be seen a ‘nice to have.’ It must be considered as part of pandemic preparedness,” she added.
COVID-19 should serve as an impetus for governments to invest in healthier lifestyle and diet habits and curb alcohol and tobacco use, according to an editorial in The Lancet related to the analysis.
The current report updates 2018’s first NCD Countdown Report, which linked NCD4 conditions to approximately 32 million or 80% of NCD deaths. Unlike the recent report, 2018’s data didn’t focus on specific diseases.
The current report was funded by Research England. Dr. Ezzati received a charitable grant from the AstraZeneca Young Health Programme and personal fees from Prudential and Scor, outside of this report. None of the other authors reported competing interests. Dr. Lewis has no relevant disclosures except that he is a commentator for Medscape, which is owned by the same parent company as MDedge.
SOURCE: Bennett JE et al. Lancet. 2020 Sep 3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31761-X.
FROM THE LANCET
Advocacy strategies: Leveraging patient testimonials, physician expertise, and Google
When an insurance coverage snafu threatened to take away a vital infusion drug for one of her patients, Julie Baak discovered that writing a letter wasn’t enough. Simponi Aria (golimumab) is the least expensive of all rheumatoid arthritis drugs for infusion, and at only six infusions a year offers a better experience for patients when compared with more expensive drugs like Humira (adalimumab), said Ms. Baak, practice manager at the Arthritis Center in St. Louis.
United Healthcare had drafted, then retracted, policy changes affecting and delaying access to RA drugs like Simponi Aria. Ms. Baak’s patient thrived on this drug after failing with others. UHC “kept pointing the finger at the employer, a self-funded plan,” she explained. Once correspondence efforts between the employer and payer fell through, she called a local news reporter, arranging an interview between Steven Baak, MD, the office’s medical director, and the patient, who was willing to go on the news. Through a 3-minute news segment, “we got that insurance company to allow us to get coverage for Simponi Aria on the medical side.”
Ms. Baak joined Karen Ferguson, Nilsa Cruz, and Madelaine A. Feldman, MD, at the Coalition of State Rheumatology Organizations 2020 State Society Advocacy Conference Virtual Meeting to discuss the power of advocacy in rheumatology, and impart strategies for enabling change. The Simponi Aria example underscores the importance of media and social media, Ms. Baak said. “When people do the wrong thing, you can bring light to others.”
The news spot on Dr. Baak and his patient mobilized Ms. Cruz to share it with others. “I took that interview and blasted it all over Wisconsin and to my colleagues because they needed to know what the options were for us in advocacy,” stressed Ms. Cruz, practice administrator of Milwaukee Rheumatology Center.
Rheumatologists are master problem solvers – the Sherlock Holmes’ of the medical industry, she continued. However, not many insurance companies understand the cognitive value of what they do. “There’s a lack of communication and education,” Ms. Cruz noted. Any advocacy measures calls for research on the topic, the panel stressed. It involves looking through medical and administrative insurance companies’ policies and using Google and social media, such as Twitter, to identify topics and key decision makers, a practice Ms. Cruz favors in particular.
Physicians as reliable sources
You need good documentation to support why you’re doing what you’re doing, advised Ms. Ferguson, practice administrator of Arthritis Northwest, Spokane, Wash. When an issue comes up, she always consults her doctors and her billing staff.
She recalled when biosimilars first came out, and one of them for Rituxan (rituximab) had not been indicated by the Food and Drug Administration for RA. “And yet, an insurance company was mandating that we use this nonindicated biosimilar,” said Ms. Ferguson, who learned about this from her billing staff. “I went immediately to the doctors and asked how they felt about this, and they said they were uncomfortable,” she continued. Ms. Ferguson found out that 45 states had legislation that prohibited interchangeability with non–FDA-indicated drugs. She was able to show this literature to the insurance company and get the mandate reversed. “One thing that’s so important is to be able to use your physicians’ knowledge and how they really feel and advocate based off of that,” using sound statutes to support your argument, she added.
“Ensuring that patients get the right medications that their physicians deem is important is critical for improved safety and efficacy,” Ms. Ferguson said. Yet, she acknowledged that facing off against an insurance company or a pharmacy benefit manager is often hard to do.
Many practices don’t have a Julie Baak or Karen Ferguson to fight on their behalf, Ms. Cruz noted. In this case, they should look within their state for high-profile advocates. “I guarantee you, every state has one. Practices should be able to reach out to those individuals, or respective state societies, or CSRO,” Ms. Cruz said. Best results are obtained when working through coalitions.
Patient testimony can make an impact
CSRO recently enacted a public relations campaign to shine a light on certain health plan policies that are harmful to patients. “We have been able to get the real impact of the policy on patients and their stories into the public eye,” Dr. Feldman, a rheumatologist in New Orleans and CSRO president, said in an interview. The group has spearheaded the effort to keep Stelara off of the Medicare self-administered drug list. CSRO has also built coalitions and provided testimony on several state step therapy and nonmedical switching bills. “When asked if these are pharma-backed bills, we say: ‘No, these are patient-backed bills,’ ” she added.
Patients act as powerful witnesses at hearings. “When legislation is being considered, it is important for both physicians and patients to be heard and to tell their stories,” Dr. Feldman said.
Ms. Cruz makes a point of getting involved with the payers themselves. As an example, she serves as a member on UHC’s National Steering Committee. “They know me to be very outspoken. Sometimes they listen, sometimes they don’t. Nevertheless, I consider it a compliment when they say they like that I hold them accountable. Every little thing that I can do to bring issues to the table,” filtering into their other divisions, is an accomplishment, she said.
When an insurance coverage snafu threatened to take away a vital infusion drug for one of her patients, Julie Baak discovered that writing a letter wasn’t enough. Simponi Aria (golimumab) is the least expensive of all rheumatoid arthritis drugs for infusion, and at only six infusions a year offers a better experience for patients when compared with more expensive drugs like Humira (adalimumab), said Ms. Baak, practice manager at the Arthritis Center in St. Louis.
United Healthcare had drafted, then retracted, policy changes affecting and delaying access to RA drugs like Simponi Aria. Ms. Baak’s patient thrived on this drug after failing with others. UHC “kept pointing the finger at the employer, a self-funded plan,” she explained. Once correspondence efforts between the employer and payer fell through, she called a local news reporter, arranging an interview between Steven Baak, MD, the office’s medical director, and the patient, who was willing to go on the news. Through a 3-minute news segment, “we got that insurance company to allow us to get coverage for Simponi Aria on the medical side.”
Ms. Baak joined Karen Ferguson, Nilsa Cruz, and Madelaine A. Feldman, MD, at the Coalition of State Rheumatology Organizations 2020 State Society Advocacy Conference Virtual Meeting to discuss the power of advocacy in rheumatology, and impart strategies for enabling change. The Simponi Aria example underscores the importance of media and social media, Ms. Baak said. “When people do the wrong thing, you can bring light to others.”
The news spot on Dr. Baak and his patient mobilized Ms. Cruz to share it with others. “I took that interview and blasted it all over Wisconsin and to my colleagues because they needed to know what the options were for us in advocacy,” stressed Ms. Cruz, practice administrator of Milwaukee Rheumatology Center.
Rheumatologists are master problem solvers – the Sherlock Holmes’ of the medical industry, she continued. However, not many insurance companies understand the cognitive value of what they do. “There’s a lack of communication and education,” Ms. Cruz noted. Any advocacy measures calls for research on the topic, the panel stressed. It involves looking through medical and administrative insurance companies’ policies and using Google and social media, such as Twitter, to identify topics and key decision makers, a practice Ms. Cruz favors in particular.
Physicians as reliable sources
You need good documentation to support why you’re doing what you’re doing, advised Ms. Ferguson, practice administrator of Arthritis Northwest, Spokane, Wash. When an issue comes up, she always consults her doctors and her billing staff.
She recalled when biosimilars first came out, and one of them for Rituxan (rituximab) had not been indicated by the Food and Drug Administration for RA. “And yet, an insurance company was mandating that we use this nonindicated biosimilar,” said Ms. Ferguson, who learned about this from her billing staff. “I went immediately to the doctors and asked how they felt about this, and they said they were uncomfortable,” she continued. Ms. Ferguson found out that 45 states had legislation that prohibited interchangeability with non–FDA-indicated drugs. She was able to show this literature to the insurance company and get the mandate reversed. “One thing that’s so important is to be able to use your physicians’ knowledge and how they really feel and advocate based off of that,” using sound statutes to support your argument, she added.
“Ensuring that patients get the right medications that their physicians deem is important is critical for improved safety and efficacy,” Ms. Ferguson said. Yet, she acknowledged that facing off against an insurance company or a pharmacy benefit manager is often hard to do.
Many practices don’t have a Julie Baak or Karen Ferguson to fight on their behalf, Ms. Cruz noted. In this case, they should look within their state for high-profile advocates. “I guarantee you, every state has one. Practices should be able to reach out to those individuals, or respective state societies, or CSRO,” Ms. Cruz said. Best results are obtained when working through coalitions.
Patient testimony can make an impact
CSRO recently enacted a public relations campaign to shine a light on certain health plan policies that are harmful to patients. “We have been able to get the real impact of the policy on patients and their stories into the public eye,” Dr. Feldman, a rheumatologist in New Orleans and CSRO president, said in an interview. The group has spearheaded the effort to keep Stelara off of the Medicare self-administered drug list. CSRO has also built coalitions and provided testimony on several state step therapy and nonmedical switching bills. “When asked if these are pharma-backed bills, we say: ‘No, these are patient-backed bills,’ ” she added.
Patients act as powerful witnesses at hearings. “When legislation is being considered, it is important for both physicians and patients to be heard and to tell their stories,” Dr. Feldman said.
Ms. Cruz makes a point of getting involved with the payers themselves. As an example, she serves as a member on UHC’s National Steering Committee. “They know me to be very outspoken. Sometimes they listen, sometimes they don’t. Nevertheless, I consider it a compliment when they say they like that I hold them accountable. Every little thing that I can do to bring issues to the table,” filtering into their other divisions, is an accomplishment, she said.
When an insurance coverage snafu threatened to take away a vital infusion drug for one of her patients, Julie Baak discovered that writing a letter wasn’t enough. Simponi Aria (golimumab) is the least expensive of all rheumatoid arthritis drugs for infusion, and at only six infusions a year offers a better experience for patients when compared with more expensive drugs like Humira (adalimumab), said Ms. Baak, practice manager at the Arthritis Center in St. Louis.
United Healthcare had drafted, then retracted, policy changes affecting and delaying access to RA drugs like Simponi Aria. Ms. Baak’s patient thrived on this drug after failing with others. UHC “kept pointing the finger at the employer, a self-funded plan,” she explained. Once correspondence efforts between the employer and payer fell through, she called a local news reporter, arranging an interview between Steven Baak, MD, the office’s medical director, and the patient, who was willing to go on the news. Through a 3-minute news segment, “we got that insurance company to allow us to get coverage for Simponi Aria on the medical side.”
Ms. Baak joined Karen Ferguson, Nilsa Cruz, and Madelaine A. Feldman, MD, at the Coalition of State Rheumatology Organizations 2020 State Society Advocacy Conference Virtual Meeting to discuss the power of advocacy in rheumatology, and impart strategies for enabling change. The Simponi Aria example underscores the importance of media and social media, Ms. Baak said. “When people do the wrong thing, you can bring light to others.”
The news spot on Dr. Baak and his patient mobilized Ms. Cruz to share it with others. “I took that interview and blasted it all over Wisconsin and to my colleagues because they needed to know what the options were for us in advocacy,” stressed Ms. Cruz, practice administrator of Milwaukee Rheumatology Center.
Rheumatologists are master problem solvers – the Sherlock Holmes’ of the medical industry, she continued. However, not many insurance companies understand the cognitive value of what they do. “There’s a lack of communication and education,” Ms. Cruz noted. Any advocacy measures calls for research on the topic, the panel stressed. It involves looking through medical and administrative insurance companies’ policies and using Google and social media, such as Twitter, to identify topics and key decision makers, a practice Ms. Cruz favors in particular.
Physicians as reliable sources
You need good documentation to support why you’re doing what you’re doing, advised Ms. Ferguson, practice administrator of Arthritis Northwest, Spokane, Wash. When an issue comes up, she always consults her doctors and her billing staff.
She recalled when biosimilars first came out, and one of them for Rituxan (rituximab) had not been indicated by the Food and Drug Administration for RA. “And yet, an insurance company was mandating that we use this nonindicated biosimilar,” said Ms. Ferguson, who learned about this from her billing staff. “I went immediately to the doctors and asked how they felt about this, and they said they were uncomfortable,” she continued. Ms. Ferguson found out that 45 states had legislation that prohibited interchangeability with non–FDA-indicated drugs. She was able to show this literature to the insurance company and get the mandate reversed. “One thing that’s so important is to be able to use your physicians’ knowledge and how they really feel and advocate based off of that,” using sound statutes to support your argument, she added.
“Ensuring that patients get the right medications that their physicians deem is important is critical for improved safety and efficacy,” Ms. Ferguson said. Yet, she acknowledged that facing off against an insurance company or a pharmacy benefit manager is often hard to do.
Many practices don’t have a Julie Baak or Karen Ferguson to fight on their behalf, Ms. Cruz noted. In this case, they should look within their state for high-profile advocates. “I guarantee you, every state has one. Practices should be able to reach out to those individuals, or respective state societies, or CSRO,” Ms. Cruz said. Best results are obtained when working through coalitions.
Patient testimony can make an impact
CSRO recently enacted a public relations campaign to shine a light on certain health plan policies that are harmful to patients. “We have been able to get the real impact of the policy on patients and their stories into the public eye,” Dr. Feldman, a rheumatologist in New Orleans and CSRO president, said in an interview. The group has spearheaded the effort to keep Stelara off of the Medicare self-administered drug list. CSRO has also built coalitions and provided testimony on several state step therapy and nonmedical switching bills. “When asked if these are pharma-backed bills, we say: ‘No, these are patient-backed bills,’ ” she added.
Patients act as powerful witnesses at hearings. “When legislation is being considered, it is important for both physicians and patients to be heard and to tell their stories,” Dr. Feldman said.
Ms. Cruz makes a point of getting involved with the payers themselves. As an example, she serves as a member on UHC’s National Steering Committee. “They know me to be very outspoken. Sometimes they listen, sometimes they don’t. Nevertheless, I consider it a compliment when they say they like that I hold them accountable. Every little thing that I can do to bring issues to the table,” filtering into their other divisions, is an accomplishment, she said.
FROM CSRO 2020
Rheumatology feels impact of COVID-19 telehealth boom
Rheumatologists are seeing the number of telehealth visits skyrocket in their practices as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on and patients seek out alternatives to in-person visits. Telemedicine makes it easier for patients to connect with physicians, but not all patients have access to a computer or device. It also limits what a physician can do. Rheumatologists often rely on physical exams to make diagnoses and treatment decisions – an obstacle if you’re looking at patients through a computer screen.
Presenters at the 2020 Coalition of State Rheumatology Organizations’ state advocacy conference discussed the benefits and challenges of this mode of care in early September. Within weeks, the U.S. health system eliminated almost half of all medical care as the pandemic ramped up and things went virtual, said Larry Van Horn, PhD, MPH, a speaker at the CSRO conference. Still, “we are in uncharted territory with respect to how telehealth is being used. ... It’s being deployed everywhere, but it’s too early to tell how it’s affecting patient outcomes,” said Dr. Van Horn, founder and director of the Center of Health Care Market Innovation at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
Patients seem to like using telemedicine, observed New Jersey state Sen. Herb Conaway, MD, another presenter. “I think it’s here to stay, and it’s likely to expand going forward. But physicians and others are going to want to make sure it’s used appropriately.”
