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MASLD, MASH projected to grow by 23% in the U.S. through 2050
BOSTON – The nomenclature may have changed, but the steady rise in the most common form of liver disease – metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as NAFLD) – is predicted to continue into the middle of this century.
That’s according to Phuc Le, PhD, MPH, and colleagues at the Cleveland Clinic. They created a mathematical model incorporating data on the growth of the U.S. population and the natural history of MASLD/NAFLD. The model projected a relative 23% increase in MASLD among U.S. adults from 2020 to 2050.
“Our model forecasts a substantial clinical burden of NAFLD over the next 3 decades. In the absence of effective treatments, health systems should plan for large increases in the number of liver cancer cases and the need for liver transplant,” Dr. Le said in a media briefing held on Nov. 7 prior to her presentation of the data at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
The estimated worldwide prevalence of MASLD is 38%. In the United States, an estimated 27.8% of adults had MASLD as of 2020.
Dr. Le and colleagues wanted to get a clearer picture of the expected increase in the clinical burden of MASLD in the coming decades. The researchers used data from the medical literature to create an individual-level state transition model. They took into account projections of the growth of the U.S. population and the progression of MASLD and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) through stages of fibrosis to decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), transplant, and liver-related death as a proportion of all-cause mortality.
Validated model
They validated the model by testing it against liver outcomes from 2000 through 2018 and published data on the U.S. population. The model closely matched trends in MASLD prevalence, MASH proportion, HCC and liver transplant incidences, and overall survival rates for patients with MASLD.
As noted, the model predicted a steady increase in MASLD prevalence, from 27.8% in 2020 to 34.3% by 2050, a relative increase of about 23%. The model also predicted a slight uptick in the proportion of MASH among patients with MASLD, from 20% to 21.8%.
The investigators said that the prevalence of MASLD/MASH would likely remain relatively stable among people aged 18-29 years but would increase significantly for all other age groups.
In addition, the model predicted an increase in the proportion of cirrhosis in patients with MASLD from 1.9% to 3.1%, as well as a rise in liver-related deaths from 0.4% of all deaths in 2020 to 1% by 2050.
The investigators also foresaw a rise in HCC cases, from 10,400 annually to 19,300 by 2050 and a more than twofold increase in liver transplants, from 1,700 in 2020 to 4,200 in 2050.
A “tsunami” of liver disease
In the question-and-answer portion of the briefing, Norah Terrault, MD, AASLD president and chief of gastroenterology and hepatology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, commented on the study findings and “the frightening trajectory in terms of disease burden.
“I’m thinking to myself there’s no way we’re going to be able to transplant our way out of this tsunami of disease that’s coming our way,” she said, and asked Dr. Le what policy or societal approaches might be implemented to help stem the tide.
“This is a really huge question,” Dr. Le acknowledged. The study only provides estimates of what the future burden of disease might be if there are no changes in clinical care for patients with MASLD or if the trajectory of contributing factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases, continued to increase, she cautioned.
Raising awareness of MASLD/MASH and working to improve collaboration among liver specialists and general practitioners could help to flatten the curve, she suggested.
The study was supported by a grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Dr. Le and Dr. Terrault have disclosed no relevant financial relations.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
BOSTON – The nomenclature may have changed, but the steady rise in the most common form of liver disease – metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as NAFLD) – is predicted to continue into the middle of this century.
That’s according to Phuc Le, PhD, MPH, and colleagues at the Cleveland Clinic. They created a mathematical model incorporating data on the growth of the U.S. population and the natural history of MASLD/NAFLD. The model projected a relative 23% increase in MASLD among U.S. adults from 2020 to 2050.
“Our model forecasts a substantial clinical burden of NAFLD over the next 3 decades. In the absence of effective treatments, health systems should plan for large increases in the number of liver cancer cases and the need for liver transplant,” Dr. Le said in a media briefing held on Nov. 7 prior to her presentation of the data at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
The estimated worldwide prevalence of MASLD is 38%. In the United States, an estimated 27.8% of adults had MASLD as of 2020.
Dr. Le and colleagues wanted to get a clearer picture of the expected increase in the clinical burden of MASLD in the coming decades. The researchers used data from the medical literature to create an individual-level state transition model. They took into account projections of the growth of the U.S. population and the progression of MASLD and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) through stages of fibrosis to decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), transplant, and liver-related death as a proportion of all-cause mortality.
Validated model
They validated the model by testing it against liver outcomes from 2000 through 2018 and published data on the U.S. population. The model closely matched trends in MASLD prevalence, MASH proportion, HCC and liver transplant incidences, and overall survival rates for patients with MASLD.
As noted, the model predicted a steady increase in MASLD prevalence, from 27.8% in 2020 to 34.3% by 2050, a relative increase of about 23%. The model also predicted a slight uptick in the proportion of MASH among patients with MASLD, from 20% to 21.8%.
The investigators said that the prevalence of MASLD/MASH would likely remain relatively stable among people aged 18-29 years but would increase significantly for all other age groups.
In addition, the model predicted an increase in the proportion of cirrhosis in patients with MASLD from 1.9% to 3.1%, as well as a rise in liver-related deaths from 0.4% of all deaths in 2020 to 1% by 2050.
The investigators also foresaw a rise in HCC cases, from 10,400 annually to 19,300 by 2050 and a more than twofold increase in liver transplants, from 1,700 in 2020 to 4,200 in 2050.
A “tsunami” of liver disease
In the question-and-answer portion of the briefing, Norah Terrault, MD, AASLD president and chief of gastroenterology and hepatology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, commented on the study findings and “the frightening trajectory in terms of disease burden.
“I’m thinking to myself there’s no way we’re going to be able to transplant our way out of this tsunami of disease that’s coming our way,” she said, and asked Dr. Le what policy or societal approaches might be implemented to help stem the tide.
“This is a really huge question,” Dr. Le acknowledged. The study only provides estimates of what the future burden of disease might be if there are no changes in clinical care for patients with MASLD or if the trajectory of contributing factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases, continued to increase, she cautioned.
Raising awareness of MASLD/MASH and working to improve collaboration among liver specialists and general practitioners could help to flatten the curve, she suggested.
The study was supported by a grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Dr. Le and Dr. Terrault have disclosed no relevant financial relations.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
BOSTON – The nomenclature may have changed, but the steady rise in the most common form of liver disease – metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as NAFLD) – is predicted to continue into the middle of this century.
That’s according to Phuc Le, PhD, MPH, and colleagues at the Cleveland Clinic. They created a mathematical model incorporating data on the growth of the U.S. population and the natural history of MASLD/NAFLD. The model projected a relative 23% increase in MASLD among U.S. adults from 2020 to 2050.
“Our model forecasts a substantial clinical burden of NAFLD over the next 3 decades. In the absence of effective treatments, health systems should plan for large increases in the number of liver cancer cases and the need for liver transplant,” Dr. Le said in a media briefing held on Nov. 7 prior to her presentation of the data at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
The estimated worldwide prevalence of MASLD is 38%. In the United States, an estimated 27.8% of adults had MASLD as of 2020.
Dr. Le and colleagues wanted to get a clearer picture of the expected increase in the clinical burden of MASLD in the coming decades. The researchers used data from the medical literature to create an individual-level state transition model. They took into account projections of the growth of the U.S. population and the progression of MASLD and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) through stages of fibrosis to decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), transplant, and liver-related death as a proportion of all-cause mortality.
Validated model
They validated the model by testing it against liver outcomes from 2000 through 2018 and published data on the U.S. population. The model closely matched trends in MASLD prevalence, MASH proportion, HCC and liver transplant incidences, and overall survival rates for patients with MASLD.
As noted, the model predicted a steady increase in MASLD prevalence, from 27.8% in 2020 to 34.3% by 2050, a relative increase of about 23%. The model also predicted a slight uptick in the proportion of MASH among patients with MASLD, from 20% to 21.8%.
The investigators said that the prevalence of MASLD/MASH would likely remain relatively stable among people aged 18-29 years but would increase significantly for all other age groups.
In addition, the model predicted an increase in the proportion of cirrhosis in patients with MASLD from 1.9% to 3.1%, as well as a rise in liver-related deaths from 0.4% of all deaths in 2020 to 1% by 2050.
The investigators also foresaw a rise in HCC cases, from 10,400 annually to 19,300 by 2050 and a more than twofold increase in liver transplants, from 1,700 in 2020 to 4,200 in 2050.
A “tsunami” of liver disease
In the question-and-answer portion of the briefing, Norah Terrault, MD, AASLD president and chief of gastroenterology and hepatology at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, commented on the study findings and “the frightening trajectory in terms of disease burden.
“I’m thinking to myself there’s no way we’re going to be able to transplant our way out of this tsunami of disease that’s coming our way,” she said, and asked Dr. Le what policy or societal approaches might be implemented to help stem the tide.
“This is a really huge question,” Dr. Le acknowledged. The study only provides estimates of what the future burden of disease might be if there are no changes in clinical care for patients with MASLD or if the trajectory of contributing factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases, continued to increase, she cautioned.
Raising awareness of MASLD/MASH and working to improve collaboration among liver specialists and general practitioners could help to flatten the curve, she suggested.
The study was supported by a grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Dr. Le and Dr. Terrault have disclosed no relevant financial relations.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
AT THE LIVER MEETING
FDA OKs Paradise Renal Denervation system for hypertension
Recor Medical and parent company Otsuka Medical Devices have announced.
Approval follows a positive review by the FDA’s Circulatory Systems Device panel in August that deemed the system both safe and effective in lowering blood pressure for adults with uncontrolled hypertension who may be inadequately responsive to, or who are intolerant of, antihypertensive medications. 
Data supporting approval were provided by the RADIANCE program, the pivotal RADIANCE II trial, as well as RADIANCE-HTN SOLO and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO. RADIANCE II and RADIANCE-HTN SOLO studied patients with mild to moderate hypertension in an “off-meds” setting, and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO enrolled patients with resistant hypertension on standardized triple antihypertensive therapy.
Renal denervation is intended as an adjunctive treatment option when lifestyle changes and medication have not resulted in adequate blood pressure control, the statement notes. It works by denervating the sympathetic nerves surrounding the renal arteries, reducing the overactivity that can lead to hypertension.
The system delivers two to three doses of 360-degree ultrasound energy, lasting 7 seconds each, through each of the main renal arteries to the surrounding nerves. This particular system is water-cooled to protect the renal artery wall, the statement adds.
“Given the significant blood pressure reductions seen in the ultrasound renal denervation trials, the Paradise Ultrasound Renal Denervation system offers a much-needed advancement in our currently available options to control hypertension,” site principal investigator Naomi Fisher, MD, associate professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, and director of hypertension service and hypertension innovation, division of endocrinology, diabetes, and hypertension at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, said in the statement.
Ultrasound renal denervation “has proven efficacy in patients with truly resistant hypertension, a population for whom medication therapy often fails. It is also effective in patients with mild to moderate hypertension who cannot tolerate enough medication to control their blood pressure,” Dr. Fisher added.
The Paradise ultrasound renal denervation system previously received CE mark and has been successfully introduced in Europe and is an investigational device in Japan, the companies note.
A second renal denervation system, the Symplicity Spyral Renal Denervation System (Medtronic) underwent FDA panel review the day after the Paradise system review in August, and although the panel voted unanimously that the Symplicity system is safe, they were split on whether or not it was efficacious. A final decision on approval by the FDA of that system is still pending.
A version of this article first appeared in Medscape.com.
Recor Medical and parent company Otsuka Medical Devices have announced.
Approval follows a positive review by the FDA’s Circulatory Systems Device panel in August that deemed the system both safe and effective in lowering blood pressure for adults with uncontrolled hypertension who may be inadequately responsive to, or who are intolerant of, antihypertensive medications.
Data supporting approval were provided by the RADIANCE program, the pivotal RADIANCE II trial, as well as RADIANCE-HTN SOLO and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO. RADIANCE II and RADIANCE-HTN SOLO studied patients with mild to moderate hypertension in an “off-meds” setting, and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO enrolled patients with resistant hypertension on standardized triple antihypertensive therapy.
Renal denervation is intended as an adjunctive treatment option when lifestyle changes and medication have not resulted in adequate blood pressure control, the statement notes. It works by denervating the sympathetic nerves surrounding the renal arteries, reducing the overactivity that can lead to hypertension.
The system delivers two to three doses of 360-degree ultrasound energy, lasting 7 seconds each, through each of the main renal arteries to the surrounding nerves. This particular system is water-cooled to protect the renal artery wall, the statement adds.
“Given the significant blood pressure reductions seen in the ultrasound renal denervation trials, the Paradise Ultrasound Renal Denervation system offers a much-needed advancement in our currently available options to control hypertension,” site principal investigator Naomi Fisher, MD, associate professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, and director of hypertension service and hypertension innovation, division of endocrinology, diabetes, and hypertension at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, said in the statement.
Ultrasound renal denervation “has proven efficacy in patients with truly resistant hypertension, a population for whom medication therapy often fails. It is also effective in patients with mild to moderate hypertension who cannot tolerate enough medication to control their blood pressure,” Dr. Fisher added.
The Paradise ultrasound renal denervation system previously received CE mark and has been successfully introduced in Europe and is an investigational device in Japan, the companies note.
A second renal denervation system, the Symplicity Spyral Renal Denervation System (Medtronic) underwent FDA panel review the day after the Paradise system review in August, and although the panel voted unanimously that the Symplicity system is safe, they were split on whether or not it was efficacious. A final decision on approval by the FDA of that system is still pending.
A version of this article first appeared in Medscape.com.
Recor Medical and parent company Otsuka Medical Devices have announced.
