PHILADELPHIA – A draft update of criteria for classifying antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) incorporates a much broader spectrum of disease signs and symptoms, such as kidney disease and more variables for pregnancy, and meets a higher level of specificity than the existing Sapporo criteria, although at the expense of lower sensitivity.

Richard Mark Kirkner/MDedge News

Three members of the core planning group that wrote the update, jointly commissioned by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), reviewed the proposed criteria at the annual meeting of the ACR.

If ACR and EULAR adopt the new criteria, it would be an update to the Sapporo classification criteria for APS, which was last updated in 2006. The pending criteria consist of the following eight domains encompassing clinical findings and laboratory test results:

• Macrovascular – venous thromboembolism (VTE) with and without high VTE risk profile.
• Macrovascular – arterial thrombosis with and without a high cardiovascular disease risk profile.
• Microvascular – additional categories for kidney disease, pulmonary embolism, and other conditions for both suspected and established APS.
• Obstetric – expanded definitions to account for the absence or presence of preeclampsia or premature birth with or without fetal death.
• Cardiac valve – accounts for thickening and vegetation.
• Hematologic – includes thrombocytopenia (defined as the lowest platelet count, 20-130 x 10⁹/L).
• Antiphospholipid (aPL) test – coagulation-based functional assay, assigning greater weight to persistent over one-time positive test results.
• aPL test by solid-phase assay – includes anticardiolipin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (aCL ELISA), and aCL/anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-I (aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI) tests, with greater weight assigned for moderate-to-high positive results depending on isotype, whether immunoglobulin G or M.

Changes from Sapporo criteria

The existing Sapporo criteria include two clinical categories, vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity; and three laboratory categories, positive lupus anticoagulant, medium or high antibody titers, and high aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI measured by ELISA. All of these are included in the draft criteria under two domains.

“These novel clinical features will help us better stratify patients according to the risk factor profile,” Stéphane Zuily, MD, PhD, a vascular specialist and European co-principal investigator of the planning group, said in explaining the proposed updated domains.

“We well-defined the microvascular domain items further than the aPL nephropathy; we redefined pregnancy morbidities; we added cardiac valve disease and thrombocytopenia; and, through gathering novel laboratory features, we were able to quantify single, double, and triple aPL positivity based on different domains and weights,” said Dr. Zuily, professor of medicine at Lorraine University in Nancy, France.

Also noteworthy is the separation of aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI testing by IgG and IgM isotypes. “And we were also able to identify different thresholds in terms of aPL positivity,” Dr. Zuily said.
 

Rationale and methodology

Planning group member Medha Barbhaiya, MD, MPH, an attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery and assistant professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, explained the rationale for the update. “The existing criteria were drafted in 1999 and updated in 2006 and require one clinical criterion, either vascular thrombosis event or pregnancy morbidity along with antiphospholipid antibodies,” she said.

Those 16-year-old criteria also ignored heterogeneous manifestations such as heart valve disease or thrombocytopenia, failed to stratify thrombotic events as risk factors, and used an outdated definition of pregnancy morbidity related to APS, she said.

“These findings helped to support our rationale for new criteria development, along with the fact that over the last 1 to 2 decades there have been important advancements in the methodology of classification criteria development,” she said. ACR and EULAR both endorsed the new methodology for developing the classification criteria, Dr. Barbhaiya added.

That methodology involved multidisciplinary international panels of experts and data-driven efforts, with the goal of identifying patients with a high likelihood of APS for research purposes. The planning group collected 568 cases from 29 international centers, dividing them into two validation cohorts of 284 cases each.
 

How classification criteria work

Doruk Erkan, MD, MPH, coprincipal investigator representing the United States on the planning group, an attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, and a professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, explained how the classification system works. “If you have a patient that you are considering for APS classification, the story starts with entry criteria, which are one documented clinical criterion plus a positive aPL [antiphospholipid] test within 3 years of observation of the clinical criteria,” he said.

Once the entry criteria for APS are met, there are the clinical and laboratory domains. Dr. Erkan explained that weighted point values are assigned to individual categories under each domain. For example, in the macrovascular VTE domain, VTE with a high VTE risk profile is worth 1 point, but VTE without a high VTE risk profile is worth 3 points.

“APS classification will be achieved with at least three points from clinical domains and at least three points from the laboratory domains,” he said.

The planning group conducted a sensitivity and specificity analysis of the draft classification system using the two validation cohorts. “Our goal was very high specificity to improve the homogeneity in APS research, and we achieved this in both cohorts with 99% specificity,” Dr. Erkan said. That compares to sensitivity of 91% and 86% of the Sapporo criteria in the validation cohorts.

“Our sensitivity was 83% and 84% capturing a broad spectrum of patients assessed with APS suspicion,” he added, vs. 100% and 99% with the Sapporo criteria.

These criteria are not absolute and are structured to permit future modifications, Dr. Erkan said. “When this work is completed, another chapter will start,” he said. “If a case doesn’t meet APS classification criteria, the case may still be uncertain or equivocal rather than not APS. Uncertain or controversial cases should be studied separately to guide future updates of the new criteria.”
 

Comment: Why these updates are needed

April Jorge, MD, a rheumatologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and moderator of the session on the draft APS criteria, explained why these updated criteria are needed. “It’s very important to get the updated criteria because, as the speakers mentioned, the prior Sapporo criteria were limited to just large-vessel venous thrombosis or pregnancy complications, and so that makes it difficult to study the disease in other manifestations, such as kidney manifestations, if they’re not part of the criteria.”

She added, “I think there was a need for clear classification criteria that was thought to be highly specific for the disease so that future studies can be done in this population.”

Dr. Jorge called the 99% specificity described in the analysis “impressive” and “promising.”

Dr. Barbhaiya and Dr. Zuily have no relevant disclosures. Dr. Erkan disclosed relationships with Aurinia, Eli Lilly, Exagen, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Jorge has no relevant disclosures.
 

PHILADELPHIA – A draft update of criteria for classifying antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) incorporates a much broader spectrum of disease signs and symptoms, such as kidney disease and more variables for pregnancy, and meets a higher level of specificity than the existing Sapporo criteria, although at the expense of lower sensitivity.

Richard Mark Kirkner/MDedge News

Three members of the core planning group that wrote the update, jointly commissioned by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), reviewed the proposed criteria at the annual meeting of the ACR.

If ACR and EULAR adopt the new criteria, it would be an update to the Sapporo classification criteria for APS, which was last updated in 2006. The pending criteria consist of the following eight domains encompassing clinical findings and laboratory test results:

• Macrovascular – venous thromboembolism (VTE) with and without high VTE risk profile.
• Macrovascular – arterial thrombosis with and without a high cardiovascular disease risk profile.
• Microvascular – additional categories for kidney disease, pulmonary embolism, and other conditions for both suspected and established APS.
• Obstetric – expanded definitions to account for the absence or presence of preeclampsia or premature birth with or without fetal death.
• Cardiac valve – accounts for thickening and vegetation.
• Hematologic – includes thrombocytopenia (defined as the lowest platelet count, 20-130 x 10⁹/L).
• Antiphospholipid (aPL) test – coagulation-based functional assay, assigning greater weight to persistent over one-time positive test results.
• aPL test by solid-phase assay – includes anticardiolipin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (aCL ELISA), and aCL/anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-I (aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI) tests, with greater weight assigned for moderate-to-high positive results depending on isotype, whether immunoglobulin G or M.

Changes from Sapporo criteria

The existing Sapporo criteria include two clinical categories, vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity; and three laboratory categories, positive lupus anticoagulant, medium or high antibody titers, and high aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI measured by ELISA. All of these are included in the draft criteria under two domains.

“These novel clinical features will help us better stratify patients according to the risk factor profile,” Stéphane Zuily, MD, PhD, a vascular specialist and European co-principal investigator of the planning group, said in explaining the proposed updated domains.

“We well-defined the microvascular domain items further than the aPL nephropathy; we redefined pregnancy morbidities; we added cardiac valve disease and thrombocytopenia; and, through gathering novel laboratory features, we were able to quantify single, double, and triple aPL positivity based on different domains and weights,” said Dr. Zuily, professor of medicine at Lorraine University in Nancy, France.

