MDedge Psychiatry

Salaries for millennial physicians are slightly increasing, but clinicians still face pay disparities across location, practice type, and gender.

Medscape Medical News reviewed survey data from more than 1200 practicing doctors under age 40 across 29 specialties over a 4-month period starting in October 2023.

The average annual total compensation (including any bonuses) for young clinicians rose from $326,000 to $338,000, about 4%, between 2022 and 2023. Among millennials, primary care physicians saw a 5% increase. But a large pay gap exists between fields: Specialists under age 40 earned an average of $357,000 in 2023, compared with the average primary care clinician salary of $271,000.

“Procedures are reimbursed too high, while very little value is placed on primary care,” one survey respondent complained.

The type of practice plays a major part in compensation. Millennial doctors in office-based, single-specialty group practices earned an average of $358,000 per year, followed by those in office-based multispecialty group practices at 355,000 per year. Those in outpatient clinics earned $278,000 per year.

“I believe the practice situation is a huge portion of compensation,” said Tiffany Di Pietro, DO, a cardiologist and internal medicine physician in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. “Owning your own private practice is generally more lucrative (if you have good business sense), but it is also quite a bit more time-consuming, whereas employed physicians usually make less but have fewer concerns with staffing and overhead.”

Like in previous years, a gender pay gap equated to men outearning women. Female physicians under age 40 of any kind earned about $302,000 per year, 24% less than their male counterparts, on average.

Millennial doctors in the Midwest brought home the biggest earnings, with an average salary of $343,000 vs $332,000 on the West Coast.

Millennial physicians also reported higher levels of dissatisfaction. In the 2022 report, 46% said they were not paid fairly. That figure rose to 49%. Just 68% of millennial doctors would choose medicine again if they could do things over, down from 76% in the 2021 report.

“Doctors go through multiple years of school and then have to act like we are working at Dunkin’ Donuts — like we’re on an assembly line,” one survey respondent said. “We should not have to be paid per patient seen but valued for 8-9 years of training.”

Despite these complaints, close to 7 out of 10 millennial respondents said pay was not a major factor in what area of medicine they chose, with 29% saying it played no role at all in their decision.

Psychiatrists and anesthesiologists were the happiest with their earnings, with 61% of both specialties reporting that they felt fairly paid. They were followed by dermatologists and emergency medicine doctors, both of whom 60% reported fair earnings.

Many millennial doctors are finding ways to make money outside of their practice, with 18% securing other medical-related work, 15% doing medical moonlighting, and 5% taking on non–medical-related work.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Salaries for millennial physicians are slightly increasing, but clinicians still face pay disparities across location, practice type, and gender.

Medscape Medical News reviewed survey data from more than 1200 practicing doctors under age 40 across 29 specialties over a 4-month period starting in October 2023.

The average annual total compensation (including any bonuses) for young clinicians rose from $326,000 to $338,000, about 4%, between 2022 and 2023. Among millennials, primary care physicians saw a 5% increase. But a large pay gap exists between fields: Specialists under age 40 earned an average of $357,000 in 2023, compared with the average primary care clinician salary of $271,000.

“Procedures are reimbursed too high, while very little value is placed on primary care,” one survey respondent complained.

The type of practice plays a major part in compensation. Millennial doctors in office-based, single-specialty group practices earned an average of $358,000 per year, followed by those in office-based multispecialty group practices at 355,000 per year. Those in outpatient clinics earned $278,000 per year.

“I believe the practice situation is a huge portion of compensation,” said Tiffany Di Pietro, DO, a cardiologist and internal medicine physician in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. “Owning your own private practice is generally more lucrative (if you have good business sense), but it is also quite a bit more time-consuming, whereas employed physicians usually make less but have fewer concerns with staffing and overhead.”

Like in previous years, a gender pay gap equated to men outearning women. Female physicians under age 40 of any kind earned about $302,000 per year, 24% less than their male counterparts, on average.

Millennial doctors in the Midwest brought home the biggest earnings, with an average salary of $343,000 vs $332,000 on the West Coast.

Millennial physicians also reported higher levels of dissatisfaction. In the 2022 report, 46% said they were not paid fairly. That figure rose to 49%. Just 68% of millennial doctors would choose medicine again if they could do things over, down from 76% in the 2021 report.

“Doctors go through multiple years of school and then have to act like we are working at Dunkin’ Donuts — like we’re on an assembly line,” one survey respondent said. “We should not have to be paid per patient seen but valued for 8-9 years of training.”

