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Postelection anxiety
Introduction
Since the election, many of the psychiatrists and psychologists in our office have reported a wave of anxiety among our patients. These fears have sometimes come from watching television commercials that highlight the faults of the other party or from watching the debates themselves. Children have reported fears of a nuclear war, of being taken away from family, or of being harmed or killed because of racial, religious, immigration, disability, gender, or sexual orientation status. In addition, some children are reporting remarks by peers.
Case summary
Discussion
How can we support our patients and their parents in responding to this surge in anxiety? First, we can reiterate the central importance of family. What the family models in values, behavior, and coping is central to how children respond to stress and winning and losing. Parents who manage their own emotions model how to cope with both victory and defeat, demonstrating appropriate celebration as well as grief and anger. Coping strategies for parents can include reaching out to supports from family and friends, using relaxation strategies, and then planning practical next steps to take.
Parents should reassure their children that they are there to keep their children safe. Modeling self-care and keeping the family routine as stable as possible is a powerful source of this sense of safety. As always, parents should think about what their children are consuming in the way of electronics.
In talking to children, listening is a first step. Help children find the words for what they are feeling. Consider your own words and the rhetoric of the election. Withering scorn of the other side has become increasingly common and not only damages our ability to understand other points of view and resolve conflicts but is also leading to intense anxiety in our children. The extreme nature of some of these words has led some children to believe that complete disaster is imminent should the other side win. Try to avoid using words that intensify fear. Acknowledge the feelings that children have, but provide reassurance of safety and hope.
Using the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a therapist or parent can help a child think through how their thoughts are connected with feelings and behavior. When we are fearful, we often think that the absolute worst is going to happen, or we imagine that we definitely know the future. Sometimes an extreme thought can magnify feelings to the point that constructive behavior is blocked. A therapist might acknowledge feelings, but also help enlarge the child’s perspective. There are many reasons why people voted for or against candidates, and we don’t know everything about them just because of how they chose to vote. Discussing the three branches of government and the system of checks and balances that bring many people together to think over a problem can help a child see that the government is more than just one person. Parents or therapists can talk about protections in the Constitution such as freedom of the press, which allows us to be informed of what is going on. Parents might want to talk about the reality that we are one country, and that the vast majority of people on both sides share many, if not all, values.
Helping a child consider other perspectives isn’t saying that there are no reasons at all for anxiety, but that there are many possibilities for the future, and that a family can think together about what behaviors they want to engage in. There may be specific actions a child or family might want to take to have a voice in how the country moves forward.
Treatment plan for Jane
• Psychotherapy. Continue cognitive-behavioral therapy with a focus on identifying thoughts tied to anxiety that are overgeneralizations or exaggerations. Discuss alternative thoughts with greater perspective.
• Parents. Discuss supporting the child through listening, reassurance of safety, reestablishment of family routine, and family discussion about what actions to take to promote values.
• Health promotion. Discuss using exercise, pleasant activities, mindfulness, and minimizing of screen time as ways to cope with stress.
• Medications. There is no need to use medications for the child’s acute stress response.
Resources
1. Psychological First Aid: Field Operations Manual , 2nd ed. (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, National Center for PTSD, 2006).
2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: Therapist Manual, 3rd edition. (Ardmore, Pa.: Workbook Publishing, 2006).
Dr. Hall is assistant professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of Vermont, Burlington. She said she had no relevant financial disclosures.
Introduction
Since the election, many of the psychiatrists and psychologists in our office have reported a wave of anxiety among our patients. These fears have sometimes come from watching television commercials that highlight the faults of the other party or from watching the debates themselves. Children have reported fears of a nuclear war, of being taken away from family, or of being harmed or killed because of racial, religious, immigration, disability, gender, or sexual orientation status. In addition, some children are reporting remarks by peers.
Case summary
Discussion
How can we support our patients and their parents in responding to this surge in anxiety? First, we can reiterate the central importance of family. What the family models in values, behavior, and coping is central to how children respond to stress and winning and losing. Parents who manage their own emotions model how to cope with both victory and defeat, demonstrating appropriate celebration as well as grief and anger. Coping strategies for parents can include reaching out to supports from family and friends, using relaxation strategies, and then planning practical next steps to take.
Parents should reassure their children that they are there to keep their children safe. Modeling self-care and keeping the family routine as stable as possible is a powerful source of this sense of safety. As always, parents should think about what their children are consuming in the way of electronics.
In talking to children, listening is a first step. Help children find the words for what they are feeling. Consider your own words and the rhetoric of the election. Withering scorn of the other side has become increasingly common and not only damages our ability to understand other points of view and resolve conflicts but is also leading to intense anxiety in our children. The extreme nature of some of these words has led some children to believe that complete disaster is imminent should the other side win. Try to avoid using words that intensify fear. Acknowledge the feelings that children have, but provide reassurance of safety and hope.
Using the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a therapist or parent can help a child think through how their thoughts are connected with feelings and behavior. When we are fearful, we often think that the absolute worst is going to happen, or we imagine that we definitely know the future. Sometimes an extreme thought can magnify feelings to the point that constructive behavior is blocked. A therapist might acknowledge feelings, but also help enlarge the child’s perspective. There are many reasons why people voted for or against candidates, and we don’t know everything about them just because of how they chose to vote. Discussing the three branches of government and the system of checks and balances that bring many people together to think over a problem can help a child see that the government is more than just one person. Parents or therapists can talk about protections in the Constitution such as freedom of the press, which allows us to be informed of what is going on. Parents might want to talk about the reality that we are one country, and that the vast majority of people on both sides share many, if not all, values.
Helping a child consider other perspectives isn’t saying that there are no reasons at all for anxiety, but that there are many possibilities for the future, and that a family can think together about what behaviors they want to engage in. There may be specific actions a child or family might want to take to have a voice in how the country moves forward.
Treatment plan for Jane
• Psychotherapy. Continue cognitive-behavioral therapy with a focus on identifying thoughts tied to anxiety that are overgeneralizations or exaggerations. Discuss alternative thoughts with greater perspective.
• Parents. Discuss supporting the child through listening, reassurance of safety, reestablishment of family routine, and family discussion about what actions to take to promote values.
• Health promotion. Discuss using exercise, pleasant activities, mindfulness, and minimizing of screen time as ways to cope with stress.
• Medications. There is no need to use medications for the child’s acute stress response.
Resources
1. Psychological First Aid: Field Operations Manual , 2nd ed. (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, National Center for PTSD, 2006).
2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: Therapist Manual, 3rd edition. (Ardmore, Pa.: Workbook Publishing, 2006).
Dr. Hall is assistant professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of Vermont, Burlington. She said she had no relevant financial disclosures.
Introduction
Since the election, many of the psychiatrists and psychologists in our office have reported a wave of anxiety among our patients. These fears have sometimes come from watching television commercials that highlight the faults of the other party or from watching the debates themselves. Children have reported fears of a nuclear war, of being taken away from family, or of being harmed or killed because of racial, religious, immigration, disability, gender, or sexual orientation status. In addition, some children are reporting remarks by peers.
Case summary
Discussion
How can we support our patients and their parents in responding to this surge in anxiety? First, we can reiterate the central importance of family. What the family models in values, behavior, and coping is central to how children respond to stress and winning and losing. Parents who manage their own emotions model how to cope with both victory and defeat, demonstrating appropriate celebration as well as grief and anger. Coping strategies for parents can include reaching out to supports from family and friends, using relaxation strategies, and then planning practical next steps to take.
Parents should reassure their children that they are there to keep their children safe. Modeling self-care and keeping the family routine as stable as possible is a powerful source of this sense of safety. As always, parents should think about what their children are consuming in the way of electronics.
In talking to children, listening is a first step. Help children find the words for what they are feeling. Consider your own words and the rhetoric of the election. Withering scorn of the other side has become increasingly common and not only damages our ability to understand other points of view and resolve conflicts but is also leading to intense anxiety in our children. The extreme nature of some of these words has led some children to believe that complete disaster is imminent should the other side win. Try to avoid using words that intensify fear. Acknowledge the feelings that children have, but provide reassurance of safety and hope.
Using the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a therapist or parent can help a child think through how their thoughts are connected with feelings and behavior. When we are fearful, we often think that the absolute worst is going to happen, or we imagine that we definitely know the future. Sometimes an extreme thought can magnify feelings to the point that constructive behavior is blocked. A therapist might acknowledge feelings, but also help enlarge the child’s perspective. There are many reasons why people voted for or against candidates, and we don’t know everything about them just because of how they chose to vote. Discussing the three branches of government and the system of checks and balances that bring many people together to think over a problem can help a child see that the government is more than just one person. Parents or therapists can talk about protections in the Constitution such as freedom of the press, which allows us to be informed of what is going on. Parents might want to talk about the reality that we are one country, and that the vast majority of people on both sides share many, if not all, values.
Helping a child consider other perspectives isn’t saying that there are no reasons at all for anxiety, but that there are many possibilities for the future, and that a family can think together about what behaviors they want to engage in. There may be specific actions a child or family might want to take to have a voice in how the country moves forward.
Treatment plan for Jane
• Psychotherapy. Continue cognitive-behavioral therapy with a focus on identifying thoughts tied to anxiety that are overgeneralizations or exaggerations. Discuss alternative thoughts with greater perspective.
• Parents. Discuss supporting the child through listening, reassurance of safety, reestablishment of family routine, and family discussion about what actions to take to promote values.
• Health promotion. Discuss using exercise, pleasant activities, mindfulness, and minimizing of screen time as ways to cope with stress.
• Medications. There is no need to use medications for the child’s acute stress response.
Resources
1. Psychological First Aid: Field Operations Manual , 2nd ed. (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, National Center for PTSD, 2006).
2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: Therapist Manual, 3rd edition. (Ardmore, Pa.: Workbook Publishing, 2006).
Dr. Hall is assistant professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of Vermont, Burlington. She said she had no relevant financial disclosures.
The $400 generic
Oren is 11. I often see him around the neighborhood.
The other day I gave his father a lift. “Oren had a rash on his face,” said Ben, slipping into the passenger seat. “The pediatrician said she thought it was eczema, but she gave him an acne medicine.”
I raised my eyebrows, but said nothing.
“How much did it cost?” I asked.
“$400.”
“$400!” I couldn’t quite stifle my shock. “What was in the cream?” I asked.
“Here it is,” he said. “I took a picture of the tube on my phone.”
He showed me a snapshot of a tube of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide.
Although I try not to meddle in the medical issues of friends, I decided to make a small exception in this case. “Next time someone prescribes an expensive skin cream,” I said, “let me know. Maybe I can help you find a more affordable alternative.”
What skin problem did Oren have? I have no idea. I see his face enough to know that he has no acne at all. Nor would acne go away in 2 days.
On the other hand, if he did have a flare of eczema – I’ve never noticed that on him either – acne medicine would aggravate it, if anything.
Besides those questions, I have another one: Regardless of what she thought the diagnosis was, why on earth did Oren’s pediatrician feel compelled to prescribe a $400 generic? I say “compelled” because she told Ben straight out that the cream was going to cost a lot. But she just had to prescribe it because her experience told her it worked.
What experience did she have, exactly? What else had she tried that didn’t work? And what did she mean by “work”?
Ben’s and Oren’s experience is just a small, unnoticed incident of no general interest. It will spur no magazine exposés, incite no lawsuits, launch no professional or political inquiries.
• Oren’s pediatrician will go on prescribing a hideously priced cream intended to treat who-knows-what. Nobody will suggest to her that she might at least consider doing otherwise.
• Pharmacy benefit managers will not crack down on either pediatrician or cream. They have bigger fish to fry, like biologics that cost $50K per year.
• Health care administrators will take no notice. They will instead think up more creative and onerous disincentives to restrain providers from prescribing anything expensive. Whether they will also figure out how to keep monopolistic generic drug manufacturers from jacking up prices into the stratosphere is something else.
• Medical educators will strengthen their focus on sophisticated science (Genomics! Precision Medicine!), while doing a wholly inadequate job of passing on simple lessons that might help primary clinicians do a better job of managing everyday skin problems. Just yesterday, my colleague and I saw two patients who had been taking doxycycline for years with no clinical benefit, three kids with eczema who had used a succession of antifungal creams for over 4 months, one woman who had been dousing herself repeatedly with permethrin – to no avail – because her mites lived exclusively in her brain and those of her prescribers, and a partridge with alopecia in a pear tree. (OK, not the last one). All that in just 1 day!
• Simple common sense will stay elusive. Most rashes are really not rocket science.
I apologize, dear colleagues, for being so cranky. Much jollier to be upbeat and amusing. It’s just that, after 40 years in the business, observing the same skull-exploding clinical behaviors gets a little old, along with the observer.
Oren and Ben are fine, though. Oren’s face is as clear as ever. (It’s genetic – his mom has great skin). Even Ben isn’t disturbed. First of all, the rash went away. Second, he has an annual $2,000 drug cost deductible, “so I’d have to spend it anyway.”
“Look, Ben,” I told him, “if you need help exhausting your deductible, I’ll be happy to send you a couple of bills. No problem.”
He smiled. I guess he doesn’t really need my help on that.
Dr. Rockoff practices dermatology in Brookline, Mass, and is a longtime contributor to Dermatology News. He serves on the clinical faculty at Tufts University, Boston, and has taught senior medical students and other trainees for 30 years. His new book “Act Like a Doctor, Think Like a Patient” is now available at amazon.com and barnesandnoble.com. This is his second book. Write to him at [email protected].
Oren is 11. I often see him around the neighborhood.
The other day I gave his father a lift. “Oren had a rash on his face,” said Ben, slipping into the passenger seat. “The pediatrician said she thought it was eczema, but she gave him an acne medicine.”
I raised my eyebrows, but said nothing.
“How much did it cost?” I asked.
“$400.”
“$400!” I couldn’t quite stifle my shock. “What was in the cream?” I asked.
“Here it is,” he said. “I took a picture of the tube on my phone.”
He showed me a snapshot of a tube of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide.
Although I try not to meddle in the medical issues of friends, I decided to make a small exception in this case. “Next time someone prescribes an expensive skin cream,” I said, “let me know. Maybe I can help you find a more affordable alternative.”