Approval follows a positive review by the FDA’s Circulatory Systems Device panel in August that deemed the system both safe and effective in lowering blood pressure for adults with uncontrolled hypertension who may be inadequately responsive to, or who are intolerant of, antihypertensive medications.
Data supporting approval were provided by the RADIANCE program, the pivotal RADIANCE II trial, as well as RADIANCE-HTN SOLO and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO. RADIANCE II and RADIANCE-HTN SOLO studied patients with mild to moderate hypertension in an “off-meds” setting, and RADIANCE-HTN TRIO enrolled patients with resistant hypertension on standardized triple antihypertensive therapy.
Renal denervation is intended as an adjunctive treatment option when lifestyle changes and medication have not resulted in adequate blood pressure control, the statement notes. It works by denervating the sympathetic nerves surrounding the renal arteries, reducing the overactivity that can lead to hypertension.
The system delivers two to three doses of 360-degree ultrasound energy, lasting 7 seconds each, through each of the main renal arteries to the surrounding nerves. This particular system is water-cooled to protect the renal artery wall, the statement adds.
“Given the significant blood pressure reductions seen in the ultrasound renal denervation trials, the Paradise Ultrasound Renal Denervation system offers a much-needed advancement in our currently available options to control hypertension,” site principal investigator Naomi Fisher, MD, associate professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, and director of hypertension service and hypertension innovation, division of endocrinology, diabetes, and hypertension at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, said in the statement.
Ultrasound renal denervation “has proven efficacy in patients with truly resistant hypertension, a population for whom medication therapy often fails. It is also effective in patients with mild to moderate hypertension who cannot tolerate enough medication to control their blood pressure,” Dr. Fisher added.
The Paradise ultrasound renal denervation system previously received CE mark and has been successfully introduced in Europe and is an investigational device in Japan, the companies note.
A second renal denervation system, the Symplicity Spyral Renal Denervation System (Medtronic) underwent FDA panel review the day after the Paradise system review in August, and although the panel voted unanimously that the Symplicity system is safe, they were split on whether or not it was efficacious. A final decision on approval by the FDA of that system is still pending.
A version of this article first appeared in Medscape.com.
Standing BP measures improve hypertension diagnosis
TOPLINE:
results of a new study suggest.
METHODOLOGY:
- The study included 125 adults, mean age 49 years and 62% female, who were free of cardiovascular disease and had no previous history of hypertension.
- Researchers collected data on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and three BP measurements in the seated position, then three in the standing position.
- They assessed overall diagnostic accuracy of seated and standing BP using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and considered a Bayes factor (BF) of 3 or greater as significant.
- They defined the presence of hypertension (HTN) by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and 2023 European Society of Hypertension HTN guidelines based on ABPM.
- Sensitivity and specificity of standing BP was determined using cutoffs derived from Youden index, while sensitivity and specificity of seated BP was determined using the cutoff of 130/80 mm Hg and by 140/90 mm Hg.
TAKEAWAY:
- The AUROC for standing office systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.81; 0.71-0.92) was significantly higher than for seated office SBP (0.70; 0.49-0.91) in diagnosing HTN when defined as an average 24-hour SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg (BF = 11.8), and significantly higher for seated versus standing office diastolic blood pressure (DBP; 0.65; 0.49-0.82) in diagnosing HTN when defined as an average 24-hour DBP ≥ 75 mm Hg (BF = 4.9).
- The AUROCs for adding standing office BP to seated office BP improved the accuracy of detecting HTN, compared with seated office BP alone when HTN was defined as an average 24-hour SBP/DBP ≥ 125/75 mm Hg or daytime SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg, or when defined as an average 24-hour SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg or daytime SBP/DBP ≥ 135/85 mm Hg (all BFs > 3).
- Sensitivity of standing SBP was 71%, compared with 43% for seated SBP.
IN PRACTICE:
The “excellent diagnostic performance” for standing BP measures revealed by the study “highlights that standing office BP has acceptable discriminative capabilities in identifying the presence of hypertension in adults,” the authors write.
SOURCE:
The study was conducted by John M. Giacona, Hypertension Section, department of internal medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and colleagues. It was published online in Scientific Reports.
LIMITATIONS:
As the study enrolled only adults free of comorbidities who were not taking antihypertensive medications, the results may not be applicable to other patients. The study design was retrospective, and the order of BP measurements was not randomized (standing BP measurements were obtained only after seated BP).
DISCLOSURES:
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
results of a new study suggest.
METHODOLOGY:
- The study included 125 adults, mean age 49 years and 62% female, who were free of cardiovascular disease and had no previous history of hypertension.
- Researchers collected data on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and three BP measurements in the seated position, then three in the standing position.
- They assessed overall diagnostic accuracy of seated and standing BP using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and considered a Bayes factor (BF) of 3 or greater as significant.
- They defined the presence of hypertension (HTN) by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and 2023 European Society of Hypertension HTN guidelines based on ABPM.
- Sensitivity and specificity of standing BP was determined using cutoffs derived from Youden index, while sensitivity and specificity of seated BP was determined using the cutoff of 130/80 mm Hg and by 140/90 mm Hg.
TAKEAWAY:
- The AUROC for standing office systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.81; 0.71-0.92) was significantly higher than for seated office SBP (0.70; 0.49-0.91) in diagnosing HTN when defined as an average 24-hour SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg (BF = 11.8), and significantly higher for seated versus standing office diastolic blood pressure (DBP; 0.65; 0.49-0.82) in diagnosing HTN when defined as an average 24-hour DBP ≥ 75 mm Hg (BF = 4.9).
- The AUROCs for adding standing office BP to seated office BP improved the accuracy of detecting HTN, compared with seated office BP alone when HTN was defined as an average 24-hour SBP/DBP ≥ 125/75 mm Hg or daytime SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg, or when defined as an average 24-hour SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg or daytime SBP/DBP ≥ 135/85 mm Hg (all BFs > 3).
- Sensitivity of standing SBP was 71%, compared with 43% for seated SBP.
IN PRACTICE:
The “excellent diagnostic performance” for standing BP measures revealed by the study “highlights that standing office BP has acceptable discriminative capabilities in identifying the presence of hypertension in adults,” the authors write.
SOURCE:
The study was conducted by John M. Giacona, Hypertension Section, department of internal medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and colleagues. It was published online in Scientific Reports.
LIMITATIONS:
As the study enrolled only adults free of comorbidities who were not taking antihypertensive medications, the results may not be applicable to other patients. The study design was retrospective, and the order of BP measurements was not randomized (standing BP measurements were obtained only after seated BP).
DISCLOSURES:
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
results of a new study suggest.
METHODOLOGY:
- The study included 125 adults, mean age 49 years and 62% female, who were free of cardiovascular disease and had no previous history of hypertension.
- Researchers collected data on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and three BP measurements in the seated position, then three in the standing position.
- They assessed overall diagnostic accuracy of seated and standing BP using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and considered a Bayes factor (BF) of 3 or greater as significant.
- They defined the presence of hypertension (HTN) by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and 2023 European Society of Hypertension HTN guidelines based on ABPM.
- Sensitivity and specificity of standing BP was determined using cutoffs derived from Youden index, while sensitivity and specificity of seated BP was determined using the cutoff of 130/80 mm Hg and by 140/90 mm Hg.
TAKEAWAY:
- The AUROC for standing office systolic blood pressure (SBP; 0.81; 0.71-0.92) was significantly higher than for seated office SBP (0.70; 0.49-0.91) in diagnosing HTN when defined as an average 24-hour SBP ≥ 125 mm Hg (BF = 11.8), and significantly higher for seated versus standing office diastolic blood pressure (DBP; 0.65; 0.49-0.82) in diagnosing HTN when defined as an average 24-hour DBP ≥ 75 mm Hg (BF = 4.9).
- The AUROCs for adding standing office BP to seated office BP improved the accuracy of detecting HTN, compared with seated office BP alone when HTN was defined as an average 24-hour SBP/DBP ≥ 125/75 mm Hg or daytime SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg, or when defined as an average 24-hour SBP/DBP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg or daytime SBP/DBP ≥ 135/85 mm Hg (all BFs > 3).
- Sensitivity of standing SBP was 71%, compared with 43% for seated SBP.
IN PRACTICE:
The “excellent diagnostic performance” for standing BP measures revealed by the study “highlights that standing office BP has acceptable discriminative capabilities in identifying the presence of hypertension in adults,” the authors write.
SOURCE:
The study was conducted by John M. Giacona, Hypertension Section, department of internal medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, and colleagues. It was published online in Scientific Reports.
LIMITATIONS:
As the study enrolled only adults free of comorbidities who were not taking antihypertensive medications, the results may not be applicable to other patients. The study design was retrospective, and the order of BP measurements was not randomized (standing BP measurements were obtained only after seated BP).
DISCLOSURES:
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
How to prescribe exercise in 5 steps
Clinicians are well aware of the benefits of physical activity and the consequences of inactivity.
Managing the diseases associated with inactivity – heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension – falls to physicians. So one might assume they routinely prescribe exercise to their patients, just as they would statins, insulin, or beta-blockers.
But evidence indicates that doctors don’t routinely have those conversations. They may lack confidence in their ability to give effective advice, fear offending patients, or simply not know what to say.
That’s understandable. Many doctors receive little training on how to counsel patients to exercise, according to research over the past decade. Despite efforts to improve this, many medical students still feel unprepared to prescribe physical activity to patients.
But here’s the thing: Doctors are in a unique position to change things.
Only 28% of Americans meet physical activity guidelines, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. At the same time, other research suggests that patients want to be more active and would like help from their doctor.
“Patients are motivated to hear about physical activity from physicians and try to make a change,” says Jane Thornton, MD, PhD, an assistant professor in family medicine at Western University, Ont. “Just saying something, even if you don’t have specialized knowledge, makes a difference because of the credibility we have as physicians.”
Conveniently, just like exercise, the best way to get started is to ... get started.
Here’s how to break down the process into steps.
1. Ask patients about their physical activity
Think of this as taking any kind of patient history, only for physical activity.
Do they have a regular exercise routine? For how many minutes a day are they active? How many days a week?
“It takes less than a minute to ask and record,” Dr. Thornton says. Once you put it into the patient’s electronic record, you have something you can track.
2. Write an actual prescription
By giving the patient a written, printed prescription when they leave your office, “you’re showing it’s an important part of treatment or prevention,” Dr. Thornton explains. It puts physical activity on the level of a vital sign.
Include frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise. The American College of Sports Medicine’s Exercise is Medicine initiative provides a prescription template you can use.
3. Measure what they do
Measurement helps the patient adopt the new behavior, and it helps the physician provide tailored advice going forward, Dr. Thornton says.
With the rise of health-monitoring wearables, tracking activity has never been easier. Of course, not everyone wants to (or can afford to) use a smartwatch or fitness tracker.
For tech-averse patients, ask if they’re willing to write something down, like how many minutes they spent walking, or how many yoga classes they attended. You may never get this from some patients, but it never hurts to ask.
4. Refer out when necessary
This brings us to a sticky issue for many physicians: lack of confidence in their ability to speak authoritatively about physical activity. “In most cases, you can absolutely say, ‘Start slow, go gradually,’ that kind of thing,” Dr. Thornton says. “As with anything, confidence will come with practice.”
For specific prescriptive advice, check out the Exercise is Medicine website, which also has handouts you can share with patients and information for specific conditions. If your patient has prediabetes, you can also point them toward the CDC’s diabetes prevention program, which is available in-person or online and may be free or covered by insurance.
If a patient has contraindications, refer out. If you don’t have exercise or rehab professionals in your network, Dr. Thornton recommends reaching out to your regional or national association of sports-medicine professionals. You should be able to find it with a quick Google search.
5. Follow up
Ask about physical activity during every contact, either in person or online.
Dr. Thornton says the second and fifth steps matter most to patients, especially when the prescription and follow-up come from their primary care physician, rather than a nurse or physician assistant to whom you’ve delegated the task.
“The value comes in having a physician emphasize the importance,” Dr. Thornton says. The more time you spend on it, the more that value comes through.
What NOT to say to patients about exercise
This might surprise you:
“I definitely don’t think telling people the official recommendations for physical activity is useful,” says Yoni Freedhoff, MD, an associate professor of family medicine at the University of Ottawa and medical director of the Bariatric Medical Institute. “If anything, I’d venture it’s counterproductive.”
It’s not that there’s anything wrong with the recommended minimum – 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. The problem is what it says to a patient who doesn’t come close to those standards.
“Few real-world people have the interest, time, energy, or privilege to achieve them,” Dr. Freedhoff says. “Many will recognize that instantly and consequently feel [that] less than that is pointless.”
And that, Dr. Thornton says, is categorically not true. “Even minimal physical activity, in some cases, is beneficial.”
You also want to avoid any explicit connection between exercise and weight loss, Dr. Thornton says.
Though many people do connect the two, the link is often negative, notes a 2019 study from the University of Toronto., triggering painful memories that might go all the way back to gym class.
Try this pivot from Dr. Freedhoff: “Focus on the role of exercise in mitigating the risks of weight,” he says – like decreasing pain, increasing energy, and improving sleep.
How to motivate patients to move
New research backs up this more positive approach. In a study published in Annals of Internal Medicine, doctors in the United Kingdom who emphasized benefits and minimized health harms convinced more patients to join a weight management program than negative or neutral docs did. These doctors conveyed optimism and excitement, smiling and avoiding any mention of obesity or body mass index.
Exactly what benefits inspire change will be different for each patient. But in general, the more immediate the benefit, the more motivating it will be.
As the University of Toronto study noted, patients weren’t motivated by vague, distant goals like “increasing life expectancy or avoiding health problems many years in the future.”