Also noteworthy is the separation of aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI testing by IgG and IgM isotypes. “And we were also able to identify different thresholds in terms of aPL positivity,” Dr. Zuily said.
 

Rationale and methodology

Planning group member Medha Barbhaiya, MD, MPH, an attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery and assistant professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, explained the rationale for the update. “The existing criteria were drafted in 1999 and updated in 2006 and require one clinical criterion, either vascular thrombosis event or pregnancy morbidity along with antiphospholipid antibodies,” she said.

Those 16-year-old criteria also ignored heterogeneous manifestations such as heart valve disease or thrombocytopenia, failed to stratify thrombotic events as risk factors, and used an outdated definition of pregnancy morbidity related to APS, she said.

“These findings helped to support our rationale for new criteria development, along with the fact that over the last 1 to 2 decades there have been important advancements in the methodology of classification criteria development,” she said. ACR and EULAR both endorsed the new methodology for developing the classification criteria, Dr. Barbhaiya added.

That methodology involved multidisciplinary international panels of experts and data-driven efforts, with the goal of identifying patients with a high likelihood of APS for research purposes. The planning group collected 568 cases from 29 international centers, dividing them into two validation cohorts of 284 cases each.
 

How classification criteria work

Doruk Erkan, MD, MPH, coprincipal investigator representing the United States on the planning group, an attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, and a professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, explained how the classification system works. “If you have a patient that you are considering for APS classification, the story starts with entry criteria, which are one documented clinical criterion plus a positive aPL [antiphospholipid] test within 3 years of observation of the clinical criteria,” he said.

Once the entry criteria for APS are met, there are the clinical and laboratory domains. Dr. Erkan explained that weighted point values are assigned to individual categories under each domain. For example, in the macrovascular VTE domain, VTE with a high VTE risk profile is worth 1 point, but VTE without a high VTE risk profile is worth 3 points.

“APS classification will be achieved with at least three points from clinical domains and at least three points from the laboratory domains,” he said.

The planning group conducted a sensitivity and specificity analysis of the draft classification system using the two validation cohorts. “Our goal was very high specificity to improve the homogeneity in APS research, and we achieved this in both cohorts with 99% specificity,” Dr. Erkan said. That compares to sensitivity of 91% and 86% of the Sapporo criteria in the validation cohorts.

“Our sensitivity was 83% and 84% capturing a broad spectrum of patients assessed with APS suspicion,” he added, vs. 100% and 99% with the Sapporo criteria.

These criteria are not absolute and are structured to permit future modifications, Dr. Erkan said. “When this work is completed, another chapter will start,” he said. “If a case doesn’t meet APS classification criteria, the case may still be uncertain or equivocal rather than not APS. Uncertain or controversial cases should be studied separately to guide future updates of the new criteria.”
 

Comment: Why these updates are needed

April Jorge, MD, a rheumatologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and moderator of the session on the draft APS criteria, explained why these updated criteria are needed. “It’s very important to get the updated criteria because, as the speakers mentioned, the prior Sapporo criteria were limited to just large-vessel venous thrombosis or pregnancy complications, and so that makes it difficult to study the disease in other manifestations, such as kidney manifestations, if they’re not part of the criteria.”

She added, “I think there was a need for clear classification criteria that was thought to be highly specific for the disease so that future studies can be done in this population.”

Dr. Jorge called the 99% specificity described in the analysis “impressive” and “promising.”

Dr. Barbhaiya and Dr. Zuily have no relevant disclosures. Dr. Erkan disclosed relationships with Aurinia, Eli Lilly, Exagen, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Jorge has no relevant disclosures.
 

PHILADELPHIA – A draft update of criteria for classifying antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) incorporates a much broader spectrum of disease signs and symptoms, such as kidney disease and more variables for pregnancy, and meets a higher level of specificity than the existing Sapporo criteria, although at the expense of lower sensitivity.

Richard Mark Kirkner/MDedge News

Three members of the core planning group that wrote the update, jointly commissioned by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), reviewed the proposed criteria at the annual meeting of the ACR.

If ACR and EULAR adopt the new criteria, it would be an update to the Sapporo classification criteria for APS, which was last updated in 2006. The pending criteria consist of the following eight domains encompassing clinical findings and laboratory test results:

• Macrovascular – venous thromboembolism (VTE) with and without high VTE risk profile.
• Macrovascular – arterial thrombosis with and without a high cardiovascular disease risk profile.
• Microvascular – additional categories for kidney disease, pulmonary embolism, and other conditions for both suspected and established APS.
• Obstetric – expanded definitions to account for the absence or presence of preeclampsia or premature birth with or without fetal death.
• Cardiac valve – accounts for thickening and vegetation.
• Hematologic – includes thrombocytopenia (defined as the lowest platelet count, 20-130 x 10⁹/L).
• Antiphospholipid (aPL) test – coagulation-based functional assay, assigning greater weight to persistent over one-time positive test results.
• aPL test by solid-phase assay – includes anticardiolipin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (aCL ELISA), and aCL/anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-I (aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI) tests, with greater weight assigned for moderate-to-high positive results depending on isotype, whether immunoglobulin G or M.

Changes from Sapporo criteria

The existing Sapporo criteria include two clinical categories, vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity; and three laboratory categories, positive lupus anticoagulant, medium or high antibody titers, and high aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI measured by ELISA. All of these are included in the draft criteria under two domains.

“These novel clinical features will help us better stratify patients according to the risk factor profile,” Stéphane Zuily, MD, PhD, a vascular specialist and European co-principal investigator of the planning group, said in explaining the proposed updated domains.

“We well-defined the microvascular domain items further than the aPL nephropathy; we redefined pregnancy morbidities; we added cardiac valve disease and thrombocytopenia; and, through gathering novel laboratory features, we were able to quantify single, double, and triple aPL positivity based on different domains and weights,” said Dr. Zuily, professor of medicine at Lorraine University in Nancy, France.

Also noteworthy is the separation of aCL/anti-beta 2 GPI testing by IgG and IgM isotypes. “And we were also able to identify different thresholds in terms of aPL positivity,” Dr. Zuily said.
 

Rationale and methodology

Planning group member Medha Barbhaiya, MD, MPH, an attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery and assistant professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, explained the rationale for the update. “The existing criteria were drafted in 1999 and updated in 2006 and require one clinical criterion, either vascular thrombosis event or pregnancy morbidity along with antiphospholipid antibodies,” she said.

Those 16-year-old criteria also ignored heterogeneous manifestations such as heart valve disease or thrombocytopenia, failed to stratify thrombotic events as risk factors, and used an outdated definition of pregnancy morbidity related to APS, she said.

“These findings helped to support our rationale for new criteria development, along with the fact that over the last 1 to 2 decades there have been important advancements in the methodology of classification criteria development,” she said. ACR and EULAR both endorsed the new methodology for developing the classification criteria, Dr. Barbhaiya added.

That methodology involved multidisciplinary international panels of experts and data-driven efforts, with the goal of identifying patients with a high likelihood of APS for research purposes. The planning group collected 568 cases from 29 international centers, dividing them into two validation cohorts of 284 cases each.
 

How classification criteria work

Doruk Erkan, MD, MPH, coprincipal investigator representing the United States on the planning group, an attending physician at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, and a professor at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, explained how the classification system works. “If you have a patient that you are considering for APS classification, the story starts with entry criteria, which are one documented clinical criterion plus a positive aPL [antiphospholipid] test within 3 years of observation of the clinical criteria,” he said.

Once the entry criteria for APS are met, there are the clinical and laboratory domains. Dr. Erkan explained that weighted point values are assigned to individual categories under each domain. For example, in the macrovascular VTE domain, VTE with a high VTE risk profile is worth 1 point, but VTE without a high VTE risk profile is worth 3 points.

“APS classification will be achieved with at least three points from clinical domains and at least three points from the laboratory domains,” he said.

The planning group conducted a sensitivity and specificity analysis of the draft classification system using the two validation cohorts. “Our goal was very high specificity to improve the homogeneity in APS research, and we achieved this in both cohorts with 99% specificity,” Dr. Erkan said. That compares to sensitivity of 91% and 86% of the Sapporo criteria in the validation cohorts.