What skin problem did Oren have? I have no idea. I see his face enough to know that he has no acne at all. Nor would acne go away in 2 days.
On the other hand, if he did have a flare of eczema – I’ve never noticed that on him either – acne medicine would aggravate it, if anything.
Besides those questions, I have another one: Regardless of what she thought the diagnosis was, why on earth did Oren’s pediatrician feel compelled to prescribe a $400 generic? I say “compelled” because she told Ben straight out that the cream was going to cost a lot. But she just had to prescribe it because her experience told her it worked.
What experience did she have, exactly? What else had she tried that didn’t work? And what did she mean by “work”?
Ben’s and Oren’s experience is just a small, unnoticed incident of no general interest. It will spur no magazine exposés, incite no lawsuits, launch no professional or political inquiries.
• Oren’s pediatrician will go on prescribing a hideously priced cream intended to treat who-knows-what. Nobody will suggest to her that she might at least consider doing otherwise.
• Pharmacy benefit managers will not crack down on either pediatrician or cream. They have bigger fish to fry, like biologics that cost $50K per year.
• Health care administrators will take no notice. They will instead think up more creative and onerous disincentives to restrain providers from prescribing anything expensive. Whether they will also figure out how to keep monopolistic generic drug manufacturers from jacking up prices into the stratosphere is something else.
• Medical educators will strengthen their focus on sophisticated science (Genomics! Precision Medicine!), while doing a wholly inadequate job of passing on simple lessons that might help primary clinicians do a better job of managing everyday skin problems. Just yesterday, my colleague and I saw two patients who had been taking doxycycline for years with no clinical benefit, three kids with eczema who had used a succession of antifungal creams for over 4 months, one woman who had been dousing herself repeatedly with permethrin – to no avail – because her mites lived exclusively in her brain and those of her prescribers, and a partridge with alopecia in a pear tree. (OK, not the last one). All that in just 1 day!
• Simple common sense will stay elusive. Most rashes are really not rocket science.
I apologize, dear colleagues, for being so cranky. Much jollier to be upbeat and amusing. It’s just that, after 40 years in the business, observing the same skull-exploding clinical behaviors gets a little old, along with the observer.
Oren and Ben are fine, though. Oren’s face is as clear as ever. (It’s genetic – his mom has great skin). Even Ben isn’t disturbed. First of all, the rash went away. Second, he has an annual $2,000 drug cost deductible, “so I’d have to spend it anyway.”
“Look, Ben,” I told him, “if you need help exhausting your deductible, I’ll be happy to send you a couple of bills. No problem.”
He smiled. I guess he doesn’t really need my help on that.
Dr. Rockoff practices dermatology in Brookline, Mass, and is a longtime contributor to Dermatology News. He serves on the clinical faculty at Tufts University, Boston, and has taught senior medical students and other trainees for 30 years. His new book “Act Like a Doctor, Think Like a Patient” is now available at amazon.com and barnesandnoble.com. This is his second book. Write to him at [email protected].
Oren is 11. I often see him around the neighborhood.
The other day I gave his father a lift. “Oren had a rash on his face,” said Ben, slipping into the passenger seat. “The pediatrician said she thought it was eczema, but she gave him an acne medicine.”
I raised my eyebrows, but said nothing.
“How much did it cost?” I asked.
“$400.”
“$400!” I couldn’t quite stifle my shock. “What was in the cream?” I asked.
“Here it is,” he said. “I took a picture of the tube on my phone.”
He showed me a snapshot of a tube of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide.
Although I try not to meddle in the medical issues of friends, I decided to make a small exception in this case. “Next time someone prescribes an expensive skin cream,” I said, “let me know. Maybe I can help you find a more affordable alternative.”
What skin problem did Oren have? I have no idea. I see his face enough to know that he has no acne at all. Nor would acne go away in 2 days.
On the other hand, if he did have a flare of eczema – I’ve never noticed that on him either – acne medicine would aggravate it, if anything.
Besides those questions, I have another one: Regardless of what she thought the diagnosis was, why on earth did Oren’s pediatrician feel compelled to prescribe a $400 generic? I say “compelled” because she told Ben straight out that the cream was going to cost a lot. But she just had to prescribe it because her experience told her it worked.
What experience did she have, exactly? What else had she tried that didn’t work? And what did she mean by “work”?
Ben’s and Oren’s experience is just a small, unnoticed incident of no general interest. It will spur no magazine exposés, incite no lawsuits, launch no professional or political inquiries.
• Oren’s pediatrician will go on prescribing a hideously priced cream intended to treat who-knows-what. Nobody will suggest to her that she might at least consider doing otherwise.
• Pharmacy benefit managers will not crack down on either pediatrician or cream. They have bigger fish to fry, like biologics that cost $50K per year.
• Health care administrators will take no notice. They will instead think up more creative and onerous disincentives to restrain providers from prescribing anything expensive. Whether they will also figure out how to keep monopolistic generic drug manufacturers from jacking up prices into the stratosphere is something else.
• Medical educators will strengthen their focus on sophisticated science (Genomics! Precision Medicine!), while doing a wholly inadequate job of passing on simple lessons that might help primary clinicians do a better job of managing everyday skin problems. Just yesterday, my colleague and I saw two patients who had been taking doxycycline for years with no clinical benefit, three kids with eczema who had used a succession of antifungal creams for over 4 months, one woman who had been dousing herself repeatedly with permethrin – to no avail – because her mites lived exclusively in her brain and those of her prescribers, and a partridge with alopecia in a pear tree. (OK, not the last one). All that in just 1 day!
• Simple common sense will stay elusive. Most rashes are really not rocket science.
I apologize, dear colleagues, for being so cranky. Much jollier to be upbeat and amusing. It’s just that, after 40 years in the business, observing the same skull-exploding clinical behaviors gets a little old, along with the observer.
Oren and Ben are fine, though. Oren’s face is as clear as ever. (It’s genetic – his mom has great skin). Even Ben isn’t disturbed. First of all, the rash went away. Second, he has an annual $2,000 drug cost deductible, “so I’d have to spend it anyway.”
“Look, Ben,” I told him, “if you need help exhausting your deductible, I’ll be happy to send you a couple of bills. No problem.”
He smiled. I guess he doesn’t really need my help on that.
Dr. Rockoff practices dermatology in Brookline, Mass, and is a longtime contributor to Dermatology News. He serves on the clinical faculty at Tufts University, Boston, and has taught senior medical students and other trainees for 30 years. His new book “Act Like a Doctor, Think Like a Patient” is now available at amazon.com and barnesandnoble.com. This is his second book. Write to him at [email protected].
It’s in the nose
There is a lot more going on in the nose besides air going in and out. The nose is where it all begins for pathogenesis for all respiratory infections. The interplay between the commensal microbes, the potential pathogens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity is much more complex than was previously understood. So what is new?
In our research on acute otitis media, we swab and wash out noses of children aged 6-36 months to isolate the potential pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Group A streptococci. We isolate one or more of these bacteria from most of the children even though they are well. We observe perhaps a half-dozen other species of bacteria on the culture plate. Mostly, we isolate S. pneumoniae, nontypeable H. influenza, or M. catarrhalis and alpha-hemolytic streptococci and corynebacterium species.
We have recently begun to investigate the other microbiota in the nose and found they are indeed plentiful. In a recent screening of a half-dozen children, we found hundreds of different microbes in their noses, so cultures and standard molecular detection methods were just touching the surface. I was asked recently at a medical conference – the American Academy of Pediatrics– Orange County, California, annual CME course – at which I spoke on this topic what I thought would be the most-important area of research in the next decade. I responded, the microbiome. The microbiome is indeed a hot topic. Research over the last decade suggests that 90% of all diseases can be traced in some way to disturbances in the microbiome. What I mean by microbiome is “the totality of microorganisms and their collective genetic material present in or on the human body.” The term is often used interchangeably with “microbiota,” although the former refers to genes of microbes and the latter refers to the microbes themselves. What I mean by “disturbance” is excessive use of antibiotics.
How many microbes are in the nose? We don’t know. But if the gut is any indication, there are thousands of microbes in the nose because the gut has more than 10,000 different microbes. Recognizing that there are hundreds of microbes in the nose and from time to time children get colonized by potential pathogens that can cause otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia, how does pathogenesis get started? It starts with a respiratory virus infection. The bacteria need help from the viruses to cause disease. The viruses cause damage to the epithelial cells of the nose, and this gives the bacteria more places to attach when they divide so the amount of bacteria increases exponentially. As the viruses replicate, they more effectively slow down cilia beating, and the nasal mucus thickens. This, too, helps the bacteria and viruses attach to and penetrate epithelial cells in the nose and increase in density on the surface of the cells and inside the cells. The viruses divert and/or suppress the innate immune system, represented by neutrophils that migrate to the nose and discharge their intracellular contents to turn nasal mucus yellow and green. The viruses even down-modulate the adaptive immune system in clever ways that result in fewer potentially protective cytotoxic lymphocytes that kill viruses making their way to the nose, and fewer T cells that discharge cytokines that promote a necessary inflammatory response to clear both bacteria and viruses from the nose and fewer B cells that become plasma cells and release antibodies into the nose.
When the bacteria with potential to cause diseases reach a “pathogenic threshold,” they move, along with mucus, into the middle ear, the sinuses, or down the throat to the lungs, usually with the accompanying respiratory virus. There pathogenesis continues in the otherwise sterile and protected sanctuary of these interconnected respiratory sites. A few days later, we as clinicians observe the symptoms and signs of otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia.
What can we do to help the nose? Mostly, we should do no harm, and that has been our failing for decades since the introduction of antibiotics. The allure of antibiotics is great because they have indeed saved many lives and shortened many illnesses when appropriately used. However, too often clinicians have seen patients with yellow and green nasal mucus (or any increased nasal mucus) and diagnosed “a bacterial infection” and prescribed antibiotics. And too often clinicians have seen patients with an annoying cough (or any cough) and diagnosed “a bacterial chest infection” and prescribed antibiotics. The clinicians thought it was the right thing to do because they wanted to help their patient. And they did not want them to come back in a few days with persistence or worsening of symptoms, or worse, seek care from other health care providers elsewhere. So they gave antibiotics.
Well, the paradigm has changed. It is now clearly known that antibiotics can be harmful mainly by damaging the normal, healthy microbiome. The change in healthy homeostasis of the microbiome wrought by antibiotics is greatest in newborns, especially premature newborns, then next worst for infants, and then next worst for young children. These are the age groups where antibiotics are prescribed most frequently! And everyone needs to stop writing those prescriptions for runny noses, yellow and green mucus in the nose, and coughs. All of us need to prescribe antibiotics only when there is an accurate diagnosis of otitis media or sinusitis or bronchopneumonia or lobar pneumonia. And when we do prescribe the antibiotics ,we need to give them for as short a time as possible. But that is a topic for another column.
Dr. Pichichero, a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, is director of the Research Institute, Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He is also a pediatrician at Legacy Pediatrics in Rochester. Dr. Pichichero said he has no relevant financial disclosures, and that his research is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders. Email him at [email protected].
There is a lot more going on in the nose besides air going in and out. The nose is where it all begins for pathogenesis for all respiratory infections. The interplay between the commensal microbes, the potential pathogens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity is much more complex than was previously understood. So what is new?
In our research on acute otitis media, we swab and wash out noses of children aged 6-36 months to isolate the potential pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Group A streptococci. We isolate one or more of these bacteria from most of the children even though they are well. We observe perhaps a half-dozen other species of bacteria on the culture plate. Mostly, we isolate S. pneumoniae, nontypeable H. influenza, or M. catarrhalis and alpha-hemolytic streptococci and corynebacterium species.
We have recently begun to investigate the other microbiota in the nose and found they are indeed plentiful. In a recent screening of a half-dozen children, we found hundreds of different microbes in their noses, so cultures and standard molecular detection methods were just touching the surface. I was asked recently at a medical conference – the American Academy of Pediatrics– Orange County, California, annual CME course – at which I spoke on this topic what I thought would be the most-important area of research in the next decade. I responded, the microbiome. The microbiome is indeed a hot topic. Research over the last decade suggests that 90% of all diseases can be traced in some way to disturbances in the microbiome. What I mean by microbiome is “the totality of microorganisms and their collective genetic material present in or on the human body.” The term is often used interchangeably with “microbiota,” although the former refers to genes of microbes and the latter refers to the microbes themselves. What I mean by “disturbance” is excessive use of antibiotics.
How many microbes are in the nose? We don’t know. But if the gut is any indication, there are thousands of microbes in the nose because the gut has more than 10,000 different microbes. Recognizing that there are hundreds of microbes in the nose and from time to time children get colonized by potential pathogens that can cause otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia, how does pathogenesis get started? It starts with a respiratory virus infection. The bacteria need help from the viruses to cause disease. The viruses cause damage to the epithelial cells of the nose, and this gives the bacteria more places to attach when they divide so the amount of bacteria increases exponentially. As the viruses replicate, they more effectively slow down cilia beating, and the nasal mucus thickens. This, too, helps the bacteria and viruses attach to and penetrate epithelial cells in the nose and increase in density on the surface of the cells and inside the cells. The viruses divert and/or suppress the innate immune system, represented by neutrophils that migrate to the nose and discharge their intracellular contents to turn nasal mucus yellow and green. The viruses even down-modulate the adaptive immune system in clever ways that result in fewer potentially protective cytotoxic lymphocytes that kill viruses making their way to the nose, and fewer T cells that discharge cytokines that promote a necessary inflammatory response to clear both bacteria and viruses from the nose and fewer B cells that become plasma cells and release antibodies into the nose.
When the bacteria with potential to cause diseases reach a “pathogenic threshold,” they move, along with mucus, into the middle ear, the sinuses, or down the throat to the lungs, usually with the accompanying respiratory virus. There pathogenesis continues in the otherwise sterile and protected sanctuary of these interconnected respiratory sites. A few days later, we as clinicians observe the symptoms and signs of otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia.