Despite these complaints, close to 7 out of 10 millennial respondents said pay was not a major factor in what area of medicine they chose, with 29% saying it played no role at all in their decision.

Psychiatrists and anesthesiologists were the happiest with their earnings, with 61% of both specialties reporting that they felt fairly paid. They were followed by dermatologists and emergency medicine doctors, both of whom 60% reported fair earnings.

Many millennial doctors are finding ways to make money outside of their practice, with 18% securing other medical-related work, 15% doing medical moonlighting, and 5% taking on non–medical-related work.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Salaries for millennial physicians are slightly increasing, but clinicians still face pay disparities across location, practice type, and gender.

Medscape Medical News reviewed survey data from more than 1200 practicing doctors under age 40 across 29 specialties over a 4-month period starting in October 2023.

The average annual total compensation (including any bonuses) for young clinicians rose from $326,000 to $338,000, about 4%, between 2022 and 2023. Among millennials, primary care physicians saw a 5% increase. But a large pay gap exists between fields: Specialists under age 40 earned an average of $357,000 in 2023, compared with the average primary care clinician salary of $271,000.

“Procedures are reimbursed too high, while very little value is placed on primary care,” one survey respondent complained.

The type of practice plays a major part in compensation. Millennial doctors in office-based, single-specialty group practices earned an average of $358,000 per year, followed by those in office-based multispecialty group practices at 355,000 per year. Those in outpatient clinics earned $278,000 per year.

“I believe the practice situation is a huge portion of compensation,” said Tiffany Di Pietro, DO, a cardiologist and internal medicine physician in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. “Owning your own private practice is generally more lucrative (if you have good business sense), but it is also quite a bit more time-consuming, whereas employed physicians usually make less but have fewer concerns with staffing and overhead.”

Like in previous years, a gender pay gap equated to men outearning women. Female physicians under age 40 of any kind earned about $302,000 per year, 24% less than their male counterparts, on average.

Millennial doctors in the Midwest brought home the biggest earnings, with an average salary of $343,000 vs $332,000 on the West Coast.

Millennial physicians also reported higher levels of dissatisfaction. In the 2022 report, 46% said they were not paid fairly. That figure rose to 49%. Just 68% of millennial doctors would choose medicine again if they could do things over, down from 76% in the 2021 report.

“Doctors go through multiple years of school and then have to act like we are working at Dunkin’ Donuts — like we’re on an assembly line,” one survey respondent said. “We should not have to be paid per patient seen but valued for 8-9 years of training.”

Despite these complaints, close to 7 out of 10 millennial respondents said pay was not a major factor in what area of medicine they chose, with 29% saying it played no role at all in their decision.

Psychiatrists and anesthesiologists were the happiest with their earnings, with 61% of both specialties reporting that they felt fairly paid. They were followed by dermatologists and emergency medicine doctors, both of whom 60% reported fair earnings.

Many millennial doctors are finding ways to make money outside of their practice, with 18% securing other medical-related work, 15% doing medical moonlighting, and 5% taking on non–medical-related work.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. An estimated 6.9 million Americans aged 65 years or older have AD. Comorbid conditions in AD may exacerbate the progression of dementia and negatively affect overall health.

Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, systemic inflammation is thought to play a significant role in the development of many common comorbidities associated with AD. Among the most frequently observed comorbid conditions are hypertension, diabetes, and depression. The presence of these comorbidities affects the treatment and management of AD, underscoring the need to understand the mechanisms of their interrelationship and develop effective management strategies. 
 

Hypertension 

Hypertension is a well-established risk factor for numerous health conditions, including AD. A comprehensive review of five meta-analyses and 52 primary studies revealed that elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) correlates with an 11 % increased risk of developing AD, raising the question of whether early intervention and control of blood pressure would mitigate the risk for AD later in life. 

Findings from the Northern Manhattan Study suggest that although elevated SBP contributes to cognitive decline in older patients, the use of antihypertensive medications can neutralize the effects of high SBP on certain cognitive functions. Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 12 trials (92,135 participants) demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk for dementia and cognitive impairment with antihypertensive treatment.

Notably, a retrospective cohort study involving 69,081 participants treated with beta-blockers for hypertension found that beta-blockers with high blood-brain barrier permeability were associated with a reduced risk for AD compared with those with low blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, a secondary analysis of the SPRINT trial found antihypertensive medications that stimulate vs inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors were associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment. Although further clinical trials are necessary to directly assess specific medications, these findings emphasize the potential of antihypertensive treatment as a strategic approach to reduce the risk for AD.
 

