President Trump has ended the Obama administration’s Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, a policy that protected immigrants who came to the United States as children from deportation and authorized them to work in the United States.

In a Sept. 5 press conference, Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the DACA program an unconstitutional overreach of executive branch power by the former administration that deliberately sought to undermine the legislative branch. Rollback of the DACA program will begin immediately, Mr. Sessions said, with the program expiring completely on March 5, 2018.

Wikimedia Commons/Seattle City Council/ CCO Attribution 2.0 Generic

In a statement issued shortly after the press conference, President Trump said winding down the DACA program is in the nation’s best interest, and that there can be no principled immigration reform if the executive branch is able to “rewrite or nullify federal laws at will.
 

“As President, my highest duty is to defend the American people and the Constitution of the United States of America,” President Trump said in the statement. “At the same time, I do not favor punishing children, most of whom are now adults, for the actions of their parents. But we must also recognize that we are nation of opportunity because we are a nation of laws.”

The DACA program was created by the Obama administration in 2012 as a way of protecting young, undocumented immigrants from deportation after Congress repeatedly blocked legislation that would develop such a safe haven. The policy allowed about 800,000 young adults brought to the United States illegally as children to work legally in the U.S. and remain in the country without the fear of deportation.

The program’s end will affect the growing number of medical students with DACA status and likely jeopardize the funding invested in their training. Sixty-two medical schools accept applications from DACA applicants, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). For the 2016 -2017 school year, 113 students with DACA status applied to US medical schools, and there were 65 medical students enrolled who had DACA status. AAMC does not collect data on medical students with DACA status; the National Resident Matching Program, likewise, does not collect data on residents with DACA status.

Loyola University in Chicago is one institute that could be significantly impacted by recension of DACA. The university has accepted more students with DACA status than any other U.S. medical school, and currently has 32 DACA students attending, said Mark Kuczewski, Ph.D., chair of medical education at Loyola University.

“It’s a tragic decision,” he said in an interview. “It once again puts a cloud over these young people who DACA has given the first real opportunity to come out of the shadows, be educated, and serve the community. Now they’re returned back to the situation of uncertainty.”

The decision to end DACA means that current DACA medical students may not be able to finish their training and that those close to completion may not be able to use their degrees in the workforce, Dr. Kuczewski said. Since they are not citizens, DACA students do not qualify for federal student loans, so medical schools must find ways to help DACA students finance their education. A major Catholic health system provides student loan packages for several DACA students at Loyola’s Stritch School of Medicine, Dr. Kuczewski said. However, such loan programs require DACA status. Without DACA or another path to citizenship, medical students in the middle of training will not be able to obtain financial aid to finish their training, he said. The work authorization that DACA provided will also be eliminated.

Dr. Kuczewski said his university plans to advocate strongly for Congress to pass legislation to protect DACA youth, such as the Dream Act of 2017.

“We are going to advocate strongly because we believe this is common sense,” he said. “You don’t just throw away the talents of these young people and the investments they’ve made in their education and the investments we’ve made in them. DACA has given many people the chance to see these young people as students, as employees, as colleagues, and we hope that helps people to mobilize.”

In a statement, Jack Ende, MD, president of the American College of Physicians, said President Trump’s decision to end the DACA program threatens to deny the country the talents of more than half a million individuals making enormous contributions and will also undermine public health and medical education.

“Today’s executive order has the potential to gravely impact public health,” Dr. Ende said in the statement. “We know that noncitizens and undocumented immigrants are more likely to lack health insurance coverage. If the nearly 800,000 people who are currently benefiting from DACA have their protections removed, many will avoid seeking health care in order to reduce the risk of detection and deportation. … Those who seek to serve in the health care professions will be denied that opportunity.”
 

The Immigration Reform Law Institute praised President Trump’s decision to rescind the DACA program, calling the policy an affront to Congress and a violation of the U.S. Constitution.

“Contrary to former President Obama’s claims, not only is DACA not authorized by federal statute, but prior to the unlawful program, deferred action has only ever been applied to small numbers of illegal aliens on a case-by-case basis,” Dale Wilcox, executive director, said in a statement. “Applying it to approximately 15% of the illegal alien population was never a proper exercise of the president’s discretion under the Constitution and is inconsistent with the president’s duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. By rescinding DACA, President Trump has put an end to the previous administration’s flagrant violation of our immigration laws and its abuse of hard-working American taxpayers.”

In a memorandum issued Sept. 5, the Department of Homeland Security said it will begin winding down the DACA program, while providing a limited window in which it will adjudicate certain requests for DACA and associated applications. DHS will adjudicate, on an individual, case-by-case basis, properly filed pending DACA initial requests and associated applications for employment authorization documents that have been accepted by the department as of Sept.5, 2017, according to the memorandum. All DACA initial requests and associated applications filed after this date will be rejected.

[email protected]

On Twitter @legal_med

President Trump has ended the Obama administration’s Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, a policy that protected immigrants who came to the United States as children from deportation and authorized them to work in the United States.

In a Sept. 5 press conference, Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the DACA program an unconstitutional overreach of executive branch power by the former administration that deliberately sought to undermine the legislative branch. Rollback of the DACA program will begin immediately, Mr. Sessions said, with the program expiring completely on March 5, 2018.

Wikimedia Commons/Seattle City Council/ CCO Attribution 2.0 Generic

In a statement issued shortly after the press conference, President Trump said winding down the DACA program is in the nation’s best interest, and that there can be no principled immigration reform if the executive branch is able to “rewrite or nullify federal laws at will.
 

“As President, my highest duty is to defend the American people and the Constitution of the United States of America,” President Trump said in the statement. “At the same time, I do not favor punishing children, most of whom are now adults, for the actions of their parents. But we must also recognize that we are nation of opportunity because we are a nation of laws.”

The DACA program was created by the Obama administration in 2012 as a way of protecting young, undocumented immigrants from deportation after Congress repeatedly blocked legislation that would develop such a safe haven. The policy allowed about 800,000 young adults brought to the United States illegally as children to work legally in the U.S. and remain in the country without the fear of deportation.

The program’s end will affect the growing number of medical students with DACA status and likely jeopardize the funding invested in their training. Sixty-two medical schools accept applications from DACA applicants, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). For the 2016 -2017 school year, 113 students with DACA status applied to US medical schools, and there were 65 medical students enrolled who had DACA status. AAMC does not collect data on medical students with DACA status; the National Resident Matching Program, likewise, does not collect data on residents with DACA status.

Loyola University in Chicago is one institute that could be significantly impacted by recension of DACA. The university has accepted more students with DACA status than any other U.S. medical school, and currently has 32 DACA students attending, said Mark Kuczewski, Ph.D., chair of medical education at Loyola University.

“It’s a tragic decision,” he said in an interview. “It once again puts a cloud over these young people who DACA has given the first real opportunity to come out of the shadows, be educated, and serve the community. Now they’re returned back to the situation of uncertainty.”

The decision to end DACA means that current DACA medical students may not be able to finish their training and that those close to completion may not be able to use their degrees in the workforce, Dr. Kuczewski said. Since they are not citizens, DACA students do not qualify for federal student loans, so medical schools must find ways to help DACA students finance their education. A major Catholic health system provides student loan packages for several DACA students at Loyola’s Stritch School of Medicine, Dr. Kuczewski said. However, such loan programs require DACA status. Without DACA or another path to citizenship, medical students in the middle of training will not be able to obtain financial aid to finish their training, he said. The work authorization that DACA provided will also be eliminated.

Dr. Kuczewski said his university plans to advocate strongly for Congress to pass legislation to protect DACA youth, such as the Dream Act of 2017.

“We are going to advocate strongly because we believe this is common sense,” he said. “You don’t just throw away the talents of these young people and the investments they’ve made in their education and the investments we’ve made in them. DACA has given many people the chance to see these young people as students, as employees, as colleagues, and we hope that helps people to mobilize.”

In a statement, Jack Ende, MD, president of the American College of Physicians, said President Trump’s decision to end the DACA program threatens to deny the country the talents of more than half a million individuals making enormous contributions and will also undermine public health and medical education.

“Today’s executive order has the potential to gravely impact public health,” Dr. Ende said in the statement. “We know that noncitizens and undocumented immigrants are more likely to lack health insurance coverage. If the nearly 800,000 people who are currently benefiting from DACA have their protections removed, many will avoid seeking health care in order to reduce the risk of detection and deportation. … Those who seek to serve in the health care professions will be denied that opportunity.”
 

The Immigration Reform Law Institute praised President Trump’s decision to rescind the DACA program, calling the policy an affront to Congress and a violation of the U.S. Constitution.

“Contrary to former President Obama’s claims, not only is DACA not authorized by federal statute, but prior to the unlawful program, deferred action has only ever been applied to small numbers of illegal aliens on a case-by-case basis,” Dale Wilcox, executive director, said in a statement. “Applying it to approximately 15% of the illegal alien population was never a proper exercise of the president’s discretion under the Constitution and is inconsistent with the president’s duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. By rescinding DACA, President Trump has put an end to the previous administration’s flagrant violation of our immigration laws and its abuse of hard-working American taxpayers.”