Some payers feel that telemedicine should be billed differently than brick and mortar visits, Dr. Conaway said. “Physicians feel differently about that, and so we’ll see how this goes, moving forward.”
Lately, there have been discussions of liability concerns associated with telemedicine, said CSRO President Madelaine A. Feldman, MD, who practices in New Orleans. “There are some things you can miss with virtual visits. Certain new patient visits may need to be done in person.”
The landscape of telehealth in rheumatology
Telehealth has directly affected the way rheumatologists do business. In a national survey of more than 1,100 adult patients, the American College of Rheumatology found that 66% are choosing telehealth for rheumatology visits, mainly to avoid exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This contrasts with a 52% decline in the percentage of patients who are currently seeing a rheumatologist since 2019. “The pandemic has altered almost every aspect of our rheumatology practices,” said ACR President Ellen Gravallese, MD in a statement. “It has impacted our patients’ lives significantly and required us to create new ways of delivering care through improved telehealth and other adaptations.”
While many rheumatologists have resumed in-person visits, “others, like myself, are doing a hybrid,” Dr. Feldman said.
At the height of the pandemic in New York City, Elana J. Bernstein, MD’s practice relied entirely on telehealth visits. “We weren’t seeing any patients in the office for a couple of months. Now that things have reopened here, we’ve resumed face-to-face visits,” keeping some telehealth visits for patients who are still uncomfortable with in-person visits or who live far away, Dr. Bernstein, director of the scleroderma program at Columbia University, New York, said in an interview. She estimates that telehealth represents about 20%-30% of her practice right now.
Advantages, drawbacks of telehealth
For patients in underserved or geographically distant areas, telehealth means access to care, Kanika Monga, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, said in an interview. During the COVID-19 public health crisis, “it has allowed the most vulnerable patient populations to continue receiving care at the click of a button.”
Virtual visits also improve patient care by improving follow-up and compliance, Dr. Monga continued. “For example, in our patient population, mobility can be a major issue because of the underlying disease. Telemedicine improves care for patients who struggle to make it to appointments.” It’s also more convenient for patients in her county that depend on arranged and/or public transportation and have to request a portion of their day off work for a doctor’s appointment.
But the virtual visit has its drawbacks. Different available platforms and their usability create challenges, Dr. Monga said. “Although some patients are tech-savvy, some are not. This is a challenge, especially when using platforms that have many steps involved.” Telemedicine also highlights general health inequities that already exist in some populations. Patients who are older, live in rural areas, are less educated, or are from a lower socioeconomic household might not have the technology or Internet connection available to enable telemedicine visits.
Telemedicine also complicates the physical examination, which is a central part of the diagnostic process, Dr. Bernstein said. Some components of the physical exam lend themselves to a video visit, such as evaluating for facial rashes or examining a patient’s digital ulcers. “But if you suspect the patient has rheumatoid arthritis, for example, you can’t examine the joints for swelling.” When seeing scleroderma patients over telemedicine, “I can’t perform the modified Rodnan skin score to assess for skin thickening, or auscultate the lungs for crackles. It’s also hard to assess a patient’s response to therapy over telemedicine,” Dr. Feldman added.
Some rheumatologists have sought out multiple pathways on telemedicine to provide more options for patients.
Christine Peoples, MD, clinical assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, uses several telehealth options to reach patients that live in the largely rural area she serves. For her, telemedicine isn’t a novel concept. “I’ve been providing care through telemedicine for 6 years,” she said in an interview. Prior to COVID-19, her patients had gone to teleconsult centers for a telemedicine visit. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, she expanded telehealth services to include more home video visits through the practice’s online medical record.
For care that can’t take place online, Dr. Peoples said she works with colleagues in orthopedics, which have far greater numbers than rheumatologists in Pennsylvania, to provide injections to patients. All of the teleconference centers are at local hospitals or outpatient community centers. Patients can go there to get an injection from another doctor, she said. Additionally, all of her practice’s locations at UPMC hospitals have infusion centers.
Adopting a ‘computer-side’ manner
Any practice offering telemedicine should be training their staff, as virtual meetings require certain skills, Dr. Peoples stressed. “You have to have experience as a rheumatologist, but you also have to have experience in telemedicine. Then it’s about merging those two skills.” Physicians need to be familiar with the technology and equipment. “I have a Bluetooth stethoscope that hears the heart and the lungs” of a patient during a virtual visit, she said.
Most importantly, physicians need to adopt a “computer-side” manner. “Make sure you have good eye contact on the screen, that you’re maintaining a good, professional relationship with the patient.” Training nurses to assist doctors during a telehealth visit is also key.
Dr. Peoples said UPMC has been training its fellows in telemedicine to adopt these skills.
Efforts to pay doctors for telehealth
As rheumatologists navigate the growing market for telehealth, questions remain about the long term payment outlook for these services.
For now, there appears to be reimbursement parity for telehealth visits, Dr. Feldman said. COVID-19’s public health emergency put into place certain flexibilities for telehealth. But some concerns remain about the commercial insurance sector. Whether private payers will continue paying the same amount as they do for in-person visits once the pandemic is over is unknown, Dr. Feldman added. “Insurance companies have had a boom in profits and should not be able to use ‘losses’ from COVID as an excuse for stopping pay parity for telehealth visits.”
David Allen, spokesperson for America’s Health Insurance Plans, said some plans are voluntarily offering telehealth payment parity during the public health emergency. “However, as a policy, AHIP does not support mandating that clinicians be paid the same amount for telehealth and in-person care,” Mr. Allen said, adding that AHIP hasn’t tallied how many insurance companies offer payment parity. “Too many variances exist between plans to make any kind of declarative statement on this.”
For her telemedicine visits at teleconsult centers, Dr. Peoples said compensation is comparable with traditional in-person visits. “Compensation is different for video visits where the patient is at home. However, these video visits are still reimbursed by most insurance plans.”
Federal payers and many states have taken actions on parity. Telehealth is seeing major legislative action at the state level, Kelly Hughes, a program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures, said during the CSRO meeting. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have made revisions to telehealth policies during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain access to health care services and to minimize potential exposure. Most of these are temporary modifications to address the pandemic, but some states are either adopting permanent changes or mulling over permanent changes to telehealth, Ms. Hughes said.
Modifications vary widely by state, but the top three trends include allowing reimbursement for phone calls (not requiring video), expanding the types of providers authorized to provide telehealth services, and allowing a relationship between a patient and provider to begin with a telehealth visit.
The Commonwealth Fund reports that at least 13 states have enacted payment parity laws in response to COVID-19. Another four had parity laws in place prior to the pandemic. “Many states have taken direct action via Medicaid policy; all but two issued specific guidance on the expansion or reimbursement of Medicaid-based telehealth services,” according to the Commonwealth Fund.
In Texas, where Dr. Monga practices. Gov. Greg Abbott (R) has temporarily waived regulations to lift certain telehealth restrictions. The Texas Department of Insurance under an emergency rule is directing state-regulated health plans to cover telemedicine visits at the same rate as in-person visits during the COVID-19 emergency declaration. “This has helped expand our telehealth options in Texas,” Dr. Monga said.
Medicare has also boosted coverage of telehealth services. “I appreciate that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has acknowledged the value of telehealth services by reimbursing for audio-only visits at the same rate as audiovisual and in-person evaluations during the public health emergency,” Dr. Monga said.
CMS has also proposed to expand telehealth access in its CY 2021 Physician Fee Schedule Proposed Rule. Additionally, the Department of Health & Human Services Office of Rights will not be penalizing physicians for HIPAA noncompliance for conducting visits through technologies such as FaceTime or Skype during COVID-19, she added.
While telehealth can’t replace all in-person visits in rheumatology, “it can certainly provide us with support during certain circumstances, as we have learned during the current health emergency,” Dr. Monga said. “I hope that even after this crisis has passed that parity for telehealth will be maintained and we can make permanent some of the current updates.”
Rheumatologists are seeing the number of telehealth visits skyrocket in their practices as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on and patients seek out alternatives to in-person visits. Telemedicine makes it easier for patients to connect with physicians, but not all patients have access to a computer or device. It also limits what a physician can do. Rheumatologists often rely on physical exams to make diagnoses and treatment decisions – an obstacle if you’re looking at patients through a computer screen.
Presenters at the 2020 Coalition of State Rheumatology Organizations’ state advocacy conference discussed the benefits and challenges of this mode of care in early September. Within weeks, the U.S. health system eliminated almost half of all medical care as the pandemic ramped up and things went virtual, said Larry Van Horn, PhD, MPH, a speaker at the CSRO conference. Still, “we are in uncharted territory with respect to how telehealth is being used. ... It’s being deployed everywhere, but it’s too early to tell how it’s affecting patient outcomes,” said Dr. Van Horn, founder and director of the Center of Health Care Market Innovation at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
Patients seem to like using telemedicine, observed New Jersey state Sen. Herb Conaway, MD, another presenter. “I think it’s here to stay, and it’s likely to expand going forward. But physicians and others are going to want to make sure it’s used appropriately.”
Some payers feel that telemedicine should be billed differently than brick and mortar visits, Dr. Conaway said. “Physicians feel differently about that, and so we’ll see how this goes, moving forward.”
Lately, there have been discussions of liability concerns associated with telemedicine, said CSRO President Madelaine A. Feldman, MD, who practices in New Orleans. “There are some things you can miss with virtual visits. Certain new patient visits may need to be done in person.”
The landscape of telehealth in rheumatology
Telehealth has directly affected the way rheumatologists do business. In a national survey of more than 1,100 adult patients, the American College of Rheumatology found that 66% are choosing telehealth for rheumatology visits, mainly to avoid exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This contrasts with a 52% decline in the percentage of patients who are currently seeing a rheumatologist since 2019. “The pandemic has altered almost every aspect of our rheumatology practices,” said ACR President Ellen Gravallese, MD in a statement. “It has impacted our patients’ lives significantly and required us to create new ways of delivering care through improved telehealth and other adaptations.”
While many rheumatologists have resumed in-person visits, “others, like myself, are doing a hybrid,” Dr. Feldman said.
At the height of the pandemic in New York City, Elana J. Bernstein, MD’s practice relied entirely on telehealth visits. “We weren’t seeing any patients in the office for a couple of months. Now that things have reopened here, we’ve resumed face-to-face visits,” keeping some telehealth visits for patients who are still uncomfortable with in-person visits or who live far away, Dr. Bernstein, director of the scleroderma program at Columbia University, New York, said in an interview. She estimates that telehealth represents about 20%-30% of her practice right now.
Advantages, drawbacks of telehealth
For patients in underserved or geographically distant areas, telehealth means access to care, Kanika Monga, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, said in an interview. During the COVID-19 public health crisis, “it has allowed the most vulnerable patient populations to continue receiving care at the click of a button.”
Virtual visits also improve patient care by improving follow-up and compliance, Dr. Monga continued. “For example, in our patient population, mobility can be a major issue because of the underlying disease. Telemedicine improves care for patients who struggle to make it to appointments.” It’s also more convenient for patients in her county that depend on arranged and/or public transportation and have to request a portion of their day off work for a doctor’s appointment.
But the virtual visit has its drawbacks. Different available platforms and their usability create challenges, Dr. Monga said. “Although some patients are tech-savvy, some are not. This is a challenge, especially when using platforms that have many steps involved.” Telemedicine also highlights general health inequities that already exist in some populations. Patients who are older, live in rural areas, are less educated, or are from a lower socioeconomic household might not have the technology or Internet connection available to enable telemedicine visits.
Telemedicine also complicates the physical examination, which is a central part of the diagnostic process, Dr. Bernstein said. Some components of the physical exam lend themselves to a video visit, such as evaluating for facial rashes or examining a patient’s digital ulcers. “But if you suspect the patient has rheumatoid arthritis, for example, you can’t examine the joints for swelling.” When seeing scleroderma patients over telemedicine, “I can’t perform the modified Rodnan skin score to assess for skin thickening, or auscultate the lungs for crackles. It’s also hard to assess a patient’s response to therapy over telemedicine,” Dr. Feldman added.
Some rheumatologists have sought out multiple pathways on telemedicine to provide more options for patients.
Christine Peoples, MD, clinical assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, uses several telehealth options to reach patients that live in the largely rural area she serves. For her, telemedicine isn’t a novel concept. “I’ve been providing care through telemedicine for 6 years,” she said in an interview. Prior to COVID-19, her patients had gone to teleconsult centers for a telemedicine visit. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, she expanded telehealth services to include more home video visits through the practice’s online medical record.
For care that can’t take place online, Dr. Peoples said she works with colleagues in orthopedics, which have far greater numbers than rheumatologists in Pennsylvania, to provide injections to patients. All of the teleconference centers are at local hospitals or outpatient community centers. Patients can go there to get an injection from another doctor, she said. Additionally, all of her practice’s locations at UPMC hospitals have infusion centers.
Adopting a ‘computer-side’ manner
Any practice offering telemedicine should be training their staff, as virtual meetings require certain skills, Dr. Peoples stressed. “You have to have experience as a rheumatologist, but you also have to have experience in telemedicine. Then it’s about merging those two skills.” Physicians need to be familiar with the technology and equipment. “I have a Bluetooth stethoscope that hears the heart and the lungs” of a patient during a virtual visit, she said.
Most importantly, physicians need to adopt a “computer-side” manner. “Make sure you have good eye contact on the screen, that you’re maintaining a good, professional relationship with the patient.” Training nurses to assist doctors during a telehealth visit is also key.
Dr. Peoples said UPMC has been training its fellows in telemedicine to adopt these skills.
Efforts to pay doctors for telehealth
As rheumatologists navigate the growing market for telehealth, questions remain about the long term payment outlook for these services.
For now, there appears to be reimbursement parity for telehealth visits, Dr. Feldman said. COVID-19’s public health emergency put into place certain flexibilities for telehealth. But some concerns remain about the commercial insurance sector. Whether private payers will continue paying the same amount as they do for in-person visits once the pandemic is over is unknown, Dr. Feldman added. “Insurance companies have had a boom in profits and should not be able to use ‘losses’ from COVID as an excuse for stopping pay parity for telehealth visits.”
David Allen, spokesperson for America’s Health Insurance Plans, said some plans are voluntarily offering telehealth payment parity during the public health emergency. “However, as a policy, AHIP does not support mandating that clinicians be paid the same amount for telehealth and in-person care,” Mr. Allen said, adding that AHIP hasn’t tallied how many insurance companies offer payment parity. “Too many variances exist between plans to make any kind of declarative statement on this.”
For her telemedicine visits at teleconsult centers, Dr. Peoples said compensation is comparable with traditional in-person visits. “Compensation is different for video visits where the patient is at home. However, these video visits are still reimbursed by most insurance plans.”
Federal payers and many states have taken actions on parity. Telehealth is seeing major legislative action at the state level, Kelly Hughes, a program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures, said during the CSRO meeting. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have made revisions to telehealth policies during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain access to health care services and to minimize potential exposure. Most of these are temporary modifications to address the pandemic, but some states are either adopting permanent changes or mulling over permanent changes to telehealth, Ms. Hughes said.
Modifications vary widely by state, but the top three trends include allowing reimbursement for phone calls (not requiring video), expanding the types of providers authorized to provide telehealth services, and allowing a relationship between a patient and provider to begin with a telehealth visit.
The Commonwealth Fund reports that at least 13 states have enacted payment parity laws in response to COVID-19. Another four had parity laws in place prior to the pandemic. “Many states have taken direct action via Medicaid policy; all but two issued specific guidance on the expansion or reimbursement of Medicaid-based telehealth services,” according to the Commonwealth Fund.