“Our sensitivity was 83% and 84% capturing a broad spectrum of patients assessed with APS suspicion,” he added, vs. 100% and 99% with the Sapporo criteria.

These criteria are not absolute and are structured to permit future modifications, Dr. Erkan said. “When this work is completed, another chapter will start,” he said. “If a case doesn’t meet APS classification criteria, the case may still be uncertain or equivocal rather than not APS. Uncertain or controversial cases should be studied separately to guide future updates of the new criteria.”
 

Comment: Why these updates are needed

April Jorge, MD, a rheumatologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and moderator of the session on the draft APS criteria, explained why these updated criteria are needed. “It’s very important to get the updated criteria because, as the speakers mentioned, the prior Sapporo criteria were limited to just large-vessel venous thrombosis or pregnancy complications, and so that makes it difficult to study the disease in other manifestations, such as kidney manifestations, if they’re not part of the criteria.”

She added, “I think there was a need for clear classification criteria that was thought to be highly specific for the disease so that future studies can be done in this population.”

Dr. Jorge called the 99% specificity described in the analysis “impressive” and “promising.”

Dr. Barbhaiya and Dr. Zuily have no relevant disclosures. Dr. Erkan disclosed relationships with Aurinia, Eli Lilly, Exagen, and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Jorge has no relevant disclosures.
 

Key clinical point: The combination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) may effectively predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radical hepatectomy.

Major finding: The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly lower among patients with high preoperative serum AFP and CA19-9 levels than among those with high serum AFP or CA19-9 levels (P = .022 and P = .004, respectively) and those with low serum AFP and CA19-9 levels (both P < .001).

Study details: This retrospective study included 711 patients with HCC who were categorized as having low (≤400 ng/mL; n = 381) or high (>400 ng/mL; n = 330) preoperative serum AFP levels and as having low (≤37 U/mL; n = 552) or high (>37 U/mL; n = 159) preoperative serum CA19-9 levels.

Disclosures: This study was sponsored by the Youth Program of Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, China, among others. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Zhang J et al. Prognostic significance of combined α-fetoprotein and CA19-9 for hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. World J Surg Oncol. 2022;20:346 (Oct 19). Doi: 10.1186/s12957-022-02806-9

Key clinical point: The combination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) may effectively predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radical hepatectomy.

Major finding: The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly lower among patients with high preoperative serum AFP and CA19-9 levels than among those with high serum AFP or CA19-9 levels (P = .022 and P = .004, respectively) and those with low serum AFP and CA19-9 levels (both P < .001).

Study details: This retrospective study included 711 patients with HCC who were categorized as having low (≤400 ng/mL; n = 381) or high (>400 ng/mL; n = 330) preoperative serum AFP levels and as having low (≤37 U/mL; n = 552) or high (>37 U/mL; n = 159) preoperative serum CA19-9 levels.

Disclosures: This study was sponsored by the Youth Program of Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, China, among others. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Zhang J et al. Prognostic significance of combined α-fetoprotein and CA19-9 for hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. World J Surg Oncol. 2022;20:346 (Oct 19). Doi: 10.1186/s12957-022-02806-9

Key clinical point: The combination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) may effectively predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radical hepatectomy.

Major finding: The 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly lower among patients with high preoperative serum AFP and CA19-9 levels than among those with high serum AFP or CA19-9 levels (P = .022 and P = .004, respectively) and those with low serum AFP and CA19-9 levels (both P < .001).

Study details: This retrospective study included 711 patients with HCC who were categorized as having low (≤400 ng/mL; n = 381) or high (>400 ng/mL; n = 330) preoperative serum AFP levels and as having low (≤37 U/mL; n = 552) or high (>37 U/mL; n = 159) preoperative serum CA19-9 levels.

Disclosures: This study was sponsored by the Youth Program of Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, China, among others. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Zhang J et al. Prognostic significance of combined α-fetoprotein and CA19-9 for hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. World J Surg Oncol. 2022;20:346 (Oct 19). Doi: 10.1186/s12957-022-02806-9

Key clinical point: Compared with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC)+lenvatinib, the triple therapeutic regimen HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation significantly improved the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without compromising safety.

Major finding: Patients who received HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation vs HAIC+lenvatinib had a significantly longer median overall survival (>30 vs 13.6 months; P = .010), progression-free survival (PFS; 12.8 vs 5.6 months; P = .001), and intrahepatic PFS (14.6 vs 6.4 months; P = .002) and similar incidence of grade 1-2 (P = .404) and 3-4 (P = .333) adverse events.

Study details: This multicenter retrospective study included 150 patients with advanced HCC who received HAIC+lenvatinib (n = 97) or HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation (n = 53).

Disclosures: This study did not receive any funding. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Liu Y et al. Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and sequential ablation in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med. 2022 (Oct 17). Doi: 10.1002/cam4.5366

Key clinical point: Compared with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC)+lenvatinib, the triple therapeutic regimen HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation significantly improved the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without compromising safety.

Major finding: Patients who received HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation vs HAIC+lenvatinib had a significantly longer median overall survival (>30 vs 13.6 months; P = .010), progression-free survival (PFS; 12.8 vs 5.6 months; P = .001), and intrahepatic PFS (14.6 vs 6.4 months; P = .002) and similar incidence of grade 1-2 (P = .404) and 3-4 (P = .333) adverse events.

Study details: This multicenter retrospective study included 150 patients with advanced HCC who received HAIC+lenvatinib (n = 97) or HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation (n = 53).

Disclosures: This study did not receive any funding. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Liu Y et al. Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and sequential ablation in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med. 2022 (Oct 17). Doi: 10.1002/cam4.5366

Key clinical point: Compared with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC)+lenvatinib, the triple therapeutic regimen HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation significantly improved the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without compromising safety.

Major finding: Patients who received HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation vs HAIC+lenvatinib had a significantly longer median overall survival (>30 vs 13.6 months; P = .010), progression-free survival (PFS; 12.8 vs 5.6 months; P = .001), and intrahepatic PFS (14.6 vs 6.4 months; P = .002) and similar incidence of grade 1-2 (P = .404) and 3-4 (P = .333) adverse events.

Study details: This multicenter retrospective study included 150 patients with advanced HCC who received HAIC+lenvatinib (n = 97) or HAIC+lenvatinib+sequential ablation (n = 53).

Disclosures: This study did not receive any funding. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Source: Liu Y et al. Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and sequential ablation in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med. 2022 (Oct 17). Doi: 10.1002/cam4.5366

Key clinical point: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) is effective and safe against both virus-related and non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: The objective response rate (20.6% and 24.6%, respectively; P = .55), median progression-free survival (7.0 and 6.2 months, respectively; hazard ratio 0.96; P = .33), and incidence and severity of adverse events, including diarrhea and liver injury, were comparable between patients with virus-related and non-viral HCC.

Study details: Findings are from a retrospective cohort study including 126 propensity score-matched pairs of patients with virus-related and non-viral HCC who had Child-Pugh class A, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C, and performance status ≤1 and received Atez/Bev.

Disclosures: No source of funding was reported. Some authors declared receiving honoraria and research grants from various sources.

Source: Hatanaka T et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of atezolizumab and bevacizumab between hepatocellular carcinoma patients with viral and non-viral infection: A Japanese multicenter observational study. Cancer Med. 2022 (Oct 13). Doi: 10.1002/cam4.5337

Key clinical point: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) is effective and safe against both virus-related and non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: The objective response rate (20.6% and 24.6%, respectively; P = .55), median progression-free survival (7.0 and 6.2 months, respectively; hazard ratio 0.96; P = .33), and incidence and severity of adverse events, including diarrhea and liver injury, were comparable between patients with virus-related and non-viral HCC.

Study details: Findings are from a retrospective cohort study including 126 propensity score-matched pairs of patients with virus-related and non-viral HCC who had Child-Pugh class A, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C, and performance status ≤1 and received Atez/Bev.

Disclosures: No source of funding was reported. Some authors declared receiving honoraria and research grants from various sources.