What can we do to help the nose? Mostly, we should do no harm, and that has been our failing for decades since the introduction of antibiotics. The allure of antibiotics is great because they have indeed saved many lives and shortened many illnesses when appropriately used. However, too often clinicians have seen patients with yellow and green nasal mucus (or any increased nasal mucus) and diagnosed “a bacterial infection” and prescribed antibiotics. And too often clinicians have seen patients with an annoying cough (or any cough) and diagnosed “a bacterial chest infection” and prescribed antibiotics. The clinicians thought it was the right thing to do because they wanted to help their patient. And they did not want them to come back in a few days with persistence or worsening of symptoms, or worse, seek care from other health care providers elsewhere. So they gave antibiotics.
Well, the paradigm has changed. It is now clearly known that antibiotics can be harmful mainly by damaging the normal, healthy microbiome. The change in healthy homeostasis of the microbiome wrought by antibiotics is greatest in newborns, especially premature newborns, then next worst for infants, and then next worst for young children. These are the age groups where antibiotics are prescribed most frequently! And everyone needs to stop writing those prescriptions for runny noses, yellow and green mucus in the nose, and coughs. All of us need to prescribe antibiotics only when there is an accurate diagnosis of otitis media or sinusitis or bronchopneumonia or lobar pneumonia. And when we do prescribe the antibiotics ,we need to give them for as short a time as possible. But that is a topic for another column.
Dr. Pichichero, a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, is director of the Research Institute, Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He is also a pediatrician at Legacy Pediatrics in Rochester. Dr. Pichichero said he has no relevant financial disclosures, and that his research is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders. Email him at [email protected].
There is a lot more going on in the nose besides air going in and out. The nose is where it all begins for pathogenesis for all respiratory infections. The interplay between the commensal microbes, the potential pathogens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity is much more complex than was previously understood. So what is new?
In our research on acute otitis media, we swab and wash out noses of children aged 6-36 months to isolate the potential pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Group A streptococci. We isolate one or more of these bacteria from most of the children even though they are well. We observe perhaps a half-dozen other species of bacteria on the culture plate. Mostly, we isolate S. pneumoniae, nontypeable H. influenza, or M. catarrhalis and alpha-hemolytic streptococci and corynebacterium species.
We have recently begun to investigate the other microbiota in the nose and found they are indeed plentiful. In a recent screening of a half-dozen children, we found hundreds of different microbes in their noses, so cultures and standard molecular detection methods were just touching the surface. I was asked recently at a medical conference – the American Academy of Pediatrics– Orange County, California, annual CME course – at which I spoke on this topic what I thought would be the most-important area of research in the next decade. I responded, the microbiome. The microbiome is indeed a hot topic. Research over the last decade suggests that 90% of all diseases can be traced in some way to disturbances in the microbiome. What I mean by microbiome is “the totality of microorganisms and their collective genetic material present in or on the human body.” The term is often used interchangeably with “microbiota,” although the former refers to genes of microbes and the latter refers to the microbes themselves. What I mean by “disturbance” is excessive use of antibiotics.
How many microbes are in the nose? We don’t know. But if the gut is any indication, there are thousands of microbes in the nose because the gut has more than 10,000 different microbes. Recognizing that there are hundreds of microbes in the nose and from time to time children get colonized by potential pathogens that can cause otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia, how does pathogenesis get started? It starts with a respiratory virus infection. The bacteria need help from the viruses to cause disease. The viruses cause damage to the epithelial cells of the nose, and this gives the bacteria more places to attach when they divide so the amount of bacteria increases exponentially. As the viruses replicate, they more effectively slow down cilia beating, and the nasal mucus thickens. This, too, helps the bacteria and viruses attach to and penetrate epithelial cells in the nose and increase in density on the surface of the cells and inside the cells. The viruses divert and/or suppress the innate immune system, represented by neutrophils that migrate to the nose and discharge their intracellular contents to turn nasal mucus yellow and green. The viruses even down-modulate the adaptive immune system in clever ways that result in fewer potentially protective cytotoxic lymphocytes that kill viruses making their way to the nose, and fewer T cells that discharge cytokines that promote a necessary inflammatory response to clear both bacteria and viruses from the nose and fewer B cells that become plasma cells and release antibodies into the nose.
When the bacteria with potential to cause diseases reach a “pathogenic threshold,” they move, along with mucus, into the middle ear, the sinuses, or down the throat to the lungs, usually with the accompanying respiratory virus. There pathogenesis continues in the otherwise sterile and protected sanctuary of these interconnected respiratory sites. A few days later, we as clinicians observe the symptoms and signs of otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia.
What can we do to help the nose? Mostly, we should do no harm, and that has been our failing for decades since the introduction of antibiotics. The allure of antibiotics is great because they have indeed saved many lives and shortened many illnesses when appropriately used. However, too often clinicians have seen patients with yellow and green nasal mucus (or any increased nasal mucus) and diagnosed “a bacterial infection” and prescribed antibiotics. And too often clinicians have seen patients with an annoying cough (or any cough) and diagnosed “a bacterial chest infection” and prescribed antibiotics. The clinicians thought it was the right thing to do because they wanted to help their patient. And they did not want them to come back in a few days with persistence or worsening of symptoms, or worse, seek care from other health care providers elsewhere. So they gave antibiotics.
Well, the paradigm has changed. It is now clearly known that antibiotics can be harmful mainly by damaging the normal, healthy microbiome. The change in healthy homeostasis of the microbiome wrought by antibiotics is greatest in newborns, especially premature newborns, then next worst for infants, and then next worst for young children. These are the age groups where antibiotics are prescribed most frequently! And everyone needs to stop writing those prescriptions for runny noses, yellow and green mucus in the nose, and coughs. All of us need to prescribe antibiotics only when there is an accurate diagnosis of otitis media or sinusitis or bronchopneumonia or lobar pneumonia. And when we do prescribe the antibiotics ,we need to give them for as short a time as possible. But that is a topic for another column.
Dr. Pichichero, a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases, is director of the Research Institute, Rochester (N.Y.) General Hospital. He is also a pediatrician at Legacy Pediatrics in Rochester. Dr. Pichichero said he has no relevant financial disclosures, and that his research is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders. Email him at [email protected].
Financial mental health: A framework for improving patients’ lives
The following opinions are my own and not those of the U.S. Department of Defense.
Job insecurity can have a powerful impact on health, particularly mental health.
A recent study of almost 17,500 U.S. working adults found that 33% of the workers thought that their jobs were insecure, and those who reported job insecurity were more likely to be obese, sleep less than 6 hours a day, report pain conditions, and smoke every day. When it came to mental health, those who were job insecure had a likelihood of serious mental illness within the last 30 days almost five times higher than those who were not job insecure (J Community Health. 2016 Sep 10. doi: 10.1007/s10900-016-0249-8). This study is one of many that highlights the importance of what I call “financial mental health.”
The notion of financial mental health merges two distinct, yet interrelated aspects of patients’ lives into a single construct that can be used to inform resiliency-building behaviors and identify gaps in institutional approaches to supportive services. Patients with strong financial mental health are able to build, maintain, sustain, and revitalize their resiliency across several domains, which include mind, body, spirit, and social indicators.
Financial mental health and mortality
According to the World Bank, “Mental health issues impose an enormous disease burden on societies across the world. Depression alone affects 350 million people globally and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite its enormous social burden, mental disorders continue to be driven into the shadows by stigma, prejudice, and fear. The issue is becoming ever more urgent in light of the forced migration and sustained conflict we are seeing in many countries around the world.”1 In the United States alone, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) reports that almost one-third of Americans are touched by poverty and advocates for financial literacy and empowerment for our most vulnerable citizens.
Unfortunately, mental health clinicians rarely discuss a depressed patient’s financial planning aside from occasional referrals for housing, disability benefits, or subsistence allowances. Based on observations from the World Health Organization, mental health is tied to satisfaction with quality of life. Furthermore, it relates to the ability to cope with life’s stressors, to engage in meaningful and productive activities, and to have a sense of community belonging.
When Abraham Maslow, PhD, described psychological health through the lens of human motivation, he constructed a “hierarchy of needs”2 that at the base lies the physiological requirements for food, shelter, and clothing. Those items represent our most physical necessities, protect us from harm, and determine our survival. They also are related to our need for safety (i.e., job security), which is the second rung on Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In many ways, our ability to feel safe is predicated on our ability to secure our environment with proper housing, healthy nutrition, and appropriate wardrobe (and the accouterments thereof), which, in turn, align us and our families to our culture, community, and socioeconomic status. But it costs money to stay healthy and protected. The CFPB recognized the intersection of these issues and developed a toolkit3 for social service and related agencies aimed at enhancing financial literacy and education within the populations they serve so that those individuals can become more skilled and empowered.
The consequences of poor financial mental health are found in data related to mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention documents that lower socioeconomic status is related to higher rates of mortality.4 For Americans living in poverty, their social network, lifestyle, and access to medical care contribute to their inability to live longer lives. Without access to quality and timely medical care, and appropriately funded services, the impacts from trauma, depression, substance abuse, and suicide are more widely experienced. For example, the Department of Defense Suicide Event Report since 2008 has linked suicide and suicide attempts among Service members to failed relationships along with financial and legal problems.
Several of the economic issues relate to conflicts in the workplace that can determine promotions in rank/increases in pay, retention, or transition to civilian employment/unemployment, retirement pay and benefits, or disability compensation. Service members and their families also are subject to divorce and alimony, child support payments, student loan repayments, mortgage defaults, and other liens or judgments. As veterans, this younger cohort must secure new housing, enroll in college or gain employment. This means (often for the first time) financing a mortgage, hunting for a job, filing for GI Bill or other Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits, updating insurance, and family budgeting, while also dealing with the stress of military separation and loss of service identity, and postdeployment health issues. The VA has studied increases in suicide rates, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder within this population – which is not surprising given the level of social instability that they are experiencing.
Furthermore, for veterans who seek treatment, which can mean long inpatient hospitalization or rehabilitation stays, numerous outpatient appointments, and/or medication management, there will be an impact on their finances, because they will be limited in their ability to maintain gainful employment or enroll in classes. This, in turn, complicates family dynamics. Sometimes, spouses have to assume caregiver roles or become the primary breadwinner, which can have an effect on veterans’ self-esteem, sense of belongingness, and burdensomeness – factors associated with suicide.
Mental health also is affected by financial abuse. According to the National Network to End Domestic Violence, financial abuse is a means by which perpetrators can control their victims who are elderly, disabled, subjects of human trafficking, or their partners. Although financial abuse occurs across all socioeconomic classes, usually victims who are experiencing physical and emotional abuse also are being controlled by having their finances or assets taken or withheld from them. Survivors able to extricate themselves from an abuser often are dealing with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, or suicidality. Under that state of mind, they also must find ways to repair their employability and insurability, recover from debt or identity theft, restore their credit and rebuild assets, file for divorce or protective orders, or claim unpaid alimony or child support from the perpetrator and secure safe housing – all while managing their symptoms.
Concrete steps
Individuals can take steps to ensure their financial mental health. Looking at Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy, the pinnacle of the pyramid centers on activities that relate to self-efficacy and esteem. Financial planning is an activity that can foster those feelings but requires the right blend of knowledge and information. Investing in the market has been described as an emotional experience. When the market is up and risk is high, emotions are positive; but when it is low, despondency over a portfolio can set in, and emotions may run scared. Investing comes with its risks and rewards. The receptiveness that individuals have for financial planning and investing will depend upon their views about tolerating risk, as well as their lifestyle goals and objectives, retirement plans, and health concerns.
Trauma survivors who tend to experience anxiety, depression, guilt, or emotional numbing – and have a foreshortened sense of future – may find it difficult to focus on a long-term financial plan. In the early stages of therapy and recovery, finance efforts may need to be concentrated primarily on obtaining a job with benefits and proper housing. Reducing debt and restoring credit become secondary challenges, and investing and retirement planning may take an even further backseat. However, for those experiencing psychological challenges, financial planning can be empowering and reassuring, because it provides a sense of structure, identifies goals, and restores hope for a better future.
Communities and organizations that support individuals with psychiatric conditions may need to further consider embedding financial planning into a case management approach that is more holistic and concentrates on all domains of social resilience as recommended by the CFPB. Training clinicians about financial planning can be useful because of the tools it can offer patients who are working on their recovery and rebuilding their futures.
People contemplating suicide are known to first get their affairs in order and often will update their beneficiary status, sometime making multiple changes depending on their emotional state within a month of their death, so agents should be aware of these habits. When working with veterans, abuse survivors, or those with more serious mental illness, ensuring that they are knowledgeable about available government benefits and pairing them with private sector products can help people who might seem like they are in denial or procrastinating about investing but are actually feeling overwhelmed, confused, and lack confidence in their own decision making. Partitioning these goals into short- and long-term steps and providing more attentive case management that builds trust and addresses concerns can help people stay engaged in reaching their goals.
Financial mental health is a concept rooted in individual resilience and the approaches needed to maximize it. As mental health professionals, we can leverage our own knowledge with that of personal finance experts to help our patients build resilience skills and tools. As result, patients in the most disadvantaged and disenfranchised communities will not only survive but thrive.
References
1 “Out of the Shadows: Making Mental Health a Global Priority,” April 13-14, 2016.
2 Psychological Rev. 1943;50:370-96. “A Theory of Human Motivation” is represented as a pyramid with the most fundamental needs at the base. Those needs are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization in descending order.
3 “Your Money, Your Goals: A financial empowerment toolkit for Social Services programs,” April 2015.
4 National Vital Statistics Report, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” Vol. 65 No. 4, June 30, 2016.
Ms. Garrick is a special assistant, manpower and reserve affairs for the U.S. Department of Defense. Previously, she served as the director of the Defense Suicide Prevention Office. She has been a leader in veterans’ disability policy and, suicide prevention and peer support programs; worked with Gulf War veterans as an Army social work officer; and provided individual, group, and family therapy to Vietnam veterans their families dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder.
The following opinions are my own and not those of the U.S. Department of Defense.
Job insecurity can have a powerful impact on health, particularly mental health.