In Texas, where Dr. Monga practices. Gov. Greg Abbott (R) has temporarily waived regulations to lift certain telehealth restrictions. The Texas Department of Insurance under an emergency rule is directing state-regulated health plans to cover telemedicine visits at the same rate as in-person visits during the COVID-19 emergency declaration. “This has helped expand our telehealth options in Texas,” Dr. Monga said.
Medicare has also boosted coverage of telehealth services. “I appreciate that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has acknowledged the value of telehealth services by reimbursing for audio-only visits at the same rate as audiovisual and in-person evaluations during the public health emergency,” Dr. Monga said.
CMS has also proposed to expand telehealth access in its CY 2021 Physician Fee Schedule Proposed Rule. Additionally, the Department of Health & Human Services Office of Rights will not be penalizing physicians for HIPAA noncompliance for conducting visits through technologies such as FaceTime or Skype during COVID-19, she added.
While telehealth can’t replace all in-person visits in rheumatology, “it can certainly provide us with support during certain circumstances, as we have learned during the current health emergency,” Dr. Monga said. “I hope that even after this crisis has passed that parity for telehealth will be maintained and we can make permanent some of the current updates.”
Rheumatologists are seeing the number of telehealth visits skyrocket in their practices as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on and patients seek out alternatives to in-person visits. Telemedicine makes it easier for patients to connect with physicians, but not all patients have access to a computer or device. It also limits what a physician can do. Rheumatologists often rely on physical exams to make diagnoses and treatment decisions – an obstacle if you’re looking at patients through a computer screen.
Presenters at the 2020 Coalition of State Rheumatology Organizations’ state advocacy conference discussed the benefits and challenges of this mode of care in early September. Within weeks, the U.S. health system eliminated almost half of all medical care as the pandemic ramped up and things went virtual, said Larry Van Horn, PhD, MPH, a speaker at the CSRO conference. Still, “we are in uncharted territory with respect to how telehealth is being used. ... It’s being deployed everywhere, but it’s too early to tell how it’s affecting patient outcomes,” said Dr. Van Horn, founder and director of the Center of Health Care Market Innovation at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.
Patients seem to like using telemedicine, observed New Jersey state Sen. Herb Conaway, MD, another presenter. “I think it’s here to stay, and it’s likely to expand going forward. But physicians and others are going to want to make sure it’s used appropriately.”
Some payers feel that telemedicine should be billed differently than brick and mortar visits, Dr. Conaway said. “Physicians feel differently about that, and so we’ll see how this goes, moving forward.”
Lately, there have been discussions of liability concerns associated with telemedicine, said CSRO President Madelaine A. Feldman, MD, who practices in New Orleans. “There are some things you can miss with virtual visits. Certain new patient visits may need to be done in person.”
The landscape of telehealth in rheumatology
Telehealth has directly affected the way rheumatologists do business. In a national survey of more than 1,100 adult patients, the American College of Rheumatology found that 66% are choosing telehealth for rheumatology visits, mainly to avoid exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This contrasts with a 52% decline in the percentage of patients who are currently seeing a rheumatologist since 2019. “The pandemic has altered almost every aspect of our rheumatology practices,” said ACR President Ellen Gravallese, MD in a statement. “It has impacted our patients’ lives significantly and required us to create new ways of delivering care through improved telehealth and other adaptations.”
While many rheumatologists have resumed in-person visits, “others, like myself, are doing a hybrid,” Dr. Feldman said.
At the height of the pandemic in New York City, Elana J. Bernstein, MD’s practice relied entirely on telehealth visits. “We weren’t seeing any patients in the office for a couple of months. Now that things have reopened here, we’ve resumed face-to-face visits,” keeping some telehealth visits for patients who are still uncomfortable with in-person visits or who live far away, Dr. Bernstein, director of the scleroderma program at Columbia University, New York, said in an interview. She estimates that telehealth represents about 20%-30% of her practice right now.
Advantages, drawbacks of telehealth
For patients in underserved or geographically distant areas, telehealth means access to care, Kanika Monga, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, said in an interview. During the COVID-19 public health crisis, “it has allowed the most vulnerable patient populations to continue receiving care at the click of a button.”
Virtual visits also improve patient care by improving follow-up and compliance, Dr. Monga continued. “For example, in our patient population, mobility can be a major issue because of the underlying disease. Telemedicine improves care for patients who struggle to make it to appointments.” It’s also more convenient for patients in her county that depend on arranged and/or public transportation and have to request a portion of their day off work for a doctor’s appointment.
But the virtual visit has its drawbacks. Different available platforms and their usability create challenges, Dr. Monga said. “Although some patients are tech-savvy, some are not. This is a challenge, especially when using platforms that have many steps involved.” Telemedicine also highlights general health inequities that already exist in some populations. Patients who are older, live in rural areas, are less educated, or are from a lower socioeconomic household might not have the technology or Internet connection available to enable telemedicine visits.
Telemedicine also complicates the physical examination, which is a central part of the diagnostic process, Dr. Bernstein said. Some components of the physical exam lend themselves to a video visit, such as evaluating for facial rashes or examining a patient’s digital ulcers. “But if you suspect the patient has rheumatoid arthritis, for example, you can’t examine the joints for swelling.” When seeing scleroderma patients over telemedicine, “I can’t perform the modified Rodnan skin score to assess for skin thickening, or auscultate the lungs for crackles. It’s also hard to assess a patient’s response to therapy over telemedicine,” Dr. Feldman added.
Some rheumatologists have sought out multiple pathways on telemedicine to provide more options for patients.
Christine Peoples, MD, clinical assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, uses several telehealth options to reach patients that live in the largely rural area she serves. For her, telemedicine isn’t a novel concept. “I’ve been providing care through telemedicine for 6 years,” she said in an interview. Prior to COVID-19, her patients had gone to teleconsult centers for a telemedicine visit. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, she expanded telehealth services to include more home video visits through the practice’s online medical record.
For care that can’t take place online, Dr. Peoples said she works with colleagues in orthopedics, which have far greater numbers than rheumatologists in Pennsylvania, to provide injections to patients. All of the teleconference centers are at local hospitals or outpatient community centers. Patients can go there to get an injection from another doctor, she said. Additionally, all of her practice’s locations at UPMC hospitals have infusion centers.
Adopting a ‘computer-side’ manner
Any practice offering telemedicine should be training their staff, as virtual meetings require certain skills, Dr. Peoples stressed. “You have to have experience as a rheumatologist, but you also have to have experience in telemedicine. Then it’s about merging those two skills.” Physicians need to be familiar with the technology and equipment. “I have a Bluetooth stethoscope that hears the heart and the lungs” of a patient during a virtual visit, she said.
Most importantly, physicians need to adopt a “computer-side” manner. “Make sure you have good eye contact on the screen, that you’re maintaining a good, professional relationship with the patient.” Training nurses to assist doctors during a telehealth visit is also key.
Dr. Peoples said UPMC has been training its fellows in telemedicine to adopt these skills.
Efforts to pay doctors for telehealth
As rheumatologists navigate the growing market for telehealth, questions remain about the long term payment outlook for these services.
For now, there appears to be reimbursement parity for telehealth visits, Dr. Feldman said. COVID-19’s public health emergency put into place certain flexibilities for telehealth. But some concerns remain about the commercial insurance sector. Whether private payers will continue paying the same amount as they do for in-person visits once the pandemic is over is unknown, Dr. Feldman added. “Insurance companies have had a boom in profits and should not be able to use ‘losses’ from COVID as an excuse for stopping pay parity for telehealth visits.”
David Allen, spokesperson for America’s Health Insurance Plans, said some plans are voluntarily offering telehealth payment parity during the public health emergency. “However, as a policy, AHIP does not support mandating that clinicians be paid the same amount for telehealth and in-person care,” Mr. Allen said, adding that AHIP hasn’t tallied how many insurance companies offer payment parity. “Too many variances exist between plans to make any kind of declarative statement on this.”
For her telemedicine visits at teleconsult centers, Dr. Peoples said compensation is comparable with traditional in-person visits. “Compensation is different for video visits where the patient is at home. However, these video visits are still reimbursed by most insurance plans.”
Federal payers and many states have taken actions on parity. Telehealth is seeing major legislative action at the state level, Kelly Hughes, a program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures, said during the CSRO meeting. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have made revisions to telehealth policies during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain access to health care services and to minimize potential exposure. Most of these are temporary modifications to address the pandemic, but some states are either adopting permanent changes or mulling over permanent changes to telehealth, Ms. Hughes said.
Modifications vary widely by state, but the top three trends include allowing reimbursement for phone calls (not requiring video), expanding the types of providers authorized to provide telehealth services, and allowing a relationship between a patient and provider to begin with a telehealth visit.
The Commonwealth Fund reports that at least 13 states have enacted payment parity laws in response to COVID-19. Another four had parity laws in place prior to the pandemic. “Many states have taken direct action via Medicaid policy; all but two issued specific guidance on the expansion or reimbursement of Medicaid-based telehealth services,” according to the Commonwealth Fund.
In Texas, where Dr. Monga practices. Gov. Greg Abbott (R) has temporarily waived regulations to lift certain telehealth restrictions. The Texas Department of Insurance under an emergency rule is directing state-regulated health plans to cover telemedicine visits at the same rate as in-person visits during the COVID-19 emergency declaration. “This has helped expand our telehealth options in Texas,” Dr. Monga said.
Medicare has also boosted coverage of telehealth services. “I appreciate that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has acknowledged the value of telehealth services by reimbursing for audio-only visits at the same rate as audiovisual and in-person evaluations during the public health emergency,” Dr. Monga said.
CMS has also proposed to expand telehealth access in its CY 2021 Physician Fee Schedule Proposed Rule. Additionally, the Department of Health & Human Services Office of Rights will not be penalizing physicians for HIPAA noncompliance for conducting visits through technologies such as FaceTime or Skype during COVID-19, she added.
While telehealth can’t replace all in-person visits in rheumatology, “it can certainly provide us with support during certain circumstances, as we have learned during the current health emergency,” Dr. Monga said. “I hope that even after this crisis has passed that parity for telehealth will be maintained and we can make permanent some of the current updates.”
The long road to a PsA prevention trial
About one-third of all patients with psoriasis will develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a condition that comes with a host of vague symptoms and no definitive blood test for diagnosis. Prevention trials could help to identify higher-risk groups for PsA, with a goal to catch disease early and improve outcomes. The challenge is finding enough participants in a disease that lacks a clear clinical profile, then tracking them for long periods of time to generate any significant data.
Researchers have been taking several approaches to improve outcomes in PsA, Christopher Ritchlin, MD, MPH, chief of the allergy/immunology and rheumatology division at the University of Rochester (N.Y.), said in an interview. “We are in the process of identifying biomarkers and imaging findings that characterize psoriasis patients at high risk to develop PsA.”
The next step would be to design an interventional trial to treat high-risk patients before they develop musculoskeletal inflammation, with a goal to delay onset, attenuate severity, or completely prevent arthritis. The issue now is “we don’t know which agents would be most effective in this prevention effort,” Dr. Ritchlin said. Biologics that target specific pathways significant in PsA pathogenesis are an appealing prospect. However, “it may be that alternative therapies such as methotrexate or ultraviolet A radiation therapy, for example, may help arrest the development of joint inflammation.”
Underdiagnosis impedes research
Several factors may undermine this important research.
For one, psoriasis patients are often unaware that they have PsA. “Many times they are diagnosed incorrectly by nonspecialists. As a consequence, they do not get access to appropriate medications,” said Lihi Eder, MD, PhD, staff rheumatologist and director of the psoriatic arthritis research program at the University of Toronto’s Women’s College Research Institute.
The condition also lacks a good diagnostic tool, Dr. Eder said. There’s no blood test that identifies this condition in the same manner as RA and lupus, for example. For these conditions, a general practitioner such as a family physician may conduct a blood test, and if positive, refer them to a rheumatologist. Such a system doesn’t exist for PsA. “Instead, nonspecialists are ordering tests and when they’re negative, they assume wrongly that these patients don’t have a rheumatic condition,” she explained.
Many clinicians aren’t that well versed in PsA, although dermatology has taken steps to become better educated. As a result, more dermatologists are referring patients to rheumatologists for PsA. Despite this small step forward, the heterogeneous clinical presentation of this condition makes diagnosis especially difficult. Unlike RA, which presents with inflammation in the joints, PsA can present as back or joint pain, “which makes our life as rheumatologists much more complex,” Dr. Eder said.
Defining a risk group
Most experts agree that the presence of psoriasis isn’t sufficient to conduct a prevention trial. Ideally, the goal of a prevention study would be to identify a critical subgroup of psoriasis patients at high risk of developing PsA.
However, this presents a challenging task, Dr. Eder said. Psoriasis is a risk factor for PsA, but most patients with psoriasis won’t actually develop it. Given that there’s an incidence rate of 2.7% a year, “you would need to recruit many hundreds of psoriasis patients and follow them for a long period of time until you have enough events.”
Moving forward with prevention studies calls for a better definition of the PsA risk group, according to Georg Schett, MD, chair of internal medicine in the department of internal medicine, rheumatology, and immunology at Friedrich‐Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany. “That’s very important, because you need to define such a group to make a prevention trial feasible. The whole benefit of such an approach is to catch the disease early, to say that psoriasis is a biomarker that’s linked to psoriatic arthritis.”
Indicators of risk other than psoriasis, such as pain, inflammation seen in ultrasound or MRI, and other specificities of psoriasis, could be used to define a population where interception can take place, Dr. Schett added. Although it’s not always clinically recognized, the combination of pain and structural lesions can be an indicator for developing PsA.
One prospective study he and his colleagues conducted in 114 psoriasis patients cited structural entheseal lesions and low cortical volumetric bone mineral density as risk factors in developing PsA. Keeping these factors in mind, Dr. Schett expects to see more studies in biointervention in these populations, “with the idea to prevent the onset of PsA and also decrease pain and subcutaneous inflammation.”
Researchers are currently working to identify those high-risk patients to include in an interventional trial, Dr. Ritchlin said.
That said, there’s been a great deal of “clinical trial angst” among investigators, Dr. Ritchlin noted. Outcomes in clinical trials for a wide range of biologic agents have not demonstrated significant advances in outcomes, compared with initial studies with anti–tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-alpha) agents 20 years ago.
Combination biologics
One approach that’s generated some interest is the use of combination biologics medications. Sequential inhibition of cytokines such as interleukin-17A and TNF-alpha is of interest given their central contribution in joint inflammation and damage. “The challenge here of course is toxicity,” Dr. Ritchlin said. Trials that combined blockade of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in a RA trial years ago resulted in significant adverse events without improving outcomes.
Comparatively, a recent study in The Lancet Rheumatology reported success in using the IL-17A inhibitor secukinumab (Cosentyx) to reduce PsA symptoms. Tested on patients in the FUTURE 2 trial, investigators demonstrated that secukinumab in 300- and 150-mg doses safely reduced PsA signs and symptoms over a period of 5 years. Secukinumab also outperformed the TNF-alpha inhibitor adalimumab in 853 PsA patients in the 52-week, randomized, head-to-head, phase 3b EXCEED study, which was recently reported in The Lancet. Articular outcomes were similar between the two therapies, yet the secukinumab group did markedly better in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores, compared with the adalimumab group.
Based on these findings, “I suspect that studies examining the efficacy of combination biologics for treatment of PsA will surface in the near future,” Dr. Ritchlin said.
Yet another approach encompasses the spirit of personalized medicine. Clinicians often treat PsA patients empirically because they lack biomarkers that indicate which drug may be most effective for an individual patient, Dr. Ritchlin said. However, the technologies for investigating specific cell subsets in both the blood and tissues have advanced greatly over the last decade. “I am confident that a more precision medicine–based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of PsA is on the near horizon.”