Source: Hatanaka T et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of atezolizumab and bevacizumab between hepatocellular carcinoma patients with viral and non-viral infection: A Japanese multicenter observational study. Cancer Med. 2022 (Oct 13). Doi: 10.1002/cam4.5337

Key clinical point: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) is effective and safe against both virus-related and non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: The objective response rate (20.6% and 24.6%, respectively; P = .55), median progression-free survival (7.0 and 6.2 months, respectively; hazard ratio 0.96; P = .33), and incidence and severity of adverse events, including diarrhea and liver injury, were comparable between patients with virus-related and non-viral HCC.

Study details: Findings are from a retrospective cohort study including 126 propensity score-matched pairs of patients with virus-related and non-viral HCC who had Child-Pugh class A, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C, and performance status ≤1 and received Atez/Bev.

Disclosures: No source of funding was reported. Some authors declared receiving honoraria and research grants from various sources.

Source: Hatanaka T et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of atezolizumab and bevacizumab between hepatocellular carcinoma patients with viral and non-viral infection: A Japanese multicenter observational study. Cancer Med. 2022 (Oct 13). Doi: 10.1002/cam4.5337

CHICAGO – It’s been said that one can observe a lot just by watching. Turning such observation inward, new evidence suggests, might lead to blood pressure (BP) reductions that approach what’s possible from an antihypertensive agent.

Systolic BP fell over 6 months by almost 6 mm Hg, on average, in people with elevated BP who participated in an 8-week mindful awareness program as part of a randomized trial that included a usual-care control group.

The program taught established mindfulness-training techniques aimed at modifying behaviors regarding diet, exercise, and other controllable influences on the success of antihypertensive therapy.

Participants in the program, called Mindfulness-Based Blood Pressure Reduction (MB-BP), also the name of the single-center study, “showed potentially clinically relevant reductions in systolic blood pressure,” said principal investigator Eric B. Loucks, PhD, Brown University, Providence, R.I.

The phase 2 trial has some limitations, he observed, including on generalizability. For example, it entered about 200 mostly White, college-educated adults from one metropolitan area.

But if these findings are replicated in further studies, “preferably by other research groups, in a larger and broader population, and with longer follow-up,” Dr. Loucks said, the MB-BP intervention could become “an appealing approach to help control blood pressure.”

Dr. Loucks made the comments at a press conference prior to his formal presentation of MB-BP Nov. 6 at American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions 2022, held in Chicago and virtually.

Mindfulness-based interventions for elevated BP have not been widely studied, “so this is exactly what we need: a well-done trial with a control group to show that it actually works,” Amit Khera, MD, not connected with MB-BP, told this news organization.

The trial is “really important for proof of concept, but it had only 200 people. You need a larger one, and you need longer-term data,” agreed Dr. Khera, who directs the preventive cardiology program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, in Dallas. “Six months is good, but we want to see if it’s durable.”

Rhian M. Touyz, MBBCh, also not part of MB-BP, agreed that the nearly 6 mm Hg mean systolic BP reduction among program participants is clinically relevant. “I think in the context of global risk and reduction of target organ damage and cardiovascular events, it is significant in terms of events at a population level,” Dr. Touyz, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, told this news organization.

Many patients on antihypertensive therapy that’s falling short resist the addition of another such agent, she observed, and instead might show further BP reduction from mindfulness training. The intervention probably also “would benefit health in general.” Mindfulness-based approaches could therefore be useful additions to treatment protocols for elevated BP, Dr. Touyz said.
 

How the training works

The MB-BP program used validated mindfulness-based stress-management techniques, adapted to address elevated BP, that included “personalized feedback and education about hypertension risk factors, mindful awareness training of participants’ relationships with hypertension risk factors, and support for behavior change,” Dr. Loucks and colleagues reported.

Participants were trained in mindfulness skills that included “self-awareness and emotion regulation,” Dr. Loucks said, which they then could apply to their “relationships with the things that we know influence blood pressure, like physical activity, diet, antihypertensive medication adherence, or alcohol consumption.”

One goal is to promote greater “attention control,” he said, “so that there’s some self-awareness that arises in terms of how we feel the next day, after a lot of alcohol consumption, for example, or lack of physical activity.” The process can provide insights that inspire patients to modify behaviors and risk factors that elevate BP, Dr. Loucks explained.
 

Effects on medication use

Systolic BP responses led some program participants to be managed on fewer or reduced dosages of antihypertensive meds, he told this news organization. Physicians seen outside of the trial could adjust their prescriptions, intensifying or pulling back on meds depending on their assessments of the patient. Any prescription changes would be documented by the researchers at the patient’s next class or trial-clinic visit.

The group that did the training, Dr. Loucks said, was 33% less likely to increase and 30% more likely to decrease their use of BP-lowering medications compared with the control group.

Elevated BP is so common and undertreated that “there is a need for every possible level of intervention, starting from the population level to the individual and everything else in between,” nephrologist Janani Rangaswami, MD, George Washington University, Washington, said at the press conference.

Therefore, “this mindfulness-based approach, in addition to standard of care with pharmacotherapy, is a really welcome addition to the hypertension literature,” said Dr. Rangaswami, who directs her center’s cardiorenal program. The systolic BP reduction seen in the intervention group, she agreed, was “clinically important and meaningful.”
 

Blinded assessments

The trial entered 201 patients with systolic and diastolic BP greater than 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg, respectively; 58.7% were women, 81% were White, and 73% were college-educated, Dr. Loucks reported.

The 100 assigned to the “enhanced usual care” control group received educational materials on controlling high BP. They and the 101 who followed the mindfulness-based program were given and trained on a home BP-monitoring device. They were then followed for the primary endpoint of change in systolic BP at 6 months.

Data management and outcomes assessments were conducted by trialists not involved in the training intervention who were blinded to randomization assignment.

In a prespecified unadjusted analysis by intention-to-treat, systolic BP in the intervention group dropped by a mean of 5.9 mm Hg (P < .001) compared with baseline and 4.5 mm Hg (P = .045), compared with the control group.

A post hoc analysis adjusted for sex and baseline BP showed an average 4.3 mm Hg reduction (P = .056) in those following the MB-BP program, compared with controls.

There were no observed significant effects on diastolic BP.

The study offered clues to how engagement in the MB-BP program might promote reductions in systolic BP, Dr. Loucks observed. For example, it may have led to increased activity levels, reduced sodium intake, and other dietary improvements.

Indeed, program participants averaged about 351 minutes less sedentary time (P = .02) and showed a 0.32-point improvement in Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores (P = .08), compared with the control group, Dr. Loucks reported. Other modifiable risk factors for elevated BP that could have responded to the mindfulness-based training, he proposed, include obesity, alcohol intake, and reaction to stress.

Dr. Loucks reports that he developed the MB-BP training and was a program instructor but did not receive related financial compensation; he had no other disclosures. Dr. Khera, Dr. Touyz, and Dr. Rangaswami had no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO – It’s been said that one can observe a lot just by watching. Turning such observation inward, new evidence suggests, might lead to blood pressure (BP) reductions that approach what’s possible from an antihypertensive agent.

Systolic BP fell over 6 months by almost 6 mm Hg, on average, in people with elevated BP who participated in an 8-week mindful awareness program as part of a randomized trial that included a usual-care control group.

The program taught established mindfulness-training techniques aimed at modifying behaviors regarding diet, exercise, and other controllable influences on the success of antihypertensive therapy.

Participants in the program, called Mindfulness-Based Blood Pressure Reduction (MB-BP), also the name of the single-center study, “showed potentially clinically relevant reductions in systolic blood pressure,” said principal investigator Eric B. Loucks, PhD, Brown University, Providence, R.I.

The phase 2 trial has some limitations, he observed, including on generalizability. For example, it entered about 200 mostly White, college-educated adults from one metropolitan area.

But if these findings are replicated in further studies, “preferably by other research groups, in a larger and broader population, and with longer follow-up,” Dr. Loucks said, the MB-BP intervention could become “an appealing approach to help control blood pressure.”

Dr. Loucks made the comments at a press conference prior to his formal presentation of MB-BP Nov. 6 at American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions 2022, held in Chicago and virtually.

Mindfulness-based interventions for elevated BP have not been widely studied, “so this is exactly what we need: a well-done trial with a control group to show that it actually works,” Amit Khera, MD, not connected with MB-BP, told this news organization.

