Woman on a scale

A higher body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of developing 10 common cancers, according to a study of more than 5 million adults in the UK.

The research revealed an association between BMI and leukemia, as well as certain solid tumor malignancies, but no association for multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Krishnan Bhaskaran, PhD, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in the UK, and his colleagues reported these findings in The Lancet.

“The number of people who are overweight or obese is rapidly increasing, both in the UK and worldwide,” Dr Bhaskaran said. “It is well recognized that this is likely to cause more diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Our results show that, if these trends continue, we can also expect to see substantially more cancers as a result.”

Using data from general practitioner records in the UK’s Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Dr Bhaskaran and his colleagues identified 5.24 million individuals aged 16 and older who were cancer-free and had been followed for an average of 7.5 years.

The researchers assessed the subjects’ risk of developing 22 of the most common cancers, which represent 90% of the cancers diagnosed in the UK. The team evaluated cancer risk according to BMI after adjusting for individual factors such as age, sex, smoking status, and socioeconomic status.

A total of 166,955 people developed 1 of the 22 cancers studied during the follow-up period.

BMI was associated with 17 of the cancer types—leukemia and melanoma, as well as cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, breast, cervix, uterus, ovaries, prostate, kidney, and thyroid.

BMI was not associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or cancers of the rectum, bladder, or brain/central nervous system.

Each 5 kg/m² increase in BMI was clearly linked with a higher risk of cancers of the uterus (62% increase), gallbladder (31%), kidney (25%), cervix (10%), thyroid (9%), and leukemia (9%).

Higher BMI also increased the overall risk of liver (19% increase), colon (10%), ovarian (9%), and breast cancers (5%), but the effects on these cancers varied by underlying BMI and by factors such as sex and menopausal status.

Even within normal BMI ranges, a higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of some cancers.

On the other hand, there was some evidence that subjects with a high BMI were at a slightly reduced risk of prostate cancer and premenopausal breast cancer.

“There was a lot of variation in the effects of BMI on different cancers, ” Dr Bhaskaran explained. “For example, risk of cancer of the uterus increased substantially at higher body mass index. For other cancers, we saw more modest increases in risk, or no effect at all.”

“For some cancers, like breast cancer occurring in younger women before the menopause, there even seemed to be a lower risk at higher BMI. This variation tells us that BMI must affect cancer risk through a number of different processes, depending on the cancer type.”

In a linked comment article, Peter Campbell, PhD, of the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, said this research underscores the need for policy changes to reduce the incidence of obesity and being overweight in the UK and the rest of the world.

Woman on a scale

A higher body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of developing 10 common cancers, according to a study of more than 5 million adults in the UK.

The research revealed an association between BMI and leukemia, as well as certain solid tumor malignancies, but no association for multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Krishnan Bhaskaran, PhD, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in the UK, and his colleagues reported these findings in The Lancet.

“The number of people who are overweight or obese is rapidly increasing, both in the UK and worldwide,” Dr Bhaskaran said. “It is well recognized that this is likely to cause more diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Our results show that, if these trends continue, we can also expect to see substantially more cancers as a result.”

Using data from general practitioner records in the UK’s Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Dr Bhaskaran and his colleagues identified 5.24 million individuals aged 16 and older who were cancer-free and had been followed for an average of 7.5 years.

The researchers assessed the subjects’ risk of developing 22 of the most common cancers, which represent 90% of the cancers diagnosed in the UK. The team evaluated cancer risk according to BMI after adjusting for individual factors such as age, sex, smoking status, and socioeconomic status.

A total of 166,955 people developed 1 of the 22 cancers studied during the follow-up period.

BMI was associated with 17 of the cancer types—leukemia and melanoma, as well as cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, breast, cervix, uterus, ovaries, prostate, kidney, and thyroid.

BMI was not associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or cancers of the rectum, bladder, or brain/central nervous system.

Each 5 kg/m² increase in BMI was clearly linked with a higher risk of cancers of the uterus (62% increase), gallbladder (31%), kidney (25%), cervix (10%), thyroid (9%), and leukemia (9%).

Higher BMI also increased the overall risk of liver (19% increase), colon (10%), ovarian (9%), and breast cancers (5%), but the effects on these cancers varied by underlying BMI and by factors such as sex and menopausal status.

Even within normal BMI ranges, a higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of some cancers.

On the other hand, there was some evidence that subjects with a high BMI were at a slightly reduced risk of prostate cancer and premenopausal breast cancer.

“There was a lot of variation in the effects of BMI on different cancers, ” Dr Bhaskaran explained. “For example, risk of cancer of the uterus increased substantially at higher body mass index. For other cancers, we saw more modest increases in risk, or no effect at all.”

“For some cancers, like breast cancer occurring in younger women before the menopause, there even seemed to be a lower risk at higher BMI. This variation tells us that BMI must affect cancer risk through a number of different processes, depending on the cancer type.”

In a linked comment article, Peter Campbell, PhD, of the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, said this research underscores the need for policy changes to reduce the incidence of obesity and being overweight in the UK and the rest of the world.

Woman on a scale

A higher body mass index (BMI) increases the risk of developing 10 common cancers, according to a study of more than 5 million adults in the UK.

The research revealed an association between BMI and leukemia, as well as certain solid tumor malignancies, but no association for multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Krishnan Bhaskaran, PhD, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in the UK, and his colleagues reported these findings in The Lancet.

“The number of people who are overweight or obese is rapidly increasing, both in the UK and worldwide,” Dr Bhaskaran said. “It is well recognized that this is likely to cause more diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Our results show that, if these trends continue, we can also expect to see substantially more cancers as a result.”

Using data from general practitioner records in the UK’s Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Dr Bhaskaran and his colleagues identified 5.24 million individuals aged 16 and older who were cancer-free and had been followed for an average of 7.5 years.

The researchers assessed the subjects’ risk of developing 22 of the most common cancers, which represent 90% of the cancers diagnosed in the UK. The team evaluated cancer risk according to BMI after adjusting for individual factors such as age, sex, smoking status, and socioeconomic status.

A total of 166,955 people developed 1 of the 22 cancers studied during the follow-up period.

BMI was associated with 17 of the cancer types—leukemia and melanoma, as well as cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, breast, cervix, uterus, ovaries, prostate, kidney, and thyroid.

BMI was not associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or cancers of the rectum, bladder, or brain/central nervous system.

Each 5 kg/m² increase in BMI was clearly linked with a higher risk of cancers of the uterus (62% increase), gallbladder (31%), kidney (25%), cervix (10%), thyroid (9%), and leukemia (9%).

Higher BMI also increased the overall risk of liver (19% increase), colon (10%), ovarian (9%), and breast cancers (5%), but the effects on these cancers varied by underlying BMI and by factors such as sex and menopausal status.

Even within normal BMI ranges, a higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of some cancers.

On the other hand, there was some evidence that subjects with a high BMI were at a slightly reduced risk of prostate cancer and premenopausal breast cancer.

“There was a lot of variation in the effects of BMI on different cancers, ” Dr Bhaskaran explained. “For example, risk of cancer of the uterus increased substantially at higher body mass index. For other cancers, we saw more modest increases in risk, or no effect at all.”

“For some cancers, like breast cancer occurring in younger women before the menopause, there even seemed to be a lower risk at higher BMI. This variation tells us that BMI must affect cancer risk through a number of different processes, depending on the cancer type.”

In a linked comment article, Peter Campbell, PhD, of the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, said this research underscores the need for policy changes to reduce the incidence of obesity and being overweight in the UK and the rest of the world.

Proliferating HSCs

Credit: John Perry

Researchers say they have uncovered early clues that better explain how hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated.

Their research, conducted in zebrafish, provides new insight regarding the role of JAM proteins and the Notch signaling pathway, which was already known to be critical for HSC generation.

The new findings may help clear the way to producing HSCs from human pluripotent precursors, according to the researchers.