Diet as an intervention
Other research has looked at the strong link between metabolic abnormalities and psoriasis and PsA. Some diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, show promise in improving the metabolic profile of these patients, making it a candidate as a potential intervention to reduce PsA risk. Another strategy would be to focus on limiting calories and promoting weight reduction.
One study in the British Journal of Dermatology looked at the associations between PsA and smoking, alcohol, and body mass index, identifying obesity as an important risk factor. Analyzing more than 90,000 psoriasis cases from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1998 and 2014, researchers identified 1,409 PsA diagnoses. Among this cohort, researchers found an association between PsA and increased body mass index and moderate drinking. This finding underscores the need to support weight-reduction programs to reduce risk, Dr. Eder and Alexis Ogdie, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, wrote in a related editorial.
While observational studies such as this one provide further guidance for interventional trials, confounders can affect results. “Patients who lost weight could have made a positive lifestyle change (e.g., a dietary change) that was associated with the decreased risk for PsA rather than weight loss specifically, or they could have lost weight for unhealthy reasons,” Dr. Eder and Dr. Ogdie explained. Future research could address whether weight loss or other interventional factors may reduce PsA progression.
To make this work, “we would need to select patients that would benefit from diet. Secondly, we’d need to identify what kind of diet would be good for preventing PsA. And we don’t know that yet,” Dr. Eder further elaborated.
As with any prevention trial, the challenge is to follow patients over a long period of time, making sure they comply with the restrictions of the prescribed diet, Dr. Eder noted. “I do think it’s a really exciting type of intervention because it’s something that people are very interested in. There’s little risk of side effects, and it’s not very expensive.”
In other research on weight-loss methods, an observational study from Denmark found that bariatric surgery, especially gastric bypass, reduced the risk of developing PsA. This suggests that weight reduction by itself is important, “although we don’t know that yet,” Dr. Eder said.
A risk model for PsA
Dr. Eder and colleagues have been working on an algorithm that will incorporate clinical information (for example, the presence of nail lesions and the severity of psoriasis) to provide an estimated risk of developing PsA over the next 5 years. Subsequently, this information could be used to identify high-risk psoriasis patients as candidates for a prevention trial.
Other groups are looking at laboratory or imaging biomarkers to help develop PsA prediction models, she said. “Once we have these tools, we can move to next steps of prevention trials. What kinds of interventions should we apply? Are we talking biologic medications or other lifestyle interventions like diet? We are still at the early stages. However, with an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms and risk factors we are expected to see prevention trials for PsA in the future.”
About one-third of all patients with psoriasis will develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a condition that comes with a host of vague symptoms and no definitive blood test for diagnosis. Prevention trials could help to identify higher-risk groups for PsA, with a goal to catch disease early and improve outcomes. The challenge is finding enough participants in a disease that lacks a clear clinical profile, then tracking them for long periods of time to generate any significant data.
Researchers have been taking several approaches to improve outcomes in PsA, Christopher Ritchlin, MD, MPH, chief of the allergy/immunology and rheumatology division at the University of Rochester (N.Y.), said in an interview. “We are in the process of identifying biomarkers and imaging findings that characterize psoriasis patients at high risk to develop PsA.”
The next step would be to design an interventional trial to treat high-risk patients before they develop musculoskeletal inflammation, with a goal to delay onset, attenuate severity, or completely prevent arthritis. The issue now is “we don’t know which agents would be most effective in this prevention effort,” Dr. Ritchlin said. Biologics that target specific pathways significant in PsA pathogenesis are an appealing prospect. However, “it may be that alternative therapies such as methotrexate or ultraviolet A radiation therapy, for example, may help arrest the development of joint inflammation.”
Underdiagnosis impedes research
Several factors may undermine this important research.
For one, psoriasis patients are often unaware that they have PsA. “Many times they are diagnosed incorrectly by nonspecialists. As a consequence, they do not get access to appropriate medications,” said Lihi Eder, MD, PhD, staff rheumatologist and director of the psoriatic arthritis research program at the University of Toronto’s Women’s College Research Institute.
The condition also lacks a good diagnostic tool, Dr. Eder said. There’s no blood test that identifies this condition in the same manner as RA and lupus, for example. For these conditions, a general practitioner such as a family physician may conduct a blood test, and if positive, refer them to a rheumatologist. Such a system doesn’t exist for PsA. “Instead, nonspecialists are ordering tests and when they’re negative, they assume wrongly that these patients don’t have a rheumatic condition,” she explained.
Many clinicians aren’t that well versed in PsA, although dermatology has taken steps to become better educated. As a result, more dermatologists are referring patients to rheumatologists for PsA. Despite this small step forward, the heterogeneous clinical presentation of this condition makes diagnosis especially difficult. Unlike RA, which presents with inflammation in the joints, PsA can present as back or joint pain, “which makes our life as rheumatologists much more complex,” Dr. Eder said.
Defining a risk group
Most experts agree that the presence of psoriasis isn’t sufficient to conduct a prevention trial. Ideally, the goal of a prevention study would be to identify a critical subgroup of psoriasis patients at high risk of developing PsA.
However, this presents a challenging task, Dr. Eder said. Psoriasis is a risk factor for PsA, but most patients with psoriasis won’t actually develop it. Given that there’s an incidence rate of 2.7% a year, “you would need to recruit many hundreds of psoriasis patients and follow them for a long period of time until you have enough events.”
Moving forward with prevention studies calls for a better definition of the PsA risk group, according to Georg Schett, MD, chair of internal medicine in the department of internal medicine, rheumatology, and immunology at Friedrich‐Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany. “That’s very important, because you need to define such a group to make a prevention trial feasible. The whole benefit of such an approach is to catch the disease early, to say that psoriasis is a biomarker that’s linked to psoriatic arthritis.”
Indicators of risk other than psoriasis, such as pain, inflammation seen in ultrasound or MRI, and other specificities of psoriasis, could be used to define a population where interception can take place, Dr. Schett added. Although it’s not always clinically recognized, the combination of pain and structural lesions can be an indicator for developing PsA.
One prospective study he and his colleagues conducted in 114 psoriasis patients cited structural entheseal lesions and low cortical volumetric bone mineral density as risk factors in developing PsA. Keeping these factors in mind, Dr. Schett expects to see more studies in biointervention in these populations, “with the idea to prevent the onset of PsA and also decrease pain and subcutaneous inflammation.”
Researchers are currently working to identify those high-risk patients to include in an interventional trial, Dr. Ritchlin said.
That said, there’s been a great deal of “clinical trial angst” among investigators, Dr. Ritchlin noted. Outcomes in clinical trials for a wide range of biologic agents have not demonstrated significant advances in outcomes, compared with initial studies with anti–tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-alpha) agents 20 years ago.
Combination biologics
One approach that’s generated some interest is the use of combination biologics medications. Sequential inhibition of cytokines such as interleukin-17A and TNF-alpha is of interest given their central contribution in joint inflammation and damage. “The challenge here of course is toxicity,” Dr. Ritchlin said. Trials that combined blockade of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in a RA trial years ago resulted in significant adverse events without improving outcomes.
Comparatively, a recent study in The Lancet Rheumatology reported success in using the IL-17A inhibitor secukinumab (Cosentyx) to reduce PsA symptoms. Tested on patients in the FUTURE 2 trial, investigators demonstrated that secukinumab in 300- and 150-mg doses safely reduced PsA signs and symptoms over a period of 5 years. Secukinumab also outperformed the TNF-alpha inhibitor adalimumab in 853 PsA patients in the 52-week, randomized, head-to-head, phase 3b EXCEED study, which was recently reported in The Lancet. Articular outcomes were similar between the two therapies, yet the secukinumab group did markedly better in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores, compared with the adalimumab group.
Based on these findings, “I suspect that studies examining the efficacy of combination biologics for treatment of PsA will surface in the near future,” Dr. Ritchlin said.
Yet another approach encompasses the spirit of personalized medicine. Clinicians often treat PsA patients empirically because they lack biomarkers that indicate which drug may be most effective for an individual patient, Dr. Ritchlin said. However, the technologies for investigating specific cell subsets in both the blood and tissues have advanced greatly over the last decade. “I am confident that a more precision medicine–based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of PsA is on the near horizon.”
Diet as an intervention
Other research has looked at the strong link between metabolic abnormalities and psoriasis and PsA. Some diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, show promise in improving the metabolic profile of these patients, making it a candidate as a potential intervention to reduce PsA risk. Another strategy would be to focus on limiting calories and promoting weight reduction.
One study in the British Journal of Dermatology looked at the associations between PsA and smoking, alcohol, and body mass index, identifying obesity as an important risk factor. Analyzing more than 90,000 psoriasis cases from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1998 and 2014, researchers identified 1,409 PsA diagnoses. Among this cohort, researchers found an association between PsA and increased body mass index and moderate drinking. This finding underscores the need to support weight-reduction programs to reduce risk, Dr. Eder and Alexis Ogdie, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, wrote in a related editorial.
While observational studies such as this one provide further guidance for interventional trials, confounders can affect results. “Patients who lost weight could have made a positive lifestyle change (e.g., a dietary change) that was associated with the decreased risk for PsA rather than weight loss specifically, or they could have lost weight for unhealthy reasons,” Dr. Eder and Dr. Ogdie explained. Future research could address whether weight loss or other interventional factors may reduce PsA progression.
To make this work, “we would need to select patients that would benefit from diet. Secondly, we’d need to identify what kind of diet would be good for preventing PsA. And we don’t know that yet,” Dr. Eder further elaborated.
As with any prevention trial, the challenge is to follow patients over a long period of time, making sure they comply with the restrictions of the prescribed diet, Dr. Eder noted. “I do think it’s a really exciting type of intervention because it’s something that people are very interested in. There’s little risk of side effects, and it’s not very expensive.”
In other research on weight-loss methods, an observational study from Denmark found that bariatric surgery, especially gastric bypass, reduced the risk of developing PsA. This suggests that weight reduction by itself is important, “although we don’t know that yet,” Dr. Eder said.
A risk model for PsA
Dr. Eder and colleagues have been working on an algorithm that will incorporate clinical information (for example, the presence of nail lesions and the severity of psoriasis) to provide an estimated risk of developing PsA over the next 5 years. Subsequently, this information could be used to identify high-risk psoriasis patients as candidates for a prevention trial.
Other groups are looking at laboratory or imaging biomarkers to help develop PsA prediction models, she said. “Once we have these tools, we can move to next steps of prevention trials. What kinds of interventions should we apply? Are we talking biologic medications or other lifestyle interventions like diet? We are still at the early stages. However, with an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms and risk factors we are expected to see prevention trials for PsA in the future.”
About one-third of all patients with psoriasis will develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a condition that comes with a host of vague symptoms and no definitive blood test for diagnosis. Prevention trials could help to identify higher-risk groups for PsA, with a goal to catch disease early and improve outcomes. The challenge is finding enough participants in a disease that lacks a clear clinical profile, then tracking them for long periods of time to generate any significant data.
Researchers have been taking several approaches to improve outcomes in PsA, Christopher Ritchlin, MD, MPH, chief of the allergy/immunology and rheumatology division at the University of Rochester (N.Y.), said in an interview. “We are in the process of identifying biomarkers and imaging findings that characterize psoriasis patients at high risk to develop PsA.”
The next step would be to design an interventional trial to treat high-risk patients before they develop musculoskeletal inflammation, with a goal to delay onset, attenuate severity, or completely prevent arthritis. The issue now is “we don’t know which agents would be most effective in this prevention effort,” Dr. Ritchlin said. Biologics that target specific pathways significant in PsA pathogenesis are an appealing prospect. However, “it may be that alternative therapies such as methotrexate or ultraviolet A radiation therapy, for example, may help arrest the development of joint inflammation.”
Underdiagnosis impedes research
Several factors may undermine this important research.
For one, psoriasis patients are often unaware that they have PsA. “Many times they are diagnosed incorrectly by nonspecialists. As a consequence, they do not get access to appropriate medications,” said Lihi Eder, MD, PhD, staff rheumatologist and director of the psoriatic arthritis research program at the University of Toronto’s Women’s College Research Institute.
The condition also lacks a good diagnostic tool, Dr. Eder said. There’s no blood test that identifies this condition in the same manner as RA and lupus, for example. For these conditions, a general practitioner such as a family physician may conduct a blood test, and if positive, refer them to a rheumatologist. Such a system doesn’t exist for PsA. “Instead, nonspecialists are ordering tests and when they’re negative, they assume wrongly that these patients don’t have a rheumatic condition,” she explained.
Many clinicians aren’t that well versed in PsA, although dermatology has taken steps to become better educated. As a result, more dermatologists are referring patients to rheumatologists for PsA. Despite this small step forward, the heterogeneous clinical presentation of this condition makes diagnosis especially difficult. Unlike RA, which presents with inflammation in the joints, PsA can present as back or joint pain, “which makes our life as rheumatologists much more complex,” Dr. Eder said.
Defining a risk group
Most experts agree that the presence of psoriasis isn’t sufficient to conduct a prevention trial. Ideally, the goal of a prevention study would be to identify a critical subgroup of psoriasis patients at high risk of developing PsA.
However, this presents a challenging task, Dr. Eder said. Psoriasis is a risk factor for PsA, but most patients with psoriasis won’t actually develop it. Given that there’s an incidence rate of 2.7% a year, “you would need to recruit many hundreds of psoriasis patients and follow them for a long period of time until you have enough events.”
Moving forward with prevention studies calls for a better definition of the PsA risk group, according to Georg Schett, MD, chair of internal medicine in the department of internal medicine, rheumatology, and immunology at Friedrich‐Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany. “That’s very important, because you need to define such a group to make a prevention trial feasible. The whole benefit of such an approach is to catch the disease early, to say that psoriasis is a biomarker that’s linked to psoriatic arthritis.”
Indicators of risk other than psoriasis, such as pain, inflammation seen in ultrasound or MRI, and other specificities of psoriasis, could be used to define a population where interception can take place, Dr. Schett added. Although it’s not always clinically recognized, the combination of pain and structural lesions can be an indicator for developing PsA.
One prospective study he and his colleagues conducted in 114 psoriasis patients cited structural entheseal lesions and low cortical volumetric bone mineral density as risk factors in developing PsA. Keeping these factors in mind, Dr. Schett expects to see more studies in biointervention in these populations, “with the idea to prevent the onset of PsA and also decrease pain and subcutaneous inflammation.”
Researchers are currently working to identify those high-risk patients to include in an interventional trial, Dr. Ritchlin said.
That said, there’s been a great deal of “clinical trial angst” among investigators, Dr. Ritchlin noted. Outcomes in clinical trials for a wide range of biologic agents have not demonstrated significant advances in outcomes, compared with initial studies with anti–tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-alpha) agents 20 years ago.
Combination biologics
One approach that’s generated some interest is the use of combination biologics medications. Sequential inhibition of cytokines such as interleukin-17A and TNF-alpha is of interest given their central contribution in joint inflammation and damage. “The challenge here of course is toxicity,” Dr. Ritchlin said. Trials that combined blockade of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in a RA trial years ago resulted in significant adverse events without improving outcomes.
Comparatively, a recent study in The Lancet Rheumatology reported success in using the IL-17A inhibitor secukinumab (Cosentyx) to reduce PsA symptoms. Tested on patients in the FUTURE 2 trial, investigators demonstrated that secukinumab in 300- and 150-mg doses safely reduced PsA signs and symptoms over a period of 5 years. Secukinumab also outperformed the TNF-alpha inhibitor adalimumab in 853 PsA patients in the 52-week, randomized, head-to-head, phase 3b EXCEED study, which was recently reported in The Lancet. Articular outcomes were similar between the two therapies, yet the secukinumab group did markedly better in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores, compared with the adalimumab group.
Based on these findings, “I suspect that studies examining the efficacy of combination biologics for treatment of PsA will surface in the near future,” Dr. Ritchlin said.