In a memorandum issued Sept. 5, the Department of Homeland Security said it will begin winding down the DACA program, while providing a limited window in which it will adjudicate certain requests for DACA and associated applications. DHS will adjudicate, on an individual, case-by-case basis, properly filed pending DACA initial requests and associated applications for employment authorization documents that have been accepted by the department as of Sept.5, 2017, according to the memorandum. All DACA initial requests and associated applications filed after this date will be rejected.

[email protected]

On Twitter @legal_med

President Trump has ended the Obama administration’s Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, a policy that protected immigrants who came to the United States as children from deportation and authorized them to work in the United States.

In a Sept. 5 press conference, Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the DACA program an unconstitutional overreach of executive branch power by the former administration that deliberately sought to undermine the legislative branch. Rollback of the DACA program will begin immediately, Mr. Sessions said, with the program expiring completely on March 5, 2018.

Wikimedia Commons/Seattle City Council/ CCO Attribution 2.0 Generic

In a statement issued shortly after the press conference, President Trump said winding down the DACA program is in the nation’s best interest, and that there can be no principled immigration reform if the executive branch is able to “rewrite or nullify federal laws at will.
 

“As President, my highest duty is to defend the American people and the Constitution of the United States of America,” President Trump said in the statement. “At the same time, I do not favor punishing children, most of whom are now adults, for the actions of their parents. But we must also recognize that we are nation of opportunity because we are a nation of laws.”

The DACA program was created by the Obama administration in 2012 as a way of protecting young, undocumented immigrants from deportation after Congress repeatedly blocked legislation that would develop such a safe haven. The policy allowed about 800,000 young adults brought to the United States illegally as children to work legally in the U.S. and remain in the country without the fear of deportation.

The program’s end will affect the growing number of medical students with DACA status and likely jeopardize the funding invested in their training. Sixty-two medical schools accept applications from DACA applicants, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). For the 2016 -2017 school year, 113 students with DACA status applied to US medical schools, and there were 65 medical students enrolled who had DACA status. AAMC does not collect data on medical students with DACA status; the National Resident Matching Program, likewise, does not collect data on residents with DACA status.

Loyola University in Chicago is one institute that could be significantly impacted by recension of DACA. The university has accepted more students with DACA status than any other U.S. medical school, and currently has 32 DACA students attending, said Mark Kuczewski, Ph.D., chair of medical education at Loyola University.

“It’s a tragic decision,” he said in an interview. “It once again puts a cloud over these young people who DACA has given the first real opportunity to come out of the shadows, be educated, and serve the community. Now they’re returned back to the situation of uncertainty.”

The decision to end DACA means that current DACA medical students may not be able to finish their training and that those close to completion may not be able to use their degrees in the workforce, Dr. Kuczewski said. Since they are not citizens, DACA students do not qualify for federal student loans, so medical schools must find ways to help DACA students finance their education. A major Catholic health system provides student loan packages for several DACA students at Loyola’s Stritch School of Medicine, Dr. Kuczewski said. However, such loan programs require DACA status. Without DACA or another path to citizenship, medical students in the middle of training will not be able to obtain financial aid to finish their training, he said. The work authorization that DACA provided will also be eliminated.

Dr. Kuczewski said his university plans to advocate strongly for Congress to pass legislation to protect DACA youth, such as the Dream Act of 2017.

“We are going to advocate strongly because we believe this is common sense,” he said. “You don’t just throw away the talents of these young people and the investments they’ve made in their education and the investments we’ve made in them. DACA has given many people the chance to see these young people as students, as employees, as colleagues, and we hope that helps people to mobilize.”

In a statement, Jack Ende, MD, president of the American College of Physicians, said President Trump’s decision to end the DACA program threatens to deny the country the talents of more than half a million individuals making enormous contributions and will also undermine public health and medical education.

“Today’s executive order has the potential to gravely impact public health,” Dr. Ende said in the statement. “We know that noncitizens and undocumented immigrants are more likely to lack health insurance coverage. If the nearly 800,000 people who are currently benefiting from DACA have their protections removed, many will avoid seeking health care in order to reduce the risk of detection and deportation. … Those who seek to serve in the health care professions will be denied that opportunity.”
 

The Immigration Reform Law Institute praised President Trump’s decision to rescind the DACA program, calling the policy an affront to Congress and a violation of the U.S. Constitution.

“Contrary to former President Obama’s claims, not only is DACA not authorized by federal statute, but prior to the unlawful program, deferred action has only ever been applied to small numbers of illegal aliens on a case-by-case basis,” Dale Wilcox, executive director, said in a statement. “Applying it to approximately 15% of the illegal alien population was never a proper exercise of the president’s discretion under the Constitution and is inconsistent with the president’s duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. By rescinding DACA, President Trump has put an end to the previous administration’s flagrant violation of our immigration laws and its abuse of hard-working American taxpayers.”

In a memorandum issued Sept. 5, the Department of Homeland Security said it will begin winding down the DACA program, while providing a limited window in which it will adjudicate certain requests for DACA and associated applications. DHS will adjudicate, on an individual, case-by-case basis, properly filed pending DACA initial requests and associated applications for employment authorization documents that have been accepted by the department as of Sept.5, 2017, according to the memorandum. All DACA initial requests and associated applications filed after this date will be rejected.

[email protected]

On Twitter @legal_med

Zika may not have gone away this summer, but it didn’t make a comeback, either.

New cases in pregnant women are still being reported, but the numbers are much lower than a year ago, when the infection was kicking into high gear. For the 2 weeks ending Aug. 22, 106 pregnant women with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection were reported: 43 in the U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 63 in the U.S. territories, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 

The total cases reported for the previous 2-week periods, going back to mid-June, look like this: 102 (June 14-27), 160 (June 28–July 11), 95 (July 12-25), and 103 (July 26–Aug. 8). In the summer of 2016, the 2-week period of Aug. 12-25 produced 375 new reports of Zika-infected pregnant women, the CDC data show.

[email protected]

Zika may not have gone away this summer, but it didn’t make a comeback, either.

New cases in pregnant women are still being reported, but the numbers are much lower than a year ago, when the infection was kicking into high gear. For the 2 weeks ending Aug. 22, 106 pregnant women with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection were reported: 43 in the U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 63 in the U.S. territories, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 

The total cases reported for the previous 2-week periods, going back to mid-June, look like this: 102 (June 14-27), 160 (June 28–July 11), 95 (July 12-25), and 103 (July 26–Aug. 8). In the summer of 2016, the 2-week period of Aug. 12-25 produced 375 new reports of Zika-infected pregnant women, the CDC data show.

[email protected]

Zika may not have gone away this summer, but it didn’t make a comeback, either.

New cases in pregnant women are still being reported, but the numbers are much lower than a year ago, when the infection was kicking into high gear. For the 2 weeks ending Aug. 22, 106 pregnant women with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection were reported: 43 in the U.S. states and the District of Columbia, and 63 in the U.S. territories, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
 

The total cases reported for the previous 2-week periods, going back to mid-June, look like this: 102 (June 14-27), 160 (June 28–July 11), 95 (July 12-25), and 103 (July 26–Aug. 8). In the summer of 2016, the 2-week period of Aug. 12-25 produced 375 new reports of Zika-infected pregnant women, the CDC data show.

[email protected]

While multiple options exist for the treatment of pruritus in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), none have compelling evidence regarding their long-term efficacy and safety, according to a narrative review of literature by Hirsh D. Trivedi, MD, and associates.

There are four treatments commonly used for treating pruritus in PBC patients: bile acid–binding resins, rifampicin, opioid antagonists, and sertraline. In the cases of bile acid–binding resins, rifampicin, and opioid antagonists, significant side effects and a lack of proof of long-term efficacy prevent the treatments from standing out. Sertraline seems to have no significant side effects, but research is lacking, and further investigation is required.

Several experimental treatments for refractory pruritus also exist: These include phototherapy, plasmapheresis, albumin dialysis, nasobiliary drainage, ileal bile acid transporter–inhibitors, methotrexate and colchicine, and fibrates. In extreme cases, liver transplant can also be utilized to reduce pruritus symptoms.

“Our ongoing learning [about] this multifaceted symptom will hopefully lead to the development of more effective therapies and improve the quality of life for patients with primary biliary cholangitis,” the investigators concluded.

Find the full narrative review in the American Journal of Medicine (doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.037).

[email protected]

While multiple options exist for the treatment of pruritus in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), none have compelling evidence regarding their long-term efficacy and safety, according to a narrative review of literature by Hirsh D. Trivedi, MD, and associates.