The trial is “really important for proof of concept, but it had only 200 people. You need a larger one, and you need longer-term data,” agreed Dr. Khera, who directs the preventive cardiology program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, in Dallas. “Six months is good, but we want to see if it’s durable.”

Rhian M. Touyz, MBBCh, also not part of MB-BP, agreed that the nearly 6 mm Hg mean systolic BP reduction among program participants is clinically relevant. “I think in the context of global risk and reduction of target organ damage and cardiovascular events, it is significant in terms of events at a population level,” Dr. Touyz, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, told this news organization.

Many patients on antihypertensive therapy that’s falling short resist the addition of another such agent, she observed, and instead might show further BP reduction from mindfulness training. The intervention probably also “would benefit health in general.” Mindfulness-based approaches could therefore be useful additions to treatment protocols for elevated BP, Dr. Touyz said.
 

How the training works

The MB-BP program used validated mindfulness-based stress-management techniques, adapted to address elevated BP, that included “personalized feedback and education about hypertension risk factors, mindful awareness training of participants’ relationships with hypertension risk factors, and support for behavior change,” Dr. Loucks and colleagues reported.

Participants were trained in mindfulness skills that included “self-awareness and emotion regulation,” Dr. Loucks said, which they then could apply to their “relationships with the things that we know influence blood pressure, like physical activity, diet, antihypertensive medication adherence, or alcohol consumption.”

One goal is to promote greater “attention control,” he said, “so that there’s some self-awareness that arises in terms of how we feel the next day, after a lot of alcohol consumption, for example, or lack of physical activity.” The process can provide insights that inspire patients to modify behaviors and risk factors that elevate BP, Dr. Loucks explained.
 

Effects on medication use

Systolic BP responses led some program participants to be managed on fewer or reduced dosages of antihypertensive meds, he told this news organization. Physicians seen outside of the trial could adjust their prescriptions, intensifying or pulling back on meds depending on their assessments of the patient. Any prescription changes would be documented by the researchers at the patient’s next class or trial-clinic visit.

The group that did the training, Dr. Loucks said, was 33% less likely to increase and 30% more likely to decrease their use of BP-lowering medications compared with the control group.

Elevated BP is so common and undertreated that “there is a need for every possible level of intervention, starting from the population level to the individual and everything else in between,” nephrologist Janani Rangaswami, MD, George Washington University, Washington, said at the press conference.

Therefore, “this mindfulness-based approach, in addition to standard of care with pharmacotherapy, is a really welcome addition to the hypertension literature,” said Dr. Rangaswami, who directs her center’s cardiorenal program. The systolic BP reduction seen in the intervention group, she agreed, was “clinically important and meaningful.”
 

Blinded assessments

The trial entered 201 patients with systolic and diastolic BP greater than 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg, respectively; 58.7% were women, 81% were White, and 73% were college-educated, Dr. Loucks reported.

The 100 assigned to the “enhanced usual care” control group received educational materials on controlling high BP. They and the 101 who followed the mindfulness-based program were given and trained on a home BP-monitoring device. They were then followed for the primary endpoint of change in systolic BP at 6 months.

Data management and outcomes assessments were conducted by trialists not involved in the training intervention who were blinded to randomization assignment.

In a prespecified unadjusted analysis by intention-to-treat, systolic BP in the intervention group dropped by a mean of 5.9 mm Hg (P < .001) compared with baseline and 4.5 mm Hg (P = .045), compared with the control group.

A post hoc analysis adjusted for sex and baseline BP showed an average 4.3 mm Hg reduction (P = .056) in those following the MB-BP program, compared with controls.

There were no observed significant effects on diastolic BP.

The study offered clues to how engagement in the MB-BP program might promote reductions in systolic BP, Dr. Loucks observed. For example, it may have led to increased activity levels, reduced sodium intake, and other dietary improvements.

Indeed, program participants averaged about 351 minutes less sedentary time (P = .02) and showed a 0.32-point improvement in Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores (P = .08), compared with the control group, Dr. Loucks reported. Other modifiable risk factors for elevated BP that could have responded to the mindfulness-based training, he proposed, include obesity, alcohol intake, and reaction to stress.

Dr. Loucks reports that he developed the MB-BP training and was a program instructor but did not receive related financial compensation; he had no other disclosures. Dr. Khera, Dr. Touyz, and Dr. Rangaswami had no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

CHICAGO – It’s been said that one can observe a lot just by watching. Turning such observation inward, new evidence suggests, might lead to blood pressure (BP) reductions that approach what’s possible from an antihypertensive agent.

Systolic BP fell over 6 months by almost 6 mm Hg, on average, in people with elevated BP who participated in an 8-week mindful awareness program as part of a randomized trial that included a usual-care control group.

The program taught established mindfulness-training techniques aimed at modifying behaviors regarding diet, exercise, and other controllable influences on the success of antihypertensive therapy.

Participants in the program, called Mindfulness-Based Blood Pressure Reduction (MB-BP), also the name of the single-center study, “showed potentially clinically relevant reductions in systolic blood pressure,” said principal investigator Eric B. Loucks, PhD, Brown University, Providence, R.I.

The phase 2 trial has some limitations, he observed, including on generalizability. For example, it entered about 200 mostly White, college-educated adults from one metropolitan area.

But if these findings are replicated in further studies, “preferably by other research groups, in a larger and broader population, and with longer follow-up,” Dr. Loucks said, the MB-BP intervention could become “an appealing approach to help control blood pressure.”

Dr. Loucks made the comments at a press conference prior to his formal presentation of MB-BP Nov. 6 at American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions 2022, held in Chicago and virtually.

Mindfulness-based interventions for elevated BP have not been widely studied, “so this is exactly what we need: a well-done trial with a control group to show that it actually works,” Amit Khera, MD, not connected with MB-BP, told this news organization.

The trial is “really important for proof of concept, but it had only 200 people. You need a larger one, and you need longer-term data,” agreed Dr. Khera, who directs the preventive cardiology program at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, in Dallas. “Six months is good, but we want to see if it’s durable.”

Rhian M. Touyz, MBBCh, also not part of MB-BP, agreed that the nearly 6 mm Hg mean systolic BP reduction among program participants is clinically relevant. “I think in the context of global risk and reduction of target organ damage and cardiovascular events, it is significant in terms of events at a population level,” Dr. Touyz, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, told this news organization.

Many patients on antihypertensive therapy that’s falling short resist the addition of another such agent, she observed, and instead might show further BP reduction from mindfulness training. The intervention probably also “would benefit health in general.” Mindfulness-based approaches could therefore be useful additions to treatment protocols for elevated BP, Dr. Touyz said.
 

How the training works

The MB-BP program used validated mindfulness-based stress-management techniques, adapted to address elevated BP, that included “personalized feedback and education about hypertension risk factors, mindful awareness training of participants’ relationships with hypertension risk factors, and support for behavior change,” Dr. Loucks and colleagues reported.

Participants were trained in mindfulness skills that included “self-awareness and emotion regulation,” Dr. Loucks said, which they then could apply to their “relationships with the things that we know influence blood pressure, like physical activity, diet, antihypertensive medication adherence, or alcohol consumption.”

One goal is to promote greater “attention control,” he said, “so that there’s some self-awareness that arises in terms of how we feel the next day, after a lot of alcohol consumption, for example, or lack of physical activity.” The process can provide insights that inspire patients to modify behaviors and risk factors that elevate BP, Dr. Loucks explained.
 

Effects on medication use

Systolic BP responses led some program participants to be managed on fewer or reduced dosages of antihypertensive meds, he told this news organization. Physicians seen outside of the trial could adjust their prescriptions, intensifying or pulling back on meds depending on their assessments of the patient. Any prescription changes would be documented by the researchers at the patient’s next class or trial-clinic visit.

The group that did the training, Dr. Loucks said, was 33% less likely to increase and 30% more likely to decrease their use of BP-lowering medications compared with the control group.

Elevated BP is so common and undertreated that “there is a need for every possible level of intervention, starting from the population level to the individual and everything else in between,” nephrologist Janani Rangaswami, MD, George Washington University, Washington, said at the press conference.

Therefore, “this mindfulness-based approach, in addition to standard of care with pharmacotherapy, is a really welcome addition to the hypertension literature,” said Dr. Rangaswami, who directs her center’s cardiorenal program. The systolic BP reduction seen in the intervention group, she agreed, was “clinically important and meaningful.”
 