Yet another approach encompasses the spirit of personalized medicine. Clinicians often treat PsA patients empirically because they lack biomarkers that indicate which drug may be most effective for an individual patient, Dr. Ritchlin said. However, the technologies for investigating specific cell subsets in both the blood and tissues have advanced greatly over the last decade. “I am confident that a more precision medicine–based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of PsA is on the near horizon.”
Diet as an intervention
Other research has looked at the strong link between metabolic abnormalities and psoriasis and PsA. Some diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, show promise in improving the metabolic profile of these patients, making it a candidate as a potential intervention to reduce PsA risk. Another strategy would be to focus on limiting calories and promoting weight reduction.
One study in the British Journal of Dermatology looked at the associations between PsA and smoking, alcohol, and body mass index, identifying obesity as an important risk factor. Analyzing more than 90,000 psoriasis cases from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 1998 and 2014, researchers identified 1,409 PsA diagnoses. Among this cohort, researchers found an association between PsA and increased body mass index and moderate drinking. This finding underscores the need to support weight-reduction programs to reduce risk, Dr. Eder and Alexis Ogdie, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, wrote in a related editorial.
While observational studies such as this one provide further guidance for interventional trials, confounders can affect results. “Patients who lost weight could have made a positive lifestyle change (e.g., a dietary change) that was associated with the decreased risk for PsA rather than weight loss specifically, or they could have lost weight for unhealthy reasons,” Dr. Eder and Dr. Ogdie explained. Future research could address whether weight loss or other interventional factors may reduce PsA progression.
To make this work, “we would need to select patients that would benefit from diet. Secondly, we’d need to identify what kind of diet would be good for preventing PsA. And we don’t know that yet,” Dr. Eder further elaborated.
As with any prevention trial, the challenge is to follow patients over a long period of time, making sure they comply with the restrictions of the prescribed diet, Dr. Eder noted. “I do think it’s a really exciting type of intervention because it’s something that people are very interested in. There’s little risk of side effects, and it’s not very expensive.”
In other research on weight-loss methods, an observational study from Denmark found that bariatric surgery, especially gastric bypass, reduced the risk of developing PsA. This suggests that weight reduction by itself is important, “although we don’t know that yet,” Dr. Eder said.
A risk model for PsA
Dr. Eder and colleagues have been working on an algorithm that will incorporate clinical information (for example, the presence of nail lesions and the severity of psoriasis) to provide an estimated risk of developing PsA over the next 5 years. Subsequently, this information could be used to identify high-risk psoriasis patients as candidates for a prevention trial.
Other groups are looking at laboratory or imaging biomarkers to help develop PsA prediction models, she said. “Once we have these tools, we can move to next steps of prevention trials. What kinds of interventions should we apply? Are we talking biologic medications or other lifestyle interventions like diet? We are still at the early stages. However, with an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms and risk factors we are expected to see prevention trials for PsA in the future.”
Gender gaps persist in academic rheumatology
They’re less likely to hold a higher-level professorship position, feature as a senior author on a paper, or receive a federal grant. Two recent studies underscore progress for and barriers to career advancement.
One cross-sectional analysis of practicing U.S. rheumatologists found that fewer women are professors compared with men (12.6% vs. 36.8%) or associate professors (17.5% vs. 28%). A larger proportion of women serve as assistant professors (55.5% vs. 31.5%). From a leadership perspective, women are making progress. Their odds are similar to men as far as holding a fellowship or division director position in a rheumatology division.
For this study, published in Arthritis & Rheumatology on Aug. 16, April Jorge, MD, and her colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, identified 6,125 rheumatologists from a database of all licensed physicians and used multivariate logistic regression to assess gender differences in academic advancement. They arrived at their results after accounting for variables such as age, research and academic appointments, publications, achievements, and years since residency graduation.
Women rheumatologists are younger, completing their residency more recently than their male colleagues. Their numbers in academic rheumatology have gradually increased over the last few decades, recently outpacing men. In 2015, the American College of Rheumatology reported that women made up 41% of the workforce and 66% of rheumatology fellows. Dr. Jorge and associates stressed the importance of fostering women in leadership positions and ensuring gender equity in academic career advancement.
Women also had fewer publications and grants from the National Institutes of Health. Several factors could account for this, such as time spent in the workforce or on parental leave, work-life balance, and mentorship. “However, gender differences in academic promotion remained after adjusting for each of these typical promotion criteria, indicating that other unidentified factors also contribute to the gap in promotion for women academic rheumatologists,” the investigators noted.
The authors weren’t able to assess how parental leave and work effort affected results or why pay differences existed between men and women. They also weren’t able to determine how many physicians left academic practice. “If greater numbers of women than men left the academic rheumatology workforce – for one of many reasons, including that they were not promoted – our findings could underestimate sex differences in academic rank,” they acknowledged.
Lower authorship rate examined
Fewer women in full or associate professor positions might explain why female authorship on research papers is underrepresented, according to another study published Aug. 18 in Arthritis & Rheumatology. Ekta Bagga and colleagues at the University of Auckland (New Zealand) examined 7,651 original research articles from high-impact rheumatology and general medical journals published during 2015-2019 and reported that women were much less likely to achieve first or senior author positions in reports of randomized, controlled trials. This was especially true for studies initiated and funded by industry, compared with other research designs.
More gender parity existed for first authorship than senior authorship – women first authors and senior authors appeared in 51.5% and 35.3% of the papers, respectively. For all geographical regions, the proportion of women senior authors fell below 40%. Representation was especially low in regions other than Europe and North America. These observations likely reflect gender disparities in the medical workforce, Nicola Dalbeth, MD, the study’s senior author, said in an interview.
“We know that, although women make up almost half the rheumatology workforce in many countries around the world, we are less likely to be in positions of senior academic leadership,” added Dr. Dalbeth, a rheumatologist and professor at the University of Auckland’s Bone and Joint Research Group. Institutions and industry should take steps to ensure that women rheumatologists get equal representation, particularly in clinical trial development, she added.
The study had its limitations, one of which was that the researchers didn’t analyze individual author names. This means that one person may have authored multiple articles. “Given the relatively low number of women in academic rheumatology leadership positions, our method of analysis may have overrepresented the number of women authors of rheumatology publications, particularly in senior positions,” stated Dr. Dalbeth and colleagues.
Implicit bias in academia
The articles by Jorge et al. and Bagga et al. suggest that implicit bias is as prevalent in medicine as it is in general society, Jason Kolfenbach, MD, said in an interview. Dr. Kolfenbach is an associate professor of medicine and rheumatology and director of the rheumatology fellowship program at University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora.
“The study by Jorge et al. is eye opening because it demonstrates that academic promotion is lower among women even after adjustment for some of these measures of academic productivity,” Dr. Kolfenbach said. It’s likely that bias plays some role “since there is a human element behind promotions committees, as well as committees selecting faculty for the creation of guidelines and speaker panels at national conferences.”
The study by Bagga et al. “matches my personal perception of industry-sponsored studies and pharmaceutical-sponsored speakers bureaus, namely that they are overrepresented by male faculty,” Dr. Kolfenbach continued.
Prior to COVID-19, the department of medicine at the University of Colorado had begun participating in a formal program called the Bias Reduction in Internal Medicine Initiative, a National Institutes of Health–sponsored study. “I’m hopeful programs such as this can lead to a more equitable situation than described by the findings in these two studies,” he added.
Article type, country of origin play a role
Other research corroborates the findings in these two papers. Giovanni Adami, MD, and coauthors examined 366 rheumatology guidelines and recommendations and determined that only 32% featured a female first author. However, authorship did increase for women over time, achieving parity in 2017.
There are several points to consider when exploring gender disparity, Dr. Adami said in an interview. “Original articles, industry-sponsored articles, and recommendation articles explore different disparities,” he offered. Recommendations and industry-sponsored articles are usually authored by international experts such as division directors or full professors. Original articles, in comparison, aren’t as affected by the “opinion leader” effect, he added.
Country of origin is also a crucial aspect, Dr. Adami said. In his own search of guidelines and articles published by Japanese or Chinese researchers, he noticed that males made up the vast majority of authors. “The cultural aspects of the country where research develops is a vital thing to consider when analyzing gender disparity.”
Dr. Adami’s homeland of Italy is a case in point: most of the division chiefs and professors are male. “Here in Italy, there’s a common belief that a woman cannot pursue an academic career or aim for a leadership position,” he noted.
Italy’s public university system has seen some improvements in gender parity, he continued. “For example, in 2009 there were 61,000 new medical students in Italy, and the majority [57%] were female. Nonetheless, we still have more male professors of medicine and more male PhD candidates.”
Gender gap narrows for conference speakers
In another study, rheumatologists Jean Liew, MD, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and Kanika Monga, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, found notable gender gaps in speakers at ACR conferences. Women represented under 50% of speakers at these meetings over a 2-year period. “Although the gender gap at recent ACR meetings was narrower as compared with other conferences, we must remain cognizant of its presence and continue to work towards equal representation,” the authors wrote in a correspondence letter in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.
Dr. Monga said she was excited to see so many studies on the topic of gender disparities in rheumatology. The Jorge et al. and Bagga et al. papers “delve deeper into quantifying the gender gap in rheumatology. These studies allow us to better identify where the discrepancies may be,” she said in an interview.
“I found it very interesting that women were less likely to be promoted in academic rank but as likely as men to hold leadership positions,” Dr. Monga said. She agreed with the authors that criteria for academic promotion should be reassessed to ensure that it values the diversity of scholarly work that rheumatologists pursue.
Men may still outnumber women speakers at ACR meetings, but the Liew and Monga study did report a 4.2% increase in female speaker representation from 2017 to 2018. “We were happy to note that that continued to be the case at The American College of Rheumatology’s Annual Meeting in 2019. I hope that this reflects a positive change in our specialty,” she said.
Dr. Dalbeth’s study received support from a University of Auckland Summer Studentship Award. She has received consulting fees, speaker fees, or grants from AstraZeneca, Horizon, Amgen, Janssen, and other companies outside of the submitted work. The other authors declared no competing interests.
Dr. Jorge receives funds from the Rheumatology Research Foundation. The senior author on her study receives funding from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
They’re less likely to hold a higher-level professorship position, feature as a senior author on a paper, or receive a federal grant. Two recent studies underscore progress for and barriers to career advancement.
One cross-sectional analysis of practicing U.S. rheumatologists found that fewer women are professors compared with men (12.6% vs. 36.8%) or associate professors (17.5% vs. 28%). A larger proportion of women serve as assistant professors (55.5% vs. 31.5%). From a leadership perspective, women are making progress. Their odds are similar to men as far as holding a fellowship or division director position in a rheumatology division.
For this study, published in Arthritis & Rheumatology on Aug. 16, April Jorge, MD, and her colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, identified 6,125 rheumatologists from a database of all licensed physicians and used multivariate logistic regression to assess gender differences in academic advancement. They arrived at their results after accounting for variables such as age, research and academic appointments, publications, achievements, and years since residency graduation.
Women rheumatologists are younger, completing their residency more recently than their male colleagues. Their numbers in academic rheumatology have gradually increased over the last few decades, recently outpacing men. In 2015, the American College of Rheumatology reported that women made up 41% of the workforce and 66% of rheumatology fellows. Dr. Jorge and associates stressed the importance of fostering women in leadership positions and ensuring gender equity in academic career advancement.
Women also had fewer publications and grants from the National Institutes of Health. Several factors could account for this, such as time spent in the workforce or on parental leave, work-life balance, and mentorship. “However, gender differences in academic promotion remained after adjusting for each of these typical promotion criteria, indicating that other unidentified factors also contribute to the gap in promotion for women academic rheumatologists,” the investigators noted.
The authors weren’t able to assess how parental leave and work effort affected results or why pay differences existed between men and women. They also weren’t able to determine how many physicians left academic practice. “If greater numbers of women than men left the academic rheumatology workforce – for one of many reasons, including that they were not promoted – our findings could underestimate sex differences in academic rank,” they acknowledged.
Lower authorship rate examined
Fewer women in full or associate professor positions might explain why female authorship on research papers is underrepresented, according to another study published Aug. 18 in Arthritis & Rheumatology. Ekta Bagga and colleagues at the University of Auckland (New Zealand) examined 7,651 original research articles from high-impact rheumatology and general medical journals published during 2015-2019 and reported that women were much less likely to achieve first or senior author positions in reports of randomized, controlled trials. This was especially true for studies initiated and funded by industry, compared with other research designs.
More gender parity existed for first authorship than senior authorship – women first authors and senior authors appeared in 51.5% and 35.3% of the papers, respectively. For all geographical regions, the proportion of women senior authors fell below 40%. Representation was especially low in regions other than Europe and North America. These observations likely reflect gender disparities in the medical workforce, Nicola Dalbeth, MD, the study’s senior author, said in an interview.
“We know that, although women make up almost half the rheumatology workforce in many countries around the world, we are less likely to be in positions of senior academic leadership,” added Dr. Dalbeth, a rheumatologist and professor at the University of Auckland’s Bone and Joint Research Group. Institutions and industry should take steps to ensure that women rheumatologists get equal representation, particularly in clinical trial development, she added.
The study had its limitations, one of which was that the researchers didn’t analyze individual author names. This means that one person may have authored multiple articles. “Given the relatively low number of women in academic rheumatology leadership positions, our method of analysis may have overrepresented the number of women authors of rheumatology publications, particularly in senior positions,” stated Dr. Dalbeth and colleagues.
Implicit bias in academia
The articles by Jorge et al. and Bagga et al. suggest that implicit bias is as prevalent in medicine as it is in general society, Jason Kolfenbach, MD, said in an interview. Dr. Kolfenbach is an associate professor of medicine and rheumatology and director of the rheumatology fellowship program at University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora.
“The study by Jorge et al. is eye opening because it demonstrates that academic promotion is lower among women even after adjustment for some of these measures of academic productivity,” Dr. Kolfenbach said. It’s likely that bias plays some role “since there is a human element behind promotions committees, as well as committees selecting faculty for the creation of guidelines and speaker panels at national conferences.”
The study by Bagga et al. “matches my personal perception of industry-sponsored studies and pharmaceutical-sponsored speakers bureaus, namely that they are overrepresented by male faculty,” Dr. Kolfenbach continued.
Prior to COVID-19, the department of medicine at the University of Colorado had begun participating in a formal program called the Bias Reduction in Internal Medicine Initiative, a National Institutes of Health–sponsored study. “I’m hopeful programs such as this can lead to a more equitable situation than described by the findings in these two studies,” he added.
Article type, country of origin play a role
Other research corroborates the findings in these two papers. Giovanni Adami, MD, and coauthors examined 366 rheumatology guidelines and recommendations and determined that only 32% featured a female first author. However, authorship did increase for women over time, achieving parity in 2017.
There are several points to consider when exploring gender disparity, Dr. Adami said in an interview. “Original articles, industry-sponsored articles, and recommendation articles explore different disparities,” he offered. Recommendations and industry-sponsored articles are usually authored by international experts such as division directors or full professors. Original articles, in comparison, aren’t as affected by the “opinion leader” effect, he added.
Country of origin is also a crucial aspect, Dr. Adami said. In his own search of guidelines and articles published by Japanese or Chinese researchers, he noticed that males made up the vast majority of authors. “The cultural aspects of the country where research develops is a vital thing to consider when analyzing gender disparity.”
Dr. Adami’s homeland of Italy is a case in point: most of the division chiefs and professors are male. “Here in Italy, there’s a common belief that a woman cannot pursue an academic career or aim for a leadership position,” he noted.
Italy’s public university system has seen some improvements in gender parity, he continued. “For example, in 2009 there were 61,000 new medical students in Italy, and the majority [57%] were female. Nonetheless, we still have more male professors of medicine and more male PhD candidates.”