There are four treatments commonly used for treating pruritus in PBC patients: bile acid–binding resins, rifampicin, opioid antagonists, and sertraline. In the cases of bile acid–binding resins, rifampicin, and opioid antagonists, significant side effects and a lack of proof of long-term efficacy prevent the treatments from standing out. Sertraline seems to have no significant side effects, but research is lacking, and further investigation is required.

Several experimental treatments for refractory pruritus also exist: These include phototherapy, plasmapheresis, albumin dialysis, nasobiliary drainage, ileal bile acid transporter–inhibitors, methotrexate and colchicine, and fibrates. In extreme cases, liver transplant can also be utilized to reduce pruritus symptoms.

“Our ongoing learning [about] this multifaceted symptom will hopefully lead to the development of more effective therapies and improve the quality of life for patients with primary biliary cholangitis,” the investigators concluded.

Find the full narrative review in the American Journal of Medicine (doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.037).

[email protected]

While multiple options exist for the treatment of pruritus in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), none have compelling evidence regarding their long-term efficacy and safety, according to a narrative review of literature by Hirsh D. Trivedi, MD, and associates.

There are four treatments commonly used for treating pruritus in PBC patients: bile acid–binding resins, rifampicin, opioid antagonists, and sertraline. In the cases of bile acid–binding resins, rifampicin, and opioid antagonists, significant side effects and a lack of proof of long-term efficacy prevent the treatments from standing out. Sertraline seems to have no significant side effects, but research is lacking, and further investigation is required.

Several experimental treatments for refractory pruritus also exist: These include phototherapy, plasmapheresis, albumin dialysis, nasobiliary drainage, ileal bile acid transporter–inhibitors, methotrexate and colchicine, and fibrates. In extreme cases, liver transplant can also be utilized to reduce pruritus symptoms.

“Our ongoing learning [about] this multifaceted symptom will hopefully lead to the development of more effective therapies and improve the quality of life for patients with primary biliary cholangitis,” the investigators concluded.

Find the full narrative review in the American Journal of Medicine (doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.037).

[email protected]

The results of two studies of tofacitinib treatment for rheumatoid arthritis offer evidence to support the use of the drug without concomitant conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in order to reduce the risk of risk of herpes zoster infection and the safety of starting the drug 2-3 weeks after administering live zoster vaccine.

The risk of herpes zoster infection was elevated among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving tofacitinib (Xeljanz) with glucocorticoids, compared with those receiving tofacitinib monotherapy, according to an analysis of data from 19 phase 2, phase 3, and long-term extension studies of tofacitinib.

Increased herpes zoster risk in combination therapy

In the first study, herpes zoster (HZ) was reported in 636 of 6,192 patients over a median follow-up of 3 years of tofacitinib exposure, for an incident rate (IR) of 4.0 per 100 patient-years. However, IRs varied by region, ranging from 2.4 in Eastern Europe to 8.0 and 8.4 in Japan and Korea, respectively.

Further, in phase 3 studies, the IRs varied by tofacitinib dose, background use of conventional csDMARDs, and baseline glucocorticoid use; the rates were lowest among patients on tofacitinib monotherapy at a dose of 5 mg twice daily (IR, 0.6), and highest in those on tofacitinib at 10 mg twice daily with csDMARDs and glucocorticoids (IR, 5.4), the investigators found.

Independent risk factors for HZ included age, glucocorticoid use, tofacitinib dose, and enrollment within Asia, they said.

“Shingles, or reactivation of varicella virus, is a common and potentially debilitating illness. Around one-third of the general population will develop HZ in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of these patients develop postherpetic neuralgia which can last months to years and cause significant pain and morbidity,” the investigators wrote, adding that RA patients are at 1.5- to 2-fold greater risk vs. similarly aged individuals in the general population.

RA itself and treatment with glucocorticoids are known to increase HZ risk, but recent data have suggested that Janus kinase inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, and tumor necrosis factor antagonists are also associated with a higher rate of HZ. Additionally, a theoretical risk exists with various csDMARDs, they said.

“Given the increased risk of HZ observed among patients with RA versus the general population and the risk associated with RA therapies, it is possible that risk of HZ may be further increased when such therapies are combined,” they wrote.

Indeed, the findings of the study demonstrate an increased risk of HZ with tofacitinib in combination with glucocorticoids vs. tofacitinib monotherapy.

Further research is necessary to understand why Japanese and Korean patients are at elevated risk, and to understand the mechanism for the effects of combination therapy on VZV reactivation, they concluded.

LZV immunogenicity holds up during tofacitinib treatment

In the second study, 112 patients aged 50 years and older with active RA on background methotrexate received LZV and were then randomized to receive 5 mg tofacitinib twice daily or placebo 2-3 weeks after vaccination.

At 6 weeks after vaccination, VZV-specific IgG geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) was 2.11 and 1.74 in the tofacitinib and placebo patients, respectively; at all postvaccination time points at which VZV-specific IgG levels were evaluated, there was a trend toward numerically higher GMFR in tofacitinib patients, but the differences were not statistically significant. Also, the proportion of patients developing a 1.5-fold or greater postvaccination rise in IgG levels at 6 weeks trended higher for tofacitinib (57.4% vs. 43.4% with placebo).

VZV-specific T-cell GMFR at 6 weeks increased similarly in the groups (1.50 with tofacitinib and 1.29 with placebo).

Serious adverse events occurred in three patients in the tofacitinib group (5.5%) and in none of the placebo patients.

“The three SAEs included one case each of cholangitis and bronchitis, and once case of disseminated primary varicella,” the investigators said, noting that the onset of the latter was 16 days postvaccination, 2 days after starting tofacitinib. The rash resolved with discontinuation of tofacitinib and treatment with valacyclovir for 7 days.

The findings suggest that patients with active RA develop robust immune responses to HZ vaccine, and that starting tofacitinib 2-3 weeks after vaccination has no negative impact on the established immune response.

“Importantly, while our results suggest the vaccine is safe for patients with RA with prior VZV exposure, they also indicate the potential need to either screen for prior exposure before giving this vaccine or waiting longer than 2-3 weeks before starting immunosuppression with tofacitinib,” they said, noting that the current data suggest 4 weeks might be preferable.

Alternatively, testing patients who don’t recollect a history of chickenpox to ensure prior VZV exposure prior to vaccination could also mitigate the risk, they said.

“Further research is necessary to understand the risk of this complication, as well as the long-term effectiveness of this vaccine to prevent HZ in this high-risk population,” they concluded.

Both studies were sponsored by Pfizer. Dr. Winthrop has received research grants from and served as a scientific consultant to Pfizer. Other authors also reported financial relationships with Pfizer.

[email protected]

The results of two studies of tofacitinib treatment for rheumatoid arthritis offer evidence to support the use of the drug without concomitant conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in order to reduce the risk of risk of herpes zoster infection and the safety of starting the drug 2-3 weeks after administering live zoster vaccine.

The risk of herpes zoster infection was elevated among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving tofacitinib (Xeljanz) with glucocorticoids, compared with those receiving tofacitinib monotherapy, according to an analysis of data from 19 phase 2, phase 3, and long-term extension studies of tofacitinib.

Increased herpes zoster risk in combination therapy

In the first study, herpes zoster (HZ) was reported in 636 of 6,192 patients over a median follow-up of 3 years of tofacitinib exposure, for an incident rate (IR) of 4.0 per 100 patient-years. However, IRs varied by region, ranging from 2.4 in Eastern Europe to 8.0 and 8.4 in Japan and Korea, respectively.

Further, in phase 3 studies, the IRs varied by tofacitinib dose, background use of conventional csDMARDs, and baseline glucocorticoid use; the rates were lowest among patients on tofacitinib monotherapy at a dose of 5 mg twice daily (IR, 0.6), and highest in those on tofacitinib at 10 mg twice daily with csDMARDs and glucocorticoids (IR, 5.4), the investigators found.

Independent risk factors for HZ included age, glucocorticoid use, tofacitinib dose, and enrollment within Asia, they said.

“Shingles, or reactivation of varicella virus, is a common and potentially debilitating illness. Around one-third of the general population will develop HZ in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of these patients develop postherpetic neuralgia which can last months to years and cause significant pain and morbidity,” the investigators wrote, adding that RA patients are at 1.5- to 2-fold greater risk vs. similarly aged individuals in the general population.

RA itself and treatment with glucocorticoids are known to increase HZ risk, but recent data have suggested that Janus kinase inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, and tumor necrosis factor antagonists are also associated with a higher rate of HZ. Additionally, a theoretical risk exists with various csDMARDs, they said.

“Given the increased risk of HZ observed among patients with RA versus the general population and the risk associated with RA therapies, it is possible that risk of HZ may be further increased when such therapies are combined,” they wrote.

Indeed, the findings of the study demonstrate an increased risk of HZ with tofacitinib in combination with glucocorticoids vs. tofacitinib monotherapy.

Further research is necessary to understand why Japanese and Korean patients are at elevated risk, and to understand the mechanism for the effects of combination therapy on VZV reactivation, they concluded.