They’re much more likely to take action to avoid surgery, reduce medications, or minimize the risk of falling.
For an older patient, Dr. Freedhoff says, “focusing on the preservation of functional independence can be extremely motivating.” That’s especially true if the patient has vivid memories of seeing a sedentary loved one decline late in life.
For patients who may be more focused on appearance, they could respond to the idea of improving their body composition. For that, “we talk about the quality of weight loss,” says Spencer Nadolsky, DO, an obesity and lipid specialist and medical director of WeightWatchers. “Ultimately, exercise helps shape the body instead of just changing the number on the scale.”
Reducing resistance to resistance training
A conversation about reshaping the body or avoiding age-related disabilities leads naturally to resistance training.
“I always frame resistance training as the single most valuable thing a person might do to try to preserve their functional independence,” Dr. Freedhoff says. If the patient is over 65, he won’t wait for them to show an interest. “I’ll absolutely bring it up with them directly.”
Dr. Freedhoff has an on-site training facility where trainers show patients how to work out at home with minimal equipment, like dumbbells and resistance bands.
Most doctors, however, don’t have those options. That can lead to a tricky conversation. Participants in the University of Toronto study told the authors they disliked the gym, finding it “boring, intimidating, or discouraging.”
And yet, “a common suggestion ... from health care providers was to join a gym.”
Many patients, Spencer Nadolsky, MD, says, associate strength training with “grunting, groaning, or getting ‘bulky’ vs. ‘toned.’ ” Memories of soreness from overzealous workouts are another barrier.
He recommends “starting small and slow,” with one or two full-body workouts a week. Those initial workouts might include just one to two sets of four to five exercises. “Consider if someone is exercising at home or in a gym to build a routine around equipment that’s available to them,” Dr. Nadolsky says.
Once you determine what you have to work with, help the patient choose exercises that fit their needs, goals, preferences, limitations, and prior injuries.
One more consideration: While Dr. Nadolsky tries to “stay away from telling a patient they need to do specific types of exercise to be successful,” he makes an exception for patients who’re taking a GLP-1 agonist. “There is a concern for muscle mass loss along with fat loss.”
Practicing, preaching, and checking privilege
When Dr. Thornton, Dr. Freedhoff, and Dr. Nadolsky discuss exercise, their patients know they practice what they preach.
Dr. Nadolsky, who was a nationally ranked wrestler at the University of North Carolina, hosts the Docs Who Lift podcast with his brother, Karl Nadolsky, MD.
Dr. Freedhoff is also a lifter and fitness enthusiast, and Dr. Thornton was a world-class rower whose team came within 0.8 seconds of a silver medal at the Beijing Olympics. (They finished fourth.)
But not all physicians follow their own lifestyle advice, Dr. Freedhoff says. That doesn’t make them bad doctors – it makes them human.
“I’ve done 300 minutes a week of exercise” – the recommended amount for weight maintenance – “to see what’s involved,” Dr. Freedhoff says. “That’s far, far, far from a trivial amount.”
That leads to this advice for his fellow physicians:
“The most important thing to know about exercise is that finding the time and having the health to do so is a privilege,” he says.
Understanding that is crucial for assessing your patient’s needs and providing the right help.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Clinicians are well aware of the benefits of physical activity and the consequences of inactivity.
Managing the diseases associated with inactivity – heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension – falls to physicians. So one might assume they routinely prescribe exercise to their patients, just as they would statins, insulin, or beta-blockers.
But evidence indicates that doctors don’t routinely have those conversations. They may lack confidence in their ability to give effective advice, fear offending patients, or simply not know what to say.
That’s understandable. Many doctors receive little training on how to counsel patients to exercise, according to research over the past decade. Despite efforts to improve this, many medical students still feel unprepared to prescribe physical activity to patients.
But here’s the thing: Doctors are in a unique position to change things.
Only 28% of Americans meet physical activity guidelines, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. At the same time, other research suggests that patients want to be more active and would like help from their doctor.
“Patients are motivated to hear about physical activity from physicians and try to make a change,” says Jane Thornton, MD, PhD, an assistant professor in family medicine at Western University, Ont. “Just saying something, even if you don’t have specialized knowledge, makes a difference because of the credibility we have as physicians.”
Conveniently, just like exercise, the best way to get started is to ... get started.
Here’s how to break down the process into steps.
1. Ask patients about their physical activity
Think of this as taking any kind of patient history, only for physical activity.
Do they have a regular exercise routine? For how many minutes a day are they active? How many days a week?
“It takes less than a minute to ask and record,” Dr. Thornton says. Once you put it into the patient’s electronic record, you have something you can track.
2. Write an actual prescription
By giving the patient a written, printed prescription when they leave your office, “you’re showing it’s an important part of treatment or prevention,” Dr. Thornton explains. It puts physical activity on the level of a vital sign.
Include frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise. The American College of Sports Medicine’s Exercise is Medicine initiative provides a prescription template you can use.
3. Measure what they do
Measurement helps the patient adopt the new behavior, and it helps the physician provide tailored advice going forward, Dr. Thornton says.
With the rise of health-monitoring wearables, tracking activity has never been easier. Of course, not everyone wants to (or can afford to) use a smartwatch or fitness tracker.
For tech-averse patients, ask if they’re willing to write something down, like how many minutes they spent walking, or how many yoga classes they attended. You may never get this from some patients, but it never hurts to ask.
4. Refer out when necessary
This brings us to a sticky issue for many physicians: lack of confidence in their ability to speak authoritatively about physical activity. “In most cases, you can absolutely say, ‘Start slow, go gradually,’ that kind of thing,” Dr. Thornton says. “As with anything, confidence will come with practice.”
For specific prescriptive advice, check out the Exercise is Medicine website, which also has handouts you can share with patients and information for specific conditions. If your patient has prediabetes, you can also point them toward the CDC’s diabetes prevention program, which is available in-person or online and may be free or covered by insurance.
If a patient has contraindications, refer out. If you don’t have exercise or rehab professionals in your network, Dr. Thornton recommends reaching out to your regional or national association of sports-medicine professionals. You should be able to find it with a quick Google search.
5. Follow up
Ask about physical activity during every contact, either in person or online.
Dr. Thornton says the second and fifth steps matter most to patients, especially when the prescription and follow-up come from their primary care physician, rather than a nurse or physician assistant to whom you’ve delegated the task.
“The value comes in having a physician emphasize the importance,” Dr. Thornton says. The more time you spend on it, the more that value comes through.
What NOT to say to patients about exercise
This might surprise you:
“I definitely don’t think telling people the official recommendations for physical activity is useful,” says Yoni Freedhoff, MD, an associate professor of family medicine at the University of Ottawa and medical director of the Bariatric Medical Institute. “If anything, I’d venture it’s counterproductive.”
It’s not that there’s anything wrong with the recommended minimum – 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. The problem is what it says to a patient who doesn’t come close to those standards.
“Few real-world people have the interest, time, energy, or privilege to achieve them,” Dr. Freedhoff says. “Many will recognize that instantly and consequently feel [that] less than that is pointless.”
And that, Dr. Thornton says, is categorically not true. “Even minimal physical activity, in some cases, is beneficial.”
You also want to avoid any explicit connection between exercise and weight loss, Dr. Thornton says.
Though many people do connect the two, the link is often negative, notes a 2019 study from the University of Toronto., triggering painful memories that might go all the way back to gym class.
Try this pivot from Dr. Freedhoff: “Focus on the role of exercise in mitigating the risks of weight,” he says – like decreasing pain, increasing energy, and improving sleep.
How to motivate patients to move
New research backs up this more positive approach. In a study published in Annals of Internal Medicine, doctors in the United Kingdom who emphasized benefits and minimized health harms convinced more patients to join a weight management program than negative or neutral docs did. These doctors conveyed optimism and excitement, smiling and avoiding any mention of obesity or body mass index.
Exactly what benefits inspire change will be different for each patient. But in general, the more immediate the benefit, the more motivating it will be.
As the University of Toronto study noted, patients weren’t motivated by vague, distant goals like “increasing life expectancy or avoiding health problems many years in the future.”
They’re much more likely to take action to avoid surgery, reduce medications, or minimize the risk of falling.
For an older patient, Dr. Freedhoff says, “focusing on the preservation of functional independence can be extremely motivating.” That’s especially true if the patient has vivid memories of seeing a sedentary loved one decline late in life.
For patients who may be more focused on appearance, they could respond to the idea of improving their body composition. For that, “we talk about the quality of weight loss,” says Spencer Nadolsky, DO, an obesity and lipid specialist and medical director of WeightWatchers. “Ultimately, exercise helps shape the body instead of just changing the number on the scale.”
Reducing resistance to resistance training
A conversation about reshaping the body or avoiding age-related disabilities leads naturally to resistance training.
“I always frame resistance training as the single most valuable thing a person might do to try to preserve their functional independence,” Dr. Freedhoff says. If the patient is over 65, he won’t wait for them to show an interest. “I’ll absolutely bring it up with them directly.”
Dr. Freedhoff has an on-site training facility where trainers show patients how to work out at home with minimal equipment, like dumbbells and resistance bands.
Most doctors, however, don’t have those options. That can lead to a tricky conversation. Participants in the University of Toronto study told the authors they disliked the gym, finding it “boring, intimidating, or discouraging.”
And yet, “a common suggestion ... from health care providers was to join a gym.”
Many patients, Spencer Nadolsky, MD, says, associate strength training with “grunting, groaning, or getting ‘bulky’ vs. ‘toned.’ ” Memories of soreness from overzealous workouts are another barrier.
He recommends “starting small and slow,” with one or two full-body workouts a week. Those initial workouts might include just one to two sets of four to five exercises. “Consider if someone is exercising at home or in a gym to build a routine around equipment that’s available to them,” Dr. Nadolsky says.
Once you determine what you have to work with, help the patient choose exercises that fit their needs, goals, preferences, limitations, and prior injuries.
One more consideration: While Dr. Nadolsky tries to “stay away from telling a patient they need to do specific types of exercise to be successful,” he makes an exception for patients who’re taking a GLP-1 agonist. “There is a concern for muscle mass loss along with fat loss.”
Practicing, preaching, and checking privilege
When Dr. Thornton, Dr. Freedhoff, and Dr. Nadolsky discuss exercise, their patients know they practice what they preach.
Dr. Nadolsky, who was a nationally ranked wrestler at the University of North Carolina, hosts the Docs Who Lift podcast with his brother, Karl Nadolsky, MD.
Dr. Freedhoff is also a lifter and fitness enthusiast, and Dr. Thornton was a world-class rower whose team came within 0.8 seconds of a silver medal at the Beijing Olympics. (They finished fourth.)
But not all physicians follow their own lifestyle advice, Dr. Freedhoff says. That doesn’t make them bad doctors – it makes them human.
“I’ve done 300 minutes a week of exercise” – the recommended amount for weight maintenance – “to see what’s involved,” Dr. Freedhoff says. “That’s far, far, far from a trivial amount.”
That leads to this advice for his fellow physicians:
“The most important thing to know about exercise is that finding the time and having the health to do so is a privilege,” he says.
Understanding that is crucial for assessing your patient’s needs and providing the right help.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Clinicians are well aware of the benefits of physical activity and the consequences of inactivity.
Managing the diseases associated with inactivity – heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension – falls to physicians. So one might assume they routinely prescribe exercise to their patients, just as they would statins, insulin, or beta-blockers.
But evidence indicates that doctors don’t routinely have those conversations. They may lack confidence in their ability to give effective advice, fear offending patients, or simply not know what to say.
That’s understandable. Many doctors receive little training on how to counsel patients to exercise, according to research over the past decade. Despite efforts to improve this, many medical students still feel unprepared to prescribe physical activity to patients.
But here’s the thing: Doctors are in a unique position to change things.
Only 28% of Americans meet physical activity guidelines, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. At the same time, other research suggests that patients want to be more active and would like help from their doctor.
“Patients are motivated to hear about physical activity from physicians and try to make a change,” says Jane Thornton, MD, PhD, an assistant professor in family medicine at Western University, Ont. “Just saying something, even if you don’t have specialized knowledge, makes a difference because of the credibility we have as physicians.”
Conveniently, just like exercise, the best way to get started is to ... get started.
Here’s how to break down the process into steps.
1. Ask patients about their physical activity
Think of this as taking any kind of patient history, only for physical activity.
Do they have a regular exercise routine? For how many minutes a day are they active? How many days a week?
“It takes less than a minute to ask and record,” Dr. Thornton says. Once you put it into the patient’s electronic record, you have something you can track.
2. Write an actual prescription
By giving the patient a written, printed prescription when they leave your office, “you’re showing it’s an important part of treatment or prevention,” Dr. Thornton explains. It puts physical activity on the level of a vital sign.
Include frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise. The American College of Sports Medicine’s Exercise is Medicine initiative provides a prescription template you can use.
3. Measure what they do
Measurement helps the patient adopt the new behavior, and it helps the physician provide tailored advice going forward, Dr. Thornton says.
With the rise of health-monitoring wearables, tracking activity has never been easier. Of course, not everyone wants to (or can afford to) use a smartwatch or fitness tracker.
For tech-averse patients, ask if they’re willing to write something down, like how many minutes they spent walking, or how many yoga classes they attended. You may never get this from some patients, but it never hurts to ask.
4. Refer out when necessary
This brings us to a sticky issue for many physicians: lack of confidence in their ability to speak authoritatively about physical activity. “In most cases, you can absolutely say, ‘Start slow, go gradually,’ that kind of thing,” Dr. Thornton says. “As with anything, confidence will come with practice.”