Blinded assessments

The trial entered 201 patients with systolic and diastolic BP greater than 120 mm Hg and 80 mm Hg, respectively; 58.7% were women, 81% were White, and 73% were college-educated, Dr. Loucks reported.

The 100 assigned to the “enhanced usual care” control group received educational materials on controlling high BP. They and the 101 who followed the mindfulness-based program were given and trained on a home BP-monitoring device. They were then followed for the primary endpoint of change in systolic BP at 6 months.

Data management and outcomes assessments were conducted by trialists not involved in the training intervention who were blinded to randomization assignment.

In a prespecified unadjusted analysis by intention-to-treat, systolic BP in the intervention group dropped by a mean of 5.9 mm Hg (P < .001) compared with baseline and 4.5 mm Hg (P = .045), compared with the control group.

A post hoc analysis adjusted for sex and baseline BP showed an average 4.3 mm Hg reduction (P = .056) in those following the MB-BP program, compared with controls.

There were no observed significant effects on diastolic BP.

The study offered clues to how engagement in the MB-BP program might promote reductions in systolic BP, Dr. Loucks observed. For example, it may have led to increased activity levels, reduced sodium intake, and other dietary improvements.

Indeed, program participants averaged about 351 minutes less sedentary time (P = .02) and showed a 0.32-point improvement in Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores (P = .08), compared with the control group, Dr. Loucks reported. Other modifiable risk factors for elevated BP that could have responded to the mindfulness-based training, he proposed, include obesity, alcohol intake, and reaction to stress.

Dr. Loucks reports that he developed the MB-BP training and was a program instructor but did not receive related financial compensation; he had no other disclosures. Dr. Khera, Dr. Touyz, and Dr. Rangaswami had no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Key clinical point: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens after prior immunotherapy is safe and confers a treatment benefit in a clinically meaningful proportion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: The objective response and disease control rates were 22% and 59% with first-line ICI therapy (ICI-1) and 26% and 55% with second-line ICI therapy (ICI-2), respectively. The median times to progression with ICI-1 and ICI-2 were 5.4 (95% CI 3.0-7.7) months and 5.2 (95% CI 3.3-7.0) months, respectively. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events with ICI-1 and ICI-2 occurred in 16% and 17% of patients, respectively.

Study details: This multicenter retrospective included 58 patients with HCC who received ≥2 lines of ICI-based therapies.

Disclosures: This study did not receive any specific funding. Some authors declared serving as investigators for or receiving advisory, consulting, or speaker fees or travel support from various sources.

Source: Scheiner B et al. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge in individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 2022;100620 (Oct 26). Doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100620

Key clinical point: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens after prior immunotherapy is safe and confers a treatment benefit in a clinically meaningful proportion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: The objective response and disease control rates were 22% and 59% with first-line ICI therapy (ICI-1) and 26% and 55% with second-line ICI therapy (ICI-2), respectively. The median times to progression with ICI-1 and ICI-2 were 5.4 (95% CI 3.0-7.7) months and 5.2 (95% CI 3.3-7.0) months, respectively. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events with ICI-1 and ICI-2 occurred in 16% and 17% of patients, respectively.

Study details: This multicenter retrospective included 58 patients with HCC who received ≥2 lines of ICI-based therapies.

Disclosures: This study did not receive any specific funding. Some authors declared serving as investigators for or receiving advisory, consulting, or speaker fees or travel support from various sources.

Source: Scheiner B et al. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge in individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 2022;100620 (Oct 26). Doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100620

Key clinical point: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens after prior immunotherapy is safe and confers a treatment benefit in a clinically meaningful proportion of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: The objective response and disease control rates were 22% and 59% with first-line ICI therapy (ICI-1) and 26% and 55% with second-line ICI therapy (ICI-2), respectively. The median times to progression with ICI-1 and ICI-2 were 5.4 (95% CI 3.0-7.7) months and 5.2 (95% CI 3.3-7.0) months, respectively. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events with ICI-1 and ICI-2 occurred in 16% and 17% of patients, respectively.

Study details: This multicenter retrospective included 58 patients with HCC who received ≥2 lines of ICI-based therapies.

Disclosures: This study did not receive any specific funding. Some authors declared serving as investigators for or receiving advisory, consulting, or speaker fees or travel support from various sources.

Source: Scheiner B et al. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge in individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep. 2022;100620 (Oct 26). Doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100620

Key clinical point: Compared with sorafenib, atezolizumab-bevacizumab led to more frequent acute variceal bleeding (AVB) in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis, with a history of AVB being associated with AVB during follow-up.

Major finding: At 1 year, patients who received atezolizumab-bevacizumab vs sorafenib had significantly higher AVB occurrence (21% vs 5%; P = .02). A previous history of AVB was independently associated with AVB during therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 10.58; P = .03).

Study details: This single-center prospective study included 43 patients with locally advanced HCC and cirrhosis who received atezolizumab-bevacizumab and a retrospective series of 122 control patients who received sorafenib.

Disclosures: This study did not receive any funding. No information on conflicts of interest was provided.

Source: Larrey E et al. A history of variceal bleeding is associated with further bleeding under atezolizumab-bevacizumab in patients with HCC. Liver Int. 2022 (Oct 18). Doi: 10.1111/liv.15458

Key clinical point: Compared with sorafenib, atezolizumab-bevacizumab led to more frequent acute variceal bleeding (AVB) in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis, with a history of AVB being associated with AVB during follow-up.

Major finding: At 1 year, patients who received atezolizumab-bevacizumab vs sorafenib had significantly higher AVB occurrence (21% vs 5%; P = .02). A previous history of AVB was independently associated with AVB during therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 10.58; P = .03).

Study details: This single-center prospective study included 43 patients with locally advanced HCC and cirrhosis who received atezolizumab-bevacizumab and a retrospective series of 122 control patients who received sorafenib.

Disclosures: This study did not receive any funding. No information on conflicts of interest was provided.

Source: Larrey E et al. A history of variceal bleeding is associated with further bleeding under atezolizumab-bevacizumab in patients with HCC. Liver Int. 2022 (Oct 18). Doi: 10.1111/liv.15458

Key clinical point: Compared with sorafenib, atezolizumab-bevacizumab led to more frequent acute variceal bleeding (AVB) in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis, with a history of AVB being associated with AVB during follow-up.

Major finding: At 1 year, patients who received atezolizumab-bevacizumab vs sorafenib had significantly higher AVB occurrence (21% vs 5%; P = .02). A previous history of AVB was independently associated with AVB during therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 10.58; P = .03).

Study details: This single-center prospective study included 43 patients with locally advanced HCC and cirrhosis who received atezolizumab-bevacizumab and a retrospective series of 122 control patients who received sorafenib.

Disclosures: This study did not receive any funding. No information on conflicts of interest was provided.

Source: Larrey E et al. A history of variceal bleeding is associated with further bleeding under atezolizumab-bevacizumab in patients with HCC. Liver Int. 2022 (Oct 18). Doi: 10.1111/liv.15458

Key clinical point: Highly elevated antidrug antibody (ADA) levels (≥1,000 ng/mL) at 3 weeks (cycle 2 day 1 [C2D1]) may be associated with poor clinical outcomes after atezolizumab/bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: In both discovery cohort (DC) and validation cohort (VC), patients with high vs low ADA levels at C2D1 had worse progression-free survival (DC: hazard ratio [HR] 2.84; P = .005; VC: HR 2.52; P = .006) and overall survival (DC: HR 3.30; P = .003; VC: HR 5.81; P = .001).

Study details: This prospective cohort study included 132 patients with advanced HCC treated with first-line Atezo/Bev (DC n = 50; VC n = 82).

Disclosures: This study was sponsored by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government and others. Some authors reported serving as advisors for or receiving personal fees or grants from various sources. Two authors declared having a pending method patent for predicting therapeutic response to biologic drugs by quantifying blood ADA.