A recent study of almost 17,500 U.S. working adults found that 33% of the workers thought that their jobs were insecure, and those who reported job insecurity were more likely to be obese, sleep less than 6 hours a day, report pain conditions, and smoke every day. When it came to mental health, those who were job insecure had a likelihood of serious mental illness within the last 30 days almost five times higher than those who were not job insecure (J Community Health. 2016 Sep 10. doi: 10.1007/s10900-016-0249-8). This study is one of many that highlights the importance of what I call “financial mental health.”
The notion of financial mental health merges two distinct, yet interrelated aspects of patients’ lives into a single construct that can be used to inform resiliency-building behaviors and identify gaps in institutional approaches to supportive services. Patients with strong financial mental health are able to build, maintain, sustain, and revitalize their resiliency across several domains, which include mind, body, spirit, and social indicators.
Financial mental health and mortality
According to the World Bank, “Mental health issues impose an enormous disease burden on societies across the world. Depression alone affects 350 million people globally and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite its enormous social burden, mental disorders continue to be driven into the shadows by stigma, prejudice, and fear. The issue is becoming ever more urgent in light of the forced migration and sustained conflict we are seeing in many countries around the world.”1 In the United States alone, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) reports that almost one-third of Americans are touched by poverty and advocates for financial literacy and empowerment for our most vulnerable citizens.
Unfortunately, mental health clinicians rarely discuss a depressed patient’s financial planning aside from occasional referrals for housing, disability benefits, or subsistence allowances. Based on observations from the World Health Organization, mental health is tied to satisfaction with quality of life. Furthermore, it relates to the ability to cope with life’s stressors, to engage in meaningful and productive activities, and to have a sense of community belonging.
When Abraham Maslow, PhD, described psychological health through the lens of human motivation, he constructed a “hierarchy of needs”2 that at the base lies the physiological requirements for food, shelter, and clothing. Those items represent our most physical necessities, protect us from harm, and determine our survival. They also are related to our need for safety (i.e., job security), which is the second rung on Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In many ways, our ability to feel safe is predicated on our ability to secure our environment with proper housing, healthy nutrition, and appropriate wardrobe (and the accouterments thereof), which, in turn, align us and our families to our culture, community, and socioeconomic status. But it costs money to stay healthy and protected. The CFPB recognized the intersection of these issues and developed a toolkit3 for social service and related agencies aimed at enhancing financial literacy and education within the populations they serve so that those individuals can become more skilled and empowered.
The consequences of poor financial mental health are found in data related to mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention documents that lower socioeconomic status is related to higher rates of mortality.4 For Americans living in poverty, their social network, lifestyle, and access to medical care contribute to their inability to live longer lives. Without access to quality and timely medical care, and appropriately funded services, the impacts from trauma, depression, substance abuse, and suicide are more widely experienced. For example, the Department of Defense Suicide Event Report since 2008 has linked suicide and suicide attempts among Service members to failed relationships along with financial and legal problems.
Several of the economic issues relate to conflicts in the workplace that can determine promotions in rank/increases in pay, retention, or transition to civilian employment/unemployment, retirement pay and benefits, or disability compensation. Service members and their families also are subject to divorce and alimony, child support payments, student loan repayments, mortgage defaults, and other liens or judgments. As veterans, this younger cohort must secure new housing, enroll in college or gain employment. This means (often for the first time) financing a mortgage, hunting for a job, filing for GI Bill or other Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits, updating insurance, and family budgeting, while also dealing with the stress of military separation and loss of service identity, and postdeployment health issues. The VA has studied increases in suicide rates, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder within this population – which is not surprising given the level of social instability that they are experiencing.
Furthermore, for veterans who seek treatment, which can mean long inpatient hospitalization or rehabilitation stays, numerous outpatient appointments, and/or medication management, there will be an impact on their finances, because they will be limited in their ability to maintain gainful employment or enroll in classes. This, in turn, complicates family dynamics. Sometimes, spouses have to assume caregiver roles or become the primary breadwinner, which can have an effect on veterans’ self-esteem, sense of belongingness, and burdensomeness – factors associated with suicide.
Mental health also is affected by financial abuse. According to the National Network to End Domestic Violence, financial abuse is a means by which perpetrators can control their victims who are elderly, disabled, subjects of human trafficking, or their partners. Although financial abuse occurs across all socioeconomic classes, usually victims who are experiencing physical and emotional abuse also are being controlled by having their finances or assets taken or withheld from them. Survivors able to extricate themselves from an abuser often are dealing with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, or suicidality. Under that state of mind, they also must find ways to repair their employability and insurability, recover from debt or identity theft, restore their credit and rebuild assets, file for divorce or protective orders, or claim unpaid alimony or child support from the perpetrator and secure safe housing – all while managing their symptoms.
Concrete steps
Individuals can take steps to ensure their financial mental health. Looking at Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy, the pinnacle of the pyramid centers on activities that relate to self-efficacy and esteem. Financial planning is an activity that can foster those feelings but requires the right blend of knowledge and information. Investing in the market has been described as an emotional experience. When the market is up and risk is high, emotions are positive; but when it is low, despondency over a portfolio can set in, and emotions may run scared. Investing comes with its risks and rewards. The receptiveness that individuals have for financial planning and investing will depend upon their views about tolerating risk, as well as their lifestyle goals and objectives, retirement plans, and health concerns.
Trauma survivors who tend to experience anxiety, depression, guilt, or emotional numbing – and have a foreshortened sense of future – may find it difficult to focus on a long-term financial plan. In the early stages of therapy and recovery, finance efforts may need to be concentrated primarily on obtaining a job with benefits and proper housing. Reducing debt and restoring credit become secondary challenges, and investing and retirement planning may take an even further backseat. However, for those experiencing psychological challenges, financial planning can be empowering and reassuring, because it provides a sense of structure, identifies goals, and restores hope for a better future.
Communities and organizations that support individuals with psychiatric conditions may need to further consider embedding financial planning into a case management approach that is more holistic and concentrates on all domains of social resilience as recommended by the CFPB. Training clinicians about financial planning can be useful because of the tools it can offer patients who are working on their recovery and rebuilding their futures.
People contemplating suicide are known to first get their affairs in order and often will update their beneficiary status, sometime making multiple changes depending on their emotional state within a month of their death, so agents should be aware of these habits. When working with veterans, abuse survivors, or those with more serious mental illness, ensuring that they are knowledgeable about available government benefits and pairing them with private sector products can help people who might seem like they are in denial or procrastinating about investing but are actually feeling overwhelmed, confused, and lack confidence in their own decision making. Partitioning these goals into short- and long-term steps and providing more attentive case management that builds trust and addresses concerns can help people stay engaged in reaching their goals.
Financial mental health is a concept rooted in individual resilience and the approaches needed to maximize it. As mental health professionals, we can leverage our own knowledge with that of personal finance experts to help our patients build resilience skills and tools. As result, patients in the most disadvantaged and disenfranchised communities will not only survive but thrive.
References
1 “Out of the Shadows: Making Mental Health a Global Priority,” April 13-14, 2016.
2 Psychological Rev. 1943;50:370-96. “A Theory of Human Motivation” is represented as a pyramid with the most fundamental needs at the base. Those needs are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization in descending order.
3 “Your Money, Your Goals: A financial empowerment toolkit for Social Services programs,” April 2015.
4 National Vital Statistics Report, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” Vol. 65 No. 4, June 30, 2016.
Ms. Garrick is a special assistant, manpower and reserve affairs for the U.S. Department of Defense. Previously, she served as the director of the Defense Suicide Prevention Office. She has been a leader in veterans’ disability policy and, suicide prevention and peer support programs; worked with Gulf War veterans as an Army social work officer; and provided individual, group, and family therapy to Vietnam veterans their families dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder.
The following opinions are my own and not those of the U.S. Department of Defense.
Job insecurity can have a powerful impact on health, particularly mental health.
A recent study of almost 17,500 U.S. working adults found that 33% of the workers thought that their jobs were insecure, and those who reported job insecurity were more likely to be obese, sleep less than 6 hours a day, report pain conditions, and smoke every day. When it came to mental health, those who were job insecure had a likelihood of serious mental illness within the last 30 days almost five times higher than those who were not job insecure (J Community Health. 2016 Sep 10. doi: 10.1007/s10900-016-0249-8). This study is one of many that highlights the importance of what I call “financial mental health.”
The notion of financial mental health merges two distinct, yet interrelated aspects of patients’ lives into a single construct that can be used to inform resiliency-building behaviors and identify gaps in institutional approaches to supportive services. Patients with strong financial mental health are able to build, maintain, sustain, and revitalize their resiliency across several domains, which include mind, body, spirit, and social indicators.
Financial mental health and mortality
According to the World Bank, “Mental health issues impose an enormous disease burden on societies across the world. Depression alone affects 350 million people globally and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite its enormous social burden, mental disorders continue to be driven into the shadows by stigma, prejudice, and fear. The issue is becoming ever more urgent in light of the forced migration and sustained conflict we are seeing in many countries around the world.”1 In the United States alone, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) reports that almost one-third of Americans are touched by poverty and advocates for financial literacy and empowerment for our most vulnerable citizens.
Unfortunately, mental health clinicians rarely discuss a depressed patient’s financial planning aside from occasional referrals for housing, disability benefits, or subsistence allowances. Based on observations from the World Health Organization, mental health is tied to satisfaction with quality of life. Furthermore, it relates to the ability to cope with life’s stressors, to engage in meaningful and productive activities, and to have a sense of community belonging.
When Abraham Maslow, PhD, described psychological health through the lens of human motivation, he constructed a “hierarchy of needs”2 that at the base lies the physiological requirements for food, shelter, and clothing. Those items represent our most physical necessities, protect us from harm, and determine our survival. They also are related to our need for safety (i.e., job security), which is the second rung on Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In many ways, our ability to feel safe is predicated on our ability to secure our environment with proper housing, healthy nutrition, and appropriate wardrobe (and the accouterments thereof), which, in turn, align us and our families to our culture, community, and socioeconomic status. But it costs money to stay healthy and protected. The CFPB recognized the intersection of these issues and developed a toolkit3 for social service and related agencies aimed at enhancing financial literacy and education within the populations they serve so that those individuals can become more skilled and empowered.
The consequences of poor financial mental health are found in data related to mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention documents that lower socioeconomic status is related to higher rates of mortality.4 For Americans living in poverty, their social network, lifestyle, and access to medical care contribute to their inability to live longer lives. Without access to quality and timely medical care, and appropriately funded services, the impacts from trauma, depression, substance abuse, and suicide are more widely experienced. For example, the Department of Defense Suicide Event Report since 2008 has linked suicide and suicide attempts among Service members to failed relationships along with financial and legal problems.
Several of the economic issues relate to conflicts in the workplace that can determine promotions in rank/increases in pay, retention, or transition to civilian employment/unemployment, retirement pay and benefits, or disability compensation. Service members and their families also are subject to divorce and alimony, child support payments, student loan repayments, mortgage defaults, and other liens or judgments. As veterans, this younger cohort must secure new housing, enroll in college or gain employment. This means (often for the first time) financing a mortgage, hunting for a job, filing for GI Bill or other Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) benefits, updating insurance, and family budgeting, while also dealing with the stress of military separation and loss of service identity, and postdeployment health issues. The VA has studied increases in suicide rates, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder within this population – which is not surprising given the level of social instability that they are experiencing.
Furthermore, for veterans who seek treatment, which can mean long inpatient hospitalization or rehabilitation stays, numerous outpatient appointments, and/or medication management, there will be an impact on their finances, because they will be limited in their ability to maintain gainful employment or enroll in classes. This, in turn, complicates family dynamics. Sometimes, spouses have to assume caregiver roles or become the primary breadwinner, which can have an effect on veterans’ self-esteem, sense of belongingness, and burdensomeness – factors associated with suicide.
Mental health also is affected by financial abuse. According to the National Network to End Domestic Violence, financial abuse is a means by which perpetrators can control their victims who are elderly, disabled, subjects of human trafficking, or their partners. Although financial abuse occurs across all socioeconomic classes, usually victims who are experiencing physical and emotional abuse also are being controlled by having their finances or assets taken or withheld from them. Survivors able to extricate themselves from an abuser often are dealing with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, or suicidality. Under that state of mind, they also must find ways to repair their employability and insurability, recover from debt or identity theft, restore their credit and rebuild assets, file for divorce or protective orders, or claim unpaid alimony or child support from the perpetrator and secure safe housing – all while managing their symptoms.
Concrete steps
Individuals can take steps to ensure their financial mental health. Looking at Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy, the pinnacle of the pyramid centers on activities that relate to self-efficacy and esteem. Financial planning is an activity that can foster those feelings but requires the right blend of knowledge and information. Investing in the market has been described as an emotional experience. When the market is up and risk is high, emotions are positive; but when it is low, despondency over a portfolio can set in, and emotions may run scared. Investing comes with its risks and rewards. The receptiveness that individuals have for financial planning and investing will depend upon their views about tolerating risk, as well as their lifestyle goals and objectives, retirement plans, and health concerns.
Trauma survivors who tend to experience anxiety, depression, guilt, or emotional numbing – and have a foreshortened sense of future – may find it difficult to focus on a long-term financial plan. In the early stages of therapy and recovery, finance efforts may need to be concentrated primarily on obtaining a job with benefits and proper housing. Reducing debt and restoring credit become secondary challenges, and investing and retirement planning may take an even further backseat. However, for those experiencing psychological challenges, financial planning can be empowering and reassuring, because it provides a sense of structure, identifies goals, and restores hope for a better future.
Communities and organizations that support individuals with psychiatric conditions may need to further consider embedding financial planning into a case management approach that is more holistic and concentrates on all domains of social resilience as recommended by the CFPB. Training clinicians about financial planning can be useful because of the tools it can offer patients who are working on their recovery and rebuilding their futures.
People contemplating suicide are known to first get their affairs in order and often will update their beneficiary status, sometime making multiple changes depending on their emotional state within a month of their death, so agents should be aware of these habits. When working with veterans, abuse survivors, or those with more serious mental illness, ensuring that they are knowledgeable about available government benefits and pairing them with private sector products can help people who might seem like they are in denial or procrastinating about investing but are actually feeling overwhelmed, confused, and lack confidence in their own decision making. Partitioning these goals into short- and long-term steps and providing more attentive case management that builds trust and addresses concerns can help people stay engaged in reaching their goals.