For specific prescriptive advice, check out the Exercise is Medicine website, which also has handouts you can share with patients and information for specific conditions. If your patient has prediabetes, you can also point them toward the CDC’s diabetes prevention program, which is available in-person or online and may be free or covered by insurance.
If a patient has contraindications, refer out. If you don’t have exercise or rehab professionals in your network, Dr. Thornton recommends reaching out to your regional or national association of sports-medicine professionals. You should be able to find it with a quick Google search.
5. Follow up
Ask about physical activity during every contact, either in person or online.
Dr. Thornton says the second and fifth steps matter most to patients, especially when the prescription and follow-up come from their primary care physician, rather than a nurse or physician assistant to whom you’ve delegated the task.
“The value comes in having a physician emphasize the importance,” Dr. Thornton says. The more time you spend on it, the more that value comes through.
What NOT to say to patients about exercise
This might surprise you:
“I definitely don’t think telling people the official recommendations for physical activity is useful,” says Yoni Freedhoff, MD, an associate professor of family medicine at the University of Ottawa and medical director of the Bariatric Medical Institute. “If anything, I’d venture it’s counterproductive.”
It’s not that there’s anything wrong with the recommended minimum – 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. The problem is what it says to a patient who doesn’t come close to those standards.
“Few real-world people have the interest, time, energy, or privilege to achieve them,” Dr. Freedhoff says. “Many will recognize that instantly and consequently feel [that] less than that is pointless.”
And that, Dr. Thornton says, is categorically not true. “Even minimal physical activity, in some cases, is beneficial.”
You also want to avoid any explicit connection between exercise and weight loss, Dr. Thornton says.
Though many people do connect the two, the link is often negative, notes a 2019 study from the University of Toronto., triggering painful memories that might go all the way back to gym class.
Try this pivot from Dr. Freedhoff: “Focus on the role of exercise in mitigating the risks of weight,” he says – like decreasing pain, increasing energy, and improving sleep.
How to motivate patients to move
New research backs up this more positive approach. In a study published in Annals of Internal Medicine, doctors in the United Kingdom who emphasized benefits and minimized health harms convinced more patients to join a weight management program than negative or neutral docs did. These doctors conveyed optimism and excitement, smiling and avoiding any mention of obesity or body mass index.
Exactly what benefits inspire change will be different for each patient. But in general, the more immediate the benefit, the more motivating it will be.
As the University of Toronto study noted, patients weren’t motivated by vague, distant goals like “increasing life expectancy or avoiding health problems many years in the future.”
They’re much more likely to take action to avoid surgery, reduce medications, or minimize the risk of falling.
For an older patient, Dr. Freedhoff says, “focusing on the preservation of functional independence can be extremely motivating.” That’s especially true if the patient has vivid memories of seeing a sedentary loved one decline late in life.
For patients who may be more focused on appearance, they could respond to the idea of improving their body composition. For that, “we talk about the quality of weight loss,” says Spencer Nadolsky, DO, an obesity and lipid specialist and medical director of WeightWatchers. “Ultimately, exercise helps shape the body instead of just changing the number on the scale.”
Reducing resistance to resistance training
A conversation about reshaping the body or avoiding age-related disabilities leads naturally to resistance training.
“I always frame resistance training as the single most valuable thing a person might do to try to preserve their functional independence,” Dr. Freedhoff says. If the patient is over 65, he won’t wait for them to show an interest. “I’ll absolutely bring it up with them directly.”
Dr. Freedhoff has an on-site training facility where trainers show patients how to work out at home with minimal equipment, like dumbbells and resistance bands.
Most doctors, however, don’t have those options. That can lead to a tricky conversation. Participants in the University of Toronto study told the authors they disliked the gym, finding it “boring, intimidating, or discouraging.”
And yet, “a common suggestion ... from health care providers was to join a gym.”
Many patients, Spencer Nadolsky, MD, says, associate strength training with “grunting, groaning, or getting ‘bulky’ vs. ‘toned.’ ” Memories of soreness from overzealous workouts are another barrier.
He recommends “starting small and slow,” with one or two full-body workouts a week. Those initial workouts might include just one to two sets of four to five exercises. “Consider if someone is exercising at home or in a gym to build a routine around equipment that’s available to them,” Dr. Nadolsky says.
Once you determine what you have to work with, help the patient choose exercises that fit their needs, goals, preferences, limitations, and prior injuries.
One more consideration: While Dr. Nadolsky tries to “stay away from telling a patient they need to do specific types of exercise to be successful,” he makes an exception for patients who’re taking a GLP-1 agonist. “There is a concern for muscle mass loss along with fat loss.”
Practicing, preaching, and checking privilege
When Dr. Thornton, Dr. Freedhoff, and Dr. Nadolsky discuss exercise, their patients know they practice what they preach.
Dr. Nadolsky, who was a nationally ranked wrestler at the University of North Carolina, hosts the Docs Who Lift podcast with his brother, Karl Nadolsky, MD.
Dr. Freedhoff is also a lifter and fitness enthusiast, and Dr. Thornton was a world-class rower whose team came within 0.8 seconds of a silver medal at the Beijing Olympics. (They finished fourth.)
But not all physicians follow their own lifestyle advice, Dr. Freedhoff says. That doesn’t make them bad doctors – it makes them human.
“I’ve done 300 minutes a week of exercise” – the recommended amount for weight maintenance – “to see what’s involved,” Dr. Freedhoff says. “That’s far, far, far from a trivial amount.”
That leads to this advice for his fellow physicians:
“The most important thing to know about exercise is that finding the time and having the health to do so is a privilege,” he says.
Understanding that is crucial for assessing your patient’s needs and providing the right help.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and high stroke risk in Black women
I’d like to talk with you about a recent report from the large-scale Black Women’s Health Study, published in the new journal NEJM Evidence.
This study looked at the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, and the risk for stroke over the next 20 (median, 22) years. Previous studies have linked hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with an increased risk for stroke. However, most of these studies have been done in White women of European ancestry, and evidence in Black women has been very limited, despite a disproportionately high risk of having a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and also of stroke.
– overall, a 66% increased risk, an 80% increased risk with gestational hypertension, and about a 50% increased risk with preeclampsia.
We know that pregnancy itself can lead to some remodeling of the vascular system, but we don’t know whether a direct causal relationship exists between preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and subsequent stroke. Another potential explanation is that these complications of pregnancy serve as a window into a woman’s future cardiometabolic health and a marker of her cardiovascular risk.
Regardless, the clinical implications are the same. First, we would want to prevent these complications of pregnancy whenever possible. Some women will be candidates for the use of aspirin if they are at high risk for preeclampsia, and certainly for monitoring blood pressure very closely during pregnancy. It will also be important to maintain blood pressure control in the postpartum period and during the subsequent years of adulthood to minimize risk for stroke, because hypertension is such a powerful risk factor for stroke.
It will also be tremendously important to intensify lifestyle modifications such as increasing physical activity and having a heart-healthy diet. These complications of pregnancy have also been linked in other studies to an increased risk for subsequent coronary heart disease events and heart failure.
This transcript has been edited for clarity.
Dr. Manson is professor of medicine and the Michael and Lee Bell Professor of Women’s Health, Harvard Medical School, and chief of the division of preventive medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, both in Boston, and past president, North American Menopause Society, 2011-2012. She disclosed receiving study pill donation and infrastructure support from Mars Symbioscience (for the COSMOS trial).
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
I’d like to talk with you about a recent report from the large-scale Black Women’s Health Study, published in the new journal NEJM Evidence.
This study looked at the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, and the risk for stroke over the next 20 (median, 22) years. Previous studies have linked hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with an increased risk for stroke. However, most of these studies have been done in White women of European ancestry, and evidence in Black women has been very limited, despite a disproportionately high risk of having a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and also of stroke.
– overall, a 66% increased risk, an 80% increased risk with gestational hypertension, and about a 50% increased risk with preeclampsia.
We know that pregnancy itself can lead to some remodeling of the vascular system, but we don’t know whether a direct causal relationship exists between preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and subsequent stroke. Another potential explanation is that these complications of pregnancy serve as a window into a woman’s future cardiometabolic health and a marker of her cardiovascular risk.
Regardless, the clinical implications are the same. First, we would want to prevent these complications of pregnancy whenever possible. Some women will be candidates for the use of aspirin if they are at high risk for preeclampsia, and certainly for monitoring blood pressure very closely during pregnancy. It will also be important to maintain blood pressure control in the postpartum period and during the subsequent years of adulthood to minimize risk for stroke, because hypertension is such a powerful risk factor for stroke.
It will also be tremendously important to intensify lifestyle modifications such as increasing physical activity and having a heart-healthy diet. These complications of pregnancy have also been linked in other studies to an increased risk for subsequent coronary heart disease events and heart failure.
This transcript has been edited for clarity.
Dr. Manson is professor of medicine and the Michael and Lee Bell Professor of Women’s Health, Harvard Medical School, and chief of the division of preventive medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, both in Boston, and past president, North American Menopause Society, 2011-2012. She disclosed receiving study pill donation and infrastructure support from Mars Symbioscience (for the COSMOS trial).
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
I’d like to talk with you about a recent report from the large-scale Black Women’s Health Study, published in the new journal NEJM Evidence.
This study looked at the association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, and the risk for stroke over the next 20 (median, 22) years. Previous studies have linked hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with an increased risk for stroke. However, most of these studies have been done in White women of European ancestry, and evidence in Black women has been very limited, despite a disproportionately high risk of having a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and also of stroke.
– overall, a 66% increased risk, an 80% increased risk with gestational hypertension, and about a 50% increased risk with preeclampsia.
We know that pregnancy itself can lead to some remodeling of the vascular system, but we don’t know whether a direct causal relationship exists between preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and subsequent stroke. Another potential explanation is that these complications of pregnancy serve as a window into a woman’s future cardiometabolic health and a marker of her cardiovascular risk.
Regardless, the clinical implications are the same. First, we would want to prevent these complications of pregnancy whenever possible. Some women will be candidates for the use of aspirin if they are at high risk for preeclampsia, and certainly for monitoring blood pressure very closely during pregnancy. It will also be important to maintain blood pressure control in the postpartum period and during the subsequent years of adulthood to minimize risk for stroke, because hypertension is such a powerful risk factor for stroke.
It will also be tremendously important to intensify lifestyle modifications such as increasing physical activity and having a heart-healthy diet. These complications of pregnancy have also been linked in other studies to an increased risk for subsequent coronary heart disease events and heart failure.
This transcript has been edited for clarity.
Dr. Manson is professor of medicine and the Michael and Lee Bell Professor of Women’s Health, Harvard Medical School, and chief of the division of preventive medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, both in Boston, and past president, North American Menopause Society, 2011-2012. She disclosed receiving study pill donation and infrastructure support from Mars Symbioscience (for the COSMOS trial).
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Aprocitentan reduces resistant hypertension in CKD
PHILADELPHIA – (CKD). The results come from a prespecified subgroup analysis of data collected in the drug’s pivotal trial, PRECISION.
The findings provide support for potentially using aprocitentan, if approved for U.S. marketing in 2024, in patients with blood pressure that remains elevated despite treatment with three established antihypertensive drug classes and with stage 3 CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30-59 mL/min per 1.73 m2. This is a key group of patients because “chronic kidney disease is the most common comorbidity in patients with resistant hypertension,” said George Bakris, MD, who presented the subgroup analysis at Kidney Week 2023, organized by the American Society of Nephrology.
The CKD subgroup analysis showed “good evidence for safety and evidence in stage 3 CKD,” a subgroup of 141 patients among the total 730 enrolled in PRECISION, said Dr. Bakris. Professor and director of the Comprehensive Hypertension Center at the University of Chicago, he acknowledged that while the results also showed a signal for safety and efficacy in the 21 enrolled patients with stage 4 hypertension, 15-29 mL/min per 1.73m2, this number of stage 4 patients was too small to allow definitive conclusions.
Nephrologist Nishigandha Pradhan, MD, who cochaired the session with this report, agreed. “Resistant hypertension is a particularly intractable problem in patients with CKD, and the risk is greatest with stage 4 CKD. If studies could show that aprocitentan is safe in people with stage 4 CKD, that would be a big plus, but we need more data,” commented Dr. Pradhan in an interview.
Incremental blood pressure reductions
The parallel-group, phase 3 PRECISION trial investigated the safety and short-term antihypertensive effect of aprocitentan in patients with resistant hypertension. The study’s primary efficacy endpoint was blood pressure reduction from baseline in 730 randomized people with persistent systolic hypertension despite treatment with three established antihypertensive agents including a diuretic. The study ran during June 2018–April 2022 at 191 sites in 22 countries.
The primary outcome after 4 weeks on treatment was a least-square mean reduction in office-measured systolic blood pressure, compared with placebo, of 3.8 mm Hg with a 12.5-mg daily oral dose of aprocitentan and 3.7 mm Hg with a 25-mg daily oral dose. Both significant differences were first reported in 2022. Twenty-four–hour ambulatory systolic blood pressures after 4 weeks of treatment fell by an average of 4.2 mm Hg on the lower dose compared with placebo and by an average of 5.9 mm Hg on the higher daily dose, compared with placebo.
Consistent blood pressure reductions occurred in the CKD subgroups. Among people with stage 3 CKD, daytime ambulatory blood pressure at 4 weeks fell by about 10 mm Hg on both the 12.5-mg daily and 25-mg daily doses, compared with placebo.
Among the small number of people with stage 4 CKD, the incremental nighttime systolic blood pressure on aprocitentan, compared with placebo, was even greater, with about a 15–mm Hg incremental reduction on 12.5 mg daily and about a 17–mm Hg incremental reduction on the higher dose.
“This is the first evidence for a change in nocturnal blood pressure in people with stage 4 CKD [and treatment-resistant hypertension], but it was just 21 patients so not yet a big deal,” Dr. Bakris noted.