LZV immunogenicity holds up during tofacitinib treatment

In the second study, 112 patients aged 50 years and older with active RA on background methotrexate received LZV and were then randomized to receive 5 mg tofacitinib twice daily or placebo 2-3 weeks after vaccination.

At 6 weeks after vaccination, VZV-specific IgG geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) was 2.11 and 1.74 in the tofacitinib and placebo patients, respectively; at all postvaccination time points at which VZV-specific IgG levels were evaluated, there was a trend toward numerically higher GMFR in tofacitinib patients, but the differences were not statistically significant. Also, the proportion of patients developing a 1.5-fold or greater postvaccination rise in IgG levels at 6 weeks trended higher for tofacitinib (57.4% vs. 43.4% with placebo).

VZV-specific T-cell GMFR at 6 weeks increased similarly in the groups (1.50 with tofacitinib and 1.29 with placebo).

Serious adverse events occurred in three patients in the tofacitinib group (5.5%) and in none of the placebo patients.

“The three SAEs included one case each of cholangitis and bronchitis, and once case of disseminated primary varicella,” the investigators said, noting that the onset of the latter was 16 days postvaccination, 2 days after starting tofacitinib. The rash resolved with discontinuation of tofacitinib and treatment with valacyclovir for 7 days.

The findings suggest that patients with active RA develop robust immune responses to HZ vaccine, and that starting tofacitinib 2-3 weeks after vaccination has no negative impact on the established immune response.

“Importantly, while our results suggest the vaccine is safe for patients with RA with prior VZV exposure, they also indicate the potential need to either screen for prior exposure before giving this vaccine or waiting longer than 2-3 weeks before starting immunosuppression with tofacitinib,” they said, noting that the current data suggest 4 weeks might be preferable.

Alternatively, testing patients who don’t recollect a history of chickenpox to ensure prior VZV exposure prior to vaccination could also mitigate the risk, they said.

“Further research is necessary to understand the risk of this complication, as well as the long-term effectiveness of this vaccine to prevent HZ in this high-risk population,” they concluded.

Both studies were sponsored by Pfizer. Dr. Winthrop has received research grants from and served as a scientific consultant to Pfizer. Other authors also reported financial relationships with Pfizer.

[email protected]

The results of two studies of tofacitinib treatment for rheumatoid arthritis offer evidence to support the use of the drug without concomitant conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in order to reduce the risk of risk of herpes zoster infection and the safety of starting the drug 2-3 weeks after administering live zoster vaccine.

The risk of herpes zoster infection was elevated among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving tofacitinib (Xeljanz) with glucocorticoids, compared with those receiving tofacitinib monotherapy, according to an analysis of data from 19 phase 2, phase 3, and long-term extension studies of tofacitinib.

Increased herpes zoster risk in combination therapy

In the first study, herpes zoster (HZ) was reported in 636 of 6,192 patients over a median follow-up of 3 years of tofacitinib exposure, for an incident rate (IR) of 4.0 per 100 patient-years. However, IRs varied by region, ranging from 2.4 in Eastern Europe to 8.0 and 8.4 in Japan and Korea, respectively.

Further, in phase 3 studies, the IRs varied by tofacitinib dose, background use of conventional csDMARDs, and baseline glucocorticoid use; the rates were lowest among patients on tofacitinib monotherapy at a dose of 5 mg twice daily (IR, 0.6), and highest in those on tofacitinib at 10 mg twice daily with csDMARDs and glucocorticoids (IR, 5.4), the investigators found.

Independent risk factors for HZ included age, glucocorticoid use, tofacitinib dose, and enrollment within Asia, they said.

“Shingles, or reactivation of varicella virus, is a common and potentially debilitating illness. Around one-third of the general population will develop HZ in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of these patients develop postherpetic neuralgia which can last months to years and cause significant pain and morbidity,” the investigators wrote, adding that RA patients are at 1.5- to 2-fold greater risk vs. similarly aged individuals in the general population.

RA itself and treatment with glucocorticoids are known to increase HZ risk, but recent data have suggested that Janus kinase inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, and tumor necrosis factor antagonists are also associated with a higher rate of HZ. Additionally, a theoretical risk exists with various csDMARDs, they said.

“Given the increased risk of HZ observed among patients with RA versus the general population and the risk associated with RA therapies, it is possible that risk of HZ may be further increased when such therapies are combined,” they wrote.

Indeed, the findings of the study demonstrate an increased risk of HZ with tofacitinib in combination with glucocorticoids vs. tofacitinib monotherapy.

Further research is necessary to understand why Japanese and Korean patients are at elevated risk, and to understand the mechanism for the effects of combination therapy on VZV reactivation, they concluded.

LZV immunogenicity holds up during tofacitinib treatment

In the second study, 112 patients aged 50 years and older with active RA on background methotrexate received LZV and were then randomized to receive 5 mg tofacitinib twice daily or placebo 2-3 weeks after vaccination.

At 6 weeks after vaccination, VZV-specific IgG geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) was 2.11 and 1.74 in the tofacitinib and placebo patients, respectively; at all postvaccination time points at which VZV-specific IgG levels were evaluated, there was a trend toward numerically higher GMFR in tofacitinib patients, but the differences were not statistically significant. Also, the proportion of patients developing a 1.5-fold or greater postvaccination rise in IgG levels at 6 weeks trended higher for tofacitinib (57.4% vs. 43.4% with placebo).

VZV-specific T-cell GMFR at 6 weeks increased similarly in the groups (1.50 with tofacitinib and 1.29 with placebo).

Serious adverse events occurred in three patients in the tofacitinib group (5.5%) and in none of the placebo patients.

“The three SAEs included one case each of cholangitis and bronchitis, and once case of disseminated primary varicella,” the investigators said, noting that the onset of the latter was 16 days postvaccination, 2 days after starting tofacitinib. The rash resolved with discontinuation of tofacitinib and treatment with valacyclovir for 7 days.

The findings suggest that patients with active RA develop robust immune responses to HZ vaccine, and that starting tofacitinib 2-3 weeks after vaccination has no negative impact on the established immune response.

“Importantly, while our results suggest the vaccine is safe for patients with RA with prior VZV exposure, they also indicate the potential need to either screen for prior exposure before giving this vaccine or waiting longer than 2-3 weeks before starting immunosuppression with tofacitinib,” they said, noting that the current data suggest 4 weeks might be preferable.

Alternatively, testing patients who don’t recollect a history of chickenpox to ensure prior VZV exposure prior to vaccination could also mitigate the risk, they said.

“Further research is necessary to understand the risk of this complication, as well as the long-term effectiveness of this vaccine to prevent HZ in this high-risk population,” they concluded.

Both studies were sponsored by Pfizer. Dr. Winthrop has received research grants from and served as a scientific consultant to Pfizer. Other authors also reported financial relationships with Pfizer.

[email protected]

Clinical Question: What new evidence is available to guide heart failure (HF) management?

Background: New data has become available since the 2013 HF guidelines.

Study Design: A focused update.

Setting: Ongoing review of HF literature.

Bottom Line: Updates support use of BNP, ARB-NIs, ivabradine, and IV iron for HFrEF.

Citation: Yancy CW, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart failure society of America. Published online, 2017 Apr 28. Circulation. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509.

Dr. Sweigart is an assistant professor in the University of Kentucky division of hospital medicine and Lexington VA Medical Center.

Clinical Question: What new evidence is available to guide heart failure (HF) management?

Background: New data has become available since the 2013 HF guidelines.

Study Design: A focused update.

Setting: Ongoing review of HF literature.

Bottom Line: Updates support use of BNP, ARB-NIs, ivabradine, and IV iron for HFrEF.

Citation: Yancy CW, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart failure society of America. Published online, 2017 Apr 28. Circulation. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509.

Dr. Sweigart is an assistant professor in the University of Kentucky division of hospital medicine and Lexington VA Medical Center.

Clinical Question: What new evidence is available to guide heart failure (HF) management?

Background: New data has become available since the 2013 HF guidelines.

Study Design: A focused update.

Setting: Ongoing review of HF literature.

Bottom Line: Updates support use of BNP, ARB-NIs, ivabradine, and IV iron for HFrEF.

Citation: Yancy CW, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart failure society of America. Published online, 2017 Apr 28. Circulation. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509.

Dr. Sweigart is an assistant professor in the University of Kentucky division of hospital medicine and Lexington VA Medical Center.

A large prospective study of middle-aged and older women found no convincing evidence that using proton pump inhibitors increased their risk of dementia, investigators reported.

However, using H₂ receptor antagonists for at least 9 years was associated with a slight decrease in scores of learning and working memory (mean decrease, –0.2; 95% confidence interval, –0.3 to –0.08; P less than .001), Paul Lochhead, MBChB, PhD, and his associates wrote in the October issue of Gastroenterology (doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.061). “Since our primary hypothesis related to PPI [proton pump inhibitor] use, our findings for [H₂ receptor antagonists] should be interpreted with caution,” they said.
 