Financial mental health is a concept rooted in individual resilience and the approaches needed to maximize it. As mental health professionals, we can leverage our own knowledge with that of personal finance experts to help our patients build resilience skills and tools. As result, patients in the most disadvantaged and disenfranchised communities will not only survive but thrive.
References
1 “Out of the Shadows: Making Mental Health a Global Priority,” April 13-14, 2016.
2 Psychological Rev. 1943;50:370-96. “A Theory of Human Motivation” is represented as a pyramid with the most fundamental needs at the base. Those needs are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization in descending order.
3 “Your Money, Your Goals: A financial empowerment toolkit for Social Services programs,” April 2015.
4 National Vital Statistics Report, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” Vol. 65 No. 4, June 30, 2016.
Ms. Garrick is a special assistant, manpower and reserve affairs for the U.S. Department of Defense. Previously, she served as the director of the Defense Suicide Prevention Office. She has been a leader in veterans’ disability policy and, suicide prevention and peer support programs; worked with Gulf War veterans as an Army social work officer; and provided individual, group, and family therapy to Vietnam veterans their families dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder.
How will Donald Trump change health care?
Much speculation has already been written on what a Trump administration may look like, but comparatively little has been said about the potential impact of that administration on physicians, hospitals, and patients. While details will obviously not be available for some time, some early generalizations are possible, based on the position paper President-elect Donald Trump issued in March and the statements he has made since then.
One of Mr. Trump’s earliest and most repeated pledges was the one to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with “something fantastic.” A repeal would be welcome news to many physicians, even without any idea of what its “fantastic” replacement might be; but Trump has hedged already. In mid-November, he told the Wall Street Journal that Obamacare would be “amended, or repealed and replaced,” which introduces considerable wiggle room.
In an interview with CNN, Mr. Trump indicated he would keep the individual mandate; but the next day, he tweeted – and then reiterated in his position paper – that he would remove the mandate and install a “backstop for preexisting conditions.” In the 1990s, when a few states tried to prohibit discrimination based on preexisting conditions without a corresponding mandate, premiums increased precipitously, driving away healthy customers, forcing insurers to stop selling policies in those states, and demonstrating that one cannot work without the other. Perhaps a more-informed Mr. Trump will come to see this.
Other proposals have been more enlightened. Mr. Trump has said that he favors portability of health insurance from state to state. In theory, this will introduce more competition into the system and drive premiums down. He has also proposed making health insurance premiums fully tax deductible for individuals, as they are now for businesses, further lowering premium costs.
He has proposed expanding the health savings account program, making contributions tax free, cumulative, and part of a patient’s estate. I have been a fan of HSAs since their inception because they eliminate the insurance “middleman,” which is good for physicians as well as for patients, who are more aware of what services they are receiving and what they are paying for them. Along the same lines, he has called for price transparency, so that patients can shop for the best prices for procedures and examinations, which now vary widely from one hospital or clinic to another.
Another good idea, in my opinion, is the removal of barriers to the sale of cheaper foreign-manufactured drugs in this country. Such barriers have kept drug prices higher here than anywhere else; consumers should be able to import their medications, from Canada, India, and elsewhere, as long as they are similarly safe and effective. Mr. Trump has also said that Medicare should be able to negotiate drug prices, which should have been true from the outset. The savings, particularly where biologics and other expensive new drugs are concerned, could be significant, since Medicare frequently sets the standard for prices in the industry. He also would raise the Medicare eligibility age, which I believe is a good idea as well.
Less inspired is his proposal to turn over administration of Medicaid to the states, supported by federal block grants. This plan does not take into account that Medicaid, an expensive and inefficient program with a narrow network of doctors, desperately needs an overhaul. Simply expanding it, and handing over full responsibility to the states, is not a viable solution, in my opinion.
Mr. Trump’s position paper also contains the dubious assumption that enforcing immigration laws will significantly decrease health care costs. Sealing the Southern border, he reasons, will help hospitals overburdened by the costs of services they provide to illegal immigrants who can’t pay for them and curtail the burgeoning heroin trade and its associated medical costs. There is little evidence to support either assumption – or even that the border can be effectively sealed in the first place.
So Mr. Trump has a health care plan, of sorts. How it will look by Inauguration Day, and what portion will be implemented, remains to be seen.
Dr. Eastern practices dermatology and dermatologic surgery in Belleville, N.J. He is the author of numerous articles and textbook chapters, and is a longtime monthly columnist for Dermatology News. Write to him at [email protected].
Much speculation has already been written on what a Trump administration may look like, but comparatively little has been said about the potential impact of that administration on physicians, hospitals, and patients. While details will obviously not be available for some time, some early generalizations are possible, based on the position paper President-elect Donald Trump issued in March and the statements he has made since then.
One of Mr. Trump’s earliest and most repeated pledges was the one to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with “something fantastic.” A repeal would be welcome news to many physicians, even without any idea of what its “fantastic” replacement might be; but Trump has hedged already. In mid-November, he told the Wall Street Journal that Obamacare would be “amended, or repealed and replaced,” which introduces considerable wiggle room.
In an interview with CNN, Mr. Trump indicated he would keep the individual mandate; but the next day, he tweeted – and then reiterated in his position paper – that he would remove the mandate and install a “backstop for preexisting conditions.” In the 1990s, when a few states tried to prohibit discrimination based on preexisting conditions without a corresponding mandate, premiums increased precipitously, driving away healthy customers, forcing insurers to stop selling policies in those states, and demonstrating that one cannot work without the other. Perhaps a more-informed Mr. Trump will come to see this.
Other proposals have been more enlightened. Mr. Trump has said that he favors portability of health insurance from state to state. In theory, this will introduce more competition into the system and drive premiums down. He has also proposed making health insurance premiums fully tax deductible for individuals, as they are now for businesses, further lowering premium costs.
He has proposed expanding the health savings account program, making contributions tax free, cumulative, and part of a patient’s estate. I have been a fan of HSAs since their inception because they eliminate the insurance “middleman,” which is good for physicians as well as for patients, who are more aware of what services they are receiving and what they are paying for them. Along the same lines, he has called for price transparency, so that patients can shop for the best prices for procedures and examinations, which now vary widely from one hospital or clinic to another.
Another good idea, in my opinion, is the removal of barriers to the sale of cheaper foreign-manufactured drugs in this country. Such barriers have kept drug prices higher here than anywhere else; consumers should be able to import their medications, from Canada, India, and elsewhere, as long as they are similarly safe and effective. Mr. Trump has also said that Medicare should be able to negotiate drug prices, which should have been true from the outset. The savings, particularly where biologics and other expensive new drugs are concerned, could be significant, since Medicare frequently sets the standard for prices in the industry. He also would raise the Medicare eligibility age, which I believe is a good idea as well.
Less inspired is his proposal to turn over administration of Medicaid to the states, supported by federal block grants. This plan does not take into account that Medicaid, an expensive and inefficient program with a narrow network of doctors, desperately needs an overhaul. Simply expanding it, and handing over full responsibility to the states, is not a viable solution, in my opinion.
Mr. Trump’s position paper also contains the dubious assumption that enforcing immigration laws will significantly decrease health care costs. Sealing the Southern border, he reasons, will help hospitals overburdened by the costs of services they provide to illegal immigrants who can’t pay for them and curtail the burgeoning heroin trade and its associated medical costs. There is little evidence to support either assumption – or even that the border can be effectively sealed in the first place.
So Mr. Trump has a health care plan, of sorts. How it will look by Inauguration Day, and what portion will be implemented, remains to be seen.
Dr. Eastern practices dermatology and dermatologic surgery in Belleville, N.J. He is the author of numerous articles and textbook chapters, and is a longtime monthly columnist for Dermatology News. Write to him at [email protected].
Much speculation has already been written on what a Trump administration may look like, but comparatively little has been said about the potential impact of that administration on physicians, hospitals, and patients. While details will obviously not be available for some time, some early generalizations are possible, based on the position paper President-elect Donald Trump issued in March and the statements he has made since then.
One of Mr. Trump’s earliest and most repeated pledges was the one to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with “something fantastic.” A repeal would be welcome news to many physicians, even without any idea of what its “fantastic” replacement might be; but Trump has hedged already. In mid-November, he told the Wall Street Journal that Obamacare would be “amended, or repealed and replaced,” which introduces considerable wiggle room.
In an interview with CNN, Mr. Trump indicated he would keep the individual mandate; but the next day, he tweeted – and then reiterated in his position paper – that he would remove the mandate and install a “backstop for preexisting conditions.” In the 1990s, when a few states tried to prohibit discrimination based on preexisting conditions without a corresponding mandate, premiums increased precipitously, driving away healthy customers, forcing insurers to stop selling policies in those states, and demonstrating that one cannot work without the other. Perhaps a more-informed Mr. Trump will come to see this.
Other proposals have been more enlightened. Mr. Trump has said that he favors portability of health insurance from state to state. In theory, this will introduce more competition into the system and drive premiums down. He has also proposed making health insurance premiums fully tax deductible for individuals, as they are now for businesses, further lowering premium costs.
He has proposed expanding the health savings account program, making contributions tax free, cumulative, and part of a patient’s estate. I have been a fan of HSAs since their inception because they eliminate the insurance “middleman,” which is good for physicians as well as for patients, who are more aware of what services they are receiving and what they are paying for them. Along the same lines, he has called for price transparency, so that patients can shop for the best prices for procedures and examinations, which now vary widely from one hospital or clinic to another.
Another good idea, in my opinion, is the removal of barriers to the sale of cheaper foreign-manufactured drugs in this country. Such barriers have kept drug prices higher here than anywhere else; consumers should be able to import their medications, from Canada, India, and elsewhere, as long as they are similarly safe and effective. Mr. Trump has also said that Medicare should be able to negotiate drug prices, which should have been true from the outset. The savings, particularly where biologics and other expensive new drugs are concerned, could be significant, since Medicare frequently sets the standard for prices in the industry. He also would raise the Medicare eligibility age, which I believe is a good idea as well.
Less inspired is his proposal to turn over administration of Medicaid to the states, supported by federal block grants. This plan does not take into account that Medicaid, an expensive and inefficient program with a narrow network of doctors, desperately needs an overhaul. Simply expanding it, and handing over full responsibility to the states, is not a viable solution, in my opinion.
Mr. Trump’s position paper also contains the dubious assumption that enforcing immigration laws will significantly decrease health care costs. Sealing the Southern border, he reasons, will help hospitals overburdened by the costs of services they provide to illegal immigrants who can’t pay for them and curtail the burgeoning heroin trade and its associated medical costs. There is little evidence to support either assumption – or even that the border can be effectively sealed in the first place.
So Mr. Trump has a health care plan, of sorts. How it will look by Inauguration Day, and what portion will be implemented, remains to be seen.
Dr. Eastern practices dermatology and dermatologic surgery in Belleville, N.J. He is the author of numerous articles and textbook chapters, and is a longtime monthly columnist for Dermatology News. Write to him at [email protected].
The complex genetic landscape of AML
A unifying genetic basis has been sought to explain the complex and heterogeneous nature of myeloid neoplasms since before Janet Rowley’s quinacrine banding discovered the Philadelphia chromosome (Nature. 1973;243[5405]:290-3). In the decades following that discovery, groundbreaking work has uncovered new chromosomal abnormalities, new gene fusions, new recurrent mutations – often with prognostic implications, but rarely with therapeutic ones.
The recent work by Elli Papaemmanuil, PhD, of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, and her colleagues reaffirms the genetic heterogeneity of AML based on molecular profiling of patients from three large European trials. Yet the most insightful aspect of this reclassification is not just the detail of the genetic resolution but the realization that, even within a gene such as NRAS, the genetic background for acquisition of a codon 12/13 mutation is mutually exclusive with clones where NRAS codon 61 occurs.
When speaking with relapsed patients, I often say that, while we are very good at cutting down trees in AML, we still have not done very well with getting rid of the roots. Admittedly, this metaphor grossly oversimplifies cancer stem cell biology, but it gets at the real importance of the work by Dr. Papaemmanuil and her colleagues. The interactions of gene mutations such as NPM1 and DNMT3A are not uncommon and their co-mutation in isolation has an intermediate prognosis. The clonal acquisition of a codon 12/13 mutation in NRAS seems to result in a more favorable prognosis – lending to the likelihood that the tumor is simply more chemosensitive. In contrast, the acquisition of FLT3-ITD by the NPM1/DNMT3A co-mutant clone results in a very poor prognosis likely due to chemoresistance.
The real power of this study’s findings is the potential for building a toolbox of agents to push against the innate clonal selection and force the “tree” to grow in a direction that is detrimental to its survival. One could consider using FLT3 inhibitors in the wild-type setting of a genetic background primed towards FLT3-ITD evolution to prevent this resistant outgrowth. Of course, such an approach needs to be studied first in a laboratory setting, but similar therapeutic strategies have been applied to BRAF in melanoma. Peter Nowell urged “controlling the evolutionary process in tumors before it reaches the late stage,” and this new ordinal understanding of AML may help to do just that.
[email protected]
On Twitter @thedoctorisvin
A unifying genetic basis has been sought to explain the complex and heterogeneous nature of myeloid neoplasms since before Janet Rowley’s quinacrine banding discovered the Philadelphia chromosome (Nature. 1973;243[5405]:290-3). In the decades following that discovery, groundbreaking work has uncovered new chromosomal abnormalities, new gene fusions, new recurrent mutations – often with prognostic implications, but rarely with therapeutic ones.
The recent work by Elli Papaemmanuil, PhD, of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, and her colleagues reaffirms the genetic heterogeneity of AML based on molecular profiling of patients from three large European trials. Yet the most insightful aspect of this reclassification is not just the detail of the genetic resolution but the realization that, even within a gene such as NRAS, the genetic background for acquisition of a codon 12/13 mutation is mutually exclusive with clones where NRAS codon 61 occurs.