Increased rates of fluid retention
Although aprocitentan was generally well tolerated, the most common adverse effect was edema or fluid retention, mainly during the first 4 weeks of treatment. In the full PRECISION cohort, this adverse event occurred in 2.1% of people treated with placebo, 9.1% of those on the 12.5-mg daily dose, and in 18.4% of those on the higher dose during the initial 4-week phase of treatment.
Among all stage 3 and 4 CKD patients on aprocitentan, edema or fluid retention occurred in 21% during the first 4 weeks, and in 27% during an additional 32 weeks of treatment with 25 mg aprocitentan daily. A majority of these patients started a diuretic to address their excess fluid, with only two discontinuing aprocitentan treatment.
“Fluid retention is an issue with aprocitentan,” Dr. Bakris acknowledged. But he also highlighted than only 6 of the 162 patients with CKD required hospitalization for heart failure during the study, and one of these cases had placebo treatment. Among the five with acute heart failure while on aprocitentan, none had to stop their treatment, and two had a clear prior history of heart failure.
The companies developing aprocitentan, Janssen and Idorsia, used the PRECISION results as the centerpiece in filing for a new drug approval to the FDA, with a March 2024 goal for the FDA‘s decision. Dr. Bakris called the application “a solid case for approval.” But he added that approval will likely require that all treatment candidates first undergo testing of their heart function or fluid volume, such as a measure of their blood level of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, with treatment withheld when the level is too high.
The upside of aprocitentan compared with current drug options for treating resistant hypertension is that it has not appeared to cause any increase in blood potassium levels, which is an issue with the current top agent for resistant hypertension, spironolactone.
“The problem with spironolactone is the risk for hyperkalemia, which keeps us looking for something with lower risk,” commented Dr. Pradhan, a nephrologist with University Hospitals in Cleveland. Hyperkalemia is an even greater risk for people with CKD. Although the PRECISION trial identified the issue of fluid retention with aprocitentan, titrating an effective dose of a loop diuretic for treated patients may effectively blunt the edema risk, Dr. Pradhan said.
Endothelin has a potent vasoconstrictive effect and is “implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension,” Dr. Bakris explained. Aprocitentan antagonizes both the endothelin A and B receptors. The subgroup analyses also showed that in people with CKD, treatment with aprocitentan led to roughly a halving of the baseline level of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, a small and stable decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate, and a modest and stable increase in blood levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic hormone.
The PRECISION trial was sponsored by Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, the companies jointly developing aprocitentan. Dr. Bakris has been a consultant to Janssen, and also a consultant to or honoraria recipient of Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Dia Medica Therapeutics, Ionis, inREGEN, KBP Biosciences, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Quantum Genomics. Dr. Pradhan had no disclosures.
PHILADELPHIA – (CKD). The results come from a prespecified subgroup analysis of data collected in the drug’s pivotal trial, PRECISION.
The findings provide support for potentially using aprocitentan, if approved for U.S. marketing in 2024, in patients with blood pressure that remains elevated despite treatment with three established antihypertensive drug classes and with stage 3 CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30-59 mL/min per 1.73 m2. This is a key group of patients because “chronic kidney disease is the most common comorbidity in patients with resistant hypertension,” said George Bakris, MD, who presented the subgroup analysis at Kidney Week 2023, organized by the American Society of Nephrology.
The CKD subgroup analysis showed “good evidence for safety and evidence in stage 3 CKD,” a subgroup of 141 patients among the total 730 enrolled in PRECISION, said Dr. Bakris. Professor and director of the Comprehensive Hypertension Center at the University of Chicago, he acknowledged that while the results also showed a signal for safety and efficacy in the 21 enrolled patients with stage 4 hypertension, 15-29 mL/min per 1.73m2, this number of stage 4 patients was too small to allow definitive conclusions.
Nephrologist Nishigandha Pradhan, MD, who cochaired the session with this report, agreed. “Resistant hypertension is a particularly intractable problem in patients with CKD, and the risk is greatest with stage 4 CKD. If studies could show that aprocitentan is safe in people with stage 4 CKD, that would be a big plus, but we need more data,” commented Dr. Pradhan in an interview.
Incremental blood pressure reductions
The parallel-group, phase 3 PRECISION trial investigated the safety and short-term antihypertensive effect of aprocitentan in patients with resistant hypertension. The study’s primary efficacy endpoint was blood pressure reduction from baseline in 730 randomized people with persistent systolic hypertension despite treatment with three established antihypertensive agents including a diuretic. The study ran during June 2018–April 2022 at 191 sites in 22 countries.
The primary outcome after 4 weeks on treatment was a least-square mean reduction in office-measured systolic blood pressure, compared with placebo, of 3.8 mm Hg with a 12.5-mg daily oral dose of aprocitentan and 3.7 mm Hg with a 25-mg daily oral dose. Both significant differences were first reported in 2022. Twenty-four–hour ambulatory systolic blood pressures after 4 weeks of treatment fell by an average of 4.2 mm Hg on the lower dose compared with placebo and by an average of 5.9 mm Hg on the higher daily dose, compared with placebo.
Consistent blood pressure reductions occurred in the CKD subgroups. Among people with stage 3 CKD, daytime ambulatory blood pressure at 4 weeks fell by about 10 mm Hg on both the 12.5-mg daily and 25-mg daily doses, compared with placebo.
Among the small number of people with stage 4 CKD, the incremental nighttime systolic blood pressure on aprocitentan, compared with placebo, was even greater, with about a 15–mm Hg incremental reduction on 12.5 mg daily and about a 17–mm Hg incremental reduction on the higher dose.
“This is the first evidence for a change in nocturnal blood pressure in people with stage 4 CKD [and treatment-resistant hypertension], but it was just 21 patients so not yet a big deal,” Dr. Bakris noted.
Increased rates of fluid retention
Although aprocitentan was generally well tolerated, the most common adverse effect was edema or fluid retention, mainly during the first 4 weeks of treatment. In the full PRECISION cohort, this adverse event occurred in 2.1% of people treated with placebo, 9.1% of those on the 12.5-mg daily dose, and in 18.4% of those on the higher dose during the initial 4-week phase of treatment.
Among all stage 3 and 4 CKD patients on aprocitentan, edema or fluid retention occurred in 21% during the first 4 weeks, and in 27% during an additional 32 weeks of treatment with 25 mg aprocitentan daily. A majority of these patients started a diuretic to address their excess fluid, with only two discontinuing aprocitentan treatment.
“Fluid retention is an issue with aprocitentan,” Dr. Bakris acknowledged. But he also highlighted than only 6 of the 162 patients with CKD required hospitalization for heart failure during the study, and one of these cases had placebo treatment. Among the five with acute heart failure while on aprocitentan, none had to stop their treatment, and two had a clear prior history of heart failure.
The companies developing aprocitentan, Janssen and Idorsia, used the PRECISION results as the centerpiece in filing for a new drug approval to the FDA, with a March 2024 goal for the FDA‘s decision. Dr. Bakris called the application “a solid case for approval.” But he added that approval will likely require that all treatment candidates first undergo testing of their heart function or fluid volume, such as a measure of their blood level of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, with treatment withheld when the level is too high.
The upside of aprocitentan compared with current drug options for treating resistant hypertension is that it has not appeared to cause any increase in blood potassium levels, which is an issue with the current top agent for resistant hypertension, spironolactone.
“The problem with spironolactone is the risk for hyperkalemia, which keeps us looking for something with lower risk,” commented Dr. Pradhan, a nephrologist with University Hospitals in Cleveland. Hyperkalemia is an even greater risk for people with CKD. Although the PRECISION trial identified the issue of fluid retention with aprocitentan, titrating an effective dose of a loop diuretic for treated patients may effectively blunt the edema risk, Dr. Pradhan said.
Endothelin has a potent vasoconstrictive effect and is “implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension,” Dr. Bakris explained. Aprocitentan antagonizes both the endothelin A and B receptors. The subgroup analyses also showed that in people with CKD, treatment with aprocitentan led to roughly a halving of the baseline level of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, a small and stable decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate, and a modest and stable increase in blood levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic hormone.
The PRECISION trial was sponsored by Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, the companies jointly developing aprocitentan. Dr. Bakris has been a consultant to Janssen, and also a consultant to or honoraria recipient of Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Dia Medica Therapeutics, Ionis, inREGEN, KBP Biosciences, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Quantum Genomics. Dr. Pradhan had no disclosures.
PHILADELPHIA – (CKD). The results come from a prespecified subgroup analysis of data collected in the drug’s pivotal trial, PRECISION.
The findings provide support for potentially using aprocitentan, if approved for U.S. marketing in 2024, in patients with blood pressure that remains elevated despite treatment with three established antihypertensive drug classes and with stage 3 CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30-59 mL/min per 1.73 m2. This is a key group of patients because “chronic kidney disease is the most common comorbidity in patients with resistant hypertension,” said George Bakris, MD, who presented the subgroup analysis at Kidney Week 2023, organized by the American Society of Nephrology.
The CKD subgroup analysis showed “good evidence for safety and evidence in stage 3 CKD,” a subgroup of 141 patients among the total 730 enrolled in PRECISION, said Dr. Bakris. Professor and director of the Comprehensive Hypertension Center at the University of Chicago, he acknowledged that while the results also showed a signal for safety and efficacy in the 21 enrolled patients with stage 4 hypertension, 15-29 mL/min per 1.73m2, this number of stage 4 patients was too small to allow definitive conclusions.
Nephrologist Nishigandha Pradhan, MD, who cochaired the session with this report, agreed. “Resistant hypertension is a particularly intractable problem in patients with CKD, and the risk is greatest with stage 4 CKD. If studies could show that aprocitentan is safe in people with stage 4 CKD, that would be a big plus, but we need more data,” commented Dr. Pradhan in an interview.
Incremental blood pressure reductions
The parallel-group, phase 3 PRECISION trial investigated the safety and short-term antihypertensive effect of aprocitentan in patients with resistant hypertension. The study’s primary efficacy endpoint was blood pressure reduction from baseline in 730 randomized people with persistent systolic hypertension despite treatment with three established antihypertensive agents including a diuretic. The study ran during June 2018–April 2022 at 191 sites in 22 countries.
The primary outcome after 4 weeks on treatment was a least-square mean reduction in office-measured systolic blood pressure, compared with placebo, of 3.8 mm Hg with a 12.5-mg daily oral dose of aprocitentan and 3.7 mm Hg with a 25-mg daily oral dose. Both significant differences were first reported in 2022. Twenty-four–hour ambulatory systolic blood pressures after 4 weeks of treatment fell by an average of 4.2 mm Hg on the lower dose compared with placebo and by an average of 5.9 mm Hg on the higher daily dose, compared with placebo.
Consistent blood pressure reductions occurred in the CKD subgroups. Among people with stage 3 CKD, daytime ambulatory blood pressure at 4 weeks fell by about 10 mm Hg on both the 12.5-mg daily and 25-mg daily doses, compared with placebo.
Among the small number of people with stage 4 CKD, the incremental nighttime systolic blood pressure on aprocitentan, compared with placebo, was even greater, with about a 15–mm Hg incremental reduction on 12.5 mg daily and about a 17–mm Hg incremental reduction on the higher dose.
“This is the first evidence for a change in nocturnal blood pressure in people with stage 4 CKD [and treatment-resistant hypertension], but it was just 21 patients so not yet a big deal,” Dr. Bakris noted.
Increased rates of fluid retention
Although aprocitentan was generally well tolerated, the most common adverse effect was edema or fluid retention, mainly during the first 4 weeks of treatment. In the full PRECISION cohort, this adverse event occurred in 2.1% of people treated with placebo, 9.1% of those on the 12.5-mg daily dose, and in 18.4% of those on the higher dose during the initial 4-week phase of treatment.
Among all stage 3 and 4 CKD patients on aprocitentan, edema or fluid retention occurred in 21% during the first 4 weeks, and in 27% during an additional 32 weeks of treatment with 25 mg aprocitentan daily. A majority of these patients started a diuretic to address their excess fluid, with only two discontinuing aprocitentan treatment.
“Fluid retention is an issue with aprocitentan,” Dr. Bakris acknowledged. But he also highlighted than only 6 of the 162 patients with CKD required hospitalization for heart failure during the study, and one of these cases had placebo treatment. Among the five with acute heart failure while on aprocitentan, none had to stop their treatment, and two had a clear prior history of heart failure.
The companies developing aprocitentan, Janssen and Idorsia, used the PRECISION results as the centerpiece in filing for a new drug approval to the FDA, with a March 2024 goal for the FDA‘s decision. Dr. Bakris called the application “a solid case for approval.” But he added that approval will likely require that all treatment candidates first undergo testing of their heart function or fluid volume, such as a measure of their blood level of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, with treatment withheld when the level is too high.
The upside of aprocitentan compared with current drug options for treating resistant hypertension is that it has not appeared to cause any increase in blood potassium levels, which is an issue with the current top agent for resistant hypertension, spironolactone.
“The problem with spironolactone is the risk for hyperkalemia, which keeps us looking for something with lower risk,” commented Dr. Pradhan, a nephrologist with University Hospitals in Cleveland. Hyperkalemia is an even greater risk for people with CKD. Although the PRECISION trial identified the issue of fluid retention with aprocitentan, titrating an effective dose of a loop diuretic for treated patients may effectively blunt the edema risk, Dr. Pradhan said.
Endothelin has a potent vasoconstrictive effect and is “implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension,” Dr. Bakris explained. Aprocitentan antagonizes both the endothelin A and B receptors. The subgroup analyses also showed that in people with CKD, treatment with aprocitentan led to roughly a halving of the baseline level of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, a small and stable decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate, and a modest and stable increase in blood levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic hormone.