Source: American Gastroenterological Association

In a recent German study of a medical claims database, use of PPIs was associated with a 44% increase in the likelihood of incident dementia (JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:410-6). “The existence of a causal mechanism linking PPI use to dementia is suggested by observations from cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, where PPI exposure appears to influence amyloid-beta metabolism,” Dr. Lochhead and his associates wrote. “However, other preclinical data on PPIs and Alzheimer’s disease are conflicting.” Noting that cognitive function predicts dementia later in life, they analyzed prospective data on medications and other potential risk factors from 13,864 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II who had completed Cogstate, a computerized, self-administered neuropsychological battery.

Study participants averaged 61 years old when they underwent cognitive testing, ranging in age from 50 to 70 years. Users of PPIs tended to be older, had more comorbidities, were less physically active, had higher body mass indexes, had less education, and ate a lower-quality diet than women who did not use PPIs. After adjusting for such confounders, using PPIs for 9-14 years was associated with a modest decrease in scores for psychomotor speed and attention (mean score difference, compared with never users, –0.06; 95% CI, –0.11 to 0.00; P = .03). “For comparison, in multivariable models, a 1-year increase in age was associated with mean score decreases of 0.03 for psychomotor speed and attention, 0.02 for learning and working memory, and 0.03 for overall cognition,” the researchers wrote.
 

Next, they examined links between use of H₂ receptor antagonists and cognitive scores among 10,778 study participants who had used PPIs for 2 years or less. Use of H₂ receptor antagonists for 9-14 years predicted poorer scores on learning, working memory, and overall cognition, even after controlling for potential confounders (P less than or equal to .002). “The magnitudes of mean score differences were larger than those observed in the analysis of PPI use, particularly for learning and working memory,” the researchers noted. Additionally, PPI use did not predict lower cognitive scores among individuals who had never used H₂ receptor antagonists.

On the other hand, using PPIs for 9-14 years was associated with the equivalent of about 2 years of age-related cognitive decline, and controlling for exposure to H₂ receptor antagonists weakened even this modest effect, the investigators said. Users and nonusers of PPIs tend to differ on many measures, and analyses of claims data, such as the German study above, are less able to account for these potential confounders, they noted. “Nonjudicious PPI prescribing is especially frequent among the elderly and those with cognitive impairment,” they added. “Therefore, elderly individuals who have frequent contact with health providers are at increased risk of both PPI prescription and dementia diagnosis. This bias may not be completely mitigated by adjustment for comorbidities or polypharmacy.”

The findings regarding H₂ receptor antagonists reflect those of three smaller cohort studies, and these medications are known to cause central nervous system effects in the elderly, including delirium, the researchers said. Ranitidine and cimetidine have anticholinergic effects that also could “pose a risk for adverse cognitive effects with long-term use.”

Dr. Lochhead reported having no conflicts. Two coinvestigators disclosed ties to Bayer Healthcare, Pfizer, Aralez Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Samsung Bioepis, and Takeda.

A large prospective study of middle-aged and older women found no convincing evidence that using proton pump inhibitors increased their risk of dementia, investigators reported.

However, using H₂ receptor antagonists for at least 9 years was associated with a slight decrease in scores of learning and working memory (mean decrease, –0.2; 95% confidence interval, –0.3 to –0.08; P less than .001), Paul Lochhead, MBChB, PhD, and his associates wrote in the October issue of Gastroenterology (doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.061). “Since our primary hypothesis related to PPI [proton pump inhibitor] use, our findings for [H₂ receptor antagonists] should be interpreted with caution,” they said.
 

Source: American Gastroenterological Association

In a recent German study of a medical claims database, use of PPIs was associated with a 44% increase in the likelihood of incident dementia (JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:410-6). “The existence of a causal mechanism linking PPI use to dementia is suggested by observations from cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, where PPI exposure appears to influence amyloid-beta metabolism,” Dr. Lochhead and his associates wrote. “However, other preclinical data on PPIs and Alzheimer’s disease are conflicting.” Noting that cognitive function predicts dementia later in life, they analyzed prospective data on medications and other potential risk factors from 13,864 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II who had completed Cogstate, a computerized, self-administered neuropsychological battery.

Study participants averaged 61 years old when they underwent cognitive testing, ranging in age from 50 to 70 years. Users of PPIs tended to be older, had more comorbidities, were less physically active, had higher body mass indexes, had less education, and ate a lower-quality diet than women who did not use PPIs. After adjusting for such confounders, using PPIs for 9-14 years was associated with a modest decrease in scores for psychomotor speed and attention (mean score difference, compared with never users, –0.06; 95% CI, –0.11 to 0.00; P = .03). “For comparison, in multivariable models, a 1-year increase in age was associated with mean score decreases of 0.03 for psychomotor speed and attention, 0.02 for learning and working memory, and 0.03 for overall cognition,” the researchers wrote.
 

Next, they examined links between use of H₂ receptor antagonists and cognitive scores among 10,778 study participants who had used PPIs for 2 years or less. Use of H₂ receptor antagonists for 9-14 years predicted poorer scores on learning, working memory, and overall cognition, even after controlling for potential confounders (P less than or equal to .002). “The magnitudes of mean score differences were larger than those observed in the analysis of PPI use, particularly for learning and working memory,” the researchers noted. Additionally, PPI use did not predict lower cognitive scores among individuals who had never used H₂ receptor antagonists.

On the other hand, using PPIs for 9-14 years was associated with the equivalent of about 2 years of age-related cognitive decline, and controlling for exposure to H₂ receptor antagonists weakened even this modest effect, the investigators said. Users and nonusers of PPIs tend to differ on many measures, and analyses of claims data, such as the German study above, are less able to account for these potential confounders, they noted. “Nonjudicious PPI prescribing is especially frequent among the elderly and those with cognitive impairment,” they added. “Therefore, elderly individuals who have frequent contact with health providers are at increased risk of both PPI prescription and dementia diagnosis. This bias may not be completely mitigated by adjustment for comorbidities or polypharmacy.”

The findings regarding H₂ receptor antagonists reflect those of three smaller cohort studies, and these medications are known to cause central nervous system effects in the elderly, including delirium, the researchers said. Ranitidine and cimetidine have anticholinergic effects that also could “pose a risk for adverse cognitive effects with long-term use.”

Dr. Lochhead reported having no conflicts. Two coinvestigators disclosed ties to Bayer Healthcare, Pfizer, Aralez Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Samsung Bioepis, and Takeda.

A large prospective study of middle-aged and older women found no convincing evidence that using proton pump inhibitors increased their risk of dementia, investigators reported.

However, using H₂ receptor antagonists for at least 9 years was associated with a slight decrease in scores of learning and working memory (mean decrease, –0.2; 95% confidence interval, –0.3 to –0.08; P less than .001), Paul Lochhead, MBChB, PhD, and his associates wrote in the October issue of Gastroenterology (doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.061). “Since our primary hypothesis related to PPI [proton pump inhibitor] use, our findings for [H₂ receptor antagonists] should be interpreted with caution,” they said.
 

Source: American Gastroenterological Association

In a recent German study of a medical claims database, use of PPIs was associated with a 44% increase in the likelihood of incident dementia (JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:410-6). “The existence of a causal mechanism linking PPI use to dementia is suggested by observations from cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, where PPI exposure appears to influence amyloid-beta metabolism,” Dr. Lochhead and his associates wrote. “However, other preclinical data on PPIs and Alzheimer’s disease are conflicting.” Noting that cognitive function predicts dementia later in life, they analyzed prospective data on medications and other potential risk factors from 13,864 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II who had completed Cogstate, a computerized, self-administered neuropsychological battery.

Study participants averaged 61 years old when they underwent cognitive testing, ranging in age from 50 to 70 years. Users of PPIs tended to be older, had more comorbidities, were less physically active, had higher body mass indexes, had less education, and ate a lower-quality diet than women who did not use PPIs. After adjusting for such confounders, using PPIs for 9-14 years was associated with a modest decrease in scores for psychomotor speed and attention (mean score difference, compared with never users, –0.06; 95% CI, –0.11 to 0.00; P = .03). “For comparison, in multivariable models, a 1-year increase in age was associated with mean score decreases of 0.03 for psychomotor speed and attention, 0.02 for learning and working memory, and 0.03 for overall cognition,” the researchers wrote.
 

Next, they examined links between use of H₂ receptor antagonists and cognitive scores among 10,778 study participants who had used PPIs for 2 years or less. Use of H₂ receptor antagonists for 9-14 years predicted poorer scores on learning, working memory, and overall cognition, even after controlling for potential confounders (P less than or equal to .002). “The magnitudes of mean score differences were larger than those observed in the analysis of PPI use, particularly for learning and working memory,” the researchers noted. Additionally, PPI use did not predict lower cognitive scores among individuals who had never used H₂ receptor antagonists.