Source: Kim C et al. Association of high levels of antidrug antibodies against atezolizumab with clinical outcomes and T-cell responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2022 (Oct 20). Doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.4733

Key clinical point: Highly elevated antidrug antibody (ADA) levels (≥1,000 ng/mL) at 3 weeks (cycle 2 day 1 [C2D1]) may be associated with poor clinical outcomes after atezolizumab/bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: In both discovery cohort (DC) and validation cohort (VC), patients with high vs low ADA levels at C2D1 had worse progression-free survival (DC: hazard ratio [HR] 2.84; P = .005; VC: HR 2.52; P = .006) and overall survival (DC: HR 3.30; P = .003; VC: HR 5.81; P = .001).

Study details: This prospective cohort study included 132 patients with advanced HCC treated with first-line Atezo/Bev (DC n = 50; VC n = 82).

Disclosures: This study was sponsored by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government and others. Some authors reported serving as advisors for or receiving personal fees or grants from various sources. Two authors declared having a pending method patent for predicting therapeutic response to biologic drugs by quantifying blood ADA.

Source: Kim C et al. Association of high levels of antidrug antibodies against atezolizumab with clinical outcomes and T-cell responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2022 (Oct 20). Doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.4733

Key clinical point: Highly elevated antidrug antibody (ADA) levels (≥1,000 ng/mL) at 3 weeks (cycle 2 day 1 [C2D1]) may be associated with poor clinical outcomes after atezolizumab/bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Major finding: In both discovery cohort (DC) and validation cohort (VC), patients with high vs low ADA levels at C2D1 had worse progression-free survival (DC: hazard ratio [HR] 2.84; P = .005; VC: HR 2.52; P = .006) and overall survival (DC: HR 3.30; P = .003; VC: HR 5.81; P = .001).

Study details: This prospective cohort study included 132 patients with advanced HCC treated with first-line Atezo/Bev (DC n = 50; VC n = 82).

Disclosures: This study was sponsored by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government and others. Some authors reported serving as advisors for or receiving personal fees or grants from various sources. Two authors declared having a pending method patent for predicting therapeutic response to biologic drugs by quantifying blood ADA.

Source: Kim C et al. Association of high levels of antidrug antibodies against atezolizumab with clinical outcomes and T-cell responses in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2022 (Oct 20). Doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.4733

Higher levels of exposure to outdoor artificial light at night are significantly linked with markers of diabetes and impaired glucose homeostasis, in a new national, cross-sectional study from China.

The results showed a 7% significant increase in diabetes prevalence per quintile exposure to artificial light at night (prevalence ratio, 1.07), report Ruizhi Zheng, PhD, of the Shanghai (China) Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and colleagues. People living in areas with the most exposure to light at night had a 28% higher prevalence of diabetes than those living in places with the lowest exposure (PR, 1.28), the researchers found.

The study was published online  in Diabetologia.

Previous animal studies have shown that exposure to light at night may interfere with circadian rhythms and affect glucose homeostasis, the study team note. Other research has demonstrated that chronic exposure to moderate indoor light during sleep elevated the prevalence of diabetes in older adults, compared with those sleeping in a dim setting, the authors add.

“Our findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting that artificial light at night is detrimental to health and demonstrate that artificial light at night may be a potential novel risk factor for diabetes,” they write.

“Considering the coexistence of the diabetes epidemic and the widespread influence of light pollution at night, the positive associations indicate an urgent need for countries and governments to develop effective prevention and intervention policies and to protect people from the adverse health effects of light pollution at night,” the study authors stress.

Gareth Nye, PhD, senior lecturer at the University of Chester, England, agreed that prior research has found an association between metabolic conditions, such as diabetes, and artificial light at night, with most theories as to the cause focusing on the body’s natural circadian cycle.

He said that internal clocks regulate a variety of bodily processes, such as metabolism and hormone synthesis. They also affect sleep patterns by interfering with synthesis of the hormone melatonin, which is essential for sound sleep, Dr. Nye told the UK Science Media Centre.

However, he stressed that much more research is needed before any link can be considered definitive.
 

Outdoor night light exposure linked to fasting glucose, A1c

The Chinese researchers set out to approximate the relationships between diabetes prevalence and glucose homeostasis with chronic exposure to outdoor light at night. 

They assessed 98,658 participants from the China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance Study across 162 sites. The mean age of participants was 42.7 years. Female participants comprised 49.2% of the study cohort.

Diabetes was defined based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Satellite data were used to determine exposure to outdoor light at night in 2010. The associations between light exposure at night and indicators of glucose homeostasis were investigated.

Prevalence ratios were calculated and adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, education, body mass index, physical activity, household income, family history of diabetes, rural/urban areas, drinking status, and use of lipid-lowering prescription drugs (primarily statins) or antihypertensives.

The findings showed exposure levels to outdoor light at night were positively linked with 2-hour and fasting glucose concentrations, A1c, and insulin resistance (measured using homeostatic model assessment [HOMA]), but negatively related to β-cell function (measured using HOMA).
 

More research needed

“We advise caution against causal interpretation of the findings and call for further studies involving direct measurement of individual exposure to light at night,” the researchers conclude.

Dr. Nye agreed.

“One issue with this study is that the areas with the highest outdoor artificial light levels are likely to be those in urban areas and bigger cities. It has been known for a long time now that living in an urbanized area increases your risk of obesity through increased access to high-fat and convenience food, less physical activity levels due to transport links, and less social activities. The authors also state this and the fact participants tended to be older,” he noted.

Large datasets are used in this investigation, however, which generally increases the reliability of the data, he observed.

But it is also “unclear as to whether the population here was selected for this study or was retrospectively analyzed, which poses reliability issues, as does the selection of the representative sample, as it is not discussed,” he noted.

Ultimately, there is no confirmed evidence of the link, and until further work is done to directly link light exposure and diabetes in humans, “the link will remain an association only,” he concluded.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Higher levels of exposure to outdoor artificial light at night are significantly linked with markers of diabetes and impaired glucose homeostasis, in a new national, cross-sectional study from China.

The results showed a 7% significant increase in diabetes prevalence per quintile exposure to artificial light at night (prevalence ratio, 1.07), report Ruizhi Zheng, PhD, of the Shanghai (China) Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and colleagues. People living in areas with the most exposure to light at night had a 28% higher prevalence of diabetes than those living in places with the lowest exposure (PR, 1.28), the researchers found.

The study was published online  in Diabetologia.

Previous animal studies have shown that exposure to light at night may interfere with circadian rhythms and affect glucose homeostasis, the study team note. Other research has demonstrated that chronic exposure to moderate indoor light during sleep elevated the prevalence of diabetes in older adults, compared with those sleeping in a dim setting, the authors add.

“Our findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting that artificial light at night is detrimental to health and demonstrate that artificial light at night may be a potential novel risk factor for diabetes,” they write.

“Considering the coexistence of the diabetes epidemic and the widespread influence of light pollution at night, the positive associations indicate an urgent need for countries and governments to develop effective prevention and intervention policies and to protect people from the adverse health effects of light pollution at night,” the study authors stress.

Gareth Nye, PhD, senior lecturer at the University of Chester, England, agreed that prior research has found an association between metabolic conditions, such as diabetes, and artificial light at night, with most theories as to the cause focusing on the body’s natural circadian cycle.

He said that internal clocks regulate a variety of bodily processes, such as metabolism and hormone synthesis. They also affect sleep patterns by interfering with synthesis of the hormone melatonin, which is essential for sound sleep, Dr. Nye told the UK Science Media Centre.

However, he stressed that much more research is needed before any link can be considered definitive.
 

Outdoor night light exposure linked to fasting glucose, A1c

The Chinese researchers set out to approximate the relationships between diabetes prevalence and glucose homeostasis with chronic exposure to outdoor light at night. 

They assessed 98,658 participants from the China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance Study across 162 sites. The mean age of participants was 42.7 years. Female participants comprised 49.2% of the study cohort.

Diabetes was defined based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Satellite data were used to determine exposure to outdoor light at night in 2010. The associations between light exposure at night and indicators of glucose homeostasis were investigated.

Prevalence ratios were calculated and adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, education, body mass index, physical activity, household income, family history of diabetes, rural/urban areas, drinking status, and use of lipid-lowering prescription drugs (primarily statins) or antihypertensives.

The findings showed exposure levels to outdoor light at night were positively linked with 2-hour and fasting glucose concentrations, A1c, and insulin resistance (measured using homeostatic model assessment [HOMA]), but negatively related to β-cell function (measured using HOMA).
 