The PRECISION trial was sponsored by Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Idorsia Pharmaceuticals, the companies jointly developing aprocitentan. Dr. Bakris has been a consultant to Janssen, and also a consultant to or honoraria recipient of Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Dia Medica Therapeutics, Ionis, inREGEN, KBP Biosciences, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Quantum Genomics. Dr. Pradhan had no disclosures.
AT KIDNEY WEEK 2023
EMR prompt boosts albuminuria measurement in T2D
PHILADELPHIA – An electronic medical record alert to primary care physicians that their adult patients with type 2 diabetes were due for an albuminuria and renal-function check boosted screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) by roughly half compared with the preintervention rate in a single U.S. academic health system.
“Screening rates for CKD more rapidly improved after implementation” of the EMR alert, said Maggy M. Spolnik, MD, at Kidney Week 2023, organized by the American Society of Nephrology.
“There was an immediate and ongoing effect over a year,” said Dr. Spolnik, a nephrologist at Indiana University in Indianapolis.
However, CKD screening rates in the primary care setting remain a challenge. In the study, the EMR alert produced a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) screening rate of about 26% of patient encounters, she reported. While this was significantly above the roughly 17% rate that had persisted for months before the intervention, it still fell short of the universal annual screening for adults with type 2 diabetes not previously diagnosed with CKD recommended by medical groups such as the American Diabetes Association and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes organization. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s assessment in 2012 concluded inadequate information existed at that time to make recommendations about CKD screening, but the group is now revisiting the issue.
‘Albuminuria is an earlier marker’ than eGFR
“Primary care physicians need to regularly monitor albuminuria in adults with type 2 diabetes,” commented Karen A. Griffin, MD, a nephrologist and professor at Loyola University in Maywood, Ill. “By the time you diagnose CKD based on reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a patient has already lost more than half their renal function. Albuminuria is an earlier marker of a problem,” Dr. Griffin said in an interview.
Primary care physicians have been slow to adopt at least annual checks on both eGFR and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in their adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Dr. Spolnik cited reasons such as the brief 15-minute consultation that primary care physicians have when seeing a patient, and an often confusing ordering menu that gives a UACR test various other names such as tests for microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria.
To simplify ordering, the EMR prompt assessed in Dr. Spolnik’s study called the test “kidney screening” that automatically bundled an order for both eGFR calculation with UACR measurement. Another limitation is that UACR measurement requires a urine sample, which patients often find inconvenient to provide at the time of their examination.
The study run by Dr. Spolnik involved 10,744 adults with type 2 diabetes without an existing diagnosis of CKD seen in an outpatient, primary care visit to the UVA Health system centered in Charlottesville, Va. during April 2021–April 2022. A total of 23,419 encounters served as usual-care controls. The intervention period with active EMR alerts for kidney screening included 10,204 similar patients seen during April 2022–April 2023 in a total of 20,358 encounters. The patients averaged about 61-62 years old, and about 45% were men.
Bundling alerts into a single pop-up
The primary care clinicians who received the prompts were generally receptive to them, but they asked the researchers to bundle the UACR and eGFR measurement prompts along with any other alerts they received in the EMR into a single on-screen pop-up.
Dr. Spolnik acknowledged the need for further research and refinement to the prompt. For example, she wants to assess prompts for patients identified as having CKD that would promote best-practice management, including lifestyle and medical interventions. She also envisions expanding the prompts to also include other, related disorders such as hypertension.
But she and her colleagues were convinced enough by the results that they have not only continued the program at UVA Health but they also expanded it, starting in October 2023, to the academic primary care practice at Indiana University.
If the Indiana University trial confirms the efficacy seen in Virginia, the next step might be inclusion by Epic of the CKD screening alert as a routine option in the EMR software it distributes to its U.S. clients, Dr. Spolnik said in an interview.
Dr. Spolnik and Dr. Griffin had no disclosures.
PHILADELPHIA – An electronic medical record alert to primary care physicians that their adult patients with type 2 diabetes were due for an albuminuria and renal-function check boosted screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) by roughly half compared with the preintervention rate in a single U.S. academic health system.
“Screening rates for CKD more rapidly improved after implementation” of the EMR alert, said Maggy M. Spolnik, MD, at Kidney Week 2023, organized by the American Society of Nephrology.
“There was an immediate and ongoing effect over a year,” said Dr. Spolnik, a nephrologist at Indiana University in Indianapolis.
However, CKD screening rates in the primary care setting remain a challenge. In the study, the EMR alert produced a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) screening rate of about 26% of patient encounters, she reported. While this was significantly above the roughly 17% rate that had persisted for months before the intervention, it still fell short of the universal annual screening for adults with type 2 diabetes not previously diagnosed with CKD recommended by medical groups such as the American Diabetes Association and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes organization. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s assessment in 2012 concluded inadequate information existed at that time to make recommendations about CKD screening, but the group is now revisiting the issue.
‘Albuminuria is an earlier marker’ than eGFR
“Primary care physicians need to regularly monitor albuminuria in adults with type 2 diabetes,” commented Karen A. Griffin, MD, a nephrologist and professor at Loyola University in Maywood, Ill. “By the time you diagnose CKD based on reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a patient has already lost more than half their renal function. Albuminuria is an earlier marker of a problem,” Dr. Griffin said in an interview.
Primary care physicians have been slow to adopt at least annual checks on both eGFR and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in their adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Dr. Spolnik cited reasons such as the brief 15-minute consultation that primary care physicians have when seeing a patient, and an often confusing ordering menu that gives a UACR test various other names such as tests for microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria.
To simplify ordering, the EMR prompt assessed in Dr. Spolnik’s study called the test “kidney screening” that automatically bundled an order for both eGFR calculation with UACR measurement. Another limitation is that UACR measurement requires a urine sample, which patients often find inconvenient to provide at the time of their examination.
The study run by Dr. Spolnik involved 10,744 adults with type 2 diabetes without an existing diagnosis of CKD seen in an outpatient, primary care visit to the UVA Health system centered in Charlottesville, Va. during April 2021–April 2022. A total of 23,419 encounters served as usual-care controls. The intervention period with active EMR alerts for kidney screening included 10,204 similar patients seen during April 2022–April 2023 in a total of 20,358 encounters. The patients averaged about 61-62 years old, and about 45% were men.
Bundling alerts into a single pop-up
The primary care clinicians who received the prompts were generally receptive to them, but they asked the researchers to bundle the UACR and eGFR measurement prompts along with any other alerts they received in the EMR into a single on-screen pop-up.
Dr. Spolnik acknowledged the need for further research and refinement to the prompt. For example, she wants to assess prompts for patients identified as having CKD that would promote best-practice management, including lifestyle and medical interventions. She also envisions expanding the prompts to also include other, related disorders such as hypertension.
But she and her colleagues were convinced enough by the results that they have not only continued the program at UVA Health but they also expanded it, starting in October 2023, to the academic primary care practice at Indiana University.
If the Indiana University trial confirms the efficacy seen in Virginia, the next step might be inclusion by Epic of the CKD screening alert as a routine option in the EMR software it distributes to its U.S. clients, Dr. Spolnik said in an interview.
Dr. Spolnik and Dr. Griffin had no disclosures.
PHILADELPHIA – An electronic medical record alert to primary care physicians that their adult patients with type 2 diabetes were due for an albuminuria and renal-function check boosted screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) by roughly half compared with the preintervention rate in a single U.S. academic health system.
“Screening rates for CKD more rapidly improved after implementation” of the EMR alert, said Maggy M. Spolnik, MD, at Kidney Week 2023, organized by the American Society of Nephrology.
“There was an immediate and ongoing effect over a year,” said Dr. Spolnik, a nephrologist at Indiana University in Indianapolis.
However, CKD screening rates in the primary care setting remain a challenge. In the study, the EMR alert produced a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) screening rate of about 26% of patient encounters, she reported. While this was significantly above the roughly 17% rate that had persisted for months before the intervention, it still fell short of the universal annual screening for adults with type 2 diabetes not previously diagnosed with CKD recommended by medical groups such as the American Diabetes Association and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes organization. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s assessment in 2012 concluded inadequate information existed at that time to make recommendations about CKD screening, but the group is now revisiting the issue.
‘Albuminuria is an earlier marker’ than eGFR
“Primary care physicians need to regularly monitor albuminuria in adults with type 2 diabetes,” commented Karen A. Griffin, MD, a nephrologist and professor at Loyola University in Maywood, Ill. “By the time you diagnose CKD based on reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a patient has already lost more than half their renal function. Albuminuria is an earlier marker of a problem,” Dr. Griffin said in an interview.
Primary care physicians have been slow to adopt at least annual checks on both eGFR and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in their adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Dr. Spolnik cited reasons such as the brief 15-minute consultation that primary care physicians have when seeing a patient, and an often confusing ordering menu that gives a UACR test various other names such as tests for microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria.
To simplify ordering, the EMR prompt assessed in Dr. Spolnik’s study called the test “kidney screening” that automatically bundled an order for both eGFR calculation with UACR measurement. Another limitation is that UACR measurement requires a urine sample, which patients often find inconvenient to provide at the time of their examination.
The study run by Dr. Spolnik involved 10,744 adults with type 2 diabetes without an existing diagnosis of CKD seen in an outpatient, primary care visit to the UVA Health system centered in Charlottesville, Va. during April 2021–April 2022. A total of 23,419 encounters served as usual-care controls. The intervention period with active EMR alerts for kidney screening included 10,204 similar patients seen during April 2022–April 2023 in a total of 20,358 encounters. The patients averaged about 61-62 years old, and about 45% were men.
Bundling alerts into a single pop-up
The primary care clinicians who received the prompts were generally receptive to them, but they asked the researchers to bundle the UACR and eGFR measurement prompts along with any other alerts they received in the EMR into a single on-screen pop-up.
Dr. Spolnik acknowledged the need for further research and refinement to the prompt. For example, she wants to assess prompts for patients identified as having CKD that would promote best-practice management, including lifestyle and medical interventions. She also envisions expanding the prompts to also include other, related disorders such as hypertension.
But she and her colleagues were convinced enough by the results that they have not only continued the program at UVA Health but they also expanded it, starting in October 2023, to the academic primary care practice at Indiana University.
If the Indiana University trial confirms the efficacy seen in Virginia, the next step might be inclusion by Epic of the CKD screening alert as a routine option in the EMR software it distributes to its U.S. clients, Dr. Spolnik said in an interview.
Dr. Spolnik and Dr. Griffin had no disclosures.
REPORTING FROM KIDNEY WEEK 2023
Survey finds oral minoxidil shortage in Washington-area pharmacies
A .
Patients are not finding out until they go to pick up their prescription, which can result in an interruption of treatment – and, potentially a loss of hard-earned hair gain, said Adam Friedman, MD, professor and chair of dermatology at George Washington University, Washington, who was the lead author of the survey, published online on Oct. 26 as a research letter in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology.
Going off low-dose oral minoxidil may spark a telogen effluvium event, and that is very disappointing to patients, Dr. Friedman told this news organization.
“There needs to be some system that alerts us,” he said. “Even if it’s a minor shortage, just so we’re aware. We can then prepare patients,” he added, noting that it would be better for someone to be taking a lower-than-normal dose rather than no medication at all while they wait for a refill.
Minoxidil has long been approved in a topical formulation to treat androgenetic alopecia, but a low-dose oral form has gained currency in the wake of findings that it might more effectively treat hair loss, and is without side effects. A New York Times article in August 2022 touting low-dose oral minoxidil as a cheap and effective hair loss drug appeared to ignite interest in this option. In May, 2023, researchers reporting in JAMA Network Open demonstrated a significant uptick in prescriptions for oral minoxidil in the wake of the article’s publication.
Oral minoxidil is approved by the Food and Drug Administration only for hypertension, but dermatologists are prescribing it off-label at a lower dose for hair loss. Dr. Friedman said it’s not clear whether the shortages his team found are national in scope, or whether they are a result of increased demand, or other factors.
After several patients told him they were having trouble filling minoxidil prescriptions, and colleagues said they’d had patients with similar experiences, Dr. Friedman and his colleagues undertook the survey. In the first week of October 2023, they contacted 277 pharmacies by phone in Washington and surrounding Virginia and Maryland counties. The pharmacies were CVS, Giant, Walgreens, and Harris Teeter.
Of the 277 pharmacies they contacted, 40% (111) reported availability of 2.5-mg tablets for a 30-day supply, and just under 30% (82) reported having 10-mg tablets for a 30-day supply.
For treating hair loss, most patients are prescribed 2.5-mg pills, with starting doses ranging from 0.625 mg to 5 mg twice a day, Dr. Friedman said. The 10-mg dose is more frequently prescribed for hypertension.
Only 28% (19 of 67) of the Maryland pharmacies had 30-day supplies of 2.5-mg tablets on hand, and just 22% (15) of the Maryland pharmacies had 30-day supplies of 10-mg tablets. In Northern Virginia, 44% (63 of 143) of the pharmacies had 30-day supplies of the 2.5 mg tablets, as did just 43% (29 of 67) of the Washington pharmacies.
Dr. Friedman said he has started giving patients paper prescriptions they can use to shop around, rather than electronically sending a prescription to a particular pharmacy.
Neither the Food and Drug Administration nor the American Society of Health System Pharmacists lists oral minoxidil as a drug in shortage.
Michael Ganio, PharmD, senior director of pharmacy practice and quality for ASHP, said the organization received a report from wholesalers in mid-September showing spotty oral minoxidil availability, with the drug on backorder with some manufacturers. ASHP's shortages list is compiled from reports from physicians, manufacturers and wholesalers, he said.