On the other hand, using PPIs for 9-14 years was associated with the equivalent of about 2 years of age-related cognitive decline, and controlling for exposure to H₂ receptor antagonists weakened even this modest effect, the investigators said. Users and nonusers of PPIs tend to differ on many measures, and analyses of claims data, such as the German study above, are less able to account for these potential confounders, they noted. “Nonjudicious PPI prescribing is especially frequent among the elderly and those with cognitive impairment,” they added. “Therefore, elderly individuals who have frequent contact with health providers are at increased risk of both PPI prescription and dementia diagnosis. This bias may not be completely mitigated by adjustment for comorbidities or polypharmacy.”

The findings regarding H₂ receptor antagonists reflect those of three smaller cohort studies, and these medications are known to cause central nervous system effects in the elderly, including delirium, the researchers said. Ranitidine and cimetidine have anticholinergic effects that also could “pose a risk for adverse cognitive effects with long-term use.”

Dr. Lochhead reported having no conflicts. Two coinvestigators disclosed ties to Bayer Healthcare, Pfizer, Aralez Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Samsung Bioepis, and Takeda.

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications among women grew at a rate similar to that of men, while mortality among men was nearly double that of women, according to a study conducted through the Veterans Affairs office.

While men still have a higher prevalence of conditions such as cirrhosis, investigators expect to see a shift in the burden of care as women with HCV complications outlive men with similar diagnoses.

“The current and near-term burden in HCV-related cirrhosis was disproportionately attributed to men,” according to Jennifer Kramer, PhD, investigator at the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston. “However, the trends are expected to change after 2020.”

The retrospective cohort study analyzed 264,409 HCV-infected veterans, 7,162 of whom were women, between January 2000 and December 2013.

Investigators found annual average prevalence change (AAPC) among men and women was 13.1% and 15.2%, respectively, for cirrhosis, while overall mortality was 28.7% for men, compared with 15.5% for women (J Viral Hepat. 2017 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12728).

Dr. Kramer and her fellow investigators also found similar rates among decompensated cirrhosis between 15.6% and 16.9% for women and men, respectively, and hepatocellular cancer, 21% and 25.3%, respectively.

Women included in the cohort were, on average, younger (48 years vs. 53 years), were less likely to use alcohol (33% vs. 45%), and were less likely to have contracted diabetes (30% vs. 39%).

While men’s prevalence growth was equal to women’s, male patients are 1.7 times more likely to be infected with HCV (J Hepatol. 2012 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.018), which is reflected in overall incidence rates of complications.

As expected, overall incidence of cirrhosis was higher in men than in women, with incidence rates for men at 28.2% compared with 20.1% of women.

Similar differences were found in rates of decompensated cirrhosis, 18.6% in men compared with 12.4% in women, and hepatocellular cancer, 5.3% in men compared with 1.5% in women.

Shifting trends in burden of care toward women have investigators worried about current HCV treatment practices for female patients.

“The increasing burden of HCV complications in women is concerning,” the researchers wrote. “Studies show that women are less likely to receive antiviral treatment than men.”

Contrary to this claim, antiviral treatment rates among men and women in this study were almost identical: 23.6% of women and 23.3% of men.

While the difference in treatment is not evident, the low rate of treatment for both men and women is another concern for Dr. Kramer and her colleagues.

“In the U.S., HCV infection remains undiagnosed in over 50% of all persons with HCV disease,” the investigators wrote. “Access to highly affective yet expensive direct acting antiviral treatment remains a challenge.”

Findings from this study may not be a true representation of the U.S. HCV-infected population because patients were veterans, with differences such as a higher rate of alcohol use among women.

The researchers reported no relevant financial disclosures.

AGA Resource

Through the HCV Clinical Service Line, AGA offers tools to help you become more efficient, understand quality standards and improve the process of care for patients. Learn more at http://www.gastro.org/patient-care/conditions-diseases/hepatitis-c

[email protected]

On Twitter @eaztweets

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications among women grew at a rate similar to that of men, while mortality among men was nearly double that of women, according to a study conducted through the Veterans Affairs office.

While men still have a higher prevalence of conditions such as cirrhosis, investigators expect to see a shift in the burden of care as women with HCV complications outlive men with similar diagnoses.

“The current and near-term burden in HCV-related cirrhosis was disproportionately attributed to men,” according to Jennifer Kramer, PhD, investigator at the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston. “However, the trends are expected to change after 2020.”

The retrospective cohort study analyzed 264,409 HCV-infected veterans, 7,162 of whom were women, between January 2000 and December 2013.

Investigators found annual average prevalence change (AAPC) among men and women was 13.1% and 15.2%, respectively, for cirrhosis, while overall mortality was 28.7% for men, compared with 15.5% for women (J Viral Hepat. 2017 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12728).

Dr. Kramer and her fellow investigators also found similar rates among decompensated cirrhosis between 15.6% and 16.9% for women and men, respectively, and hepatocellular cancer, 21% and 25.3%, respectively.

Women included in the cohort were, on average, younger (48 years vs. 53 years), were less likely to use alcohol (33% vs. 45%), and were less likely to have contracted diabetes (30% vs. 39%).

While men’s prevalence growth was equal to women’s, male patients are 1.7 times more likely to be infected with HCV (J Hepatol. 2012 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.018), which is reflected in overall incidence rates of complications.

As expected, overall incidence of cirrhosis was higher in men than in women, with incidence rates for men at 28.2% compared with 20.1% of women.

Similar differences were found in rates of decompensated cirrhosis, 18.6% in men compared with 12.4% in women, and hepatocellular cancer, 5.3% in men compared with 1.5% in women.

Shifting trends in burden of care toward women have investigators worried about current HCV treatment practices for female patients.

“The increasing burden of HCV complications in women is concerning,” the researchers wrote. “Studies show that women are less likely to receive antiviral treatment than men.”

Contrary to this claim, antiviral treatment rates among men and women in this study were almost identical: 23.6% of women and 23.3% of men.

While the difference in treatment is not evident, the low rate of treatment for both men and women is another concern for Dr. Kramer and her colleagues.

“In the U.S., HCV infection remains undiagnosed in over 50% of all persons with HCV disease,” the investigators wrote. “Access to highly affective yet expensive direct acting antiviral treatment remains a challenge.”

Findings from this study may not be a true representation of the U.S. HCV-infected population because patients were veterans, with differences such as a higher rate of alcohol use among women.

The researchers reported no relevant financial disclosures.

AGA Resource

Through the HCV Clinical Service Line, AGA offers tools to help you become more efficient, understand quality standards and improve the process of care for patients. Learn more at http://www.gastro.org/patient-care/conditions-diseases/hepatitis-c

[email protected]

On Twitter @eaztweets

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications among women grew at a rate similar to that of men, while mortality among men was nearly double that of women, according to a study conducted through the Veterans Affairs office.

While men still have a higher prevalence of conditions such as cirrhosis, investigators expect to see a shift in the burden of care as women with HCV complications outlive men with similar diagnoses.

“The current and near-term burden in HCV-related cirrhosis was disproportionately attributed to men,” according to Jennifer Kramer, PhD, investigator at the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston. “However, the trends are expected to change after 2020.”

The retrospective cohort study analyzed 264,409 HCV-infected veterans, 7,162 of whom were women, between January 2000 and December 2013.

Investigators found annual average prevalence change (AAPC) among men and women was 13.1% and 15.2%, respectively, for cirrhosis, while overall mortality was 28.7% for men, compared with 15.5% for women (J Viral Hepat. 2017 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12728).

Dr. Kramer and her fellow investigators also found similar rates among decompensated cirrhosis between 15.6% and 16.9% for women and men, respectively, and hepatocellular cancer, 21% and 25.3%, respectively.

Women included in the cohort were, on average, younger (48 years vs. 53 years), were less likely to use alcohol (33% vs. 45%), and were less likely to have contracted diabetes (30% vs. 39%).

While men’s prevalence growth was equal to women’s, male patients are 1.7 times more likely to be infected with HCV (J Hepatol. 2012 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.018), which is reflected in overall incidence rates of complications.

As expected, overall incidence of cirrhosis was higher in men than in women, with incidence rates for men at 28.2% compared with 20.1% of women.

Similar differences were found in rates of decompensated cirrhosis, 18.6% in men compared with 12.4% in women, and hepatocellular cancer, 5.3% in men compared with 1.5% in women.

Shifting trends in burden of care toward women have investigators worried about current HCV treatment practices for female patients.

“The increasing burden of HCV complications in women is concerning,” the researchers wrote. “Studies show that women are less likely to receive antiviral treatment than men.”

Contrary to this claim, antiviral treatment rates among men and women in this study were almost identical: 23.6% of women and 23.3% of men.

While the difference in treatment is not evident, the low rate of treatment for both men and women is another concern for Dr. Kramer and her colleagues.