David Traver, PhD, of the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, and his colleagues recounted these findings in a letter to Nature. A similar study, which revealed the role of endotome cells in HSC generation, was also recently published as a letter to Nature.

“Notch signaling between emitting and receiving cells is key to establishing HSC fate during development,” Dr Traver said. “What has not been known is where, when, and how Notch signal transduction is mediated.”

Through experiments in zebrafish models, Dr Traver and his colleagues found the Notch signal is transduced into HSC precursor cells from signal-emitting cells in the somite much earlier in the process than previously anticipated.

Specifically, the team found that JAM proteins, best known for helping maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells to prevent vascular leakage, were key mediators of Notch signaling.

When the researchers caused JAM proteins to lose function, Notch signaling and HSCs were also lost. When they enforced Notch signaling, the team rescued HSC development.

“To date, it has not been possible to generate HSCs de novo from human pluripotent precursors, like induced pluripotent stem cells,” Dr Traver said. “This has been due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complete set of factors that the embryo uses to make HSCs in vivo. It has also likely been due to not knowing in what order each required factor is needed.”

“Our studies demonstrate that Notch signaling is required much earlier than previously thought. In fact, it may be one of the earliest determinants of HSC fate. This finding strongly suggests that in vitro approaches to instruct HSC fate from induced pluripotent stem cells must focus on the Notch pathway at early time-points in the process.”

“Our findings have also shown that JAM proteins serve as a sort of co-receptor for Notch signaling, in that they are required to maintain close contact between signal-emitting and signal-receiving cells to permit strong activation of Notch in the precursors of HSCs.”

Dr Traver and his colleagues believe the findings may have far-reaching implications for the eventual development of HSC-based therapies for diseases such as leukemia and congenital blood disorders.

Proliferating HSCs

Credit: John Perry

Researchers say they have uncovered early clues that better explain how hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated.

Their research, conducted in zebrafish, provides new insight regarding the role of JAM proteins and the Notch signaling pathway, which was already known to be critical for HSC generation.

The new findings may help clear the way to producing HSCs from human pluripotent precursors, according to the researchers.

David Traver, PhD, of the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, and his colleagues recounted these findings in a letter to Nature. A similar study, which revealed the role of endotome cells in HSC generation, was also recently published as a letter to Nature.

“Notch signaling between emitting and receiving cells is key to establishing HSC fate during development,” Dr Traver said. “What has not been known is where, when, and how Notch signal transduction is mediated.”

Through experiments in zebrafish models, Dr Traver and his colleagues found the Notch signal is transduced into HSC precursor cells from signal-emitting cells in the somite much earlier in the process than previously anticipated.

Specifically, the team found that JAM proteins, best known for helping maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells to prevent vascular leakage, were key mediators of Notch signaling.

When the researchers caused JAM proteins to lose function, Notch signaling and HSCs were also lost. When they enforced Notch signaling, the team rescued HSC development.

“To date, it has not been possible to generate HSCs de novo from human pluripotent precursors, like induced pluripotent stem cells,” Dr Traver said. “This has been due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complete set of factors that the embryo uses to make HSCs in vivo. It has also likely been due to not knowing in what order each required factor is needed.”

“Our studies demonstrate that Notch signaling is required much earlier than previously thought. In fact, it may be one of the earliest determinants of HSC fate. This finding strongly suggests that in vitro approaches to instruct HSC fate from induced pluripotent stem cells must focus on the Notch pathway at early time-points in the process.”

“Our findings have also shown that JAM proteins serve as a sort of co-receptor for Notch signaling, in that they are required to maintain close contact between signal-emitting and signal-receiving cells to permit strong activation of Notch in the precursors of HSCs.”

Dr Traver and his colleagues believe the findings may have far-reaching implications for the eventual development of HSC-based therapies for diseases such as leukemia and congenital blood disorders.

Proliferating HSCs

Credit: John Perry

Researchers say they have uncovered early clues that better explain how hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated.

Their research, conducted in zebrafish, provides new insight regarding the role of JAM proteins and the Notch signaling pathway, which was already known to be critical for HSC generation.

The new findings may help clear the way to producing HSCs from human pluripotent precursors, according to the researchers.

David Traver, PhD, of the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, and his colleagues recounted these findings in a letter to Nature. A similar study, which revealed the role of endotome cells in HSC generation, was also recently published as a letter to Nature.

“Notch signaling between emitting and receiving cells is key to establishing HSC fate during development,” Dr Traver said. “What has not been known is where, when, and how Notch signal transduction is mediated.”

Through experiments in zebrafish models, Dr Traver and his colleagues found the Notch signal is transduced into HSC precursor cells from signal-emitting cells in the somite much earlier in the process than previously anticipated.

Specifically, the team found that JAM proteins, best known for helping maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells to prevent vascular leakage, were key mediators of Notch signaling.

When the researchers caused JAM proteins to lose function, Notch signaling and HSCs were also lost. When they enforced Notch signaling, the team rescued HSC development.

“To date, it has not been possible to generate HSCs de novo from human pluripotent precursors, like induced pluripotent stem cells,” Dr Traver said. “This has been due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complete set of factors that the embryo uses to make HSCs in vivo. It has also likely been due to not knowing in what order each required factor is needed.”

“Our studies demonstrate that Notch signaling is required much earlier than previously thought. In fact, it may be one of the earliest determinants of HSC fate. This finding strongly suggests that in vitro approaches to instruct HSC fate from induced pluripotent stem cells must focus on the Notch pathway at early time-points in the process.”

“Our findings have also shown that JAM proteins serve as a sort of co-receptor for Notch signaling, in that they are required to maintain close contact between signal-emitting and signal-receiving cells to permit strong activation of Notch in the precursors of HSCs.”

Dr Traver and his colleagues believe the findings may have far-reaching implications for the eventual development of HSC-based therapies for diseases such as leukemia and congenital blood disorders.

A novel chikungunya virus vaccine caused no serious adverse effects and was about as immunogenic as natural infection, authors of a phase I trial reported in the Lancet.

Eleven months after receiving the noninfectious viruslike particle (VLP) vaccine, trial participants had neutralizing antibody titers that resembled those seen in natural infection, said Dr. Lee-Jah Chang and associates at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. (Lancet 2014 Aug. 15 [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61185-5]).

Chikungunya virus infection is rarely fatal, but it causes fever and severe arthritis. The mosquito-born pathogen spread to the Americas in 2013, is now epidemic in the Caribbean, and has no approved vaccine or treatment.

To test a novel VLP vaccine candidate, researchers enrolled 25 healthy adults into a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation trial with doses of 10, 20, or 40 mcg administered at weeks 0, 4, and 20, the investigators reported. Participants were followed for 44 weeks after enrollment.

All groups had detectable neutralizing antibodies on ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) after the second dose, with geometric mean titers of the half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 2,688 in the 10-mcg group, 1,775 in the 20-mcg group, and 7,246 in the 40-mcg group. Antibody levels after the second dose substantially exceeded those measured after the first dose, with P values for differences ranging from .07 for the 10-mcg group to less than .0001 for the 40-mcg group, the investigators said. And titers did not significantly differ 4 weeks after the second and third doses, they added.

Participants reported no arthralgias or other serious adverse effects. Mild to moderate side effects occurred in four participants, and consisted of transient neutropenia (three cases) and transient increases in alanine aminotransferase (four cases), all of which resolved without clinical consequences, the investigators said.

"These clinical data represent an important step in vaccine development to combat this rapidly emerging pathogen," the researchers said. The next step is to test the vaccine in larger studies that include persons at risk of chikungunya virus infection, they added.

The trial was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no competing interests.

A novel chikungunya virus vaccine caused no serious adverse effects and was about as immunogenic as natural infection, authors of a phase I trial reported in the Lancet.

Eleven months after receiving the noninfectious viruslike particle (VLP) vaccine, trial participants had neutralizing antibody titers that resembled those seen in natural infection, said Dr. Lee-Jah Chang and associates at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. (Lancet 2014 Aug. 15 [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61185-5]).

Chikungunya virus infection is rarely fatal, but it causes fever and severe arthritis. The mosquito-born pathogen spread to the Americas in 2013, is now epidemic in the Caribbean, and has no approved vaccine or treatment.

To test a novel VLP vaccine candidate, researchers enrolled 25 healthy adults into a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation trial with doses of 10, 20, or 40 mcg administered at weeks 0, 4, and 20, the investigators reported. Participants were followed for 44 weeks after enrollment.

All groups had detectable neutralizing antibodies on ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) after the second dose, with geometric mean titers of the half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 2,688 in the 10-mcg group, 1,775 in the 20-mcg group, and 7,246 in the 40-mcg group. Antibody levels after the second dose substantially exceeded those measured after the first dose, with P values for differences ranging from .07 for the 10-mcg group to less than .0001 for the 40-mcg group, the investigators said. And titers did not significantly differ 4 weeks after the second and third doses, they added.

Participants reported no arthralgias or other serious adverse effects. Mild to moderate side effects occurred in four participants, and consisted of transient neutropenia (three cases) and transient increases in alanine aminotransferase (four cases), all of which resolved without clinical consequences, the investigators said.

"These clinical data represent an important step in vaccine development to combat this rapidly emerging pathogen," the researchers said. The next step is to test the vaccine in larger studies that include persons at risk of chikungunya virus infection, they added.

The trial was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no competing interests.

A novel chikungunya virus vaccine caused no serious adverse effects and was about as immunogenic as natural infection, authors of a phase I trial reported in the Lancet.

Eleven months after receiving the noninfectious viruslike particle (VLP) vaccine, trial participants had neutralizing antibody titers that resembled those seen in natural infection, said Dr. Lee-Jah Chang and associates at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. (Lancet 2014 Aug. 15 [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61185-5]).

Chikungunya virus infection is rarely fatal, but it causes fever and severe arthritis. The mosquito-born pathogen spread to the Americas in 2013, is now epidemic in the Caribbean, and has no approved vaccine or treatment.

To test a novel VLP vaccine candidate, researchers enrolled 25 healthy adults into a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation trial with doses of 10, 20, or 40 mcg administered at weeks 0, 4, and 20, the investigators reported. Participants were followed for 44 weeks after enrollment.

All groups had detectable neutralizing antibodies on ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) after the second dose, with geometric mean titers of the half-maximum inhibitory concentration of 2,688 in the 10-mcg group, 1,775 in the 20-mcg group, and 7,246 in the 40-mcg group. Antibody levels after the second dose substantially exceeded those measured after the first dose, with P values for differences ranging from .07 for the 10-mcg group to less than .0001 for the 40-mcg group, the investigators said. And titers did not significantly differ 4 weeks after the second and third doses, they added.

Participants reported no arthralgias or other serious adverse effects. Mild to moderate side effects occurred in four participants, and consisted of transient neutropenia (three cases) and transient increases in alanine aminotransferase (four cases), all of which resolved without clinical consequences, the investigators said.

"These clinical data represent an important step in vaccine development to combat this rapidly emerging pathogen," the researchers said. The next step is to test the vaccine in larger studies that include persons at risk of chikungunya virus infection, they added.

The trial was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no competing interests.

Men make up an increasing number of dermatology patients seeking cosmetic procedures. According to data from the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgery, 9%-10% of all cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2013 were on men, a 104% increase since 2000. Botulinum toxin is currently the most common minimally invasive cosmetic procedure performed in men. While the overall percentage of men undergoing treatment, compared with women, is relatively small, more than 385,000 botulinum toxin treatments were performed on men last year in the United States, an increase of 310% since 2000.

Studies have shown that men often require more units of onabotulinumtoxinA than women when treating the glabella. In a 2005 study by Alstair and Jean Carruthers, 80 men were randomized to receive 20, 40, 60, or 80 units of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox or Vistabel). The 40-, 60-, and 80-U doses were consistently more effective than the 20-U dose was in reducing glabellar lines (duration, peak response rate, and improvement from baseline). I find this to be true in my practice. Men may often require 20-60 U in the superficial corrugator and procerus muscles, compared with 20-30 units of onabotulinumtoxinA in the same muscles in women. For the frontalis muscles, I may use 5-20 U in men, compared with 5-10 U of onabotulinumtoxinA in women, but I take care not to inject too inferiorly to avoid a heavy brow or brow ptosis. The orbicularis oculi muscles often require the similar doses of between 6-15 U (most often 12 U/side) depending on degree of muscle contraction and severity of rhytids.

In addition to differences in botulinum toxin dosing between men and women, placement of toxin also may vary. Placement in the superficial corrugator, procerus, frontalis, and orbicularis oculi muscles are often the similar and patient dependent, based on a visual assessment of where their muscles move/contract. The superficial corrugator may insert more laterally in some men, and the brow is often straighter or less arched. The difference in injection site is often at the lateral brow. In women, botulinum toxin is often injected at the lateral brow at the junction where the lateral superior portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle and frontalis meet, in order to help give the brow a "lift." Men, however, often do not want raised or arched brow. Therefore, an injection is often placed about 1 cm above the lateral brow to maintain brow position and avoid overarching, or what some may regard as feminization of the male brow.

The depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris muscles are injected less frequently in men than in women in my practice because of seemingly decreased rhytid formation in men in these locations. The platysmal muscles may be injected in men, but their average age is older compared with women who receive injections in this location.

Dr. Talakoub and Dr. Wesley are co-contributors to a monthly Aesthetic Dermatology column in Skin & Allergy News. Dr. Talakoub is in private practice in McLean, Va. Dr. Wesley practices dermatology in Beverly Hills, Calif. This month’s column is by Dr. Wesley.

Men make up an increasing number of dermatology patients seeking cosmetic procedures. According to data from the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgery, 9%-10% of all cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2013 were on men, a 104% increase since 2000. Botulinum toxin is currently the most common minimally invasive cosmetic procedure performed in men. While the overall percentage of men undergoing treatment, compared with women, is relatively small, more than 385,000 botulinum toxin treatments were performed on men last year in the United States, an increase of 310% since 2000.

Studies have shown that men often require more units of onabotulinumtoxinA than women when treating the glabella. In a 2005 study by Alstair and Jean Carruthers, 80 men were randomized to receive 20, 40, 60, or 80 units of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox or Vistabel). The 40-, 60-, and 80-U doses were consistently more effective than the 20-U dose was in reducing glabellar lines (duration, peak response rate, and improvement from baseline). I find this to be true in my practice. Men may often require 20-60 U in the superficial corrugator and procerus muscles, compared with 20-30 units of onabotulinumtoxinA in the same muscles in women. For the frontalis muscles, I may use 5-20 U in men, compared with 5-10 U of onabotulinumtoxinA in women, but I take care not to inject too inferiorly to avoid a heavy brow or brow ptosis. The orbicularis oculi muscles often require the similar doses of between 6-15 U (most often 12 U/side) depending on degree of muscle contraction and severity of rhytids.

In addition to differences in botulinum toxin dosing between men and women, placement of toxin also may vary. Placement in the superficial corrugator, procerus, frontalis, and orbicularis oculi muscles are often the similar and patient dependent, based on a visual assessment of where their muscles move/contract. The superficial corrugator may insert more laterally in some men, and the brow is often straighter or less arched. The difference in injection site is often at the lateral brow. In women, botulinum toxin is often injected at the lateral brow at the junction where the lateral superior portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle and frontalis meet, in order to help give the brow a "lift." Men, however, often do not want raised or arched brow. Therefore, an injection is often placed about 1 cm above the lateral brow to maintain brow position and avoid overarching, or what some may regard as feminization of the male brow.

The depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris muscles are injected less frequently in men than in women in my practice because of seemingly decreased rhytid formation in men in these locations. The platysmal muscles may be injected in men, but their average age is older compared with women who receive injections in this location.

Dr. Talakoub and Dr. Wesley are co-contributors to a monthly Aesthetic Dermatology column in Skin & Allergy News. Dr. Talakoub is in private practice in McLean, Va. Dr. Wesley practices dermatology in Beverly Hills, Calif. This month’s column is by Dr. Wesley.

Men make up an increasing number of dermatology patients seeking cosmetic procedures. According to data from the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgery, 9%-10% of all cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2013 were on men, a 104% increase since 2000. Botulinum toxin is currently the most common minimally invasive cosmetic procedure performed in men. While the overall percentage of men undergoing treatment, compared with women, is relatively small, more than 385,000 botulinum toxin treatments were performed on men last year in the United States, an increase of 310% since 2000.

Studies have shown that men often require more units of onabotulinumtoxinA than women when treating the glabella. In a 2005 study by Alstair and Jean Carruthers, 80 men were randomized to receive 20, 40, 60, or 80 units of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox or Vistabel). The 40-, 60-, and 80-U doses were consistently more effective than the 20-U dose was in reducing glabellar lines (duration, peak response rate, and improvement from baseline). I find this to be true in my practice. Men may often require 20-60 U in the superficial corrugator and procerus muscles, compared with 20-30 units of onabotulinumtoxinA in the same muscles in women. For the frontalis muscles, I may use 5-20 U in men, compared with 5-10 U of onabotulinumtoxinA in women, but I take care not to inject too inferiorly to avoid a heavy brow or brow ptosis. The orbicularis oculi muscles often require the similar doses of between 6-15 U (most often 12 U/side) depending on degree of muscle contraction and severity of rhytids.

In addition to differences in botulinum toxin dosing between men and women, placement of toxin also may vary. Placement in the superficial corrugator, procerus, frontalis, and orbicularis oculi muscles are often the similar and patient dependent, based on a visual assessment of where their muscles move/contract. The superficial corrugator may insert more laterally in some men, and the brow is often straighter or less arched. The difference in injection site is often at the lateral brow. In women, botulinum toxin is often injected at the lateral brow at the junction where the lateral superior portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle and frontalis meet, in order to help give the brow a "lift." Men, however, often do not want raised or arched brow. Therefore, an injection is often placed about 1 cm above the lateral brow to maintain brow position and avoid overarching, or what some may regard as feminization of the male brow.

The depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris muscles are injected less frequently in men than in women in my practice because of seemingly decreased rhytid formation in men in these locations. The platysmal muscles may be injected in men, but their average age is older compared with women who receive injections in this location.

Dr. Talakoub and Dr. Wesley are co-contributors to a monthly Aesthetic Dermatology column in Skin & Allergy News. Dr. Talakoub is in private practice in McLean, Va. Dr. Wesley practices dermatology in Beverly Hills, Calif. This month’s column is by Dr. Wesley.

Last month, the Food and Drug Administration announced the latest steps it is taking to advance the use of personalized medicine.

First, the agency finalized guidance on the development of companion diagnostics. Second, it signaled its intent to begin oversight of certain laboratory developed tests (LDTs), tests that are designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory.

The guidance, initially issued as a draft in July 2011, offers the agency’s thinking on its expectations on the development of companion diagnostics. No substantive changes were made to the final guidance document from its draft version, agency officials said.

"When drug companies develop therapies that will only work on specific subpopulations, it’s important those therapies are approved with a diagnostic test that the FDA knows is accurate and reliable and patients and their physicians can count on," FDA Commissioner Dr. Margaret Hamburg said during a press teleconference.

The agency also revealed its initial thoughts on how it will regulate LDTs in a letter to Congress. The FDA is required to let Congress know 60 days prior to the issuance of draft and final guidance. The forthcoming draft represents a change in how the agency is approaching LDTs.

"The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion over LDTs, meaning the agency generally did not enforce applicable regulatory requirements on the tests because they were generally considered lower risk and used on a limited basis within a given institution," Dr. Hamburg said. "Today, they may be marketed and used more broadly and compete with FDA-approved tests without clinical studies to support their use. The deeper concern is about physicians and patients making critical health decisions based on diagnostic tests that have generally not been reviewed by the FDA. Without premarket review by the agency, patients, their health care providers, or the FDA itself cannot be assured those tests are accurate and reliable."

Dr. Hamburg said the agency plans to enforce premarket review requirements for higher-risk LDTs, "including those used to determine medical treatment and that have the same intended use of FDA-approved and FDA-cleared companion diagnostics currently on the market."

The agency’s actions received praise from cancer researchers.

"The recent announcements by the FDA are aimed at providing patients and their physicians with an important level of confidence and certainty with regard to the highly complex molecular and genetic information that these diagnostic tests are determining," American Association for Cancer Research President Dr. Carlos L. Arteaga said in a statement. "As an organization that represents the entire continuum of research, from the laboratory to the clinic, including the clinical researchers and physician-scientists engaged in cancer patient care, the AACR looks forward to continuing to engage with the FDA to ensure that the molecular and genetic diagnostic tests that are being utilized by physicians and patients are based on solidly supported scientific evidence."

Many in the health care community, particularly those in the oncology community, are looking at how best to use personalized medicine as a means of achieving better treatment outcomes and controlling costs of health care.

[email protected]

Last month, the Food and Drug Administration announced the latest steps it is taking to advance the use of personalized medicine.

First, the agency finalized guidance on the development of companion diagnostics. Second, it signaled its intent to begin oversight of certain laboratory developed tests (LDTs), tests that are designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory.

The guidance, initially issued as a draft in July 2011, offers the agency’s thinking on its expectations on the development of companion diagnostics. No substantive changes were made to the final guidance document from its draft version, agency officials said.

"When drug companies develop therapies that will only work on specific subpopulations, it’s important those therapies are approved with a diagnostic test that the FDA knows is accurate and reliable and patients and their physicians can count on," FDA Commissioner Dr. Margaret Hamburg said during a press teleconference.

The agency also revealed its initial thoughts on how it will regulate LDTs in a letter to Congress. The FDA is required to let Congress know 60 days prior to the issuance of draft and final guidance. The forthcoming draft represents a change in how the agency is approaching LDTs.

"The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion over LDTs, meaning the agency generally did not enforce applicable regulatory requirements on the tests because they were generally considered lower risk and used on a limited basis within a given institution," Dr. Hamburg said. "Today, they may be marketed and used more broadly and compete with FDA-approved tests without clinical studies to support their use. The deeper concern is about physicians and patients making critical health decisions based on diagnostic tests that have generally not been reviewed by the FDA. Without premarket review by the agency, patients, their health care providers, or the FDA itself cannot be assured those tests are accurate and reliable."

Dr. Hamburg said the agency plans to enforce premarket review requirements for higher-risk LDTs, "including those used to determine medical treatment and that have the same intended use of FDA-approved and FDA-cleared companion diagnostics currently on the market."

The agency’s actions received praise from cancer researchers.

"The recent announcements by the FDA are aimed at providing patients and their physicians with an important level of confidence and certainty with regard to the highly complex molecular and genetic information that these diagnostic tests are determining," American Association for Cancer Research President Dr. Carlos L. Arteaga said in a statement. "As an organization that represents the entire continuum of research, from the laboratory to the clinic, including the clinical researchers and physician-scientists engaged in cancer patient care, the AACR looks forward to continuing to engage with the FDA to ensure that the molecular and genetic diagnostic tests that are being utilized by physicians and patients are based on solidly supported scientific evidence."

Many in the health care community, particularly those in the oncology community, are looking at how best to use personalized medicine as a means of achieving better treatment outcomes and controlling costs of health care.

[email protected]

Last month, the Food and Drug Administration announced the latest steps it is taking to advance the use of personalized medicine.

First, the agency finalized guidance on the development of companion diagnostics. Second, it signaled its intent to begin oversight of certain laboratory developed tests (LDTs), tests that are designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory.

The guidance, initially issued as a draft in July 2011, offers the agency’s thinking on its expectations on the development of companion diagnostics. No substantive changes were made to the final guidance document from its draft version, agency officials said.

"When drug companies develop therapies that will only work on specific subpopulations, it’s important those therapies are approved with a diagnostic test that the FDA knows is accurate and reliable and patients and their physicians can count on," FDA Commissioner Dr. Margaret Hamburg said during a press teleconference.

The agency also revealed its initial thoughts on how it will regulate LDTs in a letter to Congress. The FDA is required to let Congress know 60 days prior to the issuance of draft and final guidance. The forthcoming draft represents a change in how the agency is approaching LDTs.

"The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion over LDTs, meaning the agency generally did not enforce applicable regulatory requirements on the tests because they were generally considered lower risk and used on a limited basis within a given institution," Dr. Hamburg said. "Today, they may be marketed and used more broadly and compete with FDA-approved tests without clinical studies to support their use. The deeper concern is about physicians and patients making critical health decisions based on diagnostic tests that have generally not been reviewed by the FDA. Without premarket review by the agency, patients, their health care providers, or the FDA itself cannot be assured those tests are accurate and reliable."

Dr. Hamburg said the agency plans to enforce premarket review requirements for higher-risk LDTs, "including those used to determine medical treatment and that have the same intended use of FDA-approved and FDA-cleared companion diagnostics currently on the market."

The agency’s actions received praise from cancer researchers.

"The recent announcements by the FDA are aimed at providing patients and their physicians with an important level of confidence and certainty with regard to the highly complex molecular and genetic information that these diagnostic tests are determining," American Association for Cancer Research President Dr. Carlos L. Arteaga said in a statement. "As an organization that represents the entire continuum of research, from the laboratory to the clinic, including the clinical researchers and physician-scientists engaged in cancer patient care, the AACR looks forward to continuing to engage with the FDA to ensure that the molecular and genetic diagnostic tests that are being utilized by physicians and patients are based on solidly supported scientific evidence."

Many in the health care community, particularly those in the oncology community, are looking at how best to use personalized medicine as a means of achieving better treatment outcomes and controlling costs of health care.

[email protected]

Zebrafish

A cure for a range of blood and immune disorders is in sight, according to researchers who say they’ve solved a mystery of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generation.

By studying zebrafish embryos, the investigators found that migratory cells from a region known as the endotome are essential for HSC formation.

The team also discovered some of the signals required for HSC generation and identified genes necessary for endotome formation.

The researchers believe these findings, published in Nature, bring us one step closer to creating viable HSCs in the lab.

“HSCs are one of the best therapeutic tools at our disposal because they can make any blood cell in the body,” said study author Peter Currie, PhD, of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University in Victoria, Australia.

“Potentially, we could use these cells in many more ways than current transplantation strategies to treat serious blood disorders and diseases, but only if we can figure out how they are generated in the first place.”

In an attempt to do just that, Dr Currie and his colleagues studied developing zebrafish. They used high-resolution microscopy to film how HSCs form inside the embryo.

The investigators noted that, in vertebrate embryos, HSCs are initially generated within the dorsal aorta. And previous research showed that signaling relayed from adjacent somites coordinates HSC induction.

Dr Currie and his colleagues found that somite specification of HSCs occurs thanks to an endothelial precursor cell population. These cells arise in a sub-compartment of the zebrafish somite the researchers dubbed “the endotome.”

Endothelial cells from the endotome are specified thanks to activity of the homeobox gene meox1. Specified endotome cells then migrate to and colonize the dorsal aorta, where they induce HSC formation via chemokine signaling that’s activated during endotome formation.

“Endotome cells act like a comfy sofa for pre-HSCs to snuggle into, helping them progress to become fully fledged stem cells,” Dr Currie said. “Not only did we identify some of the cells and signals required for HSC formation, we also pinpointed the genes required for endotome formation in the first place.”

“The really exciting thing about these results is that if we can find the signals present in the endotome cells responsible for embryonic HSC formation, then we can use them in vitro to make different blood cells on demand for all sorts of blood-related disorders.”

For the next phase of this research, Dr Currie and his colleagues are attempting to identify more of the molecular cues that trigger HSC production.

Zebrafish

A cure for a range of blood and immune disorders is in sight, according to researchers who say they’ve solved a mystery of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generation.

By studying zebrafish embryos, the investigators found that migratory cells from a region known as the endotome are essential for HSC formation.

The team also discovered some of the signals required for HSC generation and identified genes necessary for endotome formation.

The researchers believe these findings, published in Nature, bring us one step closer to creating viable HSCs in the lab.

“HSCs are one of the best therapeutic tools at our disposal because they can make any blood cell in the body,” said study author Peter Currie, PhD, of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University in Victoria, Australia.

“Potentially, we could use these cells in many more ways than current transplantation strategies to treat serious blood disorders and diseases, but only if we can figure out how they are generated in the first place.”

In an attempt to do just that, Dr Currie and his colleagues studied developing zebrafish. They used high-resolution microscopy to film how HSCs form inside the embryo.

The investigators noted that, in vertebrate embryos, HSCs are initially generated within the dorsal aorta. And previous research showed that signaling relayed from adjacent somites coordinates HSC induction.

Dr Currie and his colleagues found that somite specification of HSCs occurs thanks to an endothelial precursor cell population. These cells arise in a sub-compartment of the zebrafish somite the researchers dubbed “the endotome.”

Endothelial cells from the endotome are specified thanks to activity of the homeobox gene meox1. Specified endotome cells then migrate to and colonize the dorsal aorta, where they induce HSC formation via chemokine signaling that’s activated during endotome formation.

“Endotome cells act like a comfy sofa for pre-HSCs to snuggle into, helping them progress to become fully fledged stem cells,” Dr Currie said. “Not only did we identify some of the cells and signals required for HSC formation, we also pinpointed the genes required for endotome formation in the first place.”

“The really exciting thing about these results is that if we can find the signals present in the endotome cells responsible for embryonic HSC formation, then we can use them in vitro to make different blood cells on demand for all sorts of blood-related disorders.”

For the next phase of this research, Dr Currie and his colleagues are attempting to identify more of the molecular cues that trigger HSC production.

Zebrafish

A cure for a range of blood and immune disorders is in sight, according to researchers who say they’ve solved a mystery of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generation.

By studying zebrafish embryos, the investigators found that migratory cells from a region known as the endotome are essential for HSC formation.

The team also discovered some of the signals required for HSC generation and identified genes necessary for endotome formation.

The researchers believe these findings, published in Nature, bring us one step closer to creating viable HSCs in the lab.

“HSCs are one of the best therapeutic tools at our disposal because they can make any blood cell in the body,” said study author Peter Currie, PhD, of the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University in Victoria, Australia.

“Potentially, we could use these cells in many more ways than current transplantation strategies to treat serious blood disorders and diseases, but only if we can figure out how they are generated in the first place.”

In an attempt to do just that, Dr Currie and his colleagues studied developing zebrafish. They used high-resolution microscopy to film how HSCs form inside the embryo.

The investigators noted that, in vertebrate embryos, HSCs are initially generated within the dorsal aorta. And previous research showed that signaling relayed from adjacent somites coordinates HSC induction.

Dr Currie and his colleagues found that somite specification of HSCs occurs thanks to an endothelial precursor cell population. These cells arise in a sub-compartment of the zebrafish somite the researchers dubbed “the endotome.”

Endothelial cells from the endotome are specified thanks to activity of the homeobox gene meox1. Specified endotome cells then migrate to and colonize the dorsal aorta, where they induce HSC formation via chemokine signaling that’s activated during endotome formation.

“Endotome cells act like a comfy sofa for pre-HSCs to snuggle into, helping them progress to become fully fledged stem cells,” Dr Currie said. “Not only did we identify some of the cells and signals required for HSC formation, we also pinpointed the genes required for endotome formation in the first place.”

“The really exciting thing about these results is that if we can find the signals present in the endotome cells responsible for embryonic HSC formation, then we can use them in vitro to make different blood cells on demand for all sorts of blood-related disorders.”

For the next phase of this research, Dr Currie and his colleagues are attempting to identify more of the molecular cues that trigger HSC production.

Blood samples

Credit: Graham Colm

Scientists have found that a technique used in Earth science research may be able to help physicians predict the course of multiple myeloma (MM).

The team showed they could use calcium isotope analysis to predict whether MM patients are at risk for developing bone lesions.

The group believes this technique could be used to chart the progression or recurrence of MM and help tailor therapies to better protect patients’ bones.

“At present, there is no good way to track changes in bone balance, except retrospectively using X-ray methods,” said Ariel Anbar, PhD, of Arizona State University in Tempe. “By the time the X-rays show something, the damage has been done.”

“Right now, pain is usually the first indication that cancer is affecting the bones,” added Rafael Fonseca, MD, of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. “If we could detect it earlier by an analysis of urine or blood in high-risk patients, it could significantly improve their care.”

To explore this possibility, Drs Fonseca, Anbar, and their colleagues performed calcium isotope analysis using blood samples from MM patients. The team recounted their results in a letter to Leukemia.

As the name suggests, calcium isotope analysis measures calcium isotopes that are naturally present in blood. The technique makes use of a fact well known to Earth scientists but not normally used in biomedicine: different isotopes of a chemical element can react at slightly different rates.

An earlier study testing this technique in healthy subjects showed that when bones form, the lighter isotopes of calcium enter bone a little faster than the heavier isotopes. That difference, called isotope fractionation, is the key to the method.

In healthy, active humans, bone is forming at about the same rate as it resorbs. But if bone loss is occurring, the isotopic composition of blood becomes enriched in the lighter isotopes as bones resorb more quickly than they are formed.

The effect on calcium isotopes is very small, typically less than a 0.02% change in the isotope ratio. But even effects that small can be measured using precise mass spectrometry methods.

Using these methods, the researchers tested peripheral blood samples from 71 adult patients—55 with MM, 9 with smoldering MM, and 7 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

The researchers found an association between how active a patient’s disease was and the change in the isotope ratios. In fact, the isotope ratios predicted disease activity better than, and independent from, standard clinical variables.

Blood samples from patients with active disease had significantly lower mean calcium isotope compositions than samples from patients with non-active disease (mean δ^44/42Ca=-0.8 vs -0.67, P=0.025), regardless of diagnosis.

For MM patients specifically, those with active disease had a significantly lower mean δ^44/42Ca than patients with non-active disease (-0.79 vs -0.63, P=0.016), which was consistent with resorption of bone containing lighter ⁴²Ca.

Dr Anbar noted that, although calcium isotope analysis has worked in this small set of patients, additional research is needed to verify these initial findings and improve the efficiency of analysis.

“If the method proves to be robust after more careful validation, it could provide earlier detection of bone involvement than presently possible,” he said, “and also provide the possibility to monitor the effectiveness of drugs to combat bone loss.”

Blood samples

Credit: Graham Colm

Scientists have found that a technique used in Earth science research may be able to help physicians predict the course of multiple myeloma (MM).

The team showed they could use calcium isotope analysis to predict whether MM patients are at risk for developing bone lesions.

The group believes this technique could be used to chart the progression or recurrence of MM and help tailor therapies to better protect patients’ bones.

“At present, there is no good way to track changes in bone balance, except retrospectively using X-ray methods,” said Ariel Anbar, PhD, of Arizona State University in Tempe. “By the time the X-rays show something, the damage has been done.”

“Right now, pain is usually the first indication that cancer is affecting the bones,” added Rafael Fonseca, MD, of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. “If we could detect it earlier by an analysis of urine or blood in high-risk patients, it could significantly improve their care.”

To explore this possibility, Drs Fonseca, Anbar, and their colleagues performed calcium isotope analysis using blood samples from MM patients. The team recounted their results in a letter to Leukemia.

As the name suggests, calcium isotope analysis measures calcium isotopes that are naturally present in blood. The technique makes use of a fact well known to Earth scientists but not normally used in biomedicine: different isotopes of a chemical element can react at slightly different rates.

An earlier study testing this technique in healthy subjects showed that when bones form, the lighter isotopes of calcium enter bone a little faster than the heavier isotopes. That difference, called isotope fractionation, is the key to the method.

In healthy, active humans, bone is forming at about the same rate as it resorbs. But if bone loss is occurring, the isotopic composition of blood becomes enriched in the lighter isotopes as bones resorb more quickly than they are formed.

The effect on calcium isotopes is very small, typically less than a 0.02% change in the isotope ratio. But even effects that small can be measured using precise mass spectrometry methods.

Using these methods, the researchers tested peripheral blood samples from 71 adult patients—55 with MM, 9 with smoldering MM, and 7 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

The researchers found an association between how active a patient’s disease was and the change in the isotope ratios. In fact, the isotope ratios predicted disease activity better than, and independent from, standard clinical variables.

Blood samples from patients with active disease had significantly lower mean calcium isotope compositions than samples from patients with non-active disease (mean δ^44/42Ca=-0.8 vs -0.67, P=0.025), regardless of diagnosis.

For MM patients specifically, those with active disease had a significantly lower mean δ^44/42Ca than patients with non-active disease (-0.79 vs -0.63, P=0.016), which was consistent with resorption of bone containing lighter ⁴²Ca.

Dr Anbar noted that, although calcium isotope analysis has worked in this small set of patients, additional research is needed to verify these initial findings and improve the efficiency of analysis.

“If the method proves to be robust after more careful validation, it could provide earlier detection of bone involvement than presently possible,” he said, “and also provide the possibility to monitor the effectiveness of drugs to combat bone loss.”

Blood samples

Credit: Graham Colm

Scientists have found that a technique used in Earth science research may be able to help physicians predict the course of multiple myeloma (MM).

The team showed they could use calcium isotope analysis to predict whether MM patients are at risk for developing bone lesions.

The group believes this technique could be used to chart the progression or recurrence of MM and help tailor therapies to better protect patients’ bones.

“At present, there is no good way to track changes in bone balance, except retrospectively using X-ray methods,” said Ariel Anbar, PhD, of Arizona State University in Tempe. “By the time the X-rays show something, the damage has been done.”

“Right now, pain is usually the first indication that cancer is affecting the bones,” added Rafael Fonseca, MD, of the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. “If we could detect it earlier by an analysis of urine or blood in high-risk patients, it could significantly improve their care.”

To explore this possibility, Drs Fonseca, Anbar, and their colleagues performed calcium isotope analysis using blood samples from MM patients. The team recounted their results in a letter to Leukemia.

As the name suggests, calcium isotope analysis measures calcium isotopes that are naturally present in blood. The technique makes use of a fact well known to Earth scientists but not normally used in biomedicine: different isotopes of a chemical element can react at slightly different rates.

An earlier study testing this technique in healthy subjects showed that when bones form, the lighter isotopes of calcium enter bone a little faster than the heavier isotopes. That difference, called isotope fractionation, is the key to the method.

In healthy, active humans, bone is forming at about the same rate as it resorbs. But if bone loss is occurring, the isotopic composition of blood becomes enriched in the lighter isotopes as bones resorb more quickly than they are formed.

The effect on calcium isotopes is very small, typically less than a 0.02% change in the isotope ratio. But even effects that small can be measured using precise mass spectrometry methods.

Using these methods, the researchers tested peripheral blood samples from 71 adult patients—55 with MM, 9 with smoldering MM, and 7 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

The researchers found an association between how active a patient’s disease was and the change in the isotope ratios. In fact, the isotope ratios predicted disease activity better than, and independent from, standard clinical variables.

Blood samples from patients with active disease had significantly lower mean calcium isotope compositions than samples from patients with non-active disease (mean δ^44/42Ca=-0.8 vs -0.67, P=0.025), regardless of diagnosis.

For MM patients specifically, those with active disease had a significantly lower mean δ^44/42Ca than patients with non-active disease (-0.79 vs -0.63, P=0.016), which was consistent with resorption of bone containing lighter ⁴²Ca.