Gender gap narrows for conference speakers
In another study, rheumatologists Jean Liew, MD, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and Kanika Monga, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, found notable gender gaps in speakers at ACR conferences. Women represented under 50% of speakers at these meetings over a 2-year period. “Although the gender gap at recent ACR meetings was narrower as compared with other conferences, we must remain cognizant of its presence and continue to work towards equal representation,” the authors wrote in a correspondence letter in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.
Dr. Monga said she was excited to see so many studies on the topic of gender disparities in rheumatology. The Jorge et al. and Bagga et al. papers “delve deeper into quantifying the gender gap in rheumatology. These studies allow us to better identify where the discrepancies may be,” she said in an interview.
“I found it very interesting that women were less likely to be promoted in academic rank but as likely as men to hold leadership positions,” Dr. Monga said. She agreed with the authors that criteria for academic promotion should be reassessed to ensure that it values the diversity of scholarly work that rheumatologists pursue.
Men may still outnumber women speakers at ACR meetings, but the Liew and Monga study did report a 4.2% increase in female speaker representation from 2017 to 2018. “We were happy to note that that continued to be the case at The American College of Rheumatology’s Annual Meeting in 2019. I hope that this reflects a positive change in our specialty,” she said.
Dr. Dalbeth’s study received support from a University of Auckland Summer Studentship Award. She has received consulting fees, speaker fees, or grants from AstraZeneca, Horizon, Amgen, Janssen, and other companies outside of the submitted work. The other authors declared no competing interests.
Dr. Jorge receives funds from the Rheumatology Research Foundation. The senior author on her study receives funding from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
They’re less likely to hold a higher-level professorship position, feature as a senior author on a paper, or receive a federal grant. Two recent studies underscore progress for and barriers to career advancement.
One cross-sectional analysis of practicing U.S. rheumatologists found that fewer women are professors compared with men (12.6% vs. 36.8%) or associate professors (17.5% vs. 28%). A larger proportion of women serve as assistant professors (55.5% vs. 31.5%). From a leadership perspective, women are making progress. Their odds are similar to men as far as holding a fellowship or division director position in a rheumatology division.
For this study, published in Arthritis & Rheumatology on Aug. 16, April Jorge, MD, and her colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, both in Boston, identified 6,125 rheumatologists from a database of all licensed physicians and used multivariate logistic regression to assess gender differences in academic advancement. They arrived at their results after accounting for variables such as age, research and academic appointments, publications, achievements, and years since residency graduation.
Women rheumatologists are younger, completing their residency more recently than their male colleagues. Their numbers in academic rheumatology have gradually increased over the last few decades, recently outpacing men. In 2015, the American College of Rheumatology reported that women made up 41% of the workforce and 66% of rheumatology fellows. Dr. Jorge and associates stressed the importance of fostering women in leadership positions and ensuring gender equity in academic career advancement.
Women also had fewer publications and grants from the National Institutes of Health. Several factors could account for this, such as time spent in the workforce or on parental leave, work-life balance, and mentorship. “However, gender differences in academic promotion remained after adjusting for each of these typical promotion criteria, indicating that other unidentified factors also contribute to the gap in promotion for women academic rheumatologists,” the investigators noted.
The authors weren’t able to assess how parental leave and work effort affected results or why pay differences existed between men and women. They also weren’t able to determine how many physicians left academic practice. “If greater numbers of women than men left the academic rheumatology workforce – for one of many reasons, including that they were not promoted – our findings could underestimate sex differences in academic rank,” they acknowledged.
Lower authorship rate examined
Fewer women in full or associate professor positions might explain why female authorship on research papers is underrepresented, according to another study published Aug. 18 in Arthritis & Rheumatology. Ekta Bagga and colleagues at the University of Auckland (New Zealand) examined 7,651 original research articles from high-impact rheumatology and general medical journals published during 2015-2019 and reported that women were much less likely to achieve first or senior author positions in reports of randomized, controlled trials. This was especially true for studies initiated and funded by industry, compared with other research designs.
More gender parity existed for first authorship than senior authorship – women first authors and senior authors appeared in 51.5% and 35.3% of the papers, respectively. For all geographical regions, the proportion of women senior authors fell below 40%. Representation was especially low in regions other than Europe and North America. These observations likely reflect gender disparities in the medical workforce, Nicola Dalbeth, MD, the study’s senior author, said in an interview.
“We know that, although women make up almost half the rheumatology workforce in many countries around the world, we are less likely to be in positions of senior academic leadership,” added Dr. Dalbeth, a rheumatologist and professor at the University of Auckland’s Bone and Joint Research Group. Institutions and industry should take steps to ensure that women rheumatologists get equal representation, particularly in clinical trial development, she added.
The study had its limitations, one of which was that the researchers didn’t analyze individual author names. This means that one person may have authored multiple articles. “Given the relatively low number of women in academic rheumatology leadership positions, our method of analysis may have overrepresented the number of women authors of rheumatology publications, particularly in senior positions,” stated Dr. Dalbeth and colleagues.
Implicit bias in academia
The articles by Jorge et al. and Bagga et al. suggest that implicit bias is as prevalent in medicine as it is in general society, Jason Kolfenbach, MD, said in an interview. Dr. Kolfenbach is an associate professor of medicine and rheumatology and director of the rheumatology fellowship program at University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora.
“The study by Jorge et al. is eye opening because it demonstrates that academic promotion is lower among women even after adjustment for some of these measures of academic productivity,” Dr. Kolfenbach said. It’s likely that bias plays some role “since there is a human element behind promotions committees, as well as committees selecting faculty for the creation of guidelines and speaker panels at national conferences.”
The study by Bagga et al. “matches my personal perception of industry-sponsored studies and pharmaceutical-sponsored speakers bureaus, namely that they are overrepresented by male faculty,” Dr. Kolfenbach continued.
Prior to COVID-19, the department of medicine at the University of Colorado had begun participating in a formal program called the Bias Reduction in Internal Medicine Initiative, a National Institutes of Health–sponsored study. “I’m hopeful programs such as this can lead to a more equitable situation than described by the findings in these two studies,” he added.
Article type, country of origin play a role
Other research corroborates the findings in these two papers. Giovanni Adami, MD, and coauthors examined 366 rheumatology guidelines and recommendations and determined that only 32% featured a female first author. However, authorship did increase for women over time, achieving parity in 2017.
There are several points to consider when exploring gender disparity, Dr. Adami said in an interview. “Original articles, industry-sponsored articles, and recommendation articles explore different disparities,” he offered. Recommendations and industry-sponsored articles are usually authored by international experts such as division directors or full professors. Original articles, in comparison, aren’t as affected by the “opinion leader” effect, he added.
Country of origin is also a crucial aspect, Dr. Adami said. In his own search of guidelines and articles published by Japanese or Chinese researchers, he noticed that males made up the vast majority of authors. “The cultural aspects of the country where research develops is a vital thing to consider when analyzing gender disparity.”
Dr. Adami’s homeland of Italy is a case in point: most of the division chiefs and professors are male. “Here in Italy, there’s a common belief that a woman cannot pursue an academic career or aim for a leadership position,” he noted.
Italy’s public university system has seen some improvements in gender parity, he continued. “For example, in 2009 there were 61,000 new medical students in Italy, and the majority [57%] were female. Nonetheless, we still have more male professors of medicine and more male PhD candidates.”
Gender gap narrows for conference speakers
In another study, rheumatologists Jean Liew, MD, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and Kanika Monga, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, found notable gender gaps in speakers at ACR conferences. Women represented under 50% of speakers at these meetings over a 2-year period. “Although the gender gap at recent ACR meetings was narrower as compared with other conferences, we must remain cognizant of its presence and continue to work towards equal representation,” the authors wrote in a correspondence letter in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.
Dr. Monga said she was excited to see so many studies on the topic of gender disparities in rheumatology. The Jorge et al. and Bagga et al. papers “delve deeper into quantifying the gender gap in rheumatology. These studies allow us to better identify where the discrepancies may be,” she said in an interview.
“I found it very interesting that women were less likely to be promoted in academic rank but as likely as men to hold leadership positions,” Dr. Monga said. She agreed with the authors that criteria for academic promotion should be reassessed to ensure that it values the diversity of scholarly work that rheumatologists pursue.
Men may still outnumber women speakers at ACR meetings, but the Liew and Monga study did report a 4.2% increase in female speaker representation from 2017 to 2018. “We were happy to note that that continued to be the case at The American College of Rheumatology’s Annual Meeting in 2019. I hope that this reflects a positive change in our specialty,” she said.
Dr. Dalbeth’s study received support from a University of Auckland Summer Studentship Award. She has received consulting fees, speaker fees, or grants from AstraZeneca, Horizon, Amgen, Janssen, and other companies outside of the submitted work. The other authors declared no competing interests.
Dr. Jorge receives funds from the Rheumatology Research Foundation. The senior author on her study receives funding from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
Near-hanging injuries: Critical care, psychiatric management
Suicide by hanging results in many deaths, and half of those survivors who are admitted later die from cardiac arrest.
Although hanging is a common form of suicide, studies of the clinical outcomes of near-hanging injury are rare. To address this void, Louise de Charentenay, MD, of the Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles (France) and colleagues examined the vital and functional outcomes of more than 800 patients with suicidal near-hanging injury over 2 decades. Despite the high in-hospital mortality rate among survivors, those who do survive have an excellent chance of a full neurocognitive recovery. The investigators published their findings in Chest.
New data on near-hanging injuries
Near hanging refers to strangulation or hanging that doesn’t immediately lead to death. Little data have been available on this subject, particularly on the morbidity and mortality of patients admitted to the ICU following near-hanging injuries. In a retrospective analysis spanning 23 years (1992-2014), researchers looked at outcomes and early predictors of hospital deaths in patients with this injury. The study included 886 adult patients who were admitted to 31 university or university-affiliated ICUs in France and Belgium following successful resuscitation of suicidal near-hanging injury.
Investigators used logistic multivariate regression to report vital and functional outcomes at hospital discharge as a primary objective. They also aimed to identify predictors of hospital mortality in these patients.
Among all patients, 450 (50.8%) had hanging-induced cardiac arrest and of these, 371 (95.4%) eventually died. Although the rate of crude hospital deaths decreased over the 23-year period, hanging-induced cardiac arrest emerged as the strongest predictor of hospital mortality, followed by high blood lactate and hyperglycemia at ICU admission. “Hanging-induced cardiac arrest and worse consciousness impairment at ICU admission are directly related to the hanging, whereas higher glycemia and lactate levels at ICU admission represent biochemical markers of physiologic perturbation and injury severity that may suggest avenues for improvement in prehospital care,” wrote the investigators.
More than 56% of the patients survived to discharge, with a majority achieving favorable outcomes (a Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5 at discharge).
‘COVID-lateral’ damage and ICU management
Casey D. Bryant, MD, of the department of anesthesiology and the department of emergency medicine at Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, N.C., has treated these patients in the ICU and is prepared to see more of them in light of the current situation. He said in an interview, “The “COVID-lateral” damage being unleashed on the population as a result of increased isolation, lack of access to resources, higher unemployment, and increased substance abuse was detailed recently in an article by one of my colleagues, Dr. Seth Hawkins (Emerg Med News. 2020 Jun;42[6]:1,31-2). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hanging is the second leading cause of suicide in the United States, and one can only assume that with increased mental health crises there will also be an increased number of hanging attempts.”
Dr. Bryant suggested that the first task of doctors who learn that a near-hanging patient has been admitted is to “recover from the gut-punch you feel when you learn that a fellow human has tried to take their own life.” Once one is composed, he said, the first order of business is to come up with a treatment plan, one that typically begins with the airway. “These patients are at a high risk for cervical vertebrae injury (e.g., hangman’s fracture), spinal cord injury, tracheal injury, and neck vessel injury or dissection, so care must be taken to maintain in-line stabilization and limit movement of the neck during intubation while also being prepared for all manner of airway disasters. After airway management, addressing traumatic injuries, and initial stabilization, the focus then shifts to ‘bread and butter’ critical care, including optimization of ventilator management, titration of analgosedation, providing adequate nutrition, and strict avoidance of hypoxia, hypotension, fever, and either hyper- or hypoglycemia.”
Dr. Bryant noted that targeted temperature management prescriptions remain an area of debate in those with comatose state after hanging, but fever should absolutely be avoided. He added: “As the path to recovery begins to be forged, the full gamut of mental health resources should be provided to the patients in order to give them the best chance for success once they leave the ICU, and ultimately the hospital.”
The different hospitals seemed to have varying degrees of success in saving these patients, which is surprising, Mangala Narasimhan, DO, FCCP, regional director of critical care, director of the acute lung injury/ECMO center at Northwell and a professor of medicine at the Hofstra/Northwell School of Medicine, New York, said in an interview. “Usually, the death rate for cardiac arrest is high and the death rate for hanging is high. But here, it was high in some places and low in others.” Different time frames from presenting from hanging and different treatments may explain this, said Dr. Narasimhan.
Patient characteristics
Consistent with previous research, near-hanging patients are predominantly male, have at least one psychiatric diagnosis and a previous suicidal attempt (rarely by hanging), and abuse substances such as an alcohol, Stéphane Legriel, MD, PhD, the study’s corresponding author, said in an interview. Overall, 67.7% of the patients had a diagnosed mental illness and 30% had previously attempted suicide. Most of the hangings took place at home (79%), while some took place in a hospital ward (6%), a correctional facility (7%), or outside (5%).
The study had several limitations: It applied only to near-hanging patients admitted to the ICU, and its long duration may have resulted in heterogeneity of the population and therapeutic interventions, and in some missing data. “However, the multivariate analysis was adjusted for the time period and we carried out a sensitivity analysis after multiple imputation for missing data by means of chained equations, which reinforces confidence in our findings,” Dr. Legriel said. Next steps are to conduct a prospective data collection.
Postdischarge recovery and psychiatric follow-up
Those left to treat survivors of near-hangings are psychiatrists and other mental health clinicians, Eric M. Plakun, MD, said in an interview.
“Some of these survivors will regret they survived and remain high suicide risks. Some will feel their lives are transformed or at least no longer as intensely drawn to suicide as a solution to a life filled with the impact of adversity, trauma, comorbidity, and other struggles – but even these individuals will still have to face the often complex underlying issues that led them to choose suicide as a solution,” said Dr. Plakun, medical director and CEO of the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Mass.
Patients with medically serious suicide attempts are seen a lot at Austen Riggs, he said, because acute inpatient settings are designed for brief, crisis-focused treatment of those for whom safety is an issue. After the crisis has been stabilized, patients are discharged, and then must begin to achieve recovery as outpatients, he said.
John Kruse, MD, PhD, a psychiatrist who practices in San Francisco, praised the size and the breath of the study. “One limitation was the reliance on hospital records, without an opportunity to directly evaluate or interview the patients involved.”
The authors disclosed no conflicts of interest. The study received grant support from the French public funding agency, Délégation la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation in Versailles, France.
SOURCE: de Charentenay L et al. 2020 Aug 3. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.064
Suicide by hanging results in many deaths, and half of those survivors who are admitted later die from cardiac arrest.
Although hanging is a common form of suicide, studies of the clinical outcomes of near-hanging injury are rare. To address this void, Louise de Charentenay, MD, of the Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles (France) and colleagues examined the vital and functional outcomes of more than 800 patients with suicidal near-hanging injury over 2 decades. Despite the high in-hospital mortality rate among survivors, those who do survive have an excellent chance of a full neurocognitive recovery. The investigators published their findings in Chest.