Type 2 Diabetes 

The connection between AD and type 2 diabetes is such that AD is sometimes referred to as “type 3 diabetes.” Both diseases share some of the same underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, particularly the development of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. A prospective cohort study of 10,095 participants showed that diabetes was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing dementia; this risk is even greater in patients who develop diabetes at an earlier age.

In an interview with this news organization, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD, PhD, a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, said, “In addition to being a comorbidity factor, diabetes appears to be a predisposing risk factor for AD.” This is supported by a comprehensive literature review showing an increased progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia in patients with diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome, with a pooled odds ratio for dementia progression in individuals with diabetes of 1.53.

Owing to the overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms in AD and diabetes, treating one condition may have beneficial effects on the other. A systematic umbrella review and meta-analysis that included 10 meta-analyses across nine classes of diabetes drugs found a protective effect against dementia with the use of metformin, thiazolidinediones (including pioglitazone), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Moreover, a cohort study of 12,220 patients who discontinued metformin early (ie, stopped using metformin without a prior history of abnormal kidney function) and 29,126 patients considered routine users found an increased risk for dementia in the early terminator group. Although further research is warranted, the concurrent treatment of AD and diabetes with antidiabetic agents holds considerable promise.
 

Depression and Anxiety

Anxiety and depression are significant risk factors for AD, and conversely, AD increases the likelihood of developing these psychiatric conditions. A systematic review of 14,760 studies showed dysthymia often emerges during the early stages of AD as an emotional response to cognitive decline. 

Data from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study showed a markedly elevated risk for AD and MCI among individuals with preexisting anxiety or depression. This study also found that age, sex, and marital status are important determinants, with men and single individuals with depression being particularly susceptible to developing AD. Conversely, a cohort study of 129,410 AD patients with AD, 390,088 patients with all-cause dementia, and 3,900,880 age-matched controls without a history of depression showed a cumulative incidence of depression of 13% in the AD group vs 3% in the control group, suggesting a heightened risk for depression following an AD diagnosis. 

These findings underscore the importance of targeted screening and assessment for patients with anxiety and depression who may be at risk for AD or those diagnosed with AD who are at risk for subsequent depression and anxiety. Although antidepressants are effective in treating depression in general, their efficacy in AD-related depression is of variable quality, probably owing to differing pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease. Further research is necessary to explore both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for treating depression in AD patients. Some studies have found that cognitive behavioral-therapy can be effective in improving depression in patients with AD.
 

Sleep Disorders

Research has shown a strong correlation between AD and sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disruptions. Additionally, studies suggest that insomnia and sleep deprivation contribute to increased amyloid beta production and tau pathology, hallmark features of AD. A scoping review of 70 studies proposed that this relationship is mediated by the glymphatic system (glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system), and that sleep deprivation disrupts its function, leading to protein accumulation and subsequent neurologic symptoms of AD. Another study showed that sleep deprivation triggers glial cell activation, initiating an inflammatory cascade that accelerates AD progression.

Given that the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), it has been hypothesized that CPAP could also alleviate AD symptoms owing to shared pathophysiologic mechanisms of these conditions. A large systemic review found that CPAP use improved AD symptoms in patients with mild AD or MCI, though other sleep interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and melatonin supplementation, have yielded mixed outcomes. However, most studies in this area are small in scale, and there remains a paucity of research on treating sleep disorders in AD patients, indicating a need for further investigation.
 

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Although no direct causative link has been established, research indicates an association between osteoarthritis (OA) and dementia, likely because of similar pathophysiologic mechanisms, including systemic inflammation. Longitudinal analyses of data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study found cognitively normal older individuals with OA experience more rapid declines in hippocampal volumes compared to those without OA, suggesting that OA may elevate the risk of cognitive impairment. Current treatments for OA, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and disease-modifying OA drugs, might also help alleviate AD symptoms related to inflammation, though the research in this area is limited.

AD has also been linked to osteoporosis. In a longitudinal follow-up study involving 78,994 patients with osteoporosis and 78,994 controls, AD developed in 5856 patients with osteoporosis compared with 3761 patients in the control group. These findings represent a 1.27-fold higher incidence of AD in patients with osteoporosis than in the control group, suggesting that osteoporosis might be a risk factor for AD.