Dr Anbar noted that, although calcium isotope analysis has worked in this small set of patients, additional research is needed to verify these initial findings and improve the efficiency of analysis.

“If the method proves to be robust after more careful validation, it could provide earlier detection of bone involvement than presently possible,” he said, “and also provide the possibility to monitor the effectiveness of drugs to combat bone loss.”

Child with leukemia

Credit: Bill Branson

Childhood cancer survivors are no more likely than their cancer-free peers to adhere to healthy living guidelines, according to a study published in the Journal of Cancer Survivorship.

Survivors were less likely to be smokers and had a lower average body mass index (BMI).

But there were no significant differences between survivors and cancer-free control subjects with regard to overall diet, physical activity, or alcohol consumption.

Chloe Berdan, of Promedica in Toledo, Ohio, and her colleagues uncovered these results by examining data from the Chicago Healthy Living Study.

The team assessed adherence to American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity via interviews with 431 childhood cancer survivors and 361 control subjects who never had cancer. The survivors, ages 18 to 59, were all diagnosed with a malignant cancer before their 21st birthdays.

There were no significant differences in sex or race between survivors and controls. Survivors were younger than controls (28.4±7.8 vs 29.6± 8.3 years, P=0.04) and had less education (14.0±2.0 vs 14.4±2.0 years, P=0.01).

Overall, there was no significant difference between survivors and control subjects in adhering to the American Cancer Society guidelines.

Survivors and controls also had similar scores for several individual measures, including alcohol consumption, overall physical activity, overall diet, the servings of fruits/vegetables consumed, and the consumption of red/processed meat.

However, survivors were significantly less likely than controls to be smokers—11.4% vs 17.5% (P=0.02). Survivors had, on average, a BMI of about 1.2 kg/m² lower than controls (P=0.01). And survivors consumed significantly less fiber than controls—9.2±3.5 vs 9.7±3.8 kcal (P=0.05).

Only about 1 in 10 survivors (10.2%) met fiber recommendations, 17.7% ate 5 fruits or vegetables per day, and 46.2% met the red/processed meat recommendation of less than 18 oz per week. On average, survivors scored under 50% for the quality of their diets.

Survivors were better at meeting the goal of at least 5 hours of moderate activity per week (60.5%) than to sticking to any of the other guidelines.

About 36% of survivors were within a healthy BMI range, 2.9% were underweight, 28.9% were overweight, and 32.4% were obese.

The 0.7% of survivors who adhered fully to the guidelines tended to be women, non-smokers, and people with a good view of their own health.

“There is still much room for improvement in educating and encouraging survivors to follow healthier diets and lifestyles,” Berdan said. “Adopting such behavior during early adulthood may have a lasting impact on their quality of life and overall survival.”

Child with leukemia

Credit: Bill Branson

Childhood cancer survivors are no more likely than their cancer-free peers to adhere to healthy living guidelines, according to a study published in the Journal of Cancer Survivorship.

Survivors were less likely to be smokers and had a lower average body mass index (BMI).

But there were no significant differences between survivors and cancer-free control subjects with regard to overall diet, physical activity, or alcohol consumption.

Chloe Berdan, of Promedica in Toledo, Ohio, and her colleagues uncovered these results by examining data from the Chicago Healthy Living Study.

The team assessed adherence to American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity via interviews with 431 childhood cancer survivors and 361 control subjects who never had cancer. The survivors, ages 18 to 59, were all diagnosed with a malignant cancer before their 21st birthdays.

There were no significant differences in sex or race between survivors and controls. Survivors were younger than controls (28.4±7.8 vs 29.6± 8.3 years, P=0.04) and had less education (14.0±2.0 vs 14.4±2.0 years, P=0.01).

Overall, there was no significant difference between survivors and control subjects in adhering to the American Cancer Society guidelines.

Survivors and controls also had similar scores for several individual measures, including alcohol consumption, overall physical activity, overall diet, the servings of fruits/vegetables consumed, and the consumption of red/processed meat.

However, survivors were significantly less likely than controls to be smokers—11.4% vs 17.5% (P=0.02). Survivors had, on average, a BMI of about 1.2 kg/m² lower than controls (P=0.01). And survivors consumed significantly less fiber than controls—9.2±3.5 vs 9.7±3.8 kcal (P=0.05).

Only about 1 in 10 survivors (10.2%) met fiber recommendations, 17.7% ate 5 fruits or vegetables per day, and 46.2% met the red/processed meat recommendation of less than 18 oz per week. On average, survivors scored under 50% for the quality of their diets.

Survivors were better at meeting the goal of at least 5 hours of moderate activity per week (60.5%) than to sticking to any of the other guidelines.

About 36% of survivors were within a healthy BMI range, 2.9% were underweight, 28.9% were overweight, and 32.4% were obese.

The 0.7% of survivors who adhered fully to the guidelines tended to be women, non-smokers, and people with a good view of their own health.

“There is still much room for improvement in educating and encouraging survivors to follow healthier diets and lifestyles,” Berdan said. “Adopting such behavior during early adulthood may have a lasting impact on their quality of life and overall survival.”

Child with leukemia

Credit: Bill Branson

Childhood cancer survivors are no more likely than their cancer-free peers to adhere to healthy living guidelines, according to a study published in the Journal of Cancer Survivorship.

Survivors were less likely to be smokers and had a lower average body mass index (BMI).

But there were no significant differences between survivors and cancer-free control subjects with regard to overall diet, physical activity, or alcohol consumption.

Chloe Berdan, of Promedica in Toledo, Ohio, and her colleagues uncovered these results by examining data from the Chicago Healthy Living Study.

The team assessed adherence to American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity via interviews with 431 childhood cancer survivors and 361 control subjects who never had cancer. The survivors, ages 18 to 59, were all diagnosed with a malignant cancer before their 21st birthdays.

There were no significant differences in sex or race between survivors and controls. Survivors were younger than controls (28.4±7.8 vs 29.6± 8.3 years, P=0.04) and had less education (14.0±2.0 vs 14.4±2.0 years, P=0.01).

Overall, there was no significant difference between survivors and control subjects in adhering to the American Cancer Society guidelines.

Survivors and controls also had similar scores for several individual measures, including alcohol consumption, overall physical activity, overall diet, the servings of fruits/vegetables consumed, and the consumption of red/processed meat.

However, survivors were significantly less likely than controls to be smokers—11.4% vs 17.5% (P=0.02). Survivors had, on average, a BMI of about 1.2 kg/m² lower than controls (P=0.01). And survivors consumed significantly less fiber than controls—9.2±3.5 vs 9.7±3.8 kcal (P=0.05).

Only about 1 in 10 survivors (10.2%) met fiber recommendations, 17.7% ate 5 fruits or vegetables per day, and 46.2% met the red/processed meat recommendation of less than 18 oz per week. On average, survivors scored under 50% for the quality of their diets.

Survivors were better at meeting the goal of at least 5 hours of moderate activity per week (60.5%) than to sticking to any of the other guidelines.

About 36% of survivors were within a healthy BMI range, 2.9% were underweight, 28.9% were overweight, and 32.4% were obese.

The 0.7% of survivors who adhered fully to the guidelines tended to be women, non-smokers, and people with a good view of their own health.

“There is still much room for improvement in educating and encouraging survivors to follow healthier diets and lifestyles,” Berdan said. “Adopting such behavior during early adulthood may have a lasting impact on their quality of life and overall survival.”

Study authors Jacquin Niles

(left) and Jeffrey Wagner

Credit: Bryce Vickmark

The gene-editing technique CRISPR can disrupt a single gene from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in a matter of weeks, a new study suggests.

Although CRISPR’s success rate ranged from 50% to 100%, the researchers believe the technique shows promise and could greatly speed up gene analysis.

At present, it can take up to a year to determine the function of a single gene in P falciparum, which can hinder efforts to develop drugs and vaccines.

“Even though we’ve sequenced the entire genome of Plasmodium falciparum, half of it still remains functionally uncharacterized,” said Jacquin Niles, MD, PhD, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.

“That’s about 2500 genes that, if only we knew what they did, we could think about novel therapeutics, whether it’s drugs or vaccines.”

Dr Niles and his colleagues described their use of CRISPR in P falciparum in Nature Methods.

The team noted that, in P falciparum, gene editing can take up to a year because it relies on homologous recombination, a type of genetic swapping that cells use to repair broken DNA strands and that occurs very rarely in the genome of the malaria parasite.

“You have to rely on this really inefficient process that occurs only if you have spontaneous DNA strand breaks that happen to fall within your region of interest,” Dr Niles said.

More recently, researchers have successfully used zinc finger nucleases to cut out specific genes, but this approach is costly because it requires a new nuclease to be designed for each gene target.

CRISPR exploits a set of bacterial proteins that protect microbes from viral infection. The system includes a DNA-cutting enzyme, Cas9, bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence, telling Cas9 where to make its cut. This approach allows scientists to target and delete any gene by simply changing the RNA guide strand sequence.

As soon as researchers proved this system could work in cells other than bacteria, Dr Niles started to think about using it to manipulate P falciparum.

To test this approach, he and his colleagues tried using CRISPR to disrupt 2 genes, kahrp and eba-175, that had previously been knocked out in malaria using traditional approaches.

The kahrp gene produces a protein that causes red blood cells to develop a knobby appearance when infected with malaria. Dr Niles’s team was able to disrupt this gene in 100% of parasites treated with the CRISPR system. The red blood cells infected by parasites remained smooth.

The other gene, eba-175, codes for a protein that binds to red blood cell receptors and helps the malaria parasite enter cells. The researchers were only able to disrupt this gene in 50% to 80% of parasites manipulated with CRISPR.

“We consider this to be a win,” Dr Niles said. “Compared to the efficiency with which P falciparum genetics have been done in the past, even 50% is pretty substantial.”

Now that CRISPR technology has been validated in P falciparum, Dr Niles expects many scientists will adopt it for genetic studies of the parasite. Such efforts could reveal more about how the parasite invades red blood cells and replicates inside cells, which could generate new drug and vaccine targets.

“I think the impact could be quite huge,” he said. “It lowers the barrier to really being more imaginative in terms of how we do experiments and the kinds of questions that we can ask.”

Study authors Jacquin Niles

(left) and Jeffrey Wagner

Credit: Bryce Vickmark

The gene-editing technique CRISPR can disrupt a single gene from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in a matter of weeks, a new study suggests.

Although CRISPR’s success rate ranged from 50% to 100%, the researchers believe the technique shows promise and could greatly speed up gene analysis.

At present, it can take up to a year to determine the function of a single gene in P falciparum, which can hinder efforts to develop drugs and vaccines.

“Even though we’ve sequenced the entire genome of Plasmodium falciparum, half of it still remains functionally uncharacterized,” said Jacquin Niles, MD, PhD, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.

“That’s about 2500 genes that, if only we knew what they did, we could think about novel therapeutics, whether it’s drugs or vaccines.”

Dr Niles and his colleagues described their use of CRISPR in P falciparum in Nature Methods.

The team noted that, in P falciparum, gene editing can take up to a year because it relies on homologous recombination, a type of genetic swapping that cells use to repair broken DNA strands and that occurs very rarely in the genome of the malaria parasite.

“You have to rely on this really inefficient process that occurs only if you have spontaneous DNA strand breaks that happen to fall within your region of interest,” Dr Niles said.

More recently, researchers have successfully used zinc finger nucleases to cut out specific genes, but this approach is costly because it requires a new nuclease to be designed for each gene target.

CRISPR exploits a set of bacterial proteins that protect microbes from viral infection. The system includes a DNA-cutting enzyme, Cas9, bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence, telling Cas9 where to make its cut. This approach allows scientists to target and delete any gene by simply changing the RNA guide strand sequence.

As soon as researchers proved this system could work in cells other than bacteria, Dr Niles started to think about using it to manipulate P falciparum.

To test this approach, he and his colleagues tried using CRISPR to disrupt 2 genes, kahrp and eba-175, that had previously been knocked out in malaria using traditional approaches.

The kahrp gene produces a protein that causes red blood cells to develop a knobby appearance when infected with malaria. Dr Niles’s team was able to disrupt this gene in 100% of parasites treated with the CRISPR system. The red blood cells infected by parasites remained smooth.

The other gene, eba-175, codes for a protein that binds to red blood cell receptors and helps the malaria parasite enter cells. The researchers were only able to disrupt this gene in 50% to 80% of parasites manipulated with CRISPR.

“We consider this to be a win,” Dr Niles said. “Compared to the efficiency with which P falciparum genetics have been done in the past, even 50% is pretty substantial.”

Now that CRISPR technology has been validated in P falciparum, Dr Niles expects many scientists will adopt it for genetic studies of the parasite. Such efforts could reveal more about how the parasite invades red blood cells and replicates inside cells, which could generate new drug and vaccine targets.

“I think the impact could be quite huge,” he said. “It lowers the barrier to really being more imaginative in terms of how we do experiments and the kinds of questions that we can ask.”

Study authors Jacquin Niles

(left) and Jeffrey Wagner

Credit: Bryce Vickmark

The gene-editing technique CRISPR can disrupt a single gene from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in a matter of weeks, a new study suggests.

Although CRISPR’s success rate ranged from 50% to 100%, the researchers believe the technique shows promise and could greatly speed up gene analysis.

At present, it can take up to a year to determine the function of a single gene in P falciparum, which can hinder efforts to develop drugs and vaccines.

“Even though we’ve sequenced the entire genome of Plasmodium falciparum, half of it still remains functionally uncharacterized,” said Jacquin Niles, MD, PhD, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.

“That’s about 2500 genes that, if only we knew what they did, we could think about novel therapeutics, whether it’s drugs or vaccines.”

Dr Niles and his colleagues described their use of CRISPR in P falciparum in Nature Methods.

The team noted that, in P falciparum, gene editing can take up to a year because it relies on homologous recombination, a type of genetic swapping that cells use to repair broken DNA strands and that occurs very rarely in the genome of the malaria parasite.

“You have to rely on this really inefficient process that occurs only if you have spontaneous DNA strand breaks that happen to fall within your region of interest,” Dr Niles said.

More recently, researchers have successfully used zinc finger nucleases to cut out specific genes, but this approach is costly because it requires a new nuclease to be designed for each gene target.

CRISPR exploits a set of bacterial proteins that protect microbes from viral infection. The system includes a DNA-cutting enzyme, Cas9, bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence, telling Cas9 where to make its cut. This approach allows scientists to target and delete any gene by simply changing the RNA guide strand sequence.

As soon as researchers proved this system could work in cells other than bacteria, Dr Niles started to think about using it to manipulate P falciparum.

To test this approach, he and his colleagues tried using CRISPR to disrupt 2 genes, kahrp and eba-175, that had previously been knocked out in malaria using traditional approaches.

The kahrp gene produces a protein that causes red blood cells to develop a knobby appearance when infected with malaria. Dr Niles’s team was able to disrupt this gene in 100% of parasites treated with the CRISPR system. The red blood cells infected by parasites remained smooth.

The other gene, eba-175, codes for a protein that binds to red blood cell receptors and helps the malaria parasite enter cells. The researchers were only able to disrupt this gene in 50% to 80% of parasites manipulated with CRISPR.

“We consider this to be a win,” Dr Niles said. “Compared to the efficiency with which P falciparum genetics have been done in the past, even 50% is pretty substantial.”

Now that CRISPR technology has been validated in P falciparum, Dr Niles expects many scientists will adopt it for genetic studies of the parasite. Such efforts could reveal more about how the parasite invades red blood cells and replicates inside cells, which could generate new drug and vaccine targets.

“I think the impact could be quite huge,” he said. “It lowers the barrier to really being more imaginative in terms of how we do experiments and the kinds of questions that we can ask.”