New data on near-hanging injuries
Near hanging refers to strangulation or hanging that doesn’t immediately lead to death. Little data have been available on this subject, particularly on the morbidity and mortality of patients admitted to the ICU following near-hanging injuries. In a retrospective analysis spanning 23 years (1992-2014), researchers looked at outcomes and early predictors of hospital deaths in patients with this injury. The study included 886 adult patients who were admitted to 31 university or university-affiliated ICUs in France and Belgium following successful resuscitation of suicidal near-hanging injury.
Investigators used logistic multivariate regression to report vital and functional outcomes at hospital discharge as a primary objective. They also aimed to identify predictors of hospital mortality in these patients.
Among all patients, 450 (50.8%) had hanging-induced cardiac arrest and of these, 371 (95.4%) eventually died. Although the rate of crude hospital deaths decreased over the 23-year period, hanging-induced cardiac arrest emerged as the strongest predictor of hospital mortality, followed by high blood lactate and hyperglycemia at ICU admission. “Hanging-induced cardiac arrest and worse consciousness impairment at ICU admission are directly related to the hanging, whereas higher glycemia and lactate levels at ICU admission represent biochemical markers of physiologic perturbation and injury severity that may suggest avenues for improvement in prehospital care,” wrote the investigators.
More than 56% of the patients survived to discharge, with a majority achieving favorable outcomes (a Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5 at discharge).
‘COVID-lateral’ damage and ICU management
Casey D. Bryant, MD, of the department of anesthesiology and the department of emergency medicine at Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, N.C., has treated these patients in the ICU and is prepared to see more of them in light of the current situation. He said in an interview, “The “COVID-lateral” damage being unleashed on the population as a result of increased isolation, lack of access to resources, higher unemployment, and increased substance abuse was detailed recently in an article by one of my colleagues, Dr. Seth Hawkins (Emerg Med News. 2020 Jun;42[6]:1,31-2). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hanging is the second leading cause of suicide in the United States, and one can only assume that with increased mental health crises there will also be an increased number of hanging attempts.”
Dr. Bryant suggested that the first task of doctors who learn that a near-hanging patient has been admitted is to “recover from the gut-punch you feel when you learn that a fellow human has tried to take their own life.” Once one is composed, he said, the first order of business is to come up with a treatment plan, one that typically begins with the airway. “These patients are at a high risk for cervical vertebrae injury (e.g., hangman’s fracture), spinal cord injury, tracheal injury, and neck vessel injury or dissection, so care must be taken to maintain in-line stabilization and limit movement of the neck during intubation while also being prepared for all manner of airway disasters. After airway management, addressing traumatic injuries, and initial stabilization, the focus then shifts to ‘bread and butter’ critical care, including optimization of ventilator management, titration of analgosedation, providing adequate nutrition, and strict avoidance of hypoxia, hypotension, fever, and either hyper- or hypoglycemia.”
Dr. Bryant noted that targeted temperature management prescriptions remain an area of debate in those with comatose state after hanging, but fever should absolutely be avoided. He added: “As the path to recovery begins to be forged, the full gamut of mental health resources should be provided to the patients in order to give them the best chance for success once they leave the ICU, and ultimately the hospital.”
The different hospitals seemed to have varying degrees of success in saving these patients, which is surprising, Mangala Narasimhan, DO, FCCP, regional director of critical care, director of the acute lung injury/ECMO center at Northwell and a professor of medicine at the Hofstra/Northwell School of Medicine, New York, said in an interview. “Usually, the death rate for cardiac arrest is high and the death rate for hanging is high. But here, it was high in some places and low in others.” Different time frames from presenting from hanging and different treatments may explain this, said Dr. Narasimhan.
Patient characteristics
Consistent with previous research, near-hanging patients are predominantly male, have at least one psychiatric diagnosis and a previous suicidal attempt (rarely by hanging), and abuse substances such as an alcohol, Stéphane Legriel, MD, PhD, the study’s corresponding author, said in an interview. Overall, 67.7% of the patients had a diagnosed mental illness and 30% had previously attempted suicide. Most of the hangings took place at home (79%), while some took place in a hospital ward (6%), a correctional facility (7%), or outside (5%).
The study had several limitations: It applied only to near-hanging patients admitted to the ICU, and its long duration may have resulted in heterogeneity of the population and therapeutic interventions, and in some missing data. “However, the multivariate analysis was adjusted for the time period and we carried out a sensitivity analysis after multiple imputation for missing data by means of chained equations, which reinforces confidence in our findings,” Dr. Legriel said. Next steps are to conduct a prospective data collection.
Postdischarge recovery and psychiatric follow-up
Those left to treat survivors of near-hangings are psychiatrists and other mental health clinicians, Eric M. Plakun, MD, said in an interview.
“Some of these survivors will regret they survived and remain high suicide risks. Some will feel their lives are transformed or at least no longer as intensely drawn to suicide as a solution to a life filled with the impact of adversity, trauma, comorbidity, and other struggles – but even these individuals will still have to face the often complex underlying issues that led them to choose suicide as a solution,” said Dr. Plakun, medical director and CEO of the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Mass.
Patients with medically serious suicide attempts are seen a lot at Austen Riggs, he said, because acute inpatient settings are designed for brief, crisis-focused treatment of those for whom safety is an issue. After the crisis has been stabilized, patients are discharged, and then must begin to achieve recovery as outpatients, he said.
John Kruse, MD, PhD, a psychiatrist who practices in San Francisco, praised the size and the breath of the study. “One limitation was the reliance on hospital records, without an opportunity to directly evaluate or interview the patients involved.”
The authors disclosed no conflicts of interest. The study received grant support from the French public funding agency, Délégation la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation in Versailles, France.
SOURCE: de Charentenay L et al. 2020 Aug 3. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.064
Suicide by hanging results in many deaths, and half of those survivors who are admitted later die from cardiac arrest.
Although hanging is a common form of suicide, studies of the clinical outcomes of near-hanging injury are rare. To address this void, Louise de Charentenay, MD, of the Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles (France) and colleagues examined the vital and functional outcomes of more than 800 patients with suicidal near-hanging injury over 2 decades. Despite the high in-hospital mortality rate among survivors, those who do survive have an excellent chance of a full neurocognitive recovery. The investigators published their findings in Chest.
New data on near-hanging injuries
Near hanging refers to strangulation or hanging that doesn’t immediately lead to death. Little data have been available on this subject, particularly on the morbidity and mortality of patients admitted to the ICU following near-hanging injuries. In a retrospective analysis spanning 23 years (1992-2014), researchers looked at outcomes and early predictors of hospital deaths in patients with this injury. The study included 886 adult patients who were admitted to 31 university or university-affiliated ICUs in France and Belgium following successful resuscitation of suicidal near-hanging injury.
Investigators used logistic multivariate regression to report vital and functional outcomes at hospital discharge as a primary objective. They also aimed to identify predictors of hospital mortality in these patients.
Among all patients, 450 (50.8%) had hanging-induced cardiac arrest and of these, 371 (95.4%) eventually died. Although the rate of crude hospital deaths decreased over the 23-year period, hanging-induced cardiac arrest emerged as the strongest predictor of hospital mortality, followed by high blood lactate and hyperglycemia at ICU admission. “Hanging-induced cardiac arrest and worse consciousness impairment at ICU admission are directly related to the hanging, whereas higher glycemia and lactate levels at ICU admission represent biochemical markers of physiologic perturbation and injury severity that may suggest avenues for improvement in prehospital care,” wrote the investigators.
More than 56% of the patients survived to discharge, with a majority achieving favorable outcomes (a Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5 at discharge).
‘COVID-lateral’ damage and ICU management
Casey D. Bryant, MD, of the department of anesthesiology and the department of emergency medicine at Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, N.C., has treated these patients in the ICU and is prepared to see more of them in light of the current situation. He said in an interview, “The “COVID-lateral” damage being unleashed on the population as a result of increased isolation, lack of access to resources, higher unemployment, and increased substance abuse was detailed recently in an article by one of my colleagues, Dr. Seth Hawkins (Emerg Med News. 2020 Jun;42[6]:1,31-2). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, hanging is the second leading cause of suicide in the United States, and one can only assume that with increased mental health crises there will also be an increased number of hanging attempts.”
Dr. Bryant suggested that the first task of doctors who learn that a near-hanging patient has been admitted is to “recover from the gut-punch you feel when you learn that a fellow human has tried to take their own life.” Once one is composed, he said, the first order of business is to come up with a treatment plan, one that typically begins with the airway. “These patients are at a high risk for cervical vertebrae injury (e.g., hangman’s fracture), spinal cord injury, tracheal injury, and neck vessel injury or dissection, so care must be taken to maintain in-line stabilization and limit movement of the neck during intubation while also being prepared for all manner of airway disasters. After airway management, addressing traumatic injuries, and initial stabilization, the focus then shifts to ‘bread and butter’ critical care, including optimization of ventilator management, titration of analgosedation, providing adequate nutrition, and strict avoidance of hypoxia, hypotension, fever, and either hyper- or hypoglycemia.”
Dr. Bryant noted that targeted temperature management prescriptions remain an area of debate in those with comatose state after hanging, but fever should absolutely be avoided. He added: “As the path to recovery begins to be forged, the full gamut of mental health resources should be provided to the patients in order to give them the best chance for success once they leave the ICU, and ultimately the hospital.”
The different hospitals seemed to have varying degrees of success in saving these patients, which is surprising, Mangala Narasimhan, DO, FCCP, regional director of critical care, director of the acute lung injury/ECMO center at Northwell and a professor of medicine at the Hofstra/Northwell School of Medicine, New York, said in an interview. “Usually, the death rate for cardiac arrest is high and the death rate for hanging is high. But here, it was high in some places and low in others.” Different time frames from presenting from hanging and different treatments may explain this, said Dr. Narasimhan.
Patient characteristics
Consistent with previous research, near-hanging patients are predominantly male, have at least one psychiatric diagnosis and a previous suicidal attempt (rarely by hanging), and abuse substances such as an alcohol, Stéphane Legriel, MD, PhD, the study’s corresponding author, said in an interview. Overall, 67.7% of the patients had a diagnosed mental illness and 30% had previously attempted suicide. Most of the hangings took place at home (79%), while some took place in a hospital ward (6%), a correctional facility (7%), or outside (5%).
The study had several limitations: It applied only to near-hanging patients admitted to the ICU, and its long duration may have resulted in heterogeneity of the population and therapeutic interventions, and in some missing data. “However, the multivariate analysis was adjusted for the time period and we carried out a sensitivity analysis after multiple imputation for missing data by means of chained equations, which reinforces confidence in our findings,” Dr. Legriel said. Next steps are to conduct a prospective data collection.
Postdischarge recovery and psychiatric follow-up
Those left to treat survivors of near-hangings are psychiatrists and other mental health clinicians, Eric M. Plakun, MD, said in an interview.
“Some of these survivors will regret they survived and remain high suicide risks. Some will feel their lives are transformed or at least no longer as intensely drawn to suicide as a solution to a life filled with the impact of adversity, trauma, comorbidity, and other struggles – but even these individuals will still have to face the often complex underlying issues that led them to choose suicide as a solution,” said Dr. Plakun, medical director and CEO of the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Mass.
Patients with medically serious suicide attempts are seen a lot at Austen Riggs, he said, because acute inpatient settings are designed for brief, crisis-focused treatment of those for whom safety is an issue. After the crisis has been stabilized, patients are discharged, and then must begin to achieve recovery as outpatients, he said.
John Kruse, MD, PhD, a psychiatrist who practices in San Francisco, praised the size and the breath of the study. “One limitation was the reliance on hospital records, without an opportunity to directly evaluate or interview the patients involved.”
The authors disclosed no conflicts of interest. The study received grant support from the French public funding agency, Délégation la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation in Versailles, France.
SOURCE: de Charentenay L et al. 2020 Aug 3. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.064
Dermatology atlas will profile disease in all skin types
An atlas that displays the unique nuances between different skin types across the spectrum of dermatologic disease is scheduled for release this coming winter.
Available as an e-book or physical text, Dermatologists need to know what skin diseases look like on all types of skin, said Adam Friedman, MD, who is developing this e-book with Misty Eleryan, MD, MS.
From the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple nonviral pandemics have rapidly emerged, “most notably the persistent and well-masked racism that maintains disparities in all facets of life, from economics to health care,” Dr. Friedman, professor and interim chair of dermatology at George Washington University, Washington, said in an interview.
In dermatology, “clear disparities in workforce representation and trainee/practitioner education have become more apparent than ever before,” he added.
The project is a collaboration of George Washington University and education publishers Sanova Works and Educational Testing & Assessment Systems.
As a person of color who recently completed her residency in dermatology at George Washington University, Dr. Eleryan had noticed a lack of diversity in photos of common dermatoses. This can contribute to misdiagnoses and delays in treatment in patients of color, Dr. Eleryan, who is now a micrographic surgery and dermatologic oncology fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, said in an interview.
“We recognized the gap, which is the lack of diversity/variation of skin tones in our dermatology textbooks and atlases,” she added.
The project was several years in the making, Dr. Friedman said. To do this right, “you need resources, funding, and a collaborative and galvanized team of experts.” That involved coordinating with several medical publishers and amassing a team of medical photographers and an expert panel that will assist in evaluating and securing difficult-to-access clinical images.
The atlas is one of several initiatives in the dermatology field to address racial disparities in patient care.
Noticing similar information gaps about clinical presentations in darker skin, a medical student in the United Kingdom, Malone Mukwende, created “Mind the Gap,” a handbook that presents side-by-side images of diseases and illnesses in light and dark skin. This project “highlights how far behind we are, that a medical student with minimal dermatology exposure and experience not only recognized the need but was ready to do something about it,” Dr. Friedman noted.
Others in the field have spotlighted disparities in the medical literature. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has especially brought this out, Graeme M. Lipper, MD wrote in a recent editorial for this news organization.
He referred to a literature review of 46 articles describing COVID-19–associated skin manifestations, which included mostly (92%) images in patients with skin types I-III (92%) and none in patients with skin types V or VI.
“These investigators have identified a damning lack of images of COVID-19–associated skin manifestations in patients with darker skin,” added Dr. Lipper, an assistant clinical professor at the University of Vermont, Burlington, and a staff physician in the department of dermatology at Danbury (Conn.) Hospital.
For now, Dr. Friedman said that the atlas won’t contain a specific section on COVID-19 skin manifestations, although viral-associated skin reactions like morbilliform eruptions, urticaria, and retiform purpura will be displayed. Overall, the atlas will address 60-70 skin conditions.
Physicians who fail to educate themselves on the variations of skin conditions in all skin types may potentially harm patients of color, Dr. Eleryan said. As Dr. Lipper noted in his editorial, nearly half of all dermatologists feel they haven’t had adequate exposure to diseases in skin of color.
“Our atlas will fill that void and hopefully assist in closing the gap in health disparities among patients of color, who are often misdiagnosed or rendered diagnoses very late in the disease process,” Dr. Eleryan said.
An atlas that displays the unique nuances between different skin types across the spectrum of dermatologic disease is scheduled for release this coming winter.
Available as an e-book or physical text, Dermatologists need to know what skin diseases look like on all types of skin, said Adam Friedman, MD, who is developing this e-book with Misty Eleryan, MD, MS.
From the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple nonviral pandemics have rapidly emerged, “most notably the persistent and well-masked racism that maintains disparities in all facets of life, from economics to health care,” Dr. Friedman, professor and interim chair of dermatology at George Washington University, Washington, said in an interview.
In dermatology, “clear disparities in workforce representation and trainee/practitioner education have become more apparent than ever before,” he added.
The project is a collaboration of George Washington University and education publishers Sanova Works and Educational Testing & Assessment Systems.
As a person of color who recently completed her residency in dermatology at George Washington University, Dr. Eleryan had noticed a lack of diversity in photos of common dermatoses. This can contribute to misdiagnoses and delays in treatment in patients of color, Dr. Eleryan, who is now a micrographic surgery and dermatologic oncology fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, said in an interview.