“In the U.S., HCV infection remains undiagnosed in over 50% of all persons with HCV disease,” the investigators wrote. “Access to highly affective yet expensive direct acting antiviral treatment remains a challenge.”

Findings from this study may not be a true representation of the U.S. HCV-infected population because patients were veterans, with differences such as a higher rate of alcohol use among women.

The researchers reported no relevant financial disclosures.

AGA Resource

Through the HCV Clinical Service Line, AGA offers tools to help you become more efficient, understand quality standards and improve the process of care for patients. Learn more at http://www.gastro.org/patient-care/conditions-diseases/hepatitis-c

[email protected]

On Twitter @eaztweets

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications among women grew at a rate similar to that of men, while mortality among men was nearly double that of women, according to a study conducted through the Veterans Affairs office.

While men still have a higher prevalence of conditions such as cirrhosis, investigators expect to see a shift in the burden of care as women with HCV complications outlive men with similar diagnoses.

“The current and near-term burden in HCV-related cirrhosis was disproportionately attributed to men,” according to Jennifer Kramer, PhD, investigator at the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston. “However, the trends are expected to change after 2020.”

The retrospective cohort study analyzed 264,409 HCV-infected veterans, 7,162 of whom were women, between January 2000 and December 2013.

Investigators found annual average prevalence change (AAPC) among men and women was 13.1% and 15.2%, respectively, for cirrhosis, while overall mortality was 28.7% for men, compared with 15.5% for women (J Viral Hepat. 2017 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12728).

Dr. Kramer and her fellow investigators also found similar rates among decompensated cirrhosis between 15.6% and 16.9% for women and men, respectively, and hepatocellular cancer, 21% and 25.3%, respectively.

Women included in the cohort were, on average, younger (48 years vs. 53 years), were less likely to use alcohol (33% vs. 45%), and were less likely to have contracted diabetes (30% vs. 39%).

While men’s prevalence growth was equal to women’s, male patients are 1.7 times more likely to be infected with HCV (J Hepatol. 2012 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.018), which is reflected in overall incidence rates of complications.

As expected, overall incidence of cirrhosis was higher in men than in women, with incidence rates for men at 28.2% compared with 20.1% of women.

Similar differences were found in rates of decompensated cirrhosis, 18.6% in men compared with 12.4% in women, and hepatocellular cancer, 5.3% in men compared with 1.5% in women.

Shifting trends in burden of care toward women have investigators worried about current HCV treatment practices for female patients.

“The increasing burden of HCV complications in women is concerning,” the researchers wrote. “Studies show that women are less likely to receive antiviral treatment than men.”

Contrary to this claim, antiviral treatment rates among men and women in this study were almost identical: 23.6% of women and 23.3% of men.

While the difference in treatment is not evident, the low rate of treatment for both men and women is another concern for Dr. Kramer and her colleagues.

“In the U.S., HCV infection remains undiagnosed in over 50% of all persons with HCV disease,” the investigators wrote. “Access to highly affective yet expensive direct acting antiviral treatment remains a challenge.”

Findings from this study may not be a true representation of the U.S. HCV-infected population because patients were veterans, with differences such as a higher rate of alcohol use among women.

The researchers reported no relevant financial disclosures.

[email protected]

On Twitter @eaztweets

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications among women grew at a rate similar to that of men, while mortality among men was nearly double that of women, according to a study conducted through the Veterans Affairs office.

While men still have a higher prevalence of conditions such as cirrhosis, investigators expect to see a shift in the burden of care as women with HCV complications outlive men with similar diagnoses.

“The current and near-term burden in HCV-related cirrhosis was disproportionately attributed to men,” according to Jennifer Kramer, PhD, investigator at the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston. “However, the trends are expected to change after 2020.”

The retrospective cohort study analyzed 264,409 HCV-infected veterans, 7,162 of whom were women, between January 2000 and December 2013.

Investigators found annual average prevalence change (AAPC) among men and women was 13.1% and 15.2%, respectively, for cirrhosis, while overall mortality was 28.7% for men, compared with 15.5% for women (J Viral Hepat. 2017 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12728).

Dr. Kramer and her fellow investigators also found similar rates among decompensated cirrhosis between 15.6% and 16.9% for women and men, respectively, and hepatocellular cancer, 21% and 25.3%, respectively.

Women included in the cohort were, on average, younger (48 years vs. 53 years), were less likely to use alcohol (33% vs. 45%), and were less likely to have contracted diabetes (30% vs. 39%).

While men’s prevalence growth was equal to women’s, male patients are 1.7 times more likely to be infected with HCV (J Hepatol. 2012 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.018), which is reflected in overall incidence rates of complications.

As expected, overall incidence of cirrhosis was higher in men than in women, with incidence rates for men at 28.2% compared with 20.1% of women.

Similar differences were found in rates of decompensated cirrhosis, 18.6% in men compared with 12.4% in women, and hepatocellular cancer, 5.3% in men compared with 1.5% in women.

Shifting trends in burden of care toward women have investigators worried about current HCV treatment practices for female patients.

“The increasing burden of HCV complications in women is concerning,” the researchers wrote. “Studies show that women are less likely to receive antiviral treatment than men.”

Contrary to this claim, antiviral treatment rates among men and women in this study were almost identical: 23.6% of women and 23.3% of men.

While the difference in treatment is not evident, the low rate of treatment for both men and women is another concern for Dr. Kramer and her colleagues.

“In the U.S., HCV infection remains undiagnosed in over 50% of all persons with HCV disease,” the investigators wrote. “Access to highly affective yet expensive direct acting antiviral treatment remains a challenge.”

Findings from this study may not be a true representation of the U.S. HCV-infected population because patients were veterans, with differences such as a higher rate of alcohol use among women.

The researchers reported no relevant financial disclosures.

[email protected]

On Twitter @eaztweets

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications among women grew at a rate similar to that of men, while mortality among men was nearly double that of women, according to a study conducted through the Veterans Affairs office.

While men still have a higher prevalence of conditions such as cirrhosis, investigators expect to see a shift in the burden of care as women with HCV complications outlive men with similar diagnoses.

“The current and near-term burden in HCV-related cirrhosis was disproportionately attributed to men,” according to Jennifer Kramer, PhD, investigator at the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston. “However, the trends are expected to change after 2020.”

The retrospective cohort study analyzed 264,409 HCV-infected veterans, 7,162 of whom were women, between January 2000 and December 2013.

Investigators found annual average prevalence change (AAPC) among men and women was 13.1% and 15.2%, respectively, for cirrhosis, while overall mortality was 28.7% for men, compared with 15.5% for women (J Viral Hepat. 2017 Aug 16. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12728).

Dr. Kramer and her fellow investigators also found similar rates among decompensated cirrhosis between 15.6% and 16.9% for women and men, respectively, and hepatocellular cancer, 21% and 25.3%, respectively.

Women included in the cohort were, on average, younger (48 years vs. 53 years), were less likely to use alcohol (33% vs. 45%), and were less likely to have contracted diabetes (30% vs. 39%).

While men’s prevalence growth was equal to women’s, male patients are 1.7 times more likely to be infected with HCV (J Hepatol. 2012 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.018), which is reflected in overall incidence rates of complications.

As expected, overall incidence of cirrhosis was higher in men than in women, with incidence rates for men at 28.2% compared with 20.1% of women.

Similar differences were found in rates of decompensated cirrhosis, 18.6% in men compared with 12.4% in women, and hepatocellular cancer, 5.3% in men compared with 1.5% in women.

Shifting trends in burden of care toward women have investigators worried about current HCV treatment practices for female patients.

“The increasing burden of HCV complications in women is concerning,” the researchers wrote. “Studies show that women are less likely to receive antiviral treatment than men.”

Contrary to this claim, antiviral treatment rates among men and women in this study were almost identical: 23.6% of women and 23.3% of men.

While the difference in treatment is not evident, the low rate of treatment for both men and women is another concern for Dr. Kramer and her colleagues.

“In the U.S., HCV infection remains undiagnosed in over 50% of all persons with HCV disease,” the investigators wrote. “Access to highly affective yet expensive direct acting antiviral treatment remains a challenge.”

Findings from this study may not be a true representation of the U.S. HCV-infected population because patients were veterans, with differences such as a higher rate of alcohol use among women.

The researchers reported no relevant financial disclosures.

[email protected]

On Twitter @eaztweets

For patients with compensated cirrhosis, statin therapy was associated with about a 46% decrease in the risk of hepatic decompensation and mortality and with a 27% drop in the risk of portal hypertension and variceal bleeding, according to moderate-quality evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies.

Low-quality data also suggested that statins might help protect against the progression of noncirrhotic chronic liver disease, said Rebecca G. Kim of the University of California at San Diego and her associates. “Large, pragmatic randomized controlled trials in patients with compensated cirrhosis are required to confirm these observations,” they wrote in the October issue of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.039).

Prior studies have reported mixed findings on how statin therapy affects chronic liver disease. For their review, Ms. Kim and her associates searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database and Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed for randomized controlled trials or cohort studies published through March 25, 2017. They identified 10 cohort studies and three randomized controlled trials of adults with fibrosis without cirrhosis, compensated cirrhosis, or decompensated cirrhosis that evaluated statin exposure and reported associations between exposure and outcomes related to cirrhosis. They excluded case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and studies that focused only on the relationship between statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The resulting data set included 121,058 patients with chronic liver diseases, of whom 85% had chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A total of 46% of patients were exposed to statins, which appeared to reduce their risk of hepatic decompensation, variceal bleeding, and mortality. Among 87 such patients in five studies, statin use was associated with a 46% decrease in the risk of hepatic decompensation and death, with risk ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence intervals, 0.46-0.62 and 0.47-0.61, respectively). Statin use also was associated with a 27% lower risk of variceal bleeding or progression of portal hypertension, based on an analysis of 110 events in 236 patients from three trials (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.91). Finally, statin use also was associated with a 58% lower risk of fibrosis progression or cirrhosis in patients with noncirrhotic chronic liver disease, but the 95% CIs for the risk estimate did not reach statistical significance (0.16-1.11).

Source: American Gastroenterological Association

Most studies lacked data on dose and duration of statin exposure, the researchers said. However, four cohort studies reported dose-dependent effects that were most pronounced after more than a year of treatment. “Similarly, several different types of statins were studied, and observed effects were assumed to be class-specific effects,” the reviewers wrote. “However, it is possible that lipophilic and lipophobic statins may have differential efficacy in decreasing fibrosis progression.”

Together, these findings support prior studies suggesting that statin therapy is safe and can potentially reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in this patient population, they concluded. Statins “may potentially improve patient-relevant outcomes in patients with chronic liver diseases and improve survival without significant additional costs.”

The reviewers acknowledged the American Gastroenterological Association Foundation, a T. Franklin Williams Scholarship Award, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Library of Medicine. They reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.

This story was updated on 9/13/2017.

For patients with compensated cirrhosis, statin therapy was associated with about a 46% decrease in the risk of hepatic decompensation and mortality and with a 27% drop in the risk of portal hypertension and variceal bleeding, according to moderate-quality evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies.

Low-quality data also suggested that statins might help protect against the progression of noncirrhotic chronic liver disease, said Rebecca G. Kim of the University of California at San Diego and her associates. “Large, pragmatic randomized controlled trials in patients with compensated cirrhosis are required to confirm these observations,” they wrote in the October issue of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.039).

Prior studies have reported mixed findings on how statin therapy affects chronic liver disease. For their review, Ms. Kim and her associates searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database and Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed for randomized controlled trials or cohort studies published through March 25, 2017. They identified 10 cohort studies and three randomized controlled trials of adults with fibrosis without cirrhosis, compensated cirrhosis, or decompensated cirrhosis that evaluated statin exposure and reported associations between exposure and outcomes related to cirrhosis. They excluded case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and studies that focused only on the relationship between statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The resulting data set included 121,058 patients with chronic liver diseases, of whom 85% had chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A total of 46% of patients were exposed to statins, which appeared to reduce their risk of hepatic decompensation, variceal bleeding, and mortality. Among 87 such patients in five studies, statin use was associated with a 46% decrease in the risk of hepatic decompensation and death, with risk ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence intervals, 0.46-0.62 and 0.47-0.61, respectively). Statin use also was associated with a 27% lower risk of variceal bleeding or progression of portal hypertension, based on an analysis of 110 events in 236 patients from three trials (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.91). Finally, statin use also was associated with a 58% lower risk of fibrosis progression or cirrhosis in patients with noncirrhotic chronic liver disease, but the 95% CIs for the risk estimate did not reach statistical significance (0.16-1.11).

Source: American Gastroenterological Association

Most studies lacked data on dose and duration of statin exposure, the researchers said. However, four cohort studies reported dose-dependent effects that were most pronounced after more than a year of treatment. “Similarly, several different types of statins were studied, and observed effects were assumed to be class-specific effects,” the reviewers wrote. “However, it is possible that lipophilic and lipophobic statins may have differential efficacy in decreasing fibrosis progression.”

Together, these findings support prior studies suggesting that statin therapy is safe and can potentially reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in this patient population, they concluded. Statins “may potentially improve patient-relevant outcomes in patients with chronic liver diseases and improve survival without significant additional costs.”

The reviewers acknowledged the American Gastroenterological Association Foundation, a T. Franklin Williams Scholarship Award, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Library of Medicine. They reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.

This story was updated on 9/13/2017.

For patients with compensated cirrhosis, statin therapy was associated with about a 46% decrease in the risk of hepatic decompensation and mortality and with a 27% drop in the risk of portal hypertension and variceal bleeding, according to moderate-quality evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies.

Low-quality data also suggested that statins might help protect against the progression of noncirrhotic chronic liver disease, said Rebecca G. Kim of the University of California at San Diego and her associates. “Large, pragmatic randomized controlled trials in patients with compensated cirrhosis are required to confirm these observations,” they wrote in the October issue of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.039).

Prior studies have reported mixed findings on how statin therapy affects chronic liver disease. For their review, Ms. Kim and her associates searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database and Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed for randomized controlled trials or cohort studies published through March 25, 2017. They identified 10 cohort studies and three randomized controlled trials of adults with fibrosis without cirrhosis, compensated cirrhosis, or decompensated cirrhosis that evaluated statin exposure and reported associations between exposure and outcomes related to cirrhosis. They excluded case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and studies that focused only on the relationship between statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The resulting data set included 121,058 patients with chronic liver diseases, of whom 85% had chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A total of 46% of patients were exposed to statins, which appeared to reduce their risk of hepatic decompensation, variceal bleeding, and mortality. Among 87 such patients in five studies, statin use was associated with a 46% decrease in the risk of hepatic decompensation and death, with risk ratios of 0.54 (95% confidence intervals, 0.46-0.62 and 0.47-0.61, respectively). Statin use also was associated with a 27% lower risk of variceal bleeding or progression of portal hypertension, based on an analysis of 110 events in 236 patients from three trials (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59-0.91). Finally, statin use also was associated with a 58% lower risk of fibrosis progression or cirrhosis in patients with noncirrhotic chronic liver disease, but the 95% CIs for the risk estimate did not reach statistical significance (0.16-1.11).

Source: American Gastroenterological Association

Most studies lacked data on dose and duration of statin exposure, the researchers said. However, four cohort studies reported dose-dependent effects that were most pronounced after more than a year of treatment. “Similarly, several different types of statins were studied, and observed effects were assumed to be class-specific effects,” the reviewers wrote. “However, it is possible that lipophilic and lipophobic statins may have differential efficacy in decreasing fibrosis progression.”

Together, these findings support prior studies suggesting that statin therapy is safe and can potentially reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in this patient population, they concluded. Statins “may potentially improve patient-relevant outcomes in patients with chronic liver diseases and improve survival without significant additional costs.”

The reviewers acknowledged the American Gastroenterological Association Foundation, a T. Franklin Williams Scholarship Award, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Library of Medicine. They reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.

This story was updated on 9/13/2017.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends at least one vision screening for children between the ages of 3 and 5 years to identify amblyopia or its risk factors with the goal of improving visual acuity, publishing its final recommendation statement and evidence summary online Sept. 5 in JAMA.

A review of the latest evidence supports a B recommendation for vision screening at least once in children aged 3-5 years, but the evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of risks and benefits for vision screening in children younger than 3 years (meriting an I statement from the USPSTF). The recommendation updates the 2011 USPSTF recommendation, which also recommended vision screening for children aged 3-5 years with a B recommendation.

[email protected]

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends at least one vision screening for children between the ages of 3 and 5 years to identify amblyopia or its risk factors with the goal of improving visual acuity, publishing its final recommendation statement and evidence summary online Sept. 5 in JAMA.

A review of the latest evidence supports a B recommendation for vision screening at least once in children aged 3-5 years, but the evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of risks and benefits for vision screening in children younger than 3 years (meriting an I statement from the USPSTF). The recommendation updates the 2011 USPSTF recommendation, which also recommended vision screening for children aged 3-5 years with a B recommendation.

[email protected]

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends at least one vision screening for children between the ages of 3 and 5 years to identify amblyopia or its risk factors with the goal of improving visual acuity, publishing its final recommendation statement and evidence summary online Sept. 5 in JAMA.

A review of the latest evidence supports a B recommendation for vision screening at least once in children aged 3-5 years, but the evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of risks and benefits for vision screening in children younger than 3 years (meriting an I statement from the USPSTF). The recommendation updates the 2011 USPSTF recommendation, which also recommended vision screening for children aged 3-5 years with a B recommendation.

[email protected]