More research needed

“We advise caution against causal interpretation of the findings and call for further studies involving direct measurement of individual exposure to light at night,” the researchers conclude.

Dr. Nye agreed.

“One issue with this study is that the areas with the highest outdoor artificial light levels are likely to be those in urban areas and bigger cities. It has been known for a long time now that living in an urbanized area increases your risk of obesity through increased access to high-fat and convenience food, less physical activity levels due to transport links, and less social activities. The authors also state this and the fact participants tended to be older,” he noted.

Large datasets are used in this investigation, however, which generally increases the reliability of the data, he observed.

But it is also “unclear as to whether the population here was selected for this study or was retrospectively analyzed, which poses reliability issues, as does the selection of the representative sample, as it is not discussed,” he noted.

Ultimately, there is no confirmed evidence of the link, and until further work is done to directly link light exposure and diabetes in humans, “the link will remain an association only,” he concluded.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Higher levels of exposure to outdoor artificial light at night are significantly linked with markers of diabetes and impaired glucose homeostasis, in a new national, cross-sectional study from China.

The results showed a 7% significant increase in diabetes prevalence per quintile exposure to artificial light at night (prevalence ratio, 1.07), report Ruizhi Zheng, PhD, of the Shanghai (China) Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and colleagues. People living in areas with the most exposure to light at night had a 28% higher prevalence of diabetes than those living in places with the lowest exposure (PR, 1.28), the researchers found.

The study was published online  in Diabetologia.

Previous animal studies have shown that exposure to light at night may interfere with circadian rhythms and affect glucose homeostasis, the study team note. Other research has demonstrated that chronic exposure to moderate indoor light during sleep elevated the prevalence of diabetes in older adults, compared with those sleeping in a dim setting, the authors add.

“Our findings contribute to the growing literature suggesting that artificial light at night is detrimental to health and demonstrate that artificial light at night may be a potential novel risk factor for diabetes,” they write.

“Considering the coexistence of the diabetes epidemic and the widespread influence of light pollution at night, the positive associations indicate an urgent need for countries and governments to develop effective prevention and intervention policies and to protect people from the adverse health effects of light pollution at night,” the study authors stress.

Gareth Nye, PhD, senior lecturer at the University of Chester, England, agreed that prior research has found an association between metabolic conditions, such as diabetes, and artificial light at night, with most theories as to the cause focusing on the body’s natural circadian cycle.

He said that internal clocks regulate a variety of bodily processes, such as metabolism and hormone synthesis. They also affect sleep patterns by interfering with synthesis of the hormone melatonin, which is essential for sound sleep, Dr. Nye told the UK Science Media Centre.

However, he stressed that much more research is needed before any link can be considered definitive.
 

Outdoor night light exposure linked to fasting glucose, A1c

The Chinese researchers set out to approximate the relationships between diabetes prevalence and glucose homeostasis with chronic exposure to outdoor light at night. 

They assessed 98,658 participants from the China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance Study across 162 sites. The mean age of participants was 42.7 years. Female participants comprised 49.2% of the study cohort.

Diabetes was defined based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Satellite data were used to determine exposure to outdoor light at night in 2010. The associations between light exposure at night and indicators of glucose homeostasis were investigated.

Prevalence ratios were calculated and adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, education, body mass index, physical activity, household income, family history of diabetes, rural/urban areas, drinking status, and use of lipid-lowering prescription drugs (primarily statins) or antihypertensives.

The findings showed exposure levels to outdoor light at night were positively linked with 2-hour and fasting glucose concentrations, A1c, and insulin resistance (measured using homeostatic model assessment [HOMA]), but negatively related to β-cell function (measured using HOMA).
 

More research needed

“We advise caution against causal interpretation of the findings and call for further studies involving direct measurement of individual exposure to light at night,” the researchers conclude.

Dr. Nye agreed.

“One issue with this study is that the areas with the highest outdoor artificial light levels are likely to be those in urban areas and bigger cities. It has been known for a long time now that living in an urbanized area increases your risk of obesity through increased access to high-fat and convenience food, less physical activity levels due to transport links, and less social activities. The authors also state this and the fact participants tended to be older,” he noted.

Large datasets are used in this investigation, however, which generally increases the reliability of the data, he observed.

But it is also “unclear as to whether the population here was selected for this study or was retrospectively analyzed, which poses reliability issues, as does the selection of the representative sample, as it is not discussed,” he noted.

Ultimately, there is no confirmed evidence of the link, and until further work is done to directly link light exposure and diabetes in humans, “the link will remain an association only,” he concluded.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Key clinical point: Prenatal exposure to hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP), particularly preeclampsia and eclampsia, increased the risk for all-cause mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood, with early-onset and severe preeclampsia exposure notably increasing the risk.

Major finding: Offspring exposed vs not exposed to maternal HDP were at a 26% higher risk for all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.26; 95% CI 1.18-1.34), with the risk being 29% (aHR 1.29; 95% CI 1.20-1.38) and 188% (aHR 2.88; 95% CI 1.79-4.63) higher on exposure to preeclampsia and eclampsia, respectively. The all-cause mortality risk was much higher in offspring prenatally exposed to early-onset and severe preeclampsia (aHR 6.06; 95% CI 5.35-6.86).

Study details: This population-based cohort study included 2,437,718 offspring born between 1978 and 2018, of which 102,095 were prenatally exposed to maternal HDP.

Disclosures: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Rising-Star Program, Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Nordic Cancer Union, Karen Elise Jensens Fond, and Novo Nordisk Fonden. The authors declared receiving support from the sources funding the study.

Source: Huang C et al. Maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood: National population based cohort study. BMJ. 2022;379:e072157 (Oct 19) Erratum: 2022;379:o2726. Doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072157

Key clinical point: Prenatal exposure to hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP), particularly preeclampsia and eclampsia, increased the risk for all-cause mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood, with early-onset and severe preeclampsia exposure notably increasing the risk.

Major finding: Offspring exposed vs not exposed to maternal HDP were at a 26% higher risk for all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.26; 95% CI 1.18-1.34), with the risk being 29% (aHR 1.29; 95% CI 1.20-1.38) and 188% (aHR 2.88; 95% CI 1.79-4.63) higher on exposure to preeclampsia and eclampsia, respectively. The all-cause mortality risk was much higher in offspring prenatally exposed to early-onset and severe preeclampsia (aHR 6.06; 95% CI 5.35-6.86).

Study details: This population-based cohort study included 2,437,718 offspring born between 1978 and 2018, of which 102,095 were prenatally exposed to maternal HDP.

Disclosures: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Rising-Star Program, Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Nordic Cancer Union, Karen Elise Jensens Fond, and Novo Nordisk Fonden. The authors declared receiving support from the sources funding the study.

Source: Huang C et al. Maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood: National population based cohort study. BMJ. 2022;379:e072157 (Oct 19) Erratum: 2022;379:o2726. Doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072157

Key clinical point: Prenatal exposure to hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP), particularly preeclampsia and eclampsia, increased the risk for all-cause mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood, with early-onset and severe preeclampsia exposure notably increasing the risk.

Major finding: Offspring exposed vs not exposed to maternal HDP were at a 26% higher risk for all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.26; 95% CI 1.18-1.34), with the risk being 29% (aHR 1.29; 95% CI 1.20-1.38) and 188% (aHR 2.88; 95% CI 1.79-4.63) higher on exposure to preeclampsia and eclampsia, respectively. The all-cause mortality risk was much higher in offspring prenatally exposed to early-onset and severe preeclampsia (aHR 6.06; 95% CI 5.35-6.86).

Study details: This population-based cohort study included 2,437,718 offspring born between 1978 and 2018, of which 102,095 were prenatally exposed to maternal HDP.

Disclosures: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Rising-Star Program, Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Nordic Cancer Union, Karen Elise Jensens Fond, and Novo Nordisk Fonden. The authors declared receiving support from the sources funding the study.

Source: Huang C et al. Maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and mortality in offspring from birth to young adulthood: National population based cohort study. BMJ. 2022;379:e072157 (Oct 19) Erratum: 2022;379:o2726. Doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072157