When speaking with relapsed patients, I often say that, while we are very good at cutting down trees in AML, we still have not done very well with getting rid of the roots. Admittedly, this metaphor grossly oversimplifies cancer stem cell biology, but it gets at the real importance of the work by Dr. Papaemmanuil and her colleagues. The interactions of gene mutations such as NPM1 and DNMT3A are not uncommon and their co-mutation in isolation has an intermediate prognosis. The clonal acquisition of a codon 12/13 mutation in NRAS seems to result in a more favorable prognosis – lending to the likelihood that the tumor is simply more chemosensitive. In contrast, the acquisition of FLT3-ITD by the NPM1/DNMT3A co-mutant clone results in a very poor prognosis likely due to chemoresistance.
The real power of this study’s findings is the potential for building a toolbox of agents to push against the innate clonal selection and force the “tree” to grow in a direction that is detrimental to its survival. One could consider using FLT3 inhibitors in the wild-type setting of a genetic background primed towards FLT3-ITD evolution to prevent this resistant outgrowth. Of course, such an approach needs to be studied first in a laboratory setting, but similar therapeutic strategies have been applied to BRAF in melanoma. Peter Nowell urged “controlling the evolutionary process in tumors before it reaches the late stage,” and this new ordinal understanding of AML may help to do just that.
[email protected]
On Twitter @thedoctorisvin
A unifying genetic basis has been sought to explain the complex and heterogeneous nature of myeloid neoplasms since before Janet Rowley’s quinacrine banding discovered the Philadelphia chromosome (Nature. 1973;243[5405]:290-3). In the decades following that discovery, groundbreaking work has uncovered new chromosomal abnormalities, new gene fusions, new recurrent mutations – often with prognostic implications, but rarely with therapeutic ones.
The recent work by Elli Papaemmanuil, PhD, of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, and her colleagues reaffirms the genetic heterogeneity of AML based on molecular profiling of patients from three large European trials. Yet the most insightful aspect of this reclassification is not just the detail of the genetic resolution but the realization that, even within a gene such as NRAS, the genetic background for acquisition of a codon 12/13 mutation is mutually exclusive with clones where NRAS codon 61 occurs.
When speaking with relapsed patients, I often say that, while we are very good at cutting down trees in AML, we still have not done very well with getting rid of the roots. Admittedly, this metaphor grossly oversimplifies cancer stem cell biology, but it gets at the real importance of the work by Dr. Papaemmanuil and her colleagues. The interactions of gene mutations such as NPM1 and DNMT3A are not uncommon and their co-mutation in isolation has an intermediate prognosis. The clonal acquisition of a codon 12/13 mutation in NRAS seems to result in a more favorable prognosis – lending to the likelihood that the tumor is simply more chemosensitive. In contrast, the acquisition of FLT3-ITD by the NPM1/DNMT3A co-mutant clone results in a very poor prognosis likely due to chemoresistance.
The real power of this study’s findings is the potential for building a toolbox of agents to push against the innate clonal selection and force the “tree” to grow in a direction that is detrimental to its survival. One could consider using FLT3 inhibitors in the wild-type setting of a genetic background primed towards FLT3-ITD evolution to prevent this resistant outgrowth. Of course, such an approach needs to be studied first in a laboratory setting, but similar therapeutic strategies have been applied to BRAF in melanoma. Peter Nowell urged “controlling the evolutionary process in tumors before it reaches the late stage,” and this new ordinal understanding of AML may help to do just that.
[email protected]
On Twitter @thedoctorisvin
Two Truths About Substance Use and One Hope Unite Us
Given the recently concluded election season, it may seem that there are few things Americans have in common or can agree on. And although I did not conduct a poll or hold a debate, I suspect that a majority of those who work in the VA, DoD, or PHS would agree that one of the most serious and prevalent public health problems facing those in federal service and in the country at large is the epidemic of substance use disorders (SUDs).
In 2013 the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that “members of the armed forces are not immune to the substance use problems that affect the rest of society.”1 Although active-duty service members use illicit drugs less frequently, as would be expected given the potential disciplinary consequences, the prevalence of problematic use of the legal ones—tobacco, alcohol, and particularly prescription medications—is greater among individuals in the military.
Substance use disorders affect every sector of federal health care practice from military pediatrics and VA pathology to PHS primary care. Reflecting this ubiquity, in this special substance use disorders issue of Federal Practitioner we focus on several distinctive and significant efforts of health care practitioners who care for patients with SUDs. All of medicine is becoming more interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and team-based, but perhaps no other area has as long a legacy or as intrinsic a need for team approaches to care than does the diagnosis and treatment of SUDs. We see this need reflected in this issue’s articles authored by clinical pharmacists, nurse practitioners, physicians, and physicians in training, among others.
Prescription opioids are the subject of 3 articles from VA practitioners: a look at primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of prevention of morbidity and mortality from substance use. Pharmacists at the Salt Lake City VAMC studied the epidemiology of veterans seen in emergency departments who were given naloxone for unintentional opioid overdoses. A second article reviews the distribution of naloxone at a VA facility, providing an example of a successful implementation of the VA Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution network (OEND)—the only national naloxone program in any health care system.
Even farther upstream in the effort to reduce the large doses of opioids that are directly related to overdose deaths is an article on an outpatient opioid-monitoring clinic that uses evidence-based medicine to diagnose patients with opioid use disorder. Research in the VHA showed that in a 4-year period of study, “the risk of overdose deaths was directly related to the maximum prescribed daily dose of opioid medication.”2
Our colleagues in active duty underscore the challenge that new and emerging substances present not only to federal regulatory agencies like the Drug Enforcement Agency, but also to state and local law enforcement agencies. When spice (synthetic cannabinoids) and bath salts (synthetic cathinones) first appeared, no drug tests were available to detect them. Technically not illegal in the early phase of their use, they became the perfect and popular drugs of young service men and women.3
Tragically, history has shown 2 truths about humans and the use of psychoactive products. The first is that as soon as one product is outlawed, creative chemists invent another mind-altering product. Practical education regarding the latest of these underground drugs, kratom, which threatens our service members, is introduced in this issue.
The second truth is that nearly every drug that is originally prescribed for legitimate medical reasons is eventually misused for a nonmedical purpose and can lead to SUDs. By the time the medical community realizes the dark side of the medication, many individuals have already developed a disorder, and sadly some have died.
One of the oldest classes of drugs that brings both relief and torment to human culture—opioid medication—is now the scourge of postmodern society. Our well-intentioned efforts to succor real pain for patients using prescription opioids have paved a road to hellish suffering for others. A recent study examined whether a resurgence of heroin use among veterans—the likes of which has not been seen since the Vietnam era—was associated with the nonmedical use of yes, prescribed narcotics. The same study found that solely having chronic pain was not correlated with the use of heroin.4 This finding offers the hope that practitioners and patients together can learn to treat chronic pain with opioids in selected patients, which can be life-restoring in appropriate cases for limited duration, safely and responsibly while avoiding and minimizing the death dealing blow of opioid use disorders.
In this issue, we also feature a discussion with Karen Drexler, MD, the newly appointed Mental Health Program Director, Addictive Disorders. Dr. Drexler expertly discusses a wide array of SUD subjects relevant to Federal Practitioner readers, including the approach to patients using medical marijuana in the VA, the 2016 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines, and an inside view of the challenges and successes of VA SUD programs, from the vantage point of the new leader of these critical initiatives.
Finally, astute readers may notice the editorial attempts to avoid use of the value-laden terms addiction and substance abuse. Instead, the less stigmatizing terminology of DSM-5 is employed, which jettisons the problematic abuse and dependence distinction for the unitary domain of SUDs. This approach is not just a change in semantics but as thought leaders have shown, a real and meaningful comprehension of the role of words in shaping culture.5 The VA as a health care entity is moving to adopt better scientific framing of SUDs as a salient step toward a recovery-oriented program.
In the coming months, we intend to expand our coverage of this public health crisis, and we invite readers who care every day for patients wrestling with SUDs for control of their health and very lives, to educate, advocate for resources for active-duty service personnel and veterans, and share innovative efforts to turn the tide toward recovery.
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. DrugFacts—substance abuse in the military. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/substance-abuse-in-military. Revised March 2013. Accessed October 18, 2016.
2. Loeffler G, Hurst D, Penn A, Yung K. Spice, bath salts, and the U.S. military: the emergence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and cathinones in the U.S. Armed Forces. Mil Med. 2012;177(9):1041-1048.
3. Banerjee G, Edelman EJ, Barry DT, et al. Non-medical use of prescription opioids is associated with heroin initiation among U.S. veterans: a prospective cohort study. Addiction. 2016;111(11):2021-2031.
4. Bohnert AS, Valenstein M, Bair MJ, et al. Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid-related deaths. JAMA. 2011;305(13):1315-1321.
5. Botticelli MP, Koh HK. Changing the language of addiction. JAMA. 2016;316(13):1361-1362.
Given the recently concluded election season, it may seem that there are few things Americans have in common or can agree on. And although I did not conduct a poll or hold a debate, I suspect that a majority of those who work in the VA, DoD, or PHS would agree that one of the most serious and prevalent public health problems facing those in federal service and in the country at large is the epidemic of substance use disorders (SUDs).
In 2013 the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that “members of the armed forces are not immune to the substance use problems that affect the rest of society.”1 Although active-duty service members use illicit drugs less frequently, as would be expected given the potential disciplinary consequences, the prevalence of problematic use of the legal ones—tobacco, alcohol, and particularly prescription medications—is greater among individuals in the military.
Substance use disorders affect every sector of federal health care practice from military pediatrics and VA pathology to PHS primary care. Reflecting this ubiquity, in this special substance use disorders issue of Federal Practitioner we focus on several distinctive and significant efforts of health care practitioners who care for patients with SUDs. All of medicine is becoming more interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and team-based, but perhaps no other area has as long a legacy or as intrinsic a need for team approaches to care than does the diagnosis and treatment of SUDs. We see this need reflected in this issue’s articles authored by clinical pharmacists, nurse practitioners, physicians, and physicians in training, among others.
Prescription opioids are the subject of 3 articles from VA practitioners: a look at primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of prevention of morbidity and mortality from substance use. Pharmacists at the Salt Lake City VAMC studied the epidemiology of veterans seen in emergency departments who were given naloxone for unintentional opioid overdoses. A second article reviews the distribution of naloxone at a VA facility, providing an example of a successful implementation of the VA Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution network (OEND)—the only national naloxone program in any health care system.
Even farther upstream in the effort to reduce the large doses of opioids that are directly related to overdose deaths is an article on an outpatient opioid-monitoring clinic that uses evidence-based medicine to diagnose patients with opioid use disorder. Research in the VHA showed that in a 4-year period of study, “the risk of overdose deaths was directly related to the maximum prescribed daily dose of opioid medication.”2
Our colleagues in active duty underscore the challenge that new and emerging substances present not only to federal regulatory agencies like the Drug Enforcement Agency, but also to state and local law enforcement agencies. When spice (synthetic cannabinoids) and bath salts (synthetic cathinones) first appeared, no drug tests were available to detect them. Technically not illegal in the early phase of their use, they became the perfect and popular drugs of young service men and women.3
Tragically, history has shown 2 truths about humans and the use of psychoactive products. The first is that as soon as one product is outlawed, creative chemists invent another mind-altering product. Practical education regarding the latest of these underground drugs, kratom, which threatens our service members, is introduced in this issue.
The second truth is that nearly every drug that is originally prescribed for legitimate medical reasons is eventually misused for a nonmedical purpose and can lead to SUDs. By the time the medical community realizes the dark side of the medication, many individuals have already developed a disorder, and sadly some have died.
One of the oldest classes of drugs that brings both relief and torment to human culture—opioid medication—is now the scourge of postmodern society. Our well-intentioned efforts to succor real pain for patients using prescription opioids have paved a road to hellish suffering for others. A recent study examined whether a resurgence of heroin use among veterans—the likes of which has not been seen since the Vietnam era—was associated with the nonmedical use of yes, prescribed narcotics. The same study found that solely having chronic pain was not correlated with the use of heroin.4 This finding offers the hope that practitioners and patients together can learn to treat chronic pain with opioids in selected patients, which can be life-restoring in appropriate cases for limited duration, safely and responsibly while avoiding and minimizing the death dealing blow of opioid use disorders.
In this issue, we also feature a discussion with Karen Drexler, MD, the newly appointed Mental Health Program Director, Addictive Disorders. Dr. Drexler expertly discusses a wide array of SUD subjects relevant to Federal Practitioner readers, including the approach to patients using medical marijuana in the VA, the 2016 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines, and an inside view of the challenges and successes of VA SUD programs, from the vantage point of the new leader of these critical initiatives.
Finally, astute readers may notice the editorial attempts to avoid use of the value-laden terms addiction and substance abuse. Instead, the less stigmatizing terminology of DSM-5 is employed, which jettisons the problematic abuse and dependence distinction for the unitary domain of SUDs. This approach is not just a change in semantics but as thought leaders have shown, a real and meaningful comprehension of the role of words in shaping culture.5 The VA as a health care entity is moving to adopt better scientific framing of SUDs as a salient step toward a recovery-oriented program.
In the coming months, we intend to expand our coverage of this public health crisis, and we invite readers who care every day for patients wrestling with SUDs for control of their health and very lives, to educate, advocate for resources for active-duty service personnel and veterans, and share innovative efforts to turn the tide toward recovery.
Given the recently concluded election season, it may seem that there are few things Americans have in common or can agree on. And although I did not conduct a poll or hold a debate, I suspect that a majority of those who work in the VA, DoD, or PHS would agree that one of the most serious and prevalent public health problems facing those in federal service and in the country at large is the epidemic of substance use disorders (SUDs).
In 2013 the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported that “members of the armed forces are not immune to the substance use problems that affect the rest of society.”1 Although active-duty service members use illicit drugs less frequently, as would be expected given the potential disciplinary consequences, the prevalence of problematic use of the legal ones—tobacco, alcohol, and particularly prescription medications—is greater among individuals in the military.
Substance use disorders affect every sector of federal health care practice from military pediatrics and VA pathology to PHS primary care. Reflecting this ubiquity, in this special substance use disorders issue of Federal Practitioner we focus on several distinctive and significant efforts of health care practitioners who care for patients with SUDs. All of medicine is becoming more interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and team-based, but perhaps no other area has as long a legacy or as intrinsic a need for team approaches to care than does the diagnosis and treatment of SUDs. We see this need reflected in this issue’s articles authored by clinical pharmacists, nurse practitioners, physicians, and physicians in training, among others.
Prescription opioids are the subject of 3 articles from VA practitioners: a look at primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of prevention of morbidity and mortality from substance use. Pharmacists at the Salt Lake City VAMC studied the epidemiology of veterans seen in emergency departments who were given naloxone for unintentional opioid overdoses. A second article reviews the distribution of naloxone at a VA facility, providing an example of a successful implementation of the VA Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution network (OEND)—the only national naloxone program in any health care system.
Even farther upstream in the effort to reduce the large doses of opioids that are directly related to overdose deaths is an article on an outpatient opioid-monitoring clinic that uses evidence-based medicine to diagnose patients with opioid use disorder. Research in the VHA showed that in a 4-year period of study, “the risk of overdose deaths was directly related to the maximum prescribed daily dose of opioid medication.”2
Our colleagues in active duty underscore the challenge that new and emerging substances present not only to federal regulatory agencies like the Drug Enforcement Agency, but also to state and local law enforcement agencies. When spice (synthetic cannabinoids) and bath salts (synthetic cathinones) first appeared, no drug tests were available to detect them. Technically not illegal in the early phase of their use, they became the perfect and popular drugs of young service men and women.3
Tragically, history has shown 2 truths about humans and the use of psychoactive products. The first is that as soon as one product is outlawed, creative chemists invent another mind-altering product. Practical education regarding the latest of these underground drugs, kratom, which threatens our service members, is introduced in this issue.
The second truth is that nearly every drug that is originally prescribed for legitimate medical reasons is eventually misused for a nonmedical purpose and can lead to SUDs. By the time the medical community realizes the dark side of the medication, many individuals have already developed a disorder, and sadly some have died.
One of the oldest classes of drugs that brings both relief and torment to human culture—opioid medication—is now the scourge of postmodern society. Our well-intentioned efforts to succor real pain for patients using prescription opioids have paved a road to hellish suffering for others. A recent study examined whether a resurgence of heroin use among veterans—the likes of which has not been seen since the Vietnam era—was associated with the nonmedical use of yes, prescribed narcotics. The same study found that solely having chronic pain was not correlated with the use of heroin.4 This finding offers the hope that practitioners and patients together can learn to treat chronic pain with opioids in selected patients, which can be life-restoring in appropriate cases for limited duration, safely and responsibly while avoiding and minimizing the death dealing blow of opioid use disorders.
In this issue, we also feature a discussion with Karen Drexler, MD, the newly appointed Mental Health Program Director, Addictive Disorders. Dr. Drexler expertly discusses a wide array of SUD subjects relevant to Federal Practitioner readers, including the approach to patients using medical marijuana in the VA, the 2016 VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines, and an inside view of the challenges and successes of VA SUD programs, from the vantage point of the new leader of these critical initiatives.
Finally, astute readers may notice the editorial attempts to avoid use of the value-laden terms addiction and substance abuse. Instead, the less stigmatizing terminology of DSM-5 is employed, which jettisons the problematic abuse and dependence distinction for the unitary domain of SUDs. This approach is not just a change in semantics but as thought leaders have shown, a real and meaningful comprehension of the role of words in shaping culture.5 The VA as a health care entity is moving to adopt better scientific framing of SUDs as a salient step toward a recovery-oriented program.
In the coming months, we intend to expand our coverage of this public health crisis, and we invite readers who care every day for patients wrestling with SUDs for control of their health and very lives, to educate, advocate for resources for active-duty service personnel and veterans, and share innovative efforts to turn the tide toward recovery.
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. DrugFacts—substance abuse in the military. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/substance-abuse-in-military. Revised March 2013. Accessed October 18, 2016.
2. Loeffler G, Hurst D, Penn A, Yung K. Spice, bath salts, and the U.S. military: the emergence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and cathinones in the U.S. Armed Forces. Mil Med. 2012;177(9):1041-1048.
3. Banerjee G, Edelman EJ, Barry DT, et al. Non-medical use of prescription opioids is associated with heroin initiation among U.S. veterans: a prospective cohort study. Addiction. 2016;111(11):2021-2031.
4. Bohnert AS, Valenstein M, Bair MJ, et al. Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid-related deaths. JAMA. 2011;305(13):1315-1321.
5. Botticelli MP, Koh HK. Changing the language of addiction. JAMA. 2016;316(13):1361-1362.
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. DrugFacts—substance abuse in the military. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/substance-abuse-in-military. Revised March 2013. Accessed October 18, 2016.
2. Loeffler G, Hurst D, Penn A, Yung K. Spice, bath salts, and the U.S. military: the emergence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and cathinones in the U.S. Armed Forces. Mil Med. 2012;177(9):1041-1048.
3. Banerjee G, Edelman EJ, Barry DT, et al. Non-medical use of prescription opioids is associated with heroin initiation among U.S. veterans: a prospective cohort study. Addiction. 2016;111(11):2021-2031.
4. Bohnert AS, Valenstein M, Bair MJ, et al. Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid-related deaths. JAMA. 2011;305(13):1315-1321.
5. Botticelli MP, Koh HK. Changing the language of addiction. JAMA. 2016;316(13):1361-1362.
Mindfulness
How might mindfulness contribute to your mental collapse? Let’s say your work has become tedious. Tottering toward burnout, you decide to try mindfulness meditation to reverse your downward trend. However, you habitually fail to do your daily meditation. Now, “Meditate today” just piles on to your to-do list, a daily reminder of just how weak and disorganized you have become. Voila! Mindfulness is making you more crazy. There are things you can do to avoid this.
There are plenty of things to tip us doctors into burnout. We are not alone in the burnout epidemic, but we are overrepresented. More than 50% of physicians have burnout symptoms according to a recent Mayo Clinic study. Mindfulness training can help.
According to an interview with the program’s director, Douglas Zeidonis, MD, professor and chair of the department of psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts, most of the physicians reported that mindfulness training significantly benefited their work and personal lives. Mindfulness helped them feel more present and engaged with colleagues and patients and made them better clinicians – they reported showing more compassion toward patients.
Like any desirable habit, the key is to do it again and again and again. Here are a few recommendations to help you become more mindful during your workday.
1. Set random alarms (vibrate mode) on your smartphone to remind yourself to take a moment. When it goes off, do this: Breathe (4 seconds in, hold, then 8 seconds out) and be totally present for one minute.
2. Remove deliciously distracting apps from your phone’s home screen. Instead, tuck them away in a folder to reduce the likelihood you’ll click on them when you’re stressed.
3. Put meditation apps where you easily see them. You might try:
• The Mindfulness App: This app offers guided meditations in varying lengths from 3 to 30 minutes, so you can choose the one that’s right for you at any time of the day. Cool features include tracking your progress and setting reminders.
• Headspace: Headspace is known for helping people learn to meditate in just 10 easy minutes a day. Cool features include the ability to track your progress and to buddy up with a friend to help keep you motivated.
• Omvana: This app offers over 500 “transformative” audios to improve all areas of your life from work to personal relationships. Cool features include tracks to improve sleep, something more than a few of us might appreciate.
• Stop, Breathe, & Think: Quicker than Headspace, this app teaches you to meditate in 5 minutes a day and is easy to use at your workplace. Cool features include customizing meditations based upon your mood.
• Take a Break!: Ideal for the workplace, this app will help you carve out time each day to breathe, relax, and focus. Cool features include the ability to choose meditations with voice, music, or nature sounds.
4. Block a 10-minute mindfulness appointment on your schedule in the afternoon. Becoming more resilient will more than offset the short term lost revenue if you avoid retiring too soon due to burnout!
5. If you have an Apple watch, then try the new Breathe app. It reminds you to stop, breathe, and relax and even reports your heart rate afterward.
So unless you are expecting 2017 to be uneventful, I suggest you start building your mindfulness habit today.
Serenity now, serenity now.
Dr. Benabio is a partner physician in the department of dermatology of the Southern California Permanente Group in San Diego. Dr. Benabio is @Dermdoc on Twitter. Write to him at [email protected] . He has no disclosures related to this column.
How might mindfulness contribute to your mental collapse? Let’s say your work has become tedious. Tottering toward burnout, you decide to try mindfulness meditation to reverse your downward trend. However, you habitually fail to do your daily meditation. Now, “Meditate today” just piles on to your to-do list, a daily reminder of just how weak and disorganized you have become. Voila! Mindfulness is making you more crazy. There are things you can do to avoid this.
There are plenty of things to tip us doctors into burnout. We are not alone in the burnout epidemic, but we are overrepresented. More than 50% of physicians have burnout symptoms according to a recent Mayo Clinic study. Mindfulness training can help.
According to an interview with the program’s director, Douglas Zeidonis, MD, professor and chair of the department of psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts, most of the physicians reported that mindfulness training significantly benefited their work and personal lives. Mindfulness helped them feel more present and engaged with colleagues and patients and made them better clinicians – they reported showing more compassion toward patients.
Like any desirable habit, the key is to do it again and again and again. Here are a few recommendations to help you become more mindful during your workday.
1. Set random alarms (vibrate mode) on your smartphone to remind yourself to take a moment. When it goes off, do this: Breathe (4 seconds in, hold, then 8 seconds out) and be totally present for one minute.
2. Remove deliciously distracting apps from your phone’s home screen. Instead, tuck them away in a folder to reduce the likelihood you’ll click on them when you’re stressed.
3. Put meditation apps where you easily see them. You might try:
• The Mindfulness App: This app offers guided meditations in varying lengths from 3 to 30 minutes, so you can choose the one that’s right for you at any time of the day. Cool features include tracking your progress and setting reminders.
• Headspace: Headspace is known for helping people learn to meditate in just 10 easy minutes a day. Cool features include the ability to track your progress and to buddy up with a friend to help keep you motivated.
• Omvana: This app offers over 500 “transformative” audios to improve all areas of your life from work to personal relationships. Cool features include tracks to improve sleep, something more than a few of us might appreciate.
• Stop, Breathe, & Think: Quicker than Headspace, this app teaches you to meditate in 5 minutes a day and is easy to use at your workplace. Cool features include customizing meditations based upon your mood.
• Take a Break!: Ideal for the workplace, this app will help you carve out time each day to breathe, relax, and focus. Cool features include the ability to choose meditations with voice, music, or nature sounds.
4. Block a 10-minute mindfulness appointment on your schedule in the afternoon. Becoming more resilient will more than offset the short term lost revenue if you avoid retiring too soon due to burnout!
5. If you have an Apple watch, then try the new Breathe app. It reminds you to stop, breathe, and relax and even reports your heart rate afterward.
So unless you are expecting 2017 to be uneventful, I suggest you start building your mindfulness habit today.
Serenity now, serenity now.
Dr. Benabio is a partner physician in the department of dermatology of the Southern California Permanente Group in San Diego. Dr. Benabio is @Dermdoc on Twitter. Write to him at [email protected] . He has no disclosures related to this column.
How might mindfulness contribute to your mental collapse? Let’s say your work has become tedious. Tottering toward burnout, you decide to try mindfulness meditation to reverse your downward trend. However, you habitually fail to do your daily meditation. Now, “Meditate today” just piles on to your to-do list, a daily reminder of just how weak and disorganized you have become. Voila! Mindfulness is making you more crazy. There are things you can do to avoid this.
There are plenty of things to tip us doctors into burnout. We are not alone in the burnout epidemic, but we are overrepresented. More than 50% of physicians have burnout symptoms according to a recent Mayo Clinic study. Mindfulness training can help.
According to an interview with the program’s director, Douglas Zeidonis, MD, professor and chair of the department of psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts, most of the physicians reported that mindfulness training significantly benefited their work and personal lives. Mindfulness helped them feel more present and engaged with colleagues and patients and made them better clinicians – they reported showing more compassion toward patients.
Like any desirable habit, the key is to do it again and again and again. Here are a few recommendations to help you become more mindful during your workday.
1. Set random alarms (vibrate mode) on your smartphone to remind yourself to take a moment. When it goes off, do this: Breathe (4 seconds in, hold, then 8 seconds out) and be totally present for one minute.
2. Remove deliciously distracting apps from your phone’s home screen. Instead, tuck them away in a folder to reduce the likelihood you’ll click on them when you’re stressed.
3. Put meditation apps where you easily see them. You might try:
• The Mindfulness App: This app offers guided meditations in varying lengths from 3 to 30 minutes, so you can choose the one that’s right for you at any time of the day. Cool features include tracking your progress and setting reminders.
• Headspace: Headspace is known for helping people learn to meditate in just 10 easy minutes a day. Cool features include the ability to track your progress and to buddy up with a friend to help keep you motivated.
• Omvana: This app offers over 500 “transformative” audios to improve all areas of your life from work to personal relationships. Cool features include tracks to improve sleep, something more than a few of us might appreciate.
• Stop, Breathe, & Think: Quicker than Headspace, this app teaches you to meditate in 5 minutes a day and is easy to use at your workplace. Cool features include customizing meditations based upon your mood.
• Take a Break!: Ideal for the workplace, this app will help you carve out time each day to breathe, relax, and focus. Cool features include the ability to choose meditations with voice, music, or nature sounds.
4. Block a 10-minute mindfulness appointment on your schedule in the afternoon. Becoming more resilient will more than offset the short term lost revenue if you avoid retiring too soon due to burnout!
5. If you have an Apple watch, then try the new Breathe app. It reminds you to stop, breathe, and relax and even reports your heart rate afterward.
So unless you are expecting 2017 to be uneventful, I suggest you start building your mindfulness habit today.
Serenity now, serenity now.
Dr. Benabio is a partner physician in the department of dermatology of the Southern California Permanente Group in San Diego. Dr. Benabio is @Dermdoc on Twitter. Write to him at [email protected] . He has no disclosures related to this column.
From the Editors: Querencia
In the flood of emails, periodicals, Twitter, Facebook, Doximity, Medscape, and other information that washes over surgeons every day, why should they use their precious time to read ACS Surgery News? That question is foremost in the minds of the editors of this publication as we consider news stories and commentaries for inclusion. Is this an article our readers are going to find informative, pertinent, and stimulating? We want ACS Surgery News to be a querencia: a source of reliable, vetted information that gives surgeons a place of intellectual security along the information highway.
The editors of ACS Surgery News understand surgery from the scrub sink up. While our mission includes keeping our readers informed about these looming thunderstorms, we are also privileged to report progress and innovations that keep coming no matter how the forces of red tape and commerce play against our profession. Bringing news of both challenges and beacons of hope for our profession with commentary and perspective from our colleagues is our objective. For the editors, this is both a mission and a pleasure. Since most of the editors and our Editorial Advisory Board (EAB), like our readers, must focus primarily on our jobs as surgeons, teachers, and researchers, we cannot read every journal or attend every meeting. The role of ACS Surgery News is to find the relevant news of interest and importance to surgeons, wherever it may be found, and to report it succinctly and accurately in a readable form. Before an article appears in ACS Surgery News, it is reviewed by the author of the paper or presentation for accuracy and reviewed by the most appropriate member of the EAB as well as by both Co-Editors for importance and relevance to our surgeon readers. We do not want to shy away from controversial topics, but endeavor to present such topics with balance and sensitivity, just as the ACS itself always attempts to do: to shed light, rather than merely heat, on all subjects that we cover in our pages.
The editors of ACS Surgery News hope that in the months and years to come, this publication can be a querencia for the surgeon: a safe and secure place to engage all the forces that a surgeon must confront to be successful. In these pages we hope you will find knowledge, wisdom, camaraderie, and support for your practice, whatever that may be.
Surgery is a life of great joy and great sorrow, sometimes happening all within the same hour. We hope to be part of the joy and to soften the sorrow by being a publication you look forward to reading and wherein you find those things that contribute to your being a great surgeon and human being.
Dr. Deveney is professor of surgery and vice chair of education in the department of surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. She is the Co-Editor of ACS Surgery News.
Dr. Hughes is clinical professor in the department of surgery and director of medical education at the Kansas University School of Medicine, Salina Campus, and Co-Editor of ACS Surgery News.
In the flood of emails, periodicals, Twitter, Facebook, Doximity, Medscape, and other information that washes over surgeons every day, why should they use their precious time to read ACS Surgery News? That question is foremost in the minds of the editors of this publication as we consider news stories and commentaries for inclusion. Is this an article our readers are going to find informative, pertinent, and stimulating? We want ACS Surgery News to be a querencia: a source of reliable, vetted information that gives surgeons a place of intellectual security along the information highway.
The editors of ACS Surgery News understand surgery from the scrub sink up. While our mission includes keeping our readers informed about these looming thunderstorms, we are also privileged to report progress and innovations that keep coming no matter how the forces of red tape and commerce play against our profession. Bringing news of both challenges and beacons of hope for our profession with commentary and perspective from our colleagues is our objective. For the editors, this is both a mission and a pleasure. Since most of the editors and our Editorial Advisory Board (EAB), like our readers, must focus primarily on our jobs as surgeons, teachers, and researchers, we cannot read every journal or attend every meeting. The role of ACS Surgery News is to find the relevant news of interest and importance to surgeons, wherever it may be found, and to report it succinctly and accurately in a readable form. Before an article appears in ACS Surgery News, it is reviewed by the author of the paper or presentation for accuracy and reviewed by the most appropriate member of the EAB as well as by both Co-Editors for importance and relevance to our surgeon readers. We do not want to shy away from controversial topics, but endeavor to present such topics with balance and sensitivity, just as the ACS itself always attempts to do: to shed light, rather than merely heat, on all subjects that we cover in our pages.
The editors of ACS Surgery News hope that in the months and years to come, this publication can be a querencia for the surgeon: a safe and secure place to engage all the forces that a surgeon must confront to be successful. In these pages we hope you will find knowledge, wisdom, camaraderie, and support for your practice, whatever that may be.
Surgery is a life of great joy and great sorrow, sometimes happening all within the same hour. We hope to be part of the joy and to soften the sorrow by being a publication you look forward to reading and wherein you find those things that contribute to your being a great surgeon and human being.
Dr. Deveney is professor of surgery and vice chair of education in the department of surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. She is the Co-Editor of ACS Surgery News.
Dr. Hughes is clinical professor in the department of surgery and director of medical education at the Kansas University School of Medicine, Salina Campus, and Co-Editor of ACS Surgery News.
In the flood of emails, periodicals, Twitter, Facebook, Doximity, Medscape, and other information that washes over surgeons every day, why should they use their precious time to read ACS Surgery News? That question is foremost in the minds of the editors of this publication as we consider news stories and commentaries for inclusion. Is this an article our readers are going to find informative, pertinent, and stimulating? We want ACS Surgery News to be a querencia: a source of reliable, vetted information that gives surgeons a place of intellectual security along the information highway.
The editors of ACS Surgery News understand surgery from the scrub sink up. While our mission includes keeping our readers informed about these looming thunderstorms, we are also privileged to report progress and innovations that keep coming no matter how the forces of red tape and commerce play against our profession. Bringing news of both challenges and beacons of hope for our profession with commentary and perspective from our colleagues is our objective. For the editors, this is both a mission and a pleasure. Since most of the editors and our Editorial Advisory Board (EAB), like our readers, must focus primarily on our jobs as surgeons, teachers, and researchers, we cannot read every journal or attend every meeting. The role of ACS Surgery News is to find the relevant news of interest and importance to surgeons, wherever it may be found, and to report it succinctly and accurately in a readable form. Before an article appears in ACS Surgery News, it is reviewed by the author of the paper or presentation for accuracy and reviewed by the most appropriate member of the EAB as well as by both Co-Editors for importance and relevance to our surgeon readers. We do not want to shy away from controversial topics, but endeavor to present such topics with balance and sensitivity, just as the ACS itself always attempts to do: to shed light, rather than merely heat, on all subjects that we cover in our pages.
The editors of ACS Surgery News hope that in the months and years to come, this publication can be a querencia for the surgeon: a safe and secure place to engage all the forces that a surgeon must confront to be successful. In these pages we hope you will find knowledge, wisdom, camaraderie, and support for your practice, whatever that may be.
Surgery is a life of great joy and great sorrow, sometimes happening all within the same hour. We hope to be part of the joy and to soften the sorrow by being a publication you look forward to reading and wherein you find those things that contribute to your being a great surgeon and human being.
Dr. Deveney is professor of surgery and vice chair of education in the department of surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. She is the Co-Editor of ACS Surgery News.
Dr. Hughes is clinical professor in the department of surgery and director of medical education at the Kansas University School of Medicine, Salina Campus, and Co-Editor of ACS Surgery News.
Pencils and paper ready!
No, this isn’t a test, this is an admonishment. For years, I have been using these letters to vent my frustration with the federal government and practice administrators who have foisted several generations of user-unfriendly electronic health records on us. Maybe it’s time to accept the ugly fact that, for the near future, clunky and time-gobbling EHRs are the reality, and we need to think of strategies to make the best of a bad situation.
It’s not only physicians who are complaining about EHRs. Listen to your friends and relatives at cookouts and in the line at the grocery story. You’ve heard what they are saying about us. “He always has his eyes on the computer screen. Never looks at me, and I’m not sure he’s listening.” “She asks me the same questions the nurse and that other woman already asked me. Hasn’t she already looked at my chart?” If you haven’t heard those complaints, make an appointment to see a doctor and experience the distortion of the doctor-patient interaction that the computer has created.
It might take some reordering of how you do things. Take a look at the patient’s chart before you go in to see the patient. Many of you may do this already. It’s the courteous thing to do. In the few cases you don’t think you can trust your memory on the trip between your office computer and the exam room, scribble a few notes on a scrap of paper.
Ask the patient to repeat his chief complaint; it may have a completely different ring to it than the one the nurse/receptionist entered in the computer. Apologize to the patient for asking the history again. Or even better, why not be the first and only person to take the history? Scribble a few more notes and a few more after the physical exam if necessary.
At the end of the visit, return to your office to order any lab work and prescriptions the visit required. Take a few minutes to look at the next patient’s medical record and then repeat, repeat. I have found that, in a general pediatric practice, when I was busy, I could batch three, rarely four, patients together before returning to my desk for a more lengthy sit down to finalize the charts, sometimes using my few scribbled notes to jog my memory.
I am confident that most of you are capable of the same mental gymnastics. You’ve passed the MCAT, graduated from medical school, passed the state board, and probably your specialty boards. You should be the master of retention. If a skilled wait person at a good restaurant can keep four patrons’ orders in his/her head, you should be able to retain the basic clinical information on a couple of patients with the help of a pencil and paper. The reward for your mental effort will be dramatically improved doctor-patient interaction. The patients will be impressed that you are looking at and listening to them, and not a computer screen. You will get more and better information from them, and this will make for more accurate diagnoses and better targeted therapies.
If you can’t imagine this working because your office system demands that a diagnosis and billing code be entered before that patient checks out, it may be time to demand a scribe.
Dr. Wilkoff practiced primary care pediatrics in Brunswick, Maine, for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on behavioral pediatrics including “How to Say No to Your Toddler.” Email him at [email protected] .
No, this isn’t a test, this is an admonishment. For years, I have been using these letters to vent my frustration with the federal government and practice administrators who have foisted several generations of user-unfriendly electronic health records on us. Maybe it’s time to accept the ugly fact that, for the near future, clunky and time-gobbling EHRs are the reality, and we need to think of strategies to make the best of a bad situation.
It’s not only physicians who are complaining about EHRs. Listen to your friends and relatives at cookouts and in the line at the grocery story. You’ve heard what they are saying about us. “He always has his eyes on the computer screen. Never looks at me, and I’m not sure he’s listening.” “She asks me the same questions the nurse and that other woman already asked me. Hasn’t she already looked at my chart?” If you haven’t heard those complaints, make an appointment to see a doctor and experience the distortion of the doctor-patient interaction that the computer has created.
It might take some reordering of how you do things. Take a look at the patient’s chart before you go in to see the patient. Many of you may do this already. It’s the courteous thing to do. In the few cases you don’t think you can trust your memory on the trip between your office computer and the exam room, scribble a few notes on a scrap of paper.
Ask the patient to repeat his chief complaint; it may have a completely different ring to it than the one the nurse/receptionist entered in the computer. Apologize to the patient for asking the history again. Or even better, why not be the first and only person to take the history? Scribble a few more notes and a few more after the physical exam if necessary.
At the end of the visit, return to your office to order any lab work and prescriptions the visit required. Take a few minutes to look at the next patient’s medical record and then repeat, repeat. I have found that, in a general pediatric practice, when I was busy, I could batch three, rarely four, patients together before returning to my desk for a more lengthy sit down to finalize the charts, sometimes using my few scribbled notes to jog my memory.
I am confident that most of you are capable of the same mental gymnastics. You’ve passed the MCAT, graduated from medical school, passed the state board, and probably your specialty boards. You should be the master of retention. If a skilled wait person at a good restaurant can keep four patrons’ orders in his/her head, you should be able to retain the basic clinical information on a couple of patients with the help of a pencil and paper. The reward for your mental effort will be dramatically improved doctor-patient interaction. The patients will be impressed that you are looking at and listening to them, and not a computer screen. You will get more and better information from them, and this will make for more accurate diagnoses and better targeted therapies.
If you can’t imagine this working because your office system demands that a diagnosis and billing code be entered before that patient checks out, it may be time to demand a scribe.
Dr. Wilkoff practiced primary care pediatrics in Brunswick, Maine, for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on behavioral pediatrics including “How to Say No to Your Toddler.” Email him at [email protected] .
No, this isn’t a test, this is an admonishment. For years, I have been using these letters to vent my frustration with the federal government and practice administrators who have foisted several generations of user-unfriendly electronic health records on us. Maybe it’s time to accept the ugly fact that, for the near future, clunky and time-gobbling EHRs are the reality, and we need to think of strategies to make the best of a bad situation.
It’s not only physicians who are complaining about EHRs. Listen to your friends and relatives at cookouts and in the line at the grocery story. You’ve heard what they are saying about us. “He always has his eyes on the computer screen. Never looks at me, and I’m not sure he’s listening.” “She asks me the same questions the nurse and that other woman already asked me. Hasn’t she already looked at my chart?” If you haven’t heard those complaints, make an appointment to see a doctor and experience the distortion of the doctor-patient interaction that the computer has created.
It might take some reordering of how you do things. Take a look at the patient’s chart before you go in to see the patient. Many of you may do this already. It’s the courteous thing to do. In the few cases you don’t think you can trust your memory on the trip between your office computer and the exam room, scribble a few notes on a scrap of paper.
Ask the patient to repeat his chief complaint; it may have a completely different ring to it than the one the nurse/receptionist entered in the computer. Apologize to the patient for asking the history again. Or even better, why not be the first and only person to take the history? Scribble a few more notes and a few more after the physical exam if necessary.
At the end of the visit, return to your office to order any lab work and prescriptions the visit required. Take a few minutes to look at the next patient’s medical record and then repeat, repeat. I have found that, in a general pediatric practice, when I was busy, I could batch three, rarely four, patients together before returning to my desk for a more lengthy sit down to finalize the charts, sometimes using my few scribbled notes to jog my memory.
I am confident that most of you are capable of the same mental gymnastics. You’ve passed the MCAT, graduated from medical school, passed the state board, and probably your specialty boards. You should be the master of retention. If a skilled wait person at a good restaurant can keep four patrons’ orders in his/her head, you should be able to retain the basic clinical information on a couple of patients with the help of a pencil and paper. The reward for your mental effort will be dramatically improved doctor-patient interaction. The patients will be impressed that you are looking at and listening to them, and not a computer screen. You will get more and better information from them, and this will make for more accurate diagnoses and better targeted therapies.
If you can’t imagine this working because your office system demands that a diagnosis and billing code be entered before that patient checks out, it may be time to demand a scribe.
Dr. Wilkoff practiced primary care pediatrics in Brunswick, Maine, for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on behavioral pediatrics including “How to Say No to Your Toddler.” Email him at [email protected] .