“We recognized the gap, which is the lack of diversity/variation of skin tones in our dermatology textbooks and atlases,” she added.
The project was several years in the making, Dr. Friedman said. To do this right, “you need resources, funding, and a collaborative and galvanized team of experts.” That involved coordinating with several medical publishers and amassing a team of medical photographers and an expert panel that will assist in evaluating and securing difficult-to-access clinical images.
The atlas is one of several initiatives in the dermatology field to address racial disparities in patient care.
Noticing similar information gaps about clinical presentations in darker skin, a medical student in the United Kingdom, Malone Mukwende, created “Mind the Gap,” a handbook that presents side-by-side images of diseases and illnesses in light and dark skin. This project “highlights how far behind we are, that a medical student with minimal dermatology exposure and experience not only recognized the need but was ready to do something about it,” Dr. Friedman noted.
Others in the field have spotlighted disparities in the medical literature. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has especially brought this out, Graeme M. Lipper, MD wrote in a recent editorial for this news organization.
He referred to a literature review of 46 articles describing COVID-19–associated skin manifestations, which included mostly (92%) images in patients with skin types I-III (92%) and none in patients with skin types V or VI.
“These investigators have identified a damning lack of images of COVID-19–associated skin manifestations in patients with darker skin,” added Dr. Lipper, an assistant clinical professor at the University of Vermont, Burlington, and a staff physician in the department of dermatology at Danbury (Conn.) Hospital.
For now, Dr. Friedman said that the atlas won’t contain a specific section on COVID-19 skin manifestations, although viral-associated skin reactions like morbilliform eruptions, urticaria, and retiform purpura will be displayed. Overall, the atlas will address 60-70 skin conditions.
Physicians who fail to educate themselves on the variations of skin conditions in all skin types may potentially harm patients of color, Dr. Eleryan said. As Dr. Lipper noted in his editorial, nearly half of all dermatologists feel they haven’t had adequate exposure to diseases in skin of color.
“Our atlas will fill that void and hopefully assist in closing the gap in health disparities among patients of color, who are often misdiagnosed or rendered diagnoses very late in the disease process,” Dr. Eleryan said.
An atlas that displays the unique nuances between different skin types across the spectrum of dermatologic disease is scheduled for release this coming winter.
Available as an e-book or physical text, Dermatologists need to know what skin diseases look like on all types of skin, said Adam Friedman, MD, who is developing this e-book with Misty Eleryan, MD, MS.
From the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple nonviral pandemics have rapidly emerged, “most notably the persistent and well-masked racism that maintains disparities in all facets of life, from economics to health care,” Dr. Friedman, professor and interim chair of dermatology at George Washington University, Washington, said in an interview.
In dermatology, “clear disparities in workforce representation and trainee/practitioner education have become more apparent than ever before,” he added.
The project is a collaboration of George Washington University and education publishers Sanova Works and Educational Testing & Assessment Systems.
As a person of color who recently completed her residency in dermatology at George Washington University, Dr. Eleryan had noticed a lack of diversity in photos of common dermatoses. This can contribute to misdiagnoses and delays in treatment in patients of color, Dr. Eleryan, who is now a micrographic surgery and dermatologic oncology fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, said in an interview.
“We recognized the gap, which is the lack of diversity/variation of skin tones in our dermatology textbooks and atlases,” she added.
The project was several years in the making, Dr. Friedman said. To do this right, “you need resources, funding, and a collaborative and galvanized team of experts.” That involved coordinating with several medical publishers and amassing a team of medical photographers and an expert panel that will assist in evaluating and securing difficult-to-access clinical images.
The atlas is one of several initiatives in the dermatology field to address racial disparities in patient care.
Noticing similar information gaps about clinical presentations in darker skin, a medical student in the United Kingdom, Malone Mukwende, created “Mind the Gap,” a handbook that presents side-by-side images of diseases and illnesses in light and dark skin. This project “highlights how far behind we are, that a medical student with minimal dermatology exposure and experience not only recognized the need but was ready to do something about it,” Dr. Friedman noted.
Others in the field have spotlighted disparities in the medical literature. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has especially brought this out, Graeme M. Lipper, MD wrote in a recent editorial for this news organization.
He referred to a literature review of 46 articles describing COVID-19–associated skin manifestations, which included mostly (92%) images in patients with skin types I-III (92%) and none in patients with skin types V or VI.
“These investigators have identified a damning lack of images of COVID-19–associated skin manifestations in patients with darker skin,” added Dr. Lipper, an assistant clinical professor at the University of Vermont, Burlington, and a staff physician in the department of dermatology at Danbury (Conn.) Hospital.
For now, Dr. Friedman said that the atlas won’t contain a specific section on COVID-19 skin manifestations, although viral-associated skin reactions like morbilliform eruptions, urticaria, and retiform purpura will be displayed. Overall, the atlas will address 60-70 skin conditions.
Physicians who fail to educate themselves on the variations of skin conditions in all skin types may potentially harm patients of color, Dr. Eleryan said. As Dr. Lipper noted in his editorial, nearly half of all dermatologists feel they haven’t had adequate exposure to diseases in skin of color.
“Our atlas will fill that void and hopefully assist in closing the gap in health disparities among patients of color, who are often misdiagnosed or rendered diagnoses very late in the disease process,” Dr. Eleryan said.
Is the presence of enanthem a clue for COVID-19?
Larger studies should explore and confirm this association, the study’s authors and other experts suggested.
Dermatologists are already aware of the connection between enanthem and viral etiology. “As seen with other viral infections, we wondered if COVID-19 could produce enanthem in addition to skin rash exanthem,” one of the study author’s, Juan Jiménez-Cauhe, MD, a dermatologist with Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, said in an interview. He and his colleagues summarized their findings in a research letter in JAMA Dermatology.
They examined the oral cavity of 21 COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital who also had a skin rash from March 30 to April 8. They classified enanthems into four categories: petechial, macular, macular with petechiae, or erythematovesicular. Six of the patients presented with oral lesions, all of them located in the palate; in one patient, the enanthem was macular, it was petechial in two patients and was macular with petechiae in three patients. The six patients ranged between the ages of 40 and 69 years; four were women.
Petechial or vesicular patterns are often associated with viral infections. In this particular study, the investigators did not observe vesicular lesions.
On average, mucocutaneous lesions appeared about 12 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. “Interestingly, this latency was shorter in patients with petechial enanthem, compared with those with a macular lesion with petechiae appearance,” the authors wrote.
This shorter time might suggest an association for SARS-CoV-2, said Dr. Jiménez-Cauhe. Strong cough may have also caused petechial lesions on the palate, but it’s unlikely, as they appeared close in time to COVID-19 symptoms. It’s also unlikely that any drugs caused the lesions, as drug rashes can take 2-3 weeks to appear.
This fits in line with other evidence of broader skin manifestations appearing at the same time or after COVID-19, Esther Freeman, MD, said in an interview. Dr. Freeman, director of global health dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, is the principal investigator of the COVID-19 Dermatology Registry, a collaboration of the American Academy of Dermatology and International League of Dermatological Societies.
The study’s small cohort made it difficult to establish a solid association between the oral lesions and SARS-CoV-2. “However, the presence of enanthem in a patient with a skin rash is a useful finding that suggests a viral etiology rather than a drug reaction. This is particularly useful in COVID-19 patients, who were receiving many drugs as part of the treatment,” Dr. Jimenez-Cauhe said. Future studies should assess whether the presence of enanthem and exanthem lead physicians to consider SARS-CoV-2 as possible agents, ruling out infection with a blood or nasopharyngeal test.
This study adds to the growing body of knowledge on cutaneous and mucocutaneous findings associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, Jules Lipoff, MD, of the department of dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said in an interview. “One challenge in evaluating these findings is that these findings are nonspecific, and medication reactions can often cause similar rashes, such as morbilliform eruptions that can be associated with both viruses and medications.”
Enanthems, as the study authors noted, are more specific to viral infections and are less commonly associated with medication reactions. “So, even though this is a small case series with significant limitations, it does add more evidence that COVID-19 is directly responsible for findings in the skin and mucous membranes,” said Dr. Lipoff.
Dr. Freeman noted that the study may also encourage clinicians to look in a patient’s mouth when assessing for SARS-CoV-2. Additional research should examine these data in a larger population.
Several studies by Dr. Freeman, Dr. Lipoff, and others strongly suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a spectrum of associated dermatologic manifestations. One evaluated perniolike skin lesions (J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug; 83[2]:486-92). The other was a case series from the COVID-19 registry that examined 716 cases of new-onset dermatologic symptoms in patients from 31 countries with confirmed/suspected SARS-CoV-2 (J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Jul 2;S0190-9622[20]32126-5.).
The authors of the report had no disclosures.
SOURCE: Jimenez-Cauhe J et al. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Jul 15. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2550.
Larger studies should explore and confirm this association, the study’s authors and other experts suggested.
Dermatologists are already aware of the connection between enanthem and viral etiology. “As seen with other viral infections, we wondered if COVID-19 could produce enanthem in addition to skin rash exanthem,” one of the study author’s, Juan Jiménez-Cauhe, MD, a dermatologist with Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, said in an interview. He and his colleagues summarized their findings in a research letter in JAMA Dermatology.
They examined the oral cavity of 21 COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital who also had a skin rash from March 30 to April 8. They classified enanthems into four categories: petechial, macular, macular with petechiae, or erythematovesicular. Six of the patients presented with oral lesions, all of them located in the palate; in one patient, the enanthem was macular, it was petechial in two patients and was macular with petechiae in three patients. The six patients ranged between the ages of 40 and 69 years; four were women.
Petechial or vesicular patterns are often associated with viral infections. In this particular study, the investigators did not observe vesicular lesions.
On average, mucocutaneous lesions appeared about 12 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. “Interestingly, this latency was shorter in patients with petechial enanthem, compared with those with a macular lesion with petechiae appearance,” the authors wrote.
This shorter time might suggest an association for SARS-CoV-2, said Dr. Jiménez-Cauhe. Strong cough may have also caused petechial lesions on the palate, but it’s unlikely, as they appeared close in time to COVID-19 symptoms. It’s also unlikely that any drugs caused the lesions, as drug rashes can take 2-3 weeks to appear.
This fits in line with other evidence of broader skin manifestations appearing at the same time or after COVID-19, Esther Freeman, MD, said in an interview. Dr. Freeman, director of global health dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, is the principal investigator of the COVID-19 Dermatology Registry, a collaboration of the American Academy of Dermatology and International League of Dermatological Societies.
The study’s small cohort made it difficult to establish a solid association between the oral lesions and SARS-CoV-2. “However, the presence of enanthem in a patient with a skin rash is a useful finding that suggests a viral etiology rather than a drug reaction. This is particularly useful in COVID-19 patients, who were receiving many drugs as part of the treatment,” Dr. Jimenez-Cauhe said. Future studies should assess whether the presence of enanthem and exanthem lead physicians to consider SARS-CoV-2 as possible agents, ruling out infection with a blood or nasopharyngeal test.
This study adds to the growing body of knowledge on cutaneous and mucocutaneous findings associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, Jules Lipoff, MD, of the department of dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said in an interview. “One challenge in evaluating these findings is that these findings are nonspecific, and medication reactions can often cause similar rashes, such as morbilliform eruptions that can be associated with both viruses and medications.”
Enanthems, as the study authors noted, are more specific to viral infections and are less commonly associated with medication reactions. “So, even though this is a small case series with significant limitations, it does add more evidence that COVID-19 is directly responsible for findings in the skin and mucous membranes,” said Dr. Lipoff.
Dr. Freeman noted that the study may also encourage clinicians to look in a patient’s mouth when assessing for SARS-CoV-2. Additional research should examine these data in a larger population.
Several studies by Dr. Freeman, Dr. Lipoff, and others strongly suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a spectrum of associated dermatologic manifestations. One evaluated perniolike skin lesions (J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug; 83[2]:486-92). The other was a case series from the COVID-19 registry that examined 716 cases of new-onset dermatologic symptoms in patients from 31 countries with confirmed/suspected SARS-CoV-2 (J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Jul 2;S0190-9622[20]32126-5.).
The authors of the report had no disclosures.
SOURCE: Jimenez-Cauhe J et al. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Jul 15. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2550.
Larger studies should explore and confirm this association, the study’s authors and other experts suggested.
Dermatologists are already aware of the connection between enanthem and viral etiology. “As seen with other viral infections, we wondered if COVID-19 could produce enanthem in addition to skin rash exanthem,” one of the study author’s, Juan Jiménez-Cauhe, MD, a dermatologist with Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, said in an interview. He and his colleagues summarized their findings in a research letter in JAMA Dermatology.
They examined the oral cavity of 21 COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital who also had a skin rash from March 30 to April 8. They classified enanthems into four categories: petechial, macular, macular with petechiae, or erythematovesicular. Six of the patients presented with oral lesions, all of them located in the palate; in one patient, the enanthem was macular, it was petechial in two patients and was macular with petechiae in three patients. The six patients ranged between the ages of 40 and 69 years; four were women.
Petechial or vesicular patterns are often associated with viral infections. In this particular study, the investigators did not observe vesicular lesions.
On average, mucocutaneous lesions appeared about 12 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. “Interestingly, this latency was shorter in patients with petechial enanthem, compared with those with a macular lesion with petechiae appearance,” the authors wrote.
This shorter time might suggest an association for SARS-CoV-2, said Dr. Jiménez-Cauhe. Strong cough may have also caused petechial lesions on the palate, but it’s unlikely, as they appeared close in time to COVID-19 symptoms. It’s also unlikely that any drugs caused the lesions, as drug rashes can take 2-3 weeks to appear.
This fits in line with other evidence of broader skin manifestations appearing at the same time or after COVID-19, Esther Freeman, MD, said in an interview. Dr. Freeman, director of global health dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, is the principal investigator of the COVID-19 Dermatology Registry, a collaboration of the American Academy of Dermatology and International League of Dermatological Societies.
The study’s small cohort made it difficult to establish a solid association between the oral lesions and SARS-CoV-2. “However, the presence of enanthem in a patient with a skin rash is a useful finding that suggests a viral etiology rather than a drug reaction. This is particularly useful in COVID-19 patients, who were receiving many drugs as part of the treatment,” Dr. Jimenez-Cauhe said. Future studies should assess whether the presence of enanthem and exanthem lead physicians to consider SARS-CoV-2 as possible agents, ruling out infection with a blood or nasopharyngeal test.
This study adds to the growing body of knowledge on cutaneous and mucocutaneous findings associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, Jules Lipoff, MD, of the department of dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said in an interview. “One challenge in evaluating these findings is that these findings are nonspecific, and medication reactions can often cause similar rashes, such as morbilliform eruptions that can be associated with both viruses and medications.”
Enanthems, as the study authors noted, are more specific to viral infections and are less commonly associated with medication reactions. “So, even though this is a small case series with significant limitations, it does add more evidence that COVID-19 is directly responsible for findings in the skin and mucous membranes,” said Dr. Lipoff.
Dr. Freeman noted that the study may also encourage clinicians to look in a patient’s mouth when assessing for SARS-CoV-2. Additional research should examine these data in a larger population.
Several studies by Dr. Freeman, Dr. Lipoff, and others strongly suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has a spectrum of associated dermatologic manifestations. One evaluated perniolike skin lesions (J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Aug; 83[2]:486-92). The other was a case series from the COVID-19 registry that examined 716 cases of new-onset dermatologic symptoms in patients from 31 countries with confirmed/suspected SARS-CoV-2 (J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Jul 2;S0190-9622[20]32126-5.).
The authors of the report had no disclosures.
SOURCE: Jimenez-Cauhe J et al. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Jul 15. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2550.
FROM JAMA DERMATOLOGY