Under what he calls "blue sky conditions," pharmacies using a just-in-time inventory model should be able to fill prescriptions within hours or days, which might explain why some pharmacies in the Washington, DC area survey did not have a 30-day supply on hand, he said. However, Dr. Ganio noted that the causes of drug shortages are complex and multi-factorial. For now, he said there have been no oral minoxidil shortage reports since mid-September.
But Dr. Friedman said some of his patients have waited weeks for a new supply – and that no one is aware of the problem until the last moment.
The lack of alerts or transparency “also erodes the physician-patient relationship because there’s this expectation of the patient that we should have known this,” said Dr. Friedman.
Dr. Friedman reports no relevant financial relationships.
This story was updated on 11/2/2023.
A .
Patients are not finding out until they go to pick up their prescription, which can result in an interruption of treatment – and, potentially a loss of hard-earned hair gain, said Adam Friedman, MD, professor and chair of dermatology at George Washington University, Washington, who was the lead author of the survey, published online on Oct. 26 as a research letter in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology.
Going off low-dose oral minoxidil may spark a telogen effluvium event, and that is very disappointing to patients, Dr. Friedman told this news organization.
“There needs to be some system that alerts us,” he said. “Even if it’s a minor shortage, just so we’re aware. We can then prepare patients,” he added, noting that it would be better for someone to be taking a lower-than-normal dose rather than no medication at all while they wait for a refill.
Minoxidil has long been approved in a topical formulation to treat androgenetic alopecia, but a low-dose oral form has gained currency in the wake of findings that it might more effectively treat hair loss, and is without side effects. A New York Times article in August 2022 touting low-dose oral minoxidil as a cheap and effective hair loss drug appeared to ignite interest in this option. In May, 2023, researchers reporting in JAMA Network Open demonstrated a significant uptick in prescriptions for oral minoxidil in the wake of the article’s publication.
Oral minoxidil is approved by the Food and Drug Administration only for hypertension, but dermatologists are prescribing it off-label at a lower dose for hair loss. Dr. Friedman said it’s not clear whether the shortages his team found are national in scope, or whether they are a result of increased demand, or other factors.
After several patients told him they were having trouble filling minoxidil prescriptions, and colleagues said they’d had patients with similar experiences, Dr. Friedman and his colleagues undertook the survey. In the first week of October 2023, they contacted 277 pharmacies by phone in Washington and surrounding Virginia and Maryland counties. The pharmacies were CVS, Giant, Walgreens, and Harris Teeter.
Of the 277 pharmacies they contacted, 40% (111) reported availability of 2.5-mg tablets for a 30-day supply, and just under 30% (82) reported having 10-mg tablets for a 30-day supply.
For treating hair loss, most patients are prescribed 2.5-mg pills, with starting doses ranging from 0.625 mg to 5 mg twice a day, Dr. Friedman said. The 10-mg dose is more frequently prescribed for hypertension.
Only 28% (19 of 67) of the Maryland pharmacies had 30-day supplies of 2.5-mg tablets on hand, and just 22% (15) of the Maryland pharmacies had 30-day supplies of 10-mg tablets. In Northern Virginia, 44% (63 of 143) of the pharmacies had 30-day supplies of the 2.5 mg tablets, as did just 43% (29 of 67) of the Washington pharmacies.
Dr. Friedman said he has started giving patients paper prescriptions they can use to shop around, rather than electronically sending a prescription to a particular pharmacy.
Neither the Food and Drug Administration nor the American Society of Health System Pharmacists lists oral minoxidil as a drug in shortage.
Michael Ganio, PharmD, senior director of pharmacy practice and quality for ASHP, said the organization received a report from wholesalers in mid-September showing spotty oral minoxidil availability, with the drug on backorder with some manufacturers. ASHP's shortages list is compiled from reports from physicians, manufacturers and wholesalers, he said.
Under what he calls "blue sky conditions," pharmacies using a just-in-time inventory model should be able to fill prescriptions within hours or days, which might explain why some pharmacies in the Washington, DC area survey did not have a 30-day supply on hand, he said. However, Dr. Ganio noted that the causes of drug shortages are complex and multi-factorial. For now, he said there have been no oral minoxidil shortage reports since mid-September.
But Dr. Friedman said some of his patients have waited weeks for a new supply – and that no one is aware of the problem until the last moment.
The lack of alerts or transparency “also erodes the physician-patient relationship because there’s this expectation of the patient that we should have known this,” said Dr. Friedman.
Dr. Friedman reports no relevant financial relationships.
This story was updated on 11/2/2023.
A .
Patients are not finding out until they go to pick up their prescription, which can result in an interruption of treatment – and, potentially a loss of hard-earned hair gain, said Adam Friedman, MD, professor and chair of dermatology at George Washington University, Washington, who was the lead author of the survey, published online on Oct. 26 as a research letter in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology.
Going off low-dose oral minoxidil may spark a telogen effluvium event, and that is very disappointing to patients, Dr. Friedman told this news organization.
“There needs to be some system that alerts us,” he said. “Even if it’s a minor shortage, just so we’re aware. We can then prepare patients,” he added, noting that it would be better for someone to be taking a lower-than-normal dose rather than no medication at all while they wait for a refill.
Minoxidil has long been approved in a topical formulation to treat androgenetic alopecia, but a low-dose oral form has gained currency in the wake of findings that it might more effectively treat hair loss, and is without side effects. A New York Times article in August 2022 touting low-dose oral minoxidil as a cheap and effective hair loss drug appeared to ignite interest in this option. In May, 2023, researchers reporting in JAMA Network Open demonstrated a significant uptick in prescriptions for oral minoxidil in the wake of the article’s publication.
Oral minoxidil is approved by the Food and Drug Administration only for hypertension, but dermatologists are prescribing it off-label at a lower dose for hair loss. Dr. Friedman said it’s not clear whether the shortages his team found are national in scope, or whether they are a result of increased demand, or other factors.
After several patients told him they were having trouble filling minoxidil prescriptions, and colleagues said they’d had patients with similar experiences, Dr. Friedman and his colleagues undertook the survey. In the first week of October 2023, they contacted 277 pharmacies by phone in Washington and surrounding Virginia and Maryland counties. The pharmacies were CVS, Giant, Walgreens, and Harris Teeter.
Of the 277 pharmacies they contacted, 40% (111) reported availability of 2.5-mg tablets for a 30-day supply, and just under 30% (82) reported having 10-mg tablets for a 30-day supply.
For treating hair loss, most patients are prescribed 2.5-mg pills, with starting doses ranging from 0.625 mg to 5 mg twice a day, Dr. Friedman said. The 10-mg dose is more frequently prescribed for hypertension.
Only 28% (19 of 67) of the Maryland pharmacies had 30-day supplies of 2.5-mg tablets on hand, and just 22% (15) of the Maryland pharmacies had 30-day supplies of 10-mg tablets. In Northern Virginia, 44% (63 of 143) of the pharmacies had 30-day supplies of the 2.5 mg tablets, as did just 43% (29 of 67) of the Washington pharmacies.
Dr. Friedman said he has started giving patients paper prescriptions they can use to shop around, rather than electronically sending a prescription to a particular pharmacy.
Neither the Food and Drug Administration nor the American Society of Health System Pharmacists lists oral minoxidil as a drug in shortage.
Michael Ganio, PharmD, senior director of pharmacy practice and quality for ASHP, said the organization received a report from wholesalers in mid-September showing spotty oral minoxidil availability, with the drug on backorder with some manufacturers. ASHP's shortages list is compiled from reports from physicians, manufacturers and wholesalers, he said.
Under what he calls "blue sky conditions," pharmacies using a just-in-time inventory model should be able to fill prescriptions within hours or days, which might explain why some pharmacies in the Washington, DC area survey did not have a 30-day supply on hand, he said. However, Dr. Ganio noted that the causes of drug shortages are complex and multi-factorial. For now, he said there have been no oral minoxidil shortage reports since mid-September.
But Dr. Friedman said some of his patients have waited weeks for a new supply – and that no one is aware of the problem until the last moment.
The lack of alerts or transparency “also erodes the physician-patient relationship because there’s this expectation of the patient that we should have known this,” said Dr. Friedman.
Dr. Friedman reports no relevant financial relationships.
This story was updated on 11/2/2023.
FROM THE JOURNAL OF DRUGS IN DERMATOLOGY
Orthostatic hypotension no deterrent to hypertension treatment
TOPLINE:
Intensive antihypertensive treatment provides the same benefit with regard to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality regardless of the presence or absence of orthostatic or standing hypotension, new research shows.
METHODOLOGY:
- In response to ongoing concern about the benefits of intensive versus standard blood pressure treatment for adults with orthostatic hypotension (OH), researchers conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized clinical trials to see whether the benefit of antihypertensive treatment was diminished for patients who had OH at baseline. Benefit was defined as a reduction in nonfatal CVD events and all-cause mortality.
- The included trials assessed BP pharmacologic treatment (more intensive BP goal or active agent) and had data on OH.
TAKEAWAY:
- The nine trials included 29,235 participants (mean age, 69 years; 48% women) who were followed for a median of 4 years; 9% had OH and 5% had standing hypotension at baseline.
- Having OH at baseline was significantly associated with the composite of CVD or all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.26) and with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09-1.41). The same was true for baseline standing hypotension (composite outcome: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.24-1.57; all-cause mortality: HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14-1.66).
- More intensive BP treatment or active therapy significantly and similarly lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among adults who did not have OH at baseline (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.86) as well as those with OH at baseline (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-1.00).
- More intensive BP treatment or active therapy also significantly lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among those without baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.85) and nonsignificantly lowered the risk among those with baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.18).
IN PRACTICE:
“These findings suggest that orthostatic hypotension alone (that is, without symptoms) and standing hypotension measured prior to intensification of BP treatment should not deter adoption of more intensive BP treatment in adults with hypertension,” the authors conclude.
The findings should “reassure clinicians that patients with OH (and perhaps standing hypotension) will derive the full expected benefits from antihypertensive therapy,” add the authors of an accompanying editorial. “This also applies to patients treated to lower BP goals, albeit with less certainty.”
SOURCE:
The study, with first author Stephen Juraschek, MD, PhD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the accompanying editorial were published online in JAMA.
LIMITATIONS:
In the hypertension trials that were included in the analysis, the study populations differed, as did BP measurement procedures, interventions, duration, and CVD outcome ascertainment processes and definitions. Some trials excluded adults with low standing systolic BP, limiting the number of participants with standing hypotension. OH was determined on the basis of a seated-to-standing protocol; supine-to-standing protocols are more sensitive and may not be interchangeable. Medications used in the trials may not reflect current medicine practice, or the trials may not have included agents thought to be more likely to affect OH and falls.
DISCLOSURES:
The study had no specific funding. Dr. Juraschek has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
Intensive antihypertensive treatment provides the same benefit with regard to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality regardless of the presence or absence of orthostatic or standing hypotension, new research shows.
METHODOLOGY:
- In response to ongoing concern about the benefits of intensive versus standard blood pressure treatment for adults with orthostatic hypotension (OH), researchers conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized clinical trials to see whether the benefit of antihypertensive treatment was diminished for patients who had OH at baseline. Benefit was defined as a reduction in nonfatal CVD events and all-cause mortality.
- The included trials assessed BP pharmacologic treatment (more intensive BP goal or active agent) and had data on OH.
TAKEAWAY:
- The nine trials included 29,235 participants (mean age, 69 years; 48% women) who were followed for a median of 4 years; 9% had OH and 5% had standing hypotension at baseline.
- Having OH at baseline was significantly associated with the composite of CVD or all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.26) and with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09-1.41). The same was true for baseline standing hypotension (composite outcome: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.24-1.57; all-cause mortality: HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14-1.66).
- More intensive BP treatment or active therapy significantly and similarly lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among adults who did not have OH at baseline (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.86) as well as those with OH at baseline (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-1.00).
- More intensive BP treatment or active therapy also significantly lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among those without baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.85) and nonsignificantly lowered the risk among those with baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.18).
IN PRACTICE:
“These findings suggest that orthostatic hypotension alone (that is, without symptoms) and standing hypotension measured prior to intensification of BP treatment should not deter adoption of more intensive BP treatment in adults with hypertension,” the authors conclude.
The findings should “reassure clinicians that patients with OH (and perhaps standing hypotension) will derive the full expected benefits from antihypertensive therapy,” add the authors of an accompanying editorial. “This also applies to patients treated to lower BP goals, albeit with less certainty.”
SOURCE:
The study, with first author Stephen Juraschek, MD, PhD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the accompanying editorial were published online in JAMA.
LIMITATIONS:
In the hypertension trials that were included in the analysis, the study populations differed, as did BP measurement procedures, interventions, duration, and CVD outcome ascertainment processes and definitions. Some trials excluded adults with low standing systolic BP, limiting the number of participants with standing hypotension. OH was determined on the basis of a seated-to-standing protocol; supine-to-standing protocols are more sensitive and may not be interchangeable. Medications used in the trials may not reflect current medicine practice, or the trials may not have included agents thought to be more likely to affect OH and falls.
DISCLOSURES:
The study had no specific funding. Dr. Juraschek has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
Intensive antihypertensive treatment provides the same benefit with regard to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality regardless of the presence or absence of orthostatic or standing hypotension, new research shows.
METHODOLOGY:
- In response to ongoing concern about the benefits of intensive versus standard blood pressure treatment for adults with orthostatic hypotension (OH), researchers conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized clinical trials to see whether the benefit of antihypertensive treatment was diminished for patients who had OH at baseline. Benefit was defined as a reduction in nonfatal CVD events and all-cause mortality.
- The included trials assessed BP pharmacologic treatment (more intensive BP goal or active agent) and had data on OH.
TAKEAWAY:
- The nine trials included 29,235 participants (mean age, 69 years; 48% women) who were followed for a median of 4 years; 9% had OH and 5% had standing hypotension at baseline.
- Having OH at baseline was significantly associated with the composite of CVD or all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.26) and with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09-1.41). The same was true for baseline standing hypotension (composite outcome: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.24-1.57; all-cause mortality: HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14-1.66).
- More intensive BP treatment or active therapy significantly and similarly lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among adults who did not have OH at baseline (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.86) as well as those with OH at baseline (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-1.00).
- More intensive BP treatment or active therapy also significantly lowered risk of CVD or all-cause mortality among those without baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.85) and nonsignificantly lowered the risk among those with baseline standing hypotension (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.75-1.18).
IN PRACTICE:
“These findings suggest that orthostatic hypotension alone (that is, without symptoms) and standing hypotension measured prior to intensification of BP treatment should not deter adoption of more intensive BP treatment in adults with hypertension,” the authors conclude.
The findings should “reassure clinicians that patients with OH (and perhaps standing hypotension) will derive the full expected benefits from antihypertensive therapy,” add the authors of an accompanying editorial. “This also applies to patients treated to lower BP goals, albeit with less certainty.”
SOURCE:
The study, with first author Stephen Juraschek, MD, PhD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the accompanying editorial were published online in JAMA.
LIMITATIONS:
In the hypertension trials that were included in the analysis, the study populations differed, as did BP measurement procedures, interventions, duration, and CVD outcome ascertainment processes and definitions. Some trials excluded adults with low standing systolic BP, limiting the number of participants with standing hypotension. OH was determined on the basis of a seated-to-standing protocol; supine-to-standing protocols are more sensitive and may not be interchangeable. Medications used in the trials may not reflect current medicine practice, or the trials may not have included agents thought to be more likely to affect OH and falls.
DISCLOSURES:
The study had no specific funding. Dr. Juraschek has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Many young adults with type 2 diabetes skip medications
Young adults who developed type 2 diabetes as children often do not take medications to control blood pressure or cholesterol, according to a new study in JAMA Network Open. Researchers expressed alarm that young people who forgo these medications increase their chances of developing kidney disease or having a stroke.
“We’re learning more and more that those with youth onset [type 2 diabetes] really differ from those with adult onset: It looks like a more virulent form of the disease because kids are getting complications and comorbidities at much earlier ages and more severe levels,” said study author Paula Trief, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at State University of New York, Syracuse.
Participants in the new study were on average aged 26 years. They also had previously been part of the Treating Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth study, known as TODAY, which took place from 2004 to 2011. TODAY enrolled children between ages 10 and 17 years with type 2 diabetes who received either metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, or metformin plus a lifestyle intervention.
The study included extensive education and contact from medical professionals to the participants about managing diabetes.
“This cohort was followed a long time and they had a lot of support. It may be better than the real world where people haven’t had the history of this much attention,” said Lorraine Katz, MD, who specializes in endocrinology and diabetes at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. Katz has enrolled participants in TODAY and published about medication adherence rates but was not part of the recent analysis.
Unannounced pill counts, addressing concerns about medication
The analysis, known as iCount, included 243 participants from the original TODAY study (159 girls) who had hypertension, neuropathy, or dyslipidemia that required ongoing medication. As the TODAY study was concluding between 2017 and 2019, researchers made unannounced phone calls to participants to request the numbers of pills they had prescribed, number of refills, and the refill date. Participants also counted aloud every pill in their possession twice.
Those phone calls continued for 3 consecutive months after iCount began and again at the same intervals 1 year later.
If the number of pills counted at a later time was at least 80% of the starting total, researchers considered this rate as low adherence. Anything less than 80% was considered high adherence.
“That’s kind of an arbitrary cutoff, but it’s one that’s used consistently in the literature” to measure medication adherence for many conditions including cancer and heart disease, Dr. Trief said. Unannounced calls to initiate pill counts were first used to understand how often people took medications for HIV, and this method was found to be a more reliable method than are self-reports.
Of 196 participants with hypertension or neuropathy, 157 (80.1%) had low adherence. And of the 146 people with high cholesterol, 137 (93.8%) had low adherence. Ninety-nine people with high cholesterol also had neuropathy or diabetes.
“This is new to the literature: We don’t really know as much about this age group,” because medication adherence studies of people who have had diabetes for more than a decade and are still in their 20s are rare, Dr. Katz said.
During the core TODAY study period, all medications were provided for free. In contrast, in the current study, participants had to obtain their prescriptions on their own. The researchers found that many participants who showed low adherence to blood pressure medications reported sometimes having trouble obtaining food (n = 62), struggling with securing stable housing (n = 47), or lacking reliable health care insurance (n = 28), all factors linked to medication adherence success, according to the analysis authors.
Researchers also assessed the impact of concerns that taking blood pressure medications may be harmful and found that people with these concerns were 37% less likely to maintain high adherence than others were by the 1-year follow-up point (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.96; P = .01).
To some extent, the reasons people avoid medications are understandable, according to pediatric endocrinologist Tamara Hannon, MD, of Indiana University, Indianapolis.
“Rather than taking a medicine to feel better, you’re taking one not to have a problem in the future: You might not feel blood pressure, you certainly don’t feel cholesterol,” Dr. Hannon, who was not involved in the analysis, said. “Scolding them or telling them you’re going to be sorry one day doesn’t generally work.”
Dr. Hannon added that education alone about the benefits of medications does not generally drive people to adherence but that adding reminders to their phone calendar when refills are due could help. Or, the clinician could reach out to a trusted person in the patient’s life and enlist their support in taking medications consistently.
Dr. Trief advised that clinicians should carve out time for people to express their concerns about medications rather than simply writing a prescription and sending them on their way and to ask patients open-ended questions.
“If you just say to people do you have any questions, they usually say, ‘no.’ ”
No disclosures were reported.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Young adults who developed type 2 diabetes as children often do not take medications to control blood pressure or cholesterol, according to a new study in JAMA Network Open. Researchers expressed alarm that young people who forgo these medications increase their chances of developing kidney disease or having a stroke.
“We’re learning more and more that those with youth onset [type 2 diabetes] really differ from those with adult onset: It looks like a more virulent form of the disease because kids are getting complications and comorbidities at much earlier ages and more severe levels,” said study author Paula Trief, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at State University of New York, Syracuse.
Participants in the new study were on average aged 26 years. They also had previously been part of the Treating Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth study, known as TODAY, which took place from 2004 to 2011. TODAY enrolled children between ages 10 and 17 years with type 2 diabetes who received either metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, or metformin plus a lifestyle intervention.
The study included extensive education and contact from medical professionals to the participants about managing diabetes.
“This cohort was followed a long time and they had a lot of support. It may be better than the real world where people haven’t had the history of this much attention,” said Lorraine Katz, MD, who specializes in endocrinology and diabetes at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. Katz has enrolled participants in TODAY and published about medication adherence rates but was not part of the recent analysis.
Unannounced pill counts, addressing concerns about medication
The analysis, known as iCount, included 243 participants from the original TODAY study (159 girls) who had hypertension, neuropathy, or dyslipidemia that required ongoing medication. As the TODAY study was concluding between 2017 and 2019, researchers made unannounced phone calls to participants to request the numbers of pills they had prescribed, number of refills, and the refill date. Participants also counted aloud every pill in their possession twice.
Those phone calls continued for 3 consecutive months after iCount began and again at the same intervals 1 year later.
If the number of pills counted at a later time was at least 80% of the starting total, researchers considered this rate as low adherence. Anything less than 80% was considered high adherence.
“That’s kind of an arbitrary cutoff, but it’s one that’s used consistently in the literature” to measure medication adherence for many conditions including cancer and heart disease, Dr. Trief said. Unannounced calls to initiate pill counts were first used to understand how often people took medications for HIV, and this method was found to be a more reliable method than are self-reports.
Of 196 participants with hypertension or neuropathy, 157 (80.1%) had low adherence. And of the 146 people with high cholesterol, 137 (93.8%) had low adherence. Ninety-nine people with high cholesterol also had neuropathy or diabetes.
“This is new to the literature: We don’t really know as much about this age group,” because medication adherence studies of people who have had diabetes for more than a decade and are still in their 20s are rare, Dr. Katz said.
During the core TODAY study period, all medications were provided for free. In contrast, in the current study, participants had to obtain their prescriptions on their own. The researchers found that many participants who showed low adherence to blood pressure medications reported sometimes having trouble obtaining food (n = 62), struggling with securing stable housing (n = 47), or lacking reliable health care insurance (n = 28), all factors linked to medication adherence success, according to the analysis authors.
Researchers also assessed the impact of concerns that taking blood pressure medications may be harmful and found that people with these concerns were 37% less likely to maintain high adherence than others were by the 1-year follow-up point (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.96; P = .01).
To some extent, the reasons people avoid medications are understandable, according to pediatric endocrinologist Tamara Hannon, MD, of Indiana University, Indianapolis.
“Rather than taking a medicine to feel better, you’re taking one not to have a problem in the future: You might not feel blood pressure, you certainly don’t feel cholesterol,” Dr. Hannon, who was not involved in the analysis, said. “Scolding them or telling them you’re going to be sorry one day doesn’t generally work.”
Dr. Hannon added that education alone about the benefits of medications does not generally drive people to adherence but that adding reminders to their phone calendar when refills are due could help. Or, the clinician could reach out to a trusted person in the patient’s life and enlist their support in taking medications consistently.
Dr. Trief advised that clinicians should carve out time for people to express their concerns about medications rather than simply writing a prescription and sending them on their way and to ask patients open-ended questions.
“If you just say to people do you have any questions, they usually say, ‘no.’ ”
No disclosures were reported.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Young adults who developed type 2 diabetes as children often do not take medications to control blood pressure or cholesterol, according to a new study in JAMA Network Open. Researchers expressed alarm that young people who forgo these medications increase their chances of developing kidney disease or having a stroke.
“We’re learning more and more that those with youth onset [type 2 diabetes] really differ from those with adult onset: It looks like a more virulent form of the disease because kids are getting complications and comorbidities at much earlier ages and more severe levels,” said study author Paula Trief, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at State University of New York, Syracuse.
Participants in the new study were on average aged 26 years. They also had previously been part of the Treating Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth study, known as TODAY, which took place from 2004 to 2011. TODAY enrolled children between ages 10 and 17 years with type 2 diabetes who received either metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, or metformin plus a lifestyle intervention.
The study included extensive education and contact from medical professionals to the participants about managing diabetes.
“This cohort was followed a long time and they had a lot of support. It may be better than the real world where people haven’t had the history of this much attention,” said Lorraine Katz, MD, who specializes in endocrinology and diabetes at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. Katz has enrolled participants in TODAY and published about medication adherence rates but was not part of the recent analysis.
Unannounced pill counts, addressing concerns about medication
The analysis, known as iCount, included 243 participants from the original TODAY study (159 girls) who had hypertension, neuropathy, or dyslipidemia that required ongoing medication. As the TODAY study was concluding between 2017 and 2019, researchers made unannounced phone calls to participants to request the numbers of pills they had prescribed, number of refills, and the refill date. Participants also counted aloud every pill in their possession twice.
Those phone calls continued for 3 consecutive months after iCount began and again at the same intervals 1 year later.
If the number of pills counted at a later time was at least 80% of the starting total, researchers considered this rate as low adherence. Anything less than 80% was considered high adherence.
“That’s kind of an arbitrary cutoff, but it’s one that’s used consistently in the literature” to measure medication adherence for many conditions including cancer and heart disease, Dr. Trief said. Unannounced calls to initiate pill counts were first used to understand how often people took medications for HIV, and this method was found to be a more reliable method than are self-reports.
Of 196 participants with hypertension or neuropathy, 157 (80.1%) had low adherence. And of the 146 people with high cholesterol, 137 (93.8%) had low adherence. Ninety-nine people with high cholesterol also had neuropathy or diabetes.
“This is new to the literature: We don’t really know as much about this age group,” because medication adherence studies of people who have had diabetes for more than a decade and are still in their 20s are rare, Dr. Katz said.
During the core TODAY study period, all medications were provided for free. In contrast, in the current study, participants had to obtain their prescriptions on their own. The researchers found that many participants who showed low adherence to blood pressure medications reported sometimes having trouble obtaining food (n = 62), struggling with securing stable housing (n = 47), or lacking reliable health care insurance (n = 28), all factors linked to medication adherence success, according to the analysis authors.
Researchers also assessed the impact of concerns that taking blood pressure medications may be harmful and found that people with these concerns were 37% less likely to maintain high adherence than others were by the 1-year follow-up point (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.96; P = .01).
To some extent, the reasons people avoid medications are understandable, according to pediatric endocrinologist Tamara Hannon, MD, of Indiana University, Indianapolis.
“Rather than taking a medicine to feel better, you’re taking one not to have a problem in the future: You might not feel blood pressure, you certainly don’t feel cholesterol,” Dr. Hannon, who was not involved in the analysis, said. “Scolding them or telling them you’re going to be sorry one day doesn’t generally work.”
Dr. Hannon added that education alone about the benefits of medications does not generally drive people to adherence but that adding reminders to their phone calendar when refills are due could help. Or, the clinician could reach out to a trusted person in the patient’s life and enlist their support in taking medications consistently.
Dr. Trief advised that clinicians should carve out time for people to express their concerns about medications rather than simply writing a prescription and sending them on their way and to ask patients open-ended questions.
“If you just say to people do you have any questions, they usually say, ‘no.’ ”
No disclosures were reported.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.