Additionally, research has identified a relationship between AD and increased fracture risk and decreased bone mineral density, with AD patients exhibiting a significantly higher likelihood of bone fractures compared with those without AD. “Falls and fractures, aside from the risk they pose in all geriatric patients, in individuals with cognitive impairment — whether due to AD or another cause — have higher risk to cause delirium and that can result in greater morbidity and mortality and a lasting increase in cognitive disability,” stated Dr. Pascual-Leone. Current recommendations emphasize exercise and fall prevention strategies to reduce fracture risk in patients with AD, but there is a lack of comprehensive research on the safety and efficacy of osteoporosis medications in this population.
 

Implications for Clinical Practice

The intricate interplay between AD and its comorbidities highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to patient care. The overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms suggest that these comorbidities can contribute to the evolution and progression of AD. Likewise, AD can exacerbate comorbid conditions. As such, a holistic assessment strategy that prioritizes early detection and management of comorbid conditions to mitigate their impact on AD progression would be beneficial. Dr. Pascual-Leone added, “The presence of any of these comorbidities suggests a need to screen for MCI earlier than might otherwise be indicated or as part of the treatment for the comorbid condition. In many cases, patients can make lifestyle modifications that improve not only the comorbid condition but also reduce its effect on dementia.” In doing so, healthcare providers can help improve patient outcomes and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals living with AD.

Alissa Hershberger, Professor of Nursing, University of Central Missouri, Lee’s Summit, Missouri, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. An estimated 6.9 million Americans aged 65 years or older have AD. Comorbid conditions in AD may exacerbate the progression of dementia and negatively affect overall health.

Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, systemic inflammation is thought to play a significant role in the development of many common comorbidities associated with AD. Among the most frequently observed comorbid conditions are hypertension, diabetes, and depression. The presence of these comorbidities affects the treatment and management of AD, underscoring the need to understand the mechanisms of their interrelationship and develop effective management strategies. 
 

Hypertension 

Hypertension is a well-established risk factor for numerous health conditions, including AD. A comprehensive review of five meta-analyses and 52 primary studies revealed that elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) correlates with an 11 % increased risk of developing AD, raising the question of whether early intervention and control of blood pressure would mitigate the risk for AD later in life. 

Findings from the Northern Manhattan Study suggest that although elevated SBP contributes to cognitive decline in older patients, the use of antihypertensive medications can neutralize the effects of high SBP on certain cognitive functions. Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 12 trials (92,135 participants) demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk for dementia and cognitive impairment with antihypertensive treatment.

Notably, a retrospective cohort study involving 69,081 participants treated with beta-blockers for hypertension found that beta-blockers with high blood-brain barrier permeability were associated with a reduced risk for AD compared with those with low blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, a secondary analysis of the SPRINT trial found antihypertensive medications that stimulate vs inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors were associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment. Although further clinical trials are necessary to directly assess specific medications, these findings emphasize the potential of antihypertensive treatment as a strategic approach to reduce the risk for AD.
 

Type 2 Diabetes 

The connection between AD and type 2 diabetes is such that AD is sometimes referred to as “type 3 diabetes.” Both diseases share some of the same underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, particularly the development of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. A prospective cohort study of 10,095 participants showed that diabetes was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing dementia; this risk is even greater in patients who develop diabetes at an earlier age.

In an interview with this news organization, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD, PhD, a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, said, “In addition to being a comorbidity factor, diabetes appears to be a predisposing risk factor for AD.” This is supported by a comprehensive literature review showing an increased progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia in patients with diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome, with a pooled odds ratio for dementia progression in individuals with diabetes of 1.53.

Owing to the overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms in AD and diabetes, treating one condition may have beneficial effects on the other. A systematic umbrella review and meta-analysis that included 10 meta-analyses across nine classes of diabetes drugs found a protective effect against dementia with the use of metformin, thiazolidinediones (including pioglitazone), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Moreover, a cohort study of 12,220 patients who discontinued metformin early (ie, stopped using metformin without a prior history of abnormal kidney function) and 29,126 patients considered routine users found an increased risk for dementia in the early terminator group. Although further research is warranted, the concurrent treatment of AD and diabetes with antidiabetic agents holds considerable promise.
 

Depression and Anxiety

Anxiety and depression are significant risk factors for AD, and conversely, AD increases the likelihood of developing these psychiatric conditions. A systematic review of 14,760 studies showed dysthymia often emerges during the early stages of AD as an emotional response to cognitive decline. 

Data from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study showed a markedly elevated risk for AD and MCI among individuals with preexisting anxiety or depression. This study also found that age, sex, and marital status are important determinants, with men and single individuals with depression being particularly susceