Pediatric primary care and emergency providers often feel ill prepared or lacking in resources, time, or training to effectively manage concussion in children and educate families about the condition and recovery, according to a survey published in the November 2012 issue of Pediatrics.

The findings come from a survey assessing what practicing physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants know about concussion as well as their treatment practices and any perceived obstacles to managing the condition, reported by Dr. Mark R. Zonfrillo of the center for injury research and prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania and his associates (Pediatrics 2012;130:1-6).

An online survey using multiple-choice, Likert scale, and open-ended questions was sent to 276 providers in the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network and Emergency Department e-mail lists. The 53% response rate included 145 responding providers with a diverse range of experience. Sixty-one percent were pediatric primary care providers, and 39% were pediatric emergency care providers.

©nycshooter/iStockphoto.com

A total of 91% of respondents reported having cared for at least one patient with concussion in the past 3 months. Most of these providers (134, or 92%) referred at least one patient to a concussion specialist after the first exam, usually either because they were uncomfortable with managing the concussion (49%) or because they did not have the necessary resources to manage it (47%). In addition, 30% of primary care providers and 68% of emergency providers said their "setting is not always appropriate for management," the investigators said.

Both primary care providers and emergency providers were highly likely to refer concussion patients to sports medicine doctors or clinics (67% vs. 75%, respectively); primary care respondents were twice as likely as emergency providers to refer patients to neurologists (46% vs. 22%). Emergency providers also were likely to refer to a trauma surgeon or clinic (83%), while primary care providers rarely did (13%).

Past studies have found that approximately 100,000-140,000 U.S. children go to the emergency department each year for concussion, but parents and children may underreport concussion symptoms, and many youth sports coaches have misconceptions about them.

In the two scenarios presented in the survey – one of a patient with a subtle concussion and the other of a patient with more obvious symptoms – almost all respondents determined that both hypothetical patients had a concussion. However, some respondents did not recognize some of the symptoms of concussion, including abnormal eye tracking (17%), difficulty concentrating (11%), vestibular disturbance (9%), worsening school performance (6%), and sensitivity to light or noise (6%). "These more subtle signs of concussion may present in isolation and thus may be the only indication that a child has sustained the injury," the authors wrote.

A total of 104 providers reported they did not have access to a provider decision support tool relating to concussion, and 96% of these believed one would be helpful. All 57 respondents who said they didn’t have discharge instructions related to concussion said support tools would be helpful.

Doctors cited a lack of training most often when it came to obstacles to educating families about the diagnosis and recommending time off before returning to school or sports. Further, 69% of primary care providers and 77% of emergency providers said they don’t have enough time to complete formal neurocognitive testing for concussed patients.

The study was funded by the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Department of Pediatrics Chair’s Initiative. The authors said they had no relevant financial disclosures.

Pediatric primary care and emergency providers often feel ill prepared or lacking in resources, time, or training to effectively manage concussion in children and educate families about the condition and recovery, according to a survey published in the November 2012 issue of Pediatrics.

The findings come from a survey assessing what practicing physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants know about concussion as well as their treatment practices and any perceived obstacles to managing the condition, reported by Dr. Mark R. Zonfrillo of the center for injury research and prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania and his associates (Pediatrics 2012;130:1-6).

An online survey using multiple-choice, Likert scale, and open-ended questions was sent to 276 providers in the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network and Emergency Department e-mail lists. The 53% response rate included 145 responding providers with a diverse range of experience. Sixty-one percent were pediatric primary care providers, and 39% were pediatric emergency care providers.

©nycshooter/iStockphoto.com

A total of 91% of respondents reported having cared for at least one patient with concussion in the past 3 months. Most of these providers (134, or 92%) referred at least one patient to a concussion specialist after the first exam, usually either because they were uncomfortable with managing the concussion (49%) or because they did not have the necessary resources to manage it (47%). In addition, 30% of primary care providers and 68% of emergency providers said their "setting is not always appropriate for management," the investigators said.

Both primary care providers and emergency providers were highly likely to refer concussion patients to sports medicine doctors or clinics (67% vs. 75%, respectively); primary care respondents were twice as likely as emergency providers to refer patients to neurologists (46% vs. 22%). Emergency providers also were likely to refer to a trauma surgeon or clinic (83%), while primary care providers rarely did (13%).

Past studies have found that approximately 100,000-140,000 U.S. children go to the emergency department each year for concussion, but parents and children may underreport concussion symptoms, and many youth sports coaches have misconceptions about them.

In the two scenarios presented in the survey – one of a patient with a subtle concussion and the other of a patient with more obvious symptoms – almost all respondents determined that both hypothetical patients had a concussion. However, some respondents did not recognize some of the symptoms of concussion, including abnormal eye tracking (17%), difficulty concentrating (11%), vestibular disturbance (9%), worsening school performance (6%), and sensitivity to light or noise (6%). "These more subtle signs of concussion may present in isolation and thus may be the only indication that a child has sustained the injury," the authors wrote.

A total of 104 providers reported they did not have access to a provider decision support tool relating to concussion, and 96% of these believed one would be helpful. All 57 respondents who said they didn’t have discharge instructions related to concussion said support tools would be helpful.

Doctors cited a lack of training most often when it came to obstacles to educating families about the diagnosis and recommending time off before returning to school or sports. Further, 69% of primary care providers and 77% of emergency providers said they don’t have enough time to complete formal neurocognitive testing for concussed patients.

The study was funded by the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Department of Pediatrics Chair’s Initiative. The authors said they had no relevant financial disclosures.

Pediatric primary care and emergency providers often feel ill prepared or lacking in resources, time, or training to effectively manage concussion in children and educate families about the condition and recovery, according to a survey published in the November 2012 issue of Pediatrics.

The findings come from a survey assessing what practicing physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants know about concussion as well as their treatment practices and any perceived obstacles to managing the condition, reported by Dr. Mark R. Zonfrillo of the center for injury research and prevention at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania and his associates (Pediatrics 2012;130:1-6).

An online survey using multiple-choice, Likert scale, and open-ended questions was sent to 276 providers in the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network and Emergency Department e-mail lists. The 53% response rate included 145 responding providers with a diverse range of experience. Sixty-one percent were pediatric primary care providers, and 39% were pediatric emergency care providers.

©nycshooter/iStockphoto.com

A total of 91% of respondents reported having cared for at least one patient with concussion in the past 3 months. Most of these providers (134, or 92%) referred at least one patient to a concussion specialist after the first exam, usually either because they were uncomfortable with managing the concussion (49%) or because they did not have the necessary resources to manage it (47%). In addition, 30% of primary care providers and 68% of emergency providers said their "setting is not always appropriate for management," the investigators said.

Both primary care providers and emergency providers were highly likely to refer concussion patients to sports medicine doctors or clinics (67% vs. 75%, respectively); primary care respondents were twice as likely as emergency providers to refer patients to neurologists (46% vs. 22%). Emergency providers also were likely to refer to a trauma surgeon or clinic (83%), while primary care providers rarely did (13%).

Past studies have found that approximately 100,000-140,000 U.S. children go to the emergency department each year for concussion, but parents and children may underreport concussion symptoms, and many youth sports coaches have misconceptions about them.

In the two scenarios presented in the survey – one of a patient with a subtle concussion and the other of a patient with more obvious symptoms – almost all respondents determined that both hypothetical patients had a concussion. However, some respondents did not recognize some of the symptoms of concussion, including abnormal eye tracking (17%), difficulty concentrating (11%), vestibular disturbance (9%), worsening school performance (6%), and sensitivity to light or noise (6%). "These more subtle signs of concussion may present in isolation and thus may be the only indication that a child has sustained the injury," the authors wrote.

A total of 104 providers reported they did not have access to a provider decision support tool relating to concussion, and 96% of these believed one would be helpful. All 57 respondents who said they didn’t have discharge instructions related to concussion said support tools would be helpful.

Doctors cited a lack of training most often when it came to obstacles to educating families about the diagnosis and recommending time off before returning to school or sports. Further, 69% of primary care providers and 77% of emergency providers said they don’t have enough time to complete formal neurocognitive testing for concussed patients.

The study was funded by the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Department of Pediatrics Chair’s Initiative. The authors said they had no relevant financial disclosures.

WASHINGTON – Gout does occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, though at a lower rate than in the general population, Dr. Adlene Jebakumar said at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

This finding comes from a review of a population-based cohort of 813 people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) between 1980 and 2007. Diagnoses were made either clinically including typical monosodium urate crystal positivity in synovial fluid or 1977 criteria developed by an ACR precursor organization, the American Rheumatology Association criteria. All subjects were longitudinally followed through their complete community medical records until April 2012 or they died or moved away.

Of the study cohort, 537 (66%) were rheumatoid factor positive; 33% had rheumatoid nodules, and 53% had erosive joint disease. During 9,771 total person-years of follow-up (mean 12 years per RA patient), 22 patients developed gout as defined by clinical criteria. The great toe was the most common site of gout (12 of 22 patients). The 25-year cumulative incidence of gout diagnosed by clinical criteria was 5.3%. Typical intracellular monosodium urate crystals were present in 9 of 22 patients with acute gout; all had developed gout after the RA incidence date. The 25-year cumulative incidence of gout diagnosed by clinical criteria including presence of urate crystals is 1.3%. The prevalence of gout in RA on Jan 1, 2008, was 1.9% (11 of 582 patients) as opposed to expected prevalence of 5.2% (or 30 patients) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data using age and sex-specific prevalence rates.

Risk factors for gout in RA were: older age (hazard ratio, 1.5/10-year increase; P = .04), male sex (HR, 3.18; P = .03) and obesity (HR, 3.5; P = .03). The presence of erosive RA joint disease reduced the risk of gout (HR, 0.24; P = .03). Gout has become more common in patients diagnosed with RA in recent years (1995-2007) than in previous years (1980-1994; HR, 5.6; P = .007).

Dr. Eric L. Matteson noted in an interview that when an RA patient develops a hot and tender big toe, rheumatologists are likely to presume it is an RA flare. In part, this is because there is a myth in rheumatology that patients with RA cannot get gout, Dr. Eric L. Matteson noted in an interview. The literature contains reports of only 30 such cases. In fact, as the study findings show, that hot and tender toe may be gout. The best course of action is to aspirate the toe joint and look at the synovial fluid for crystals.

The treatment of gout in an RA patient can involve administration of prednisone, anakinra, allopurinol, or febuxostat. Drug-drug interactions between the agents used to treat gout and those for RA may be a problem in some cases.

Some of the treatments used in RA may explain why there are so few gout flares in RA patients. High doses of aspirin, which are an RA treatment, significantly lower uric acid levels. In what he described as being speculation, Dr. Matteson, chair of the department of rheumatology at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., suggested that the "push away" from use of NSAIDs long term and in high doses to help manage RA may be resulting in more gout flares in these patients.

Dr. Jebakumar and Dr. Matteson reported having no relevant financial conflicts of interest.

WASHINGTON – Gout does occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, though at a lower rate than in the general population, Dr. Adlene Jebakumar said at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

This finding comes from a review of a population-based cohort of 813 people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) between 1980 and 2007. Diagnoses were made either clinically including typical monosodium urate crystal positivity in synovial fluid or 1977 criteria developed by an ACR precursor organization, the American Rheumatology Association criteria. All subjects were longitudinally followed through their complete community medical records until April 2012 or they died or moved away.

Of the study cohort, 537 (66%) were rheumatoid factor positive; 33% had rheumatoid nodules, and 53% had erosive joint disease. During 9,771 total person-years of follow-up (mean 12 years per RA patient), 22 patients developed gout as defined by clinical criteria. The great toe was the most common site of gout (12 of 22 patients). The 25-year cumulative incidence of gout diagnosed by clinical criteria was 5.3%. Typical intracellular monosodium urate crystals were present in 9 of 22 patients with acute gout; all had developed gout after the RA incidence date. The 25-year cumulative incidence of gout diagnosed by clinical criteria including presence of urate crystals is 1.3%. The prevalence of gout in RA on Jan 1, 2008, was 1.9% (11 of 582 patients) as opposed to expected prevalence of 5.2% (or 30 patients) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data using age and sex-specific prevalence rates.

Risk factors for gout in RA were: older age (hazard ratio, 1.5/10-year increase; P = .04), male sex (HR, 3.18; P = .03) and obesity (HR, 3.5; P = .03). The presence of erosive RA joint disease reduced the risk of gout (HR, 0.24; P = .03). Gout has become more common in patients diagnosed with RA in recent years (1995-2007) than in previous years (1980-1994; HR, 5.6; P = .007).

Dr. Eric L. Matteson noted in an interview that when an RA patient develops a hot and tender big toe, rheumatologists are likely to presume it is an RA flare. In part, this is because there is a myth in rheumatology that patients with RA cannot get gout, Dr. Eric L. Matteson noted in an interview. The literature contains reports of only 30 such cases. In fact, as the study findings show, that hot and tender toe may be gout. The best course of action is to aspirate the toe joint and look at the synovial fluid for crystals.

The treatment of gout in an RA patient can involve administration of prednisone, anakinra, allopurinol, or febuxostat. Drug-drug interactions between the agents used to treat gout and those for RA may be a problem in some cases.

Some of the treatments used in RA may explain why there are so few gout flares in RA patients. High doses of aspirin, which are an RA treatment, significantly lower uric acid levels. In what he described as being speculation, Dr. Matteson, chair of the department of rheumatology at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., suggested that the "push away" from use of NSAIDs long term and in high doses to help manage RA may be resulting in more gout flares in these patients.

Dr. Jebakumar and Dr. Matteson reported having no relevant financial conflicts of interest.

WASHINGTON – Gout does occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, though at a lower rate than in the general population, Dr. Adlene Jebakumar said at the annual meeting of the American College of Rheumatology.

This finding comes from a review of a population-based cohort of 813 people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) between 1980 and 2007. Diagnoses were made either clinically including typical monosodium urate crystal positivity in synovial fluid or 1977 criteria developed by an ACR precursor organization, the American Rheumatology Association criteria. All subjects were longitudinally followed through their complete community medical records until April 2012 or they died or moved away.

Of the study cohort, 537 (66%) were rheumatoid factor positive; 33% had rheumatoid nodules, and 53% had erosive joint disease. During 9,771 total person-years of follow-up (mean 12 years per RA patient), 22 patients developed gout as defined by clinical criteria. The great toe was the most common site of gout (12 of 22 patients). The 25-year cumulative incidence of gout diagnosed by clinical criteria was 5.3%. Typical intracellular monosodium urate crystals were present in 9 of 22 patients with acute gout; all had developed gout after the RA incidence date. The 25-year cumulative incidence of gout diagnosed by clinical criteria including presence of urate crystals is 1.3%. The prevalence of gout in RA on Jan 1, 2008, was 1.9% (11 of 582 patients) as opposed to expected prevalence of 5.2% (or 30 patients) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data using age and sex-specific prevalence rates.

Risk factors for gout in RA were: older age (hazard ratio, 1.5/10-year increase; P = .04), male sex (HR, 3.18; P = .03) and obesity (HR, 3.5; P = .03). The presence of erosive RA joint disease reduced the risk of gout (HR, 0.24; P = .03). Gout has become more common in patients diagnosed with RA in recent years (1995-2007) than in previous years (1980-1994; HR, 5.6; P = .007).

Dr. Eric L. Matteson noted in an interview that when an RA patient develops a hot and tender big toe, rheumatologists are likely to presume it is an RA flare. In part, this is because there is a myth in rheumatology that patients with RA cannot get gout, Dr. Eric L. Matteson noted in an interview. The literature contains reports of only 30 such cases. In fact, as the study findings show, that hot and tender toe may be gout. The best course of action is to aspirate the toe joint and look at the synovial fluid for crystals.

The treatment of gout in an RA patient can involve administration of prednisone, anakinra, allopurinol, or febuxostat. Drug-drug interactions between the agents used to treat gout and those for RA may be a problem in some cases.

Some of the treatments used in RA may explain why there are so few gout flares in RA patients. High doses of aspirin, which are an RA treatment, significantly lower uric acid levels. In what he described as being speculation, Dr. Matteson, chair of the department of rheumatology at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., suggested that the "push away" from use of NSAIDs long term and in high doses to help manage RA may be resulting in more gout flares in these patients.

Dr. Jebakumar and Dr. Matteson reported having no relevant financial conflicts of interest.

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Jonathan Turner discuss efficiency

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Jonathan Turner discuss efficiency

A number of national organizations are helping hospitals and hospitalists get a better handle on their efficiency. One such group, a Charlotte, N.C.-based performance improvement alliance of 2,600 hospitals called Premier, recently completed the third year of its ongoing collaborative, QUEST (QUality, Efficiency, Safety, and Transparency). Three-year results found 157 charter-member hospitals saving an estimated 25,000 patient lives (based on 29% lower mortality rates than risk-adjusted national averages) and $4.5 billion in costs, compared with hospitals not participating in the initiative.

The high-performing hospitals in the collaborative use an efficiency dashboard to pinpoint and quantify saving opportunities, says Richard Bankowitz, MD, MBA, FACP, an internist and medical information specialist who serves as Premier’s enterprisewide chief medical officer. Collaborators participate in education and training, consultation, conference calls, a national meeting, and an online performance-improvement portal, with a commitment to transparently share their data and a focus on quality in areas of mortality rates, harm avoidance, readmissions, costs, and patient-reported experience.

“We’ve shown quite a lot of improvement,” Dr. Bankowitz says. “We’ve been able to look at hospitals that appear to have excellent readmissions rates or nursing strategies, and then try to figure out their secrets.”

Even the best-performing hospitals have opportunities to pinpoint and eliminate inefficiency. “But we need to be more than efficient,” he adds. “We also need to be effective. Having perfect efficiency in providing unnecessary procedures doesn’t do anybody any good.”

Numerous tools and methods are freely available, he says, but he also encourages hospitalist groups to stay focused on what provides value and will impact efficiency in hospitals.

“Look for processes of care that bring value, versus waste,” he says. “Have we ever stepped back and thought about the way we provide care as a whole—from end to end? Really look at the utilization—of tests, of consultations, of pharmaceuticals—and consider all of the inputs. Are they really adding value? Do you know which patients account for the most costs?”

He also encourages hospitalists to pull together interdisciplinary quality teams and focus on the patients who are more frequently admitted or problematic and costly, such as heart-failure patients. “Get the team to design a process of care that includes inpatient, outpatient, and the skilled nursing facility,” he says, adding there is potential for waste in transitions of care.

Hospitals are in an increasingly tough position, Dr. Bankowitz admits. “They’re no longer able to just cut their way out of financial problems. Hospitalists have an important role,” he notes. “They can take more of a systems view, seeing care processes from end to end.”

Larry Beresford is a freelance author in Oakland, Calif.

A number of national organizations are helping hospitals and hospitalists get a better handle on their efficiency. One such group, a Charlotte, N.C.-based performance improvement alliance of 2,600 hospitals called Premier, recently completed the third year of its ongoing collaborative, QUEST (QUality, Efficiency, Safety, and Transparency). Three-year results found 157 charter-member hospitals saving an estimated 25,000 patient lives (based on 29% lower mortality rates than risk-adjusted national averages) and $4.5 billion in costs, compared with hospitals not participating in the initiative.

The high-performing hospitals in the collaborative use an efficiency dashboard to pinpoint and quantify saving opportunities, says Richard Bankowitz, MD, MBA, FACP, an internist and medical information specialist who serves as Premier’s enterprisewide chief medical officer. Collaborators participate in education and training, consultation, conference calls, a national meeting, and an online performance-improvement portal, with a commitment to transparently share their data and a focus on quality in areas of mortality rates, harm avoidance, readmissions, costs, and patient-reported experience.

“We’ve shown quite a lot of improvement,” Dr. Bankowitz says. “We’ve been able to look at hospitals that appear to have excellent readmissions rates or nursing strategies, and then try to figure out their secrets.”

Even the best-performing hospitals have opportunities to pinpoint and eliminate inefficiency. “But we need to be more than efficient,” he adds. “We also need to be effective. Having perfect efficiency in providing unnecessary procedures doesn’t do anybody any good.”

Numerous tools and methods are freely available, he says, but he also encourages hospitalist groups to stay focused on what provides value and will impact efficiency in hospitals.

“Look for processes of care that bring value, versus waste,” he says. “Have we ever stepped back and thought about the way we provide care as a whole—from end to end? Really look at the utilization—of tests, of consultations, of pharmaceuticals—and consider all of the inputs. Are they really adding value? Do you know which patients account for the most costs?”

He also encourages hospitalists to pull together interdisciplinary quality teams and focus on the patients who are more frequently admitted or problematic and costly, such as heart-failure patients. “Get the team to design a process of care that includes inpatient, outpatient, and the skilled nursing facility,” he says, adding there is potential for waste in transitions of care.

Hospitals are in an increasingly tough position, Dr. Bankowitz admits. “They’re no longer able to just cut their way out of financial problems. Hospitalists have an important role,” he notes. “They can take more of a systems view, seeing care processes from end to end.”

Larry Beresford is a freelance author in Oakland, Calif.

A number of national organizations are helping hospitals and hospitalists get a better handle on their efficiency. One such group, a Charlotte, N.C.-based performance improvement alliance of 2,600 hospitals called Premier, recently completed the third year of its ongoing collaborative, QUEST (QUality, Efficiency, Safety, and Transparency). Three-year results found 157 charter-member hospitals saving an estimated 25,000 patient lives (based on 29% lower mortality rates than risk-adjusted national averages) and $4.5 billion in costs, compared with hospitals not participating in the initiative.

The high-performing hospitals in the collaborative use an efficiency dashboard to pinpoint and quantify saving opportunities, says Richard Bankowitz, MD, MBA, FACP, an internist and medical information specialist who serves as Premier’s enterprisewide chief medical officer. Collaborators participate in education and training, consultation, conference calls, a national meeting, and an online performance-improvement portal, with a commitment to transparently share their data and a focus on quality in areas of mortality rates, harm avoidance, readmissions, costs, and patient-reported experience.

“We’ve shown quite a lot of improvement,” Dr. Bankowitz says. “We’ve been able to look at hospitals that appear to have excellent readmissions rates or nursing strategies, and then try to figure out their secrets.”

Even the best-performing hospitals have opportunities to pinpoint and eliminate inefficiency. “But we need to be more than efficient,” he adds. “We also need to be effective. Having perfect efficiency in providing unnecessary procedures doesn’t do anybody any good.”

Numerous tools and methods are freely available, he says, but he also encourages hospitalist groups to stay focused on what provides value and will impact efficiency in hospitals.

“Look for processes of care that bring value, versus waste,” he says. “Have we ever stepped back and thought about the way we provide care as a whole—from end to end? Really look at the utilization—of tests, of consultations, of pharmaceuticals—and consider all of the inputs. Are they really adding value? Do you know which patients account for the most costs?”

He also encourages hospitalists to pull together interdisciplinary quality teams and focus on the patients who are more frequently admitted or problematic and costly, such as heart-failure patients. “Get the team to design a process of care that includes inpatient, outpatient, and the skilled nursing facility,” he says, adding there is potential for waste in transitions of care.

Hospitals are in an increasingly tough position, Dr. Bankowitz admits. “They’re no longer able to just cut their way out of financial problems. Hospitalists have an important role,” he notes. “They can take more of a systems view, seeing care processes from end to end.”

Larry Beresford is a freelance author in Oakland, Calif.

Almost one-third of general surgery residents required remediation over an 11-year period, most often because of a deficiency in medical knowledge, judging from findings in a retrospective study of remediation and attrition rates among general surgery residents at six academic surgical residency programs in California.

The high remediation rate identified in this study "begs the question of whether we are falling short in the education of surgical residents," said Dr. Arezou Yaghoubian of the department of surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, and associates (Arch. Surg. 2012;147:829-33).

They conducted the study to determine which of the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies (patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and system-based practice), most often require remediation and to identify predictors of remediation. There is a scarcity of data on how well surgical residency programs have been achieving these competencies, and this information may provide insight into how to modify the surgical curriculum more effectively in this new era of limited hours, they said.

In the study of 348 general surgery residents at the six training programs between 1999 and 2010, the most common reason for remediation was medical knowledge in 74%, followed by interpersonal and communication skills in 24%, patient care in 22%, professionalism in 18%, system-based practice in 14%, and practice-based learning in 8%.

Of the 107 residents who required remediation, 27 required remediation more than once. Almost 16% of the residents left their programs, but most (53 of 55 residents) left voluntarily. The other two failed remediation and had to leave the program.

Monthly meetings with faculty was the most common form of remediation, in 79%, followed by specific reading assignments (72%), required attendance at review courses and/or conferences (27%), evaluation by a therapist, psychologist, or psychiatrist (12%), and having to repeat a clinical year (6.5%).

More than half of the remediations were initiated during the first 2 postgraduate years (25% in the first and 35% in the second year), followed by 21% during the third year, 16% during the fourth year, and 4% during the fifth year.

A predictor of remediation was having received honors during the third-year surgery clerkship (58% of those who were subject to remediation vs. 45% of those who were not remediated, a statistically significant difference), which, the authors noted, was counterintuitive.

United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1 and/or step 2 scores and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores at postgraduate years 1 through 4 were also predictive of remediation. The median USMLE step 1 and step 2 scores were 225 and 223 among the residents subject to remediation, vs. 232 for step 1 and step 2 scores among those who were not remediated, statistically significant differences.

The ABSITE scores during postgraduate years 1 through 4 were significantly lower among those who were subject to remediation, but the differences in median scores in years 5 through 7 were not significantly different.

But remediation was not a predictor of attrition. The only predictor of attrition was the ABSITE score at the third postgraduate year, which was a median of 34 among those who left the program and 62 among those who stayed.

Possible explanations for the high remediation rate is that residents are not well prepared for the demands of a surgical residency, they need to be more efficient with their time because of the 80-hour work week, and they may not necessarily be spending their increased time outside of the hospital studying at home, the authors said. Possible reasons for the attrition rate among the residents, an "ongoing concern" in general surgery, may be marital, family, and personal issues and a need for a less stressful environment, they added.

Acknowledging the study's limitations, including the retrospective design and lack of information on how many residents passed the American Board of Surgery boards, the authors concluded that the high remediation rate "should give surgical educators pause as we should closely examine the potential sources of these deficiencies."

They called on surgical societies to "take the initiative to encourage the restructuring of medical school education, such that future surgeons are better prepared to enter surgical residencies," and for residency programs to "determine whether current educational methods are adequate to prepare future surgeons."

The authors reported they had no financial disclosures.

Almost one-third of general surgery residents required remediation over an 11-year period, most often because of a deficiency in medical knowledge, judging from findings in a retrospective study of remediation and attrition rates among general surgery residents at six academic surgical residency programs in California.

The high remediation rate identified in this study "begs the question of whether we are falling short in the education of surgical residents," said Dr. Arezou Yaghoubian of the department of surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, and associates (Arch. Surg. 2012;147:829-33).

They conducted the study to determine which of the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies (patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and system-based practice), most often require remediation and to identify predictors of remediation. There is a scarcity of data on how well surgical residency programs have been achieving these competencies, and this information may provide insight into how to modify the surgical curriculum more effectively in this new era of limited hours, they said.

In the study of 348 general surgery residents at the six training programs between 1999 and 2010, the most common reason for remediation was medical knowledge in 74%, followed by interpersonal and communication skills in 24%, patient care in 22%, professionalism in 18%, system-based practice in 14%, and practice-based learning in 8%.

Of the 107 residents who required remediation, 27 required remediation more than once. Almost 16% of the residents left their programs, but most (53 of 55 residents) left voluntarily. The other two failed remediation and had to leave the program.

Monthly meetings with faculty was the most common form of remediation, in 79%, followed by specific reading assignments (72%), required attendance at review courses and/or conferences (27%), evaluation by a therapist, psychologist, or psychiatrist (12%), and having to repeat a clinical year (6.5%).

More than half of the remediations were initiated during the first 2 postgraduate years (25% in the first and 35% in the second year), followed by 21% during the third year, 16% during the fourth year, and 4% during the fifth year.

A predictor of remediation was having received honors during the third-year surgery clerkship (58% of those who were subject to remediation vs. 45% of those who were not remediated, a statistically significant difference), which, the authors noted, was counterintuitive.

United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1 and/or step 2 scores and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores at postgraduate years 1 through 4 were also predictive of remediation. The median USMLE step 1 and step 2 scores were 225 and 223 among the residents subject to remediation, vs. 232 for step 1 and step 2 scores among those who were not remediated, statistically significant differences.

The ABSITE scores during postgraduate years 1 through 4 were significantly lower among those who were subject to remediation, but the differences in median scores in years 5 through 7 were not significantly different.

But remediation was not a predictor of attrition. The only predictor of attrition was the ABSITE score at the third postgraduate year, which was a median of 34 among those who left the program and 62 among those who stayed.

Possible explanations for the high remediation rate is that residents are not well prepared for the demands of a surgical residency, they need to be more efficient with their time because of the 80-hour work week, and they may not necessarily be spending their increased time outside of the hospital studying at home, the authors said. Possible reasons for the attrition rate among the residents, an "ongoing concern" in general surgery, may be marital, family, and personal issues and a need for a less stressful environment, they added.

Acknowledging the study's limitations, including the retrospective design and lack of information on how many residents passed the American Board of Surgery boards, the authors concluded that the high remediation rate "should give surgical educators pause as we should closely examine the potential sources of these deficiencies."

They called on surgical societies to "take the initiative to encourage the restructuring of medical school education, such that future surgeons are better prepared to enter surgical residencies," and for residency programs to "determine whether current educational methods are adequate to prepare future surgeons."

The authors reported they had no financial disclosures.

Almost one-third of general surgery residents required remediation over an 11-year period, most often because of a deficiency in medical knowledge, judging from findings in a retrospective study of remediation and attrition rates among general surgery residents at six academic surgical residency programs in California.

The high remediation rate identified in this study "begs the question of whether we are falling short in the education of surgical residents," said Dr. Arezou Yaghoubian of the department of surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, and associates (Arch. Surg. 2012;147:829-33).

They conducted the study to determine which of the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies (patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and system-based practice), most often require remediation and to identify predictors of remediation. There is a scarcity of data on how well surgical residency programs have been achieving these competencies, and this information may provide insight into how to modify the surgical curriculum more effectively in this new era of limited hours, they said.

In the study of 348 general surgery residents at the six training programs between 1999 and 2010, the most common reason for remediation was medical knowledge in 74%, followed by interpersonal and communication skills in 24%, patient care in 22%, professionalism in 18%, system-based practice in 14%, and practice-based learning in 8%.

Of the 107 residents who required remediation, 27 required remediation more than once. Almost 16% of the residents left their programs, but most (53 of 55 residents) left voluntarily. The other two failed remediation and had to leave the program.

Monthly meetings with faculty was the most common form of remediation, in 79%, followed by specific reading assignments (72%), required attendance at review courses and/or conferences (27%), evaluation by a therapist, psychologist, or psychiatrist (12%), and having to repeat a clinical year (6.5%).

More than half of the remediations were initiated during the first 2 postgraduate years (25% in the first and 35% in the second year), followed by 21% during the third year, 16% during the fourth year, and 4% during the fifth year.

A predictor of remediation was having received honors during the third-year surgery clerkship (58% of those who were subject to remediation vs. 45% of those who were not remediated, a statistically significant difference), which, the authors noted, was counterintuitive.

United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1 and/or step 2 scores and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores at postgraduate years 1 through 4 were also predictive of remediation. The median USMLE step 1 and step 2 scores were 225 and 223 among the residents subject to remediation, vs. 232 for step 1 and step 2 scores among those who were not remediated, statistically significant differences.

The ABSITE scores during postgraduate years 1 through 4 were significantly lower among those who were subject to remediation, but the differences in median scores in years 5 through 7 were not significantly different.

But remediation was not a predictor of attrition. The only predictor of attrition was the ABSITE score at the third postgraduate year, which was a median of 34 among those who left the program and 62 among those who stayed.

Possible explanations for the high remediation rate is that residents are not well prepared for the demands of a surgical residency, they need to be more efficient with their time because of the 80-hour work week, and they may not necessarily be spending their increased time outside of the hospital studying at home, the authors said. Possible reasons for the attrition rate among the residents, an "ongoing concern" in general surgery, may be marital, family, and personal issues and a need for a less stressful environment, they added.

Acknowledging the study's limitations, including the retrospective design and lack of information on how many residents passed the American Board of Surgery boards, the authors concluded that the high remediation rate "should give surgical educators pause as we should closely examine the potential sources of these deficiencies."

They called on surgical societies to "take the initiative to encourage the restructuring of medical school education, such that future surgeons are better prepared to enter surgical residencies," and for residency programs to "determine whether current educational methods are adequate to prepare future surgeons."

The authors reported they had no financial disclosures.

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) has won another approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Already green-lighted for use to reduce the risk of DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) after knee or hip replacement surgery—and reduce the risk of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients—the anticoagulant therapy has been approved for use in the treatment of acute DVT and PE, and to reduce the risk of recurrent DVT and PE after initial treatment. It’s a landmark step that will likely have big implications for hospitalists.

“Xarelto is the first oral anti-clotting drug approved to treat and reduce the recurrence of blood clots since the approval of warfarin nearly 60 years ago,” Richard Pazdur, MD, director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a news release.

 “Single-drug therapy without the need for parental bridging treatment, or drug-level monitoring, is a breakthrough in the treatment of VTE, and represents a paradigm shift that we have not seen in a long time for a very common emergency room and hospital-based medical condition,” says Hiren Shah, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and medical director of hospital medicine at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

 Ian Jenkins, assistant professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine at the University of California at San Diego, says factors that will help determine whether a patient is a candidate for rivaroxaban include the ability to pay for it; compliance, because the duration of effect is shorter than it is for warfarin; and good and stable renal function.

“We now have the first approved oral warfarin alternative for VTE, and for appropriate candidates, it's a more convenient if not better treatment,” Dr. Jenkins says. “The main downside is that warfarin remains reversible, and the new drugs are minimally so.”

Dr. Shah predicts a more efficient discharge process, which, for rivaroxaban patients, will no longer include arranging for international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring or time-consuming counseling on taking injections and drug interactions with vitamin-K antagonists.

“That’s a very complex, 30-minute process,” says Dr. Shah, who also who runs Northwestern’s VTE-prevention program. “With a single agent, I think the value here is you don’t need that complex care coordination anymore, and that’s time-saving for a hospitalist.”

Dr. Shah notes coordination of care will still be very important with this indication, especially because the dose for rivaroxaban in the  treatment of acute DVT changes from twice a day to once a day starting at Day 21. “Whatever education initiatives we undertake, they have to extend that entire spectrum,” he adds.

Visit our website for more information about treating acute DVT.

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) has won another approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Already green-lighted for use to reduce the risk of DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) after knee or hip replacement surgery—and reduce the risk of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients—the anticoagulant therapy has been approved for use in the treatment of acute DVT and PE, and to reduce the risk of recurrent DVT and PE after initial treatment. It’s a landmark step that will likely have big implications for hospitalists.

“Xarelto is the first oral anti-clotting drug approved to treat and reduce the recurrence of blood clots since the approval of warfarin nearly 60 years ago,” Richard Pazdur, MD, director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a news release.

 “Single-drug therapy without the need for parental bridging treatment, or drug-level monitoring, is a breakthrough in the treatment of VTE, and represents a paradigm shift that we have not seen in a long time for a very common emergency room and hospital-based medical condition,” says Hiren Shah, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and medical director of hospital medicine at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

 Ian Jenkins, assistant professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine at the University of California at San Diego, says factors that will help determine whether a patient is a candidate for rivaroxaban include the ability to pay for it; compliance, because the duration of effect is shorter than it is for warfarin; and good and stable renal function.

“We now have the first approved oral warfarin alternative for VTE, and for appropriate candidates, it's a more convenient if not better treatment,” Dr. Jenkins says. “The main downside is that warfarin remains reversible, and the new drugs are minimally so.”

Dr. Shah predicts a more efficient discharge process, which, for rivaroxaban patients, will no longer include arranging for international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring or time-consuming counseling on taking injections and drug interactions with vitamin-K antagonists.

“That’s a very complex, 30-minute process,” says Dr. Shah, who also who runs Northwestern’s VTE-prevention program. “With a single agent, I think the value here is you don’t need that complex care coordination anymore, and that’s time-saving for a hospitalist.”

Dr. Shah notes coordination of care will still be very important with this indication, especially because the dose for rivaroxaban in the  treatment of acute DVT changes from twice a day to once a day starting at Day 21. “Whatever education initiatives we undertake, they have to extend that entire spectrum,” he adds.

Visit our website for more information about treating acute DVT.

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) has won another approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Already green-lighted for use to reduce the risk of DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE) after knee or hip replacement surgery—and reduce the risk of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients—the anticoagulant therapy has been approved for use in the treatment of acute DVT and PE, and to reduce the risk of recurrent DVT and PE after initial treatment. It’s a landmark step that will likely have big implications for hospitalists.

“Xarelto is the first oral anti-clotting drug approved to treat and reduce the recurrence of blood clots since the approval of warfarin nearly 60 years ago,” Richard Pazdur, MD, director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a news release.

 “Single-drug therapy without the need for parental bridging treatment, or drug-level monitoring, is a breakthrough in the treatment of VTE, and represents a paradigm shift that we have not seen in a long time for a very common emergency room and hospital-based medical condition,” says Hiren Shah, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and medical director of hospital medicine at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

 Ian Jenkins, assistant professor in the Division of Hospital Medicine at the University of California at San Diego, says factors that will help determine whether a patient is a candidate for rivaroxaban include the ability to pay for it; compliance, because the duration of effect is shorter than it is for warfarin; and good and stable renal function.

“We now have the first approved oral warfarin alternative for VTE, and for appropriate candidates, it's a more convenient if not better treatment,” Dr. Jenkins says. “The main downside is that warfarin remains reversible, and the new drugs are minimally so.”

Dr. Shah predicts a more efficient discharge process, which, for rivaroxaban patients, will no longer include arranging for international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring or time-consuming counseling on taking injections and drug interactions with vitamin-K antagonists.

“That’s a very complex, 30-minute process,” says Dr. Shah, who also who runs Northwestern’s VTE-prevention program. “With a single agent, I think the value here is you don’t need that complex care coordination anymore, and that’s time-saving for a hospitalist.”

Dr. Shah notes coordination of care will still be very important with this indication, especially because the dose for rivaroxaban in the  treatment of acute DVT changes from twice a day to once a day starting at Day 21. “Whatever education initiatives we undertake, they have to extend that entire spectrum,” he adds.

Visit our website for more information about treating acute DVT.

Used in foods, some traditional medicines, herbal tea, herbal toothpastes, and aromatherapy, Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae (mint) family found in southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. The medicinal use of lemon balm dates back at least 2,000 years (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1965;130:474-82). Lower abdominal distress and nervous conditions are some of the ailments treated with lemon balm in folk medicine; herpes lesions are a modern indication (Nat. Prod. Res. 2008;22:1433-40). The essential oil and phenylpropanoid derivatives are thought to be the two primary groups of active constituents in lemon balm (Phytochemistry. 2011;72:572-8).

©Design Pics

The main individual components of M. officinalis essential oil have been identified as the monoterpenaldehydes citral a, citral b, and citronellal (Phytomedicine. 2008;15:734-40). The chief phenolic compounds are rosmarinic acid, which is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, as well as caffeic acid, which is isolated from the fresh leaves and stems (J. Nat. Prod. 2009;72:1512-5Phytochemistry. 2011;72:572-8). Six flavonoids, including luteolin and apigenin, have also been isolated from the leaves of lemon balm (Acta. Pol. Pharm. 2002;59:139-43; J. Nat. Prod. 2007;70:1889-94). Given the presence of such ingredients known to exhibit antioxidant properties, it is not surprising that such a capacity is considered one of the main medicinal benefits of M. officinalis. Indeed, lemon balm is reputed to display significant antioxidant, anxiolytic (Med. J. Nutrition. Metab. 2011;4:211-8; Phytomedicine. 2010;17:397-403; Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:607-13), and antiviral (particularly antiherpetic) activity (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964;117:431-4; Virol. J. 2011;8:188). M. officinalis is also a component, with two other herbs, in a mixture (Ob-X) recently shown to lower body weight gain and adipose tissue mass in genetically obese mice (Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:614-9).

Antioxidant Activity

In a 2009 study, investigators examined the antioxidant potential of three plants (M. officinalis, Matricaria recutita (German chamomile), and Cymbopogon citrus [lemon grass]) used in Brazil to treat neurologic conditions. M. officinalis was found to deliver the greatest reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the most salient antioxidant effect as evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The investigators concluded that M. officinalis warrants consideration as a treatment for oxidative stress–associated neurologic diseases (Neurochem. Res. 2009;34:973-83).

Additional evidence of its antioxidant activity is emerging. In early 2012, Martins et al. reported on their study in which an aqueous extract of M. officinalis significantly mitigated manganese-induced brain oxidative stress in mice. They found that the extract attenuated oxidative damage (TBARS) and reduced total thiol levels, and concluded that their findings show the potent antioxidant activity of M. officinalis (Brain. Res. Bull. 2012;87;74-9). In addition, a recent study found that lemon balm infusion in a tea, after 30 days of daily consumption, significantly lowered oxidative stress and DNA damage in radiology staff exposed to low doses of radiation at work (Toxicol. Ind. Health. 2011;27:205-12).

Antiviral Activity

In 2006, Gaby reported on various natural substances, used in the diet or topically, that exert activity against herpes simplex lesions and prevent recurrences, serving as effective alternatives to acyclovir and its attendant side effects. He cited lemon balm as having exhibited antiviral properties in two studies in the 1990s (Altern. Med. Rev. 2006;11:93-101).

In 1994, 116 patients with acute herpes simplex applied a standardized lemon balm cream (containing 1% Lo-701) or a placebo cream two to four times daily in a randomized, double-blind trial over a 5- to 10-day period within 72 hours of symptom onset. While only 19% of the placebo group reported satisfactory healing, 41% of the active treatment group was satisfied (Phytomedicine. 1994;1:25-31). In 1999, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 66 patients with a minimum of four herpes simplex episodes per year to treatment (four times daily for 5 days) with the same standardized lemon balm cream or placebo. Symptom scores were significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group by the second day of the protocol, though the trend supporting active treatment over 5 days was not significant (Phytomedicine 1999;6:225-30).

In 2008, Mazzanti et al. evaluated the antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) of a hydroalcoholic extract of lemon balm leaves using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay on Vero cells. They found that lemon balm diminished the cytopathic effect of HSV-2 on Vero cells, with a maximum suppression effect with 0.5 mg/mL. The extract, shown through NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis to contain rosmarinic acid (4.1% w/w), did not prevent the entry of HSV-2 into cells, indicating postpenetration activity by the botanical agent. The investigators concluded that their work supports the use of lemon balm for treating herpes lesions, and justifies its further study in clinical trials (Nat. Prod. Res. 2008;22:1433-40).

Also that year, Schnitzler et al. evaluated the antiviral effect of lemon balm oil on HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro on monkey kidney cells. They found that plaque formation was significantly lowered (by 98.8% for HSV-1 and 97.2% for HSV-2) by noncytotoxic lemon balm oil concentrations, with higher concentrations nearly eradicating infections. Using time-on-addition assays, the investigators determined that pretreatment with lemon balm oil significantly suppressed both viruses before infection of cells, suggesting that the oil impacted the virus prior to adsorption, but not after reaching the host cell. They concluded that this implies the capacity for direct antiviral activity. The authors added that the lipophilic nature of lemon balm oil allows for its penetration into the skin, further supporting its suitability as a topical treatment of herpes (Phytomedicine. 2008;15:734-40).

In a more recent in vitro experiment evaluating antiviral activity against HSV-1, Astani et al. compared an aqueous extract of M. officinalis and phenolic extract compounds (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid). The lemon balm extract exhibited high virucidal activity against HSV-1, even at concentrations of 1.5 mcg/mL; phenolic compounds showed similar results only at concentrations 100 times greater. Further, lemon balm extract and rosmarinic acid dose-dependently suppressed HSV-1 attachment to host cells. The researchers concluded that rosmarinic acid was the primary constituent responsible for the antiviral activity displayed by lemon balm, but noted that M. officinalis extract, which imparted virucidal activity against HSV-1 in vitro with low toxicity, has a greater selectivity index against HSV than that of its constituents alone (Chemotherapy. 2012;58:70-7).

In 2008, Geuenich et al. investigated several species of the Lamiaceae family (including lemon balm) for their potency in suppressing HIV-1 infection. The aqueous extracts from the leaves of lemon balm (as well as peppermint and sage) dose-dependently displayed substantial activity against HIV-1 infection in T-cell lines, primary macrophages, and in ex vivo tonsil histocultures. The investigators also found that exposure of extracts to free virions strongly and quickly suppressed infections, though no antiviral effect was seen in exposure to surface-bound virions or target cells alone. Noting the antiherpetic activity of these Lamiaceae family extracts, the investigators suggested that the development of virucidal topical microbicides using such ingredients is warranted (Retrovirology. 2008;5:27).

Hypopigmentary Potential

A potential hypopigmentary application of lemon balm also may be emerging. In 2011, Fujita et al. isolated 16-hydroxy-9-oxo-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid (also called Corchorifatty acid B [CFAB]) from the ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of M. officinalis, and found that it suppresses pigmentation in human melanocytes and murine melanoma B16 cells, probably by promoting accelerated degradation of tyrosinase in B16 cells. Further, they noted that the mechanism of action of CFAB is markedly different from those of many other hypopigmentary agents, which facilitate tyrosinase degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes. That is, the reductions in tyrosinase caused by CFAB are thought to take place in post–Golgi complex areas, not in proteasomal or lysosomal ones (Exp. Dermatol. 2011;20(5):420-4).

Conclusions

Like many botanical ingredients studied and harnessed in our modern pharmacopeia, lemon balm has a history of use in traditional medicine. Recent studies suggest antioxidant, anxiolytic, and, especially, antiviral properties, notably in the treatment of herpes viruses. More research is necessary, however, to establish a broader role for M. officinalis in the dermatologic armamentarium.

Dr. Baumann is in private practice in Miami Beach. She did not disclose any conflicts of interest. To respond to this column, or to suggest topics for future columns, write to Dr. Baumann at [email protected].

Used in foods, some traditional medicines, herbal tea, herbal toothpastes, and aromatherapy, Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae (mint) family found in southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. The medicinal use of lemon balm dates back at least 2,000 years (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1965;130:474-82). Lower abdominal distress and nervous conditions are some of the ailments treated with lemon balm in folk medicine; herpes lesions are a modern indication (Nat. Prod. Res. 2008;22:1433-40). The essential oil and phenylpropanoid derivatives are thought to be the two primary groups of active constituents in lemon balm (Phytochemistry. 2011;72:572-8).

©Design Pics

The main individual components of M. officinalis essential oil have been identified as the monoterpenaldehydes citral a, citral b, and citronellal (Phytomedicine. 2008;15:734-40). The chief phenolic compounds are rosmarinic acid, which is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, as well as caffeic acid, which is isolated from the fresh leaves and stems (J. Nat. Prod. 2009;72:1512-5Phytochemistry. 2011;72:572-8). Six flavonoids, including luteolin and apigenin, have also been isolated from the leaves of lemon balm (Acta. Pol. Pharm. 2002;59:139-43; J. Nat. Prod. 2007;70:1889-94). Given the presence of such ingredients known to exhibit antioxidant properties, it is not surprising that such a capacity is considered one of the main medicinal benefits of M. officinalis. Indeed, lemon balm is reputed to display significant antioxidant, anxiolytic (Med. J. Nutrition. Metab. 2011;4:211-8; Phytomedicine. 2010;17:397-403; Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:607-13), and antiviral (particularly antiherpetic) activity (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964;117:431-4; Virol. J. 2011;8:188). M. officinalis is also a component, with two other herbs, in a mixture (Ob-X) recently shown to lower body weight gain and adipose tissue mass in genetically obese mice (Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:614-9).

Antioxidant Activity

In a 2009 study, investigators examined the antioxidant potential of three plants (M. officinalis, Matricaria recutita (German chamomile), and Cymbopogon citrus [lemon grass]) used in Brazil to treat neurologic conditions. M. officinalis was found to deliver the greatest reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the most salient antioxidant effect as evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The investigators concluded that M. officinalis warrants consideration as a treatment for oxidative stress–associated neurologic diseases (Neurochem. Res. 2009;34:973-83).

Additional evidence of its antioxidant activity is emerging. In early 2012, Martins et al. reported on their study in which an aqueous extract of M. officinalis significantly mitigated manganese-induced brain oxidative stress in mice. They found that the extract attenuated oxidative damage (TBARS) and reduced total thiol levels, and concluded that their findings show the potent antioxidant activity of M. officinalis (Brain. Res. Bull. 2012;87;74-9). In addition, a recent study found that lemon balm infusion in a tea, after 30 days of daily consumption, significantly lowered oxidative stress and DNA damage in radiology staff exposed to low doses of radiation at work (Toxicol. Ind. Health. 2011;27:205-12).

Antiviral Activity

In 2006, Gaby reported on various natural substances, used in the diet or topically, that exert activity against herpes simplex lesions and prevent recurrences, serving as effective alternatives to acyclovir and its attendant side effects. He cited lemon balm as having exhibited antiviral properties in two studies in the 1990s (Altern. Med. Rev. 2006;11:93-101).

In 1994, 116 patients with acute herpes simplex applied a standardized lemon balm cream (containing 1% Lo-701) or a placebo cream two to four times daily in a randomized, double-blind trial over a 5- to 10-day period within 72 hours of symptom onset. While only 19% of the placebo group reported satisfactory healing, 41% of the active treatment group was satisfied (Phytomedicine. 1994;1:25-31). In 1999, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 66 patients with a minimum of four herpes simplex episodes per year to treatment (four times daily for 5 days) with the same standardized lemon balm cream or placebo. Symptom scores were significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group by the second day of the protocol, though the trend supporting active treatment over 5 days was not significant (Phytomedicine 1999;6:225-30).

In 2008, Mazzanti et al. evaluated the antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) of a hydroalcoholic extract of lemon balm leaves using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay on Vero cells. They found that lemon balm diminished the cytopathic effect of HSV-2 on Vero cells, with a maximum suppression effect with 0.5 mg/mL. The extract, shown through NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis to contain rosmarinic acid (4.1% w/w), did not prevent the entry of HSV-2 into cells, indicating postpenetration activity by the botanical agent. The investigators concluded that their work supports the use of lemon balm for treating herpes lesions, and justifies its further study in clinical trials (Nat. Prod. Res. 2008;22:1433-40).

Also that year, Schnitzler et al. evaluated the antiviral effect of lemon balm oil on HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro on monkey kidney cells. They found that plaque formation was significantly lowered (by 98.8% for HSV-1 and 97.2% for HSV-2) by noncytotoxic lemon balm oil concentrations, with higher concentrations nearly eradicating infections. Using time-on-addition assays, the investigators determined that pretreatment with lemon balm oil significantly suppressed both viruses before infection of cells, suggesting that the oil impacted the virus prior to adsorption, but not after reaching the host cell. They concluded that this implies the capacity for direct antiviral activity. The authors added that the lipophilic nature of lemon balm oil allows for its penetration into the skin, further supporting its suitability as a topical treatment of herpes (Phytomedicine. 2008;15:734-40).

In a more recent in vitro experiment evaluating antiviral activity against HSV-1, Astani et al. compared an aqueous extract of M. officinalis and phenolic extract compounds (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid). The lemon balm extract exhibited high virucidal activity against HSV-1, even at concentrations of 1.5 mcg/mL; phenolic compounds showed similar results only at concentrations 100 times greater. Further, lemon balm extract and rosmarinic acid dose-dependently suppressed HSV-1 attachment to host cells. The researchers concluded that rosmarinic acid was the primary constituent responsible for the antiviral activity displayed by lemon balm, but noted that M. officinalis extract, which imparted virucidal activity against HSV-1 in vitro with low toxicity, has a greater selectivity index against HSV than that of its constituents alone (Chemotherapy. 2012;58:70-7).

In 2008, Geuenich et al. investigated several species of the Lamiaceae family (including lemon balm) for their potency in suppressing HIV-1 infection. The aqueous extracts from the leaves of lemon balm (as well as peppermint and sage) dose-dependently displayed substantial activity against HIV-1 infection in T-cell lines, primary macrophages, and in ex vivo tonsil histocultures. The investigators also found that exposure of extracts to free virions strongly and quickly suppressed infections, though no antiviral effect was seen in exposure to surface-bound virions or target cells alone. Noting the antiherpetic activity of these Lamiaceae family extracts, the investigators suggested that the development of virucidal topical microbicides using such ingredients is warranted (Retrovirology. 2008;5:27).

Hypopigmentary Potential

A potential hypopigmentary application of lemon balm also may be emerging. In 2011, Fujita et al. isolated 16-hydroxy-9-oxo-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid (also called Corchorifatty acid B [CFAB]) from the ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of M. officinalis, and found that it suppresses pigmentation in human melanocytes and murine melanoma B16 cells, probably by promoting accelerated degradation of tyrosinase in B16 cells. Further, they noted that the mechanism of action of CFAB is markedly different from those of many other hypopigmentary agents, which facilitate tyrosinase degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes. That is, the reductions in tyrosinase caused by CFAB are thought to take place in post–Golgi complex areas, not in proteasomal or lysosomal ones (Exp. Dermatol. 2011;20(5):420-4).

Conclusions

Like many botanical ingredients studied and harnessed in our modern pharmacopeia, lemon balm has a history of use in traditional medicine. Recent studies suggest antioxidant, anxiolytic, and, especially, antiviral properties, notably in the treatment of herpes viruses. More research is necessary, however, to establish a broader role for M. officinalis in the dermatologic armamentarium.

Dr. Baumann is in private practice in Miami Beach. She did not disclose any conflicts of interest. To respond to this column, or to suggest topics for future columns, write to Dr. Baumann at [email protected].

Used in foods, some traditional medicines, herbal tea, herbal toothpastes, and aromatherapy, Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae (mint) family found in southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. The medicinal use of lemon balm dates back at least 2,000 years (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1965;130:474-82). Lower abdominal distress and nervous conditions are some of the ailments treated with lemon balm in folk medicine; herpes lesions are a modern indication (Nat. Prod. Res. 2008;22:1433-40). The essential oil and phenylpropanoid derivatives are thought to be the two primary groups of active constituents in lemon balm (Phytochemistry. 2011;72:572-8).

©Design Pics

The main individual components of M. officinalis essential oil have been identified as the monoterpenaldehydes citral a, citral b, and citronellal (Phytomedicine. 2008;15:734-40). The chief phenolic compounds are rosmarinic acid, which is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, as well as caffeic acid, which is isolated from the fresh leaves and stems (J. Nat. Prod. 2009;72:1512-5Phytochemistry. 2011;72:572-8). Six flavonoids, including luteolin and apigenin, have also been isolated from the leaves of lemon balm (Acta. Pol. Pharm. 2002;59:139-43; J. Nat. Prod. 2007;70:1889-94). Given the presence of such ingredients known to exhibit antioxidant properties, it is not surprising that such a capacity is considered one of the main medicinal benefits of M. officinalis. Indeed, lemon balm is reputed to display significant antioxidant, anxiolytic (Med. J. Nutrition. Metab. 2011;4:211-8; Phytomedicine. 2010;17:397-403; Psychosom. Med. 2004;66:607-13), and antiviral (particularly antiherpetic) activity (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964;117:431-4; Virol. J. 2011;8:188). M. officinalis is also a component, with two other herbs, in a mixture (Ob-X) recently shown to lower body weight gain and adipose tissue mass in genetically obese mice (Pharm. Biol. 2011;49:614-9).

Antioxidant Activity

In a 2009 study, investigators examined the antioxidant potential of three plants (M. officinalis, Matricaria recutita (German chamomile), and Cymbopogon citrus [lemon grass]) used in Brazil to treat neurologic conditions. M. officinalis was found to deliver the greatest reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the most salient antioxidant effect as evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The investigators concluded that M. officinalis warrants consideration as a treatment for oxidative stress–associated neurologic diseases (Neurochem. Res. 2009;34:973-83).

Additional evidence of its antioxidant activity is emerging. In early 2012, Martins et al. reported on their study in which an aqueous extract of M. officinalis significantly mitigated manganese-induced brain oxidative stress in mice. They found that the extract attenuated oxidative damage (TBARS) and reduced total thiol levels, and concluded that their findings show the potent antioxidant activity of M. officinalis (Brain. Res. Bull. 2012;87;74-9). In addition, a recent study found that lemon balm infusion in a tea, after 30 days of daily consumption, significantly lowered oxidative stress and DNA damage in radiology staff exposed to low doses of radiation at work (Toxicol. Ind. Health. 2011;27:205-12).

Antiviral Activity

In 2006, Gaby reported on various natural substances, used in the diet or topically, that exert activity against herpes simplex lesions and prevent recurrences, serving as effective alternatives to acyclovir and its attendant side effects. He cited lemon balm as having exhibited antiviral properties in two studies in the 1990s (Altern. Med. Rev. 2006;11:93-101).

In 1994, 116 patients with acute herpes simplex applied a standardized lemon balm cream (containing 1% Lo-701) or a placebo cream two to four times daily in a randomized, double-blind trial over a 5- to 10-day period within 72 hours of symptom onset. While only 19% of the placebo group reported satisfactory healing, 41% of the active treatment group was satisfied (Phytomedicine. 1994;1:25-31). In 1999, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 66 patients with a minimum of four herpes simplex episodes per year to treatment (four times daily for 5 days) with the same standardized lemon balm cream or placebo. Symptom scores were significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group by the second day of the protocol, though the trend supporting active treatment over 5 days was not significant (Phytomedicine 1999;6:225-30).

In 2008, Mazzanti et al. evaluated the antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) of a hydroalcoholic extract of lemon balm leaves using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay on Vero cells. They found that lemon balm diminished the cytopathic effect of HSV-2 on Vero cells, with a maximum suppression effect with 0.5 mg/mL. The extract, shown through NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) analysis to contain rosmarinic acid (4.1% w/w), did not prevent the entry of HSV-2 into cells, indicating postpenetration activity by the botanical agent. The investigators concluded that their work supports the use of lemon balm for treating herpes lesions, and justifies its further study in clinical trials (Nat. Prod. Res. 2008;22:1433-40).

Also that year, Schnitzler et al. evaluated the antiviral effect of lemon balm oil on HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro on monkey kidney cells. They found that plaque formation was significantly lowered (by 98.8% for HSV-1 and 97.2% for HSV-2) by noncytotoxic lemon balm oil concentrations, with higher concentrations nearly eradicating infections. Using time-on-addition assays, the investigators determined that pretreatment with lemon balm oil significantly suppressed both viruses before infection of cells, suggesting that the oil impacted the virus prior to adsorption, but not after reaching the host cell. They concluded that this implies the capacity for direct antiviral activity. The authors added that the lipophilic nature of lemon balm oil allows for its penetration into the skin, further supporting its suitability as a topical treatment of herpes (Phytomedicine. 2008;15:734-40).

In a more recent in vitro experiment evaluating antiviral activity against HSV-1, Astani et al. compared an aqueous extract of M. officinalis and phenolic extract compounds (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid). The lemon balm extract exhibited high virucidal activity against HSV-1, even at concentrations of 1.5 mcg/mL; phenolic compounds showed similar results only at concentrations 100 times greater. Further, lemon balm extract and rosmarinic acid dose-dependently suppressed HSV-1 attachment to host cells. The researchers concluded that rosmarinic acid was the primary constituent responsible for the antiviral activity displayed by lemon balm, but noted that M. officinalis extract, which imparted virucidal activity against HSV-1 in vitro with low toxicity, has a greater selectivity index against HSV than that of its constituents alone (Chemotherapy. 2012;58:70-7).

In 2008, Geuenich et al. investigated several species of the Lamiaceae family (including lemon balm) for their potency in suppressing HIV-1 infection. The aqueous extracts from the leaves of lemon balm (as well as peppermint and sage) dose-dependently displayed substantial activity against HIV-1 infection in T-cell lines, primary macrophages, and in ex vivo tonsil histocultures. The investigators also found that exposure of extracts to free virions strongly and quickly suppressed infections, though no antiviral effect was seen in exposure to surface-bound virions or target cells alone. Noting the antiherpetic activity of these Lamiaceae family extracts, the investigators suggested that the development of virucidal topical microbicides using such ingredients is warranted (Retrovirology. 2008;5:27).

Hypopigmentary Potential

A potential hypopigmentary application of lemon balm also may be emerging. In 2011, Fujita et al. isolated 16-hydroxy-9-oxo-10E,12E,14E-octadecatrienoic acid (also called Corchorifatty acid B [CFAB]) from the ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of M. officinalis, and found that it suppresses pigmentation in human melanocytes and murine melanoma B16 cells, probably by promoting accelerated degradation of tyrosinase in B16 cells. Further, they noted that the mechanism of action of CFAB is markedly different from those of many other hypopigmentary agents, which facilitate tyrosinase degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes. That is, the reductions in tyrosinase caused by CFAB are thought to take place in post–Golgi complex areas, not in proteasomal or lysosomal ones (Exp. Dermatol. 2011;20(5):420-4).

Conclusions

Like many botanical ingredients studied and harnessed in our modern pharmacopeia, lemon balm has a history of use in traditional medicine. Recent studies suggest antioxidant, anxiolytic, and, especially, antiviral properties, notably in the treatment of herpes viruses. More research is necessary, however, to establish a broader role for M. officinalis in the dermatologic armamentarium.

Dr. Baumann is in private practice in Miami Beach. She did not disclose any conflicts of interest. To respond to this column, or to suggest topics for future columns, write to Dr. Baumann at [email protected].

ATLANTA – The use of a threading technique, rather than the standard depot injection technique, when using botulinum toxin A to treat perioral and glabellar rhytides provides a more uniform and natural cosmetic result, according to Dr. H. William Higgins II.

Threading involves injecting the muscle along its normal anatomic course to paralyze the related muscle more evenly, he explained at the annual meeting of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.

Courtesy Dr. H. William Higgins II

For upper and lower lip treatment, for example, injections are made at a 20- to 30-degree angle, entering the skin at a location just lateral to the targeted rhytid. The toxin is dispensed while withdrawing, thereby threading the injection along the length of the orbicularis oris. This differs from the typical approach, which often involves a depot injection at an angle more perpendicular to the skin, said Dr. Higgins of Brown University in Providence, R.I.

For the glabellar lines, the threading technique involves four symmetrical injection points, with two points targeting each corrugator. Injections at the more medial points are made directly above the inner canthus, with intramuscular injections made perpendicularly to the skin in the traditional depot manner.

At the two lateral injection points, however, the needle is inserted in most cases just medial to the mid-pupillary lines, thereby targeting the "tail" of the corrugators, he explained.

"Similar to our approach at the orbicularis oris, rather than injecting at an angle more perpendicular to the skin, we inject at an angle of roughly 20-30 degrees, entering the skin at a location just medial to the glabellar rhytid we intend to treat. The needle is then directed laterally and slightly superiorly in order to follow the anatomy of the corrugator supercilii, and the injection is threaded along the muscle’s length while withdrawing," he explained.

This approach corrects for the inadequate responses sometimes seen when using the typical method of placing subepidermal blebs to produce localized microparesis of the targeted muscle, and could reduce the need for touch-up injections.

Cosmetic outcomes have been excellent and patient satisfaction high with the use of this technique, he said. In his experience, the technique has dramatically reduced the incidence of adverse effects.

"It has been documented that, even with conservative dosing, neuromodulator treatment of perioral rhytides can affect mouth function by weakening the lip sphincter, but this has not been the case in our patient population when using this technique," he said.

Similarly, when treating glabellar rhytides, the injection of the toxin at a more precise depth – and more evenly along the tail of the corrugators, has resulted in a reduced incidence of brow ptosis as well as more natural smoothing.

"This approach helps prevent the undesirable appearance of a 'forehead freeze,' " he said.

The threading technique also results in fewer needle sticks, which means less pain and bruising for the patients.

The use of a longer 1- or 1.5-inch needle could potentially allow for even fewer injections without compromising the result, Dr. Higgins noted.

"Furthermore, this technique could conceivably be applied on other areas of the face. Crow's feet, for example, could be treated with fewer threading injections rather than with multiple depot injections," he said.

Dr. Higgins reported having no relevant financial disclosures.

ATLANTA – The use of a threading technique, rather than the standard depot injection technique, when using botulinum toxin A to treat perioral and glabellar rhytides provides a more uniform and natural cosmetic result, according to Dr. H. William Higgins II.

Threading involves injecting the muscle along its normal anatomic course to paralyze the related muscle more evenly, he explained at the annual meeting of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.

Courtesy Dr. H. William Higgins II

For upper and lower lip treatment, for example, injections are made at a 20- to 30-degree angle, entering the skin at a location just lateral to the targeted rhytid. The toxin is dispensed while withdrawing, thereby threading the injection along the length of the orbicularis oris. This differs from the typical approach, which often involves a depot injection at an angle more perpendicular to the skin, said Dr. Higgins of Brown University in Providence, R.I.

For the glabellar lines, the threading technique involves four symmetrical injection points, with two points targeting each corrugator. Injections at the more medial points are made directly above the inner canthus, with intramuscular injections made perpendicularly to the skin in the traditional depot manner.

At the two lateral injection points, however, the needle is inserted in most cases just medial to the mid-pupillary lines, thereby targeting the "tail" of the corrugators, he explained.

"Similar to our approach at the orbicularis oris, rather than injecting at an angle more perpendicular to the skin, we inject at an angle of roughly 20-30 degrees, entering the skin at a location just medial to the glabellar rhytid we intend to treat. The needle is then directed laterally and slightly superiorly in order to follow the anatomy of the corrugator supercilii, and the injection is threaded along the muscle’s length while withdrawing," he explained.

This approach corrects for the inadequate responses sometimes seen when using the typical method of placing subepidermal blebs to produce localized microparesis of the targeted muscle, and could reduce the need for touch-up injections.

Cosmetic outcomes have been excellent and patient satisfaction high with the use of this technique, he said. In his experience, the technique has dramatically reduced the incidence of adverse effects.

"It has been documented that, even with conservative dosing, neuromodulator treatment of perioral rhytides can affect mouth function by weakening the lip sphincter, but this has not been the case in our patient population when using this technique," he said.

Similarly, when treating glabellar rhytides, the injection of the toxin at a more precise depth – and more evenly along the tail of the corrugators, has resulted in a reduced incidence of brow ptosis as well as more natural smoothing.

"This approach helps prevent the undesirable appearance of a 'forehead freeze,' " he said.

The threading technique also results in fewer needle sticks, which means less pain and bruising for the patients.

The use of a longer 1- or 1.5-inch needle could potentially allow for even fewer injections without compromising the result, Dr. Higgins noted.

"Furthermore, this technique could conceivably be applied on other areas of the face. Crow's feet, for example, could be treated with fewer threading injections rather than with multiple depot injections," he said.

Dr. Higgins reported having no relevant financial disclosures.

ATLANTA – The use of a threading technique, rather than the standard depot injection technique, when using botulinum toxin A to treat perioral and glabellar rhytides provides a more uniform and natural cosmetic result, according to Dr. H. William Higgins II.

Threading involves injecting the muscle along its normal anatomic course to paralyze the related muscle more evenly, he explained at the annual meeting of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.

Courtesy Dr. H. William Higgins II

For upper and lower lip treatment, for example, injections are made at a 20- to 30-degree angle, entering the skin at a location just lateral to the targeted rhytid. The toxin is dispensed while withdrawing, thereby threading the injection along the length of the orbicularis oris. This differs from the typical approach, which often involves a depot injection at an angle more perpendicular to the skin, said Dr. Higgins of Brown University in Providence, R.I.

For the glabellar lines, the threading technique involves four symmetrical injection points, with two points targeting each corrugator. Injections at the more medial points are made directly above the inner canthus, with intramuscular injections made perpendicularly to the skin in the traditional depot manner.

At the two lateral injection points, however, the needle is inserted in most cases just medial to the mid-pupillary lines, thereby targeting the "tail" of the corrugators, he explained.

"Similar to our approach at the orbicularis oris, rather than injecting at an angle more perpendicular to the skin, we inject at an angle of roughly 20-30 degrees, entering the skin at a location just medial to the glabellar rhytid we intend to treat. The needle is then directed laterally and slightly superiorly in order to follow the anatomy of the corrugator supercilii, and the injection is threaded along the muscle’s length while withdrawing," he explained.

This approach corrects for the inadequate responses sometimes seen when using the typical method of placing subepidermal blebs to produce localized microparesis of the targeted muscle, and could reduce the need for touch-up injections.

Cosmetic outcomes have been excellent and patient satisfaction high with the use of this technique, he said. In his experience, the technique has dramatically reduced the incidence of adverse effects.

"It has been documented that, even with conservative dosing, neuromodulator treatment of perioral rhytides can affect mouth function by weakening the lip sphincter, but this has not been the case in our patient population when using this technique," he said.

Similarly, when treating glabellar rhytides, the injection of the toxin at a more precise depth – and more evenly along the tail of the corrugators, has resulted in a reduced incidence of brow ptosis as well as more natural smoothing.

"This approach helps prevent the undesirable appearance of a 'forehead freeze,' " he said.

The threading technique also results in fewer needle sticks, which means less pain and bruising for the patients.

The use of a longer 1- or 1.5-inch needle could potentially allow for even fewer injections without compromising the result, Dr. Higgins noted.

"Furthermore, this technique could conceivably be applied on other areas of the face. Crow's feet, for example, could be treated with fewer threading injections rather than with multiple depot injections," he said.

Dr. Higgins reported having no relevant financial disclosures.

Most physicians have a practice website, a static "digital storefront" that provides patients with basic information such as location, hours, and staff bios. That was sufficient once; it’s not any longer.

A blog, short for web-log, gives you the opportunity to create a dynamic site, with fresh, accurate, current information. If you’re on Twitter and Facebook, you might think a blog is unnecessary. You’d be wrong. In fact, it’s the ideal source for material to share on social sites like Facebook.

Starting a blog is easy and inexpensive. It can even be free with sites like WordPress or Tumblr (both of which I use). I’m unable to go into details here, but tutorials can easily be found online. Blogging sites worth reading include Copyblogger, The Minimalists, and Chris Brogan.

So why should you blog? The top reasons include:

• Patient education. Eighty percent of people who are online have searched for health information. I’m sure you have had patients share erroneous medical information with you that they’ve found online. Instead of just complaining about it, we can do something to change it: Create and share good content for both your current and prospective patients.

• Become a trusted spokesperson or expert. Blogging regularly and sharing content on social sites like Twitter and Facebook, provides writers, editors, and producers the opportunity to contact you. Being quoted in a national magazine or appearing on a local television show is also a great way to reach new patients. Remember, too, that regularly updated blogs are frequently crawled by search engines, which means over time, more traffic will come to your blog.

• Become a valued member of the community. Whether it’s to help promote a local race for psoriasis or to educate the community about a measles outbreak, you can use your blog to reach out in a positive way. This is also a great way for doctors new to a neighborhood to find patients.

• Show your personable side. More than ever before, patients are searching online to find the right physician. When patients read your blog and watch you in a video, they begin to establish trust.

• Reduce workload. No, I’m not being sarcastic. We all have instructions and advice that we repeat verbatim to our patients over and over. Instead of having to do this all the time, write a blog post or do a short video that will live forever. This is especially important for postoperative instructions that patients may like to watch at home. It’s also helpful for caregivers who weren’t at the visit.

As for blogging best practices, if you can’t do it alone (and most of us can’t because of time constraints), enlist the help of trusted office staff. Assign a blog manager who is responsible for an editorial calendar, updates, and responding to comments in a timely manner.

Use your blog for patient education and outreach, not marketing. Readers want value. Bombard them with product and procedure pushing, and they’ll run away.

Be authentic, honest, and transparent.

Be conversational and engaging. Patients don’t want to read doctor speak. However, that doesn’t mean you can’t include studies, statistics, and the like.

Never write about a specific patient by name or in a way that he or she could be re-identified or that violates HIPAA.

Tell stories. Readers remember them.

Write clearly and concisely, keeping blog posts under 400 words.

Post a minimum of once a week; however, two to three times a week is best for search engines.

Respond to both positive and negative comments in a professional, nonconfrontational manner.

Offer an RSS feed so people can easily follow along.

Be patient. It may take time for people to find your blog, but once they do, you’ll feel both personally and professionally rewarded.

Dr. Benabio is in private practice in San Diego. Visit his consumer health blog at http://thedermblog.com; connect with him on Twitter @Dermdoc and on Facebook (DermDoc).

Most physicians have a practice website, a static "digital storefront" that provides patients with basic information such as location, hours, and staff bios. That was sufficient once; it’s not any longer.

A blog, short for web-log, gives you the opportunity to create a dynamic site, with fresh, accurate, current information. If you’re on Twitter and Facebook, you might think a blog is unnecessary. You’d be wrong. In fact, it’s the ideal source for material to share on social sites like Facebook.

Starting a blog is easy and inexpensive. It can even be free with sites like WordPress or Tumblr (both of which I use). I’m unable to go into details here, but tutorials can easily be found online. Blogging sites worth reading include Copyblogger, The Minimalists, and Chris Brogan.

So why should you blog? The top reasons include:

• Patient education. Eighty percent of people who are online have searched for health information. I’m sure you have had patients share erroneous medical information with you that they’ve found online. Instead of just complaining about it, we can do something to change it: Create and share good content for both your current and prospective patients.

• Become a trusted spokesperson or expert. Blogging regularly and sharing content on social sites like Twitter and Facebook, provides writers, editors, and producers the opportunity to contact you. Being quoted in a national magazine or appearing on a local television show is also a great way to reach new patients. Remember, too, that regularly updated blogs are frequently crawled by search engines, which means over time, more traffic will come to your blog.

• Become a valued member of the community. Whether it’s to help promote a local race for psoriasis or to educate the community about a measles outbreak, you can use your blog to reach out in a positive way. This is also a great way for doctors new to a neighborhood to find patients.

• Show your personable side. More than ever before, patients are searching online to find the right physician. When patients read your blog and watch you in a video, they begin to establish trust.

• Reduce workload. No, I’m not being sarcastic. We all have instructions and advice that we repeat verbatim to our patients over and over. Instead of having to do this all the time, write a blog post or do a short video that will live forever. This is especially important for postoperative instructions that patients may like to watch at home. It’s also helpful for caregivers who weren’t at the visit.

As for blogging best practices, if you can’t do it alone (and most of us can’t because of time constraints), enlist the help of trusted office staff. Assign a blog manager who is responsible for an editorial calendar, updates, and responding to comments in a timely manner.

Use your blog for patient education and outreach, not marketing. Readers want value. Bombard them with product and procedure pushing, and they’ll run away.

Be authentic, honest, and transparent.

Be conversational and engaging. Patients don’t want to read doctor speak. However, that doesn’t mean you can’t include studies, statistics, and the like.

Never write about a specific patient by name or in a way that he or she could be re-identified or that violates HIPAA.

Tell stories. Readers remember them.

Write clearly and concisely, keeping blog posts under 400 words.

Post a minimum of once a week; however, two to three times a week is best for search engines.

Respond to both positive and negative comments in a professional, nonconfrontational manner.

Offer an RSS feed so people can easily follow along.

Be patient. It may take time for people to find your blog, but once they do, you’ll feel both personally and professionally rewarded.

Dr. Benabio is in private practice in San Diego. Visit his consumer health blog at http://thedermblog.com; connect with him on Twitter @Dermdoc and on Facebook (DermDoc).

Most physicians have a practice website, a static "digital storefront" that provides patients with basic information such as location, hours, and staff bios. That was sufficient once; it’s not any longer.

A blog, short for web-log, gives you the opportunity to create a dynamic site, with fresh, accurate, current information. If you’re on Twitter and Facebook, you might think a blog is unnecessary. You’d be wrong. In fact, it’s the ideal source for material to share on social sites like Facebook.

Starting a blog is easy and inexpensive. It can even be free with sites like WordPress or Tumblr (both of which I use). I’m unable to go into details here, but tutorials can easily be found online. Blogging sites worth reading include Copyblogger, The Minimalists, and Chris Brogan.

So why should you blog? The top reasons include:

• Patient education. Eighty percent of people who are online have searched for health information. I’m sure you have had patients share erroneous medical information with you that they’ve found online. Instead of just complaining about it, we can do something to change it: Create and share good content for both your current and prospective patients.

• Become a trusted spokesperson or expert. Blogging regularly and sharing content on social sites like Twitter and Facebook, provides writers, editors, and producers the opportunity to contact you. Being quoted in a national magazine or appearing on a local television show is also a great way to reach new patients. Remember, too, that regularly updated blogs are frequently crawled by search engines, which means over time, more traffic will come to your blog.

• Become a valued member of the community. Whether it’s to help promote a local race for psoriasis or to educate the community about a measles outbreak, you can use your blog to reach out in a positive way. This is also a great way for doctors new to a neighborhood to find patients.

• Show your personable side. More than ever before, patients are searching online to find the right physician. When patients read your blog and watch you in a video, they begin to establish trust.

• Reduce workload. No, I’m not being sarcastic. We all have instructions and advice that we repeat verbatim to our patients over and over. Instead of having to do this all the time, write a blog post or do a short video that will live forever. This is especially important for postoperative instructions that patients may like to watch at home. It’s also helpful for caregivers who weren’t at the visit.

As for blogging best practices, if you can’t do it alone (and most of us can’t because of time constraints), enlist the help of trusted office staff. Assign a blog manager who is responsible for an editorial calendar, updates, and responding to comments in a timely manner.

Use your blog for patient education and outreach, not marketing. Readers want value. Bombard them with product and procedure pushing, and they’ll run away.

Be authentic, honest, and transparent.

Be conversational and engaging. Patients don’t want to read doctor speak. However, that doesn’t mean you can’t include studies, statistics, and the like.

Never write about a specific patient by name or in a way that he or she could be re-identified or that violates HIPAA.

Tell stories. Readers remember them.

Write clearly and concisely, keeping blog posts under 400 words.

Post a minimum of once a week; however, two to three times a week is best for search engines.

Respond to both positive and negative comments in a professional, nonconfrontational manner.

Offer an RSS feed so people can easily follow along.

Be patient. It may take time for people to find your blog, but once they do, you’ll feel both personally and professionally rewarded.

Dr. Benabio is in private practice in San Diego. Visit his consumer health blog at http://thedermblog.com; connect with him on Twitter @Dermdoc and on Facebook (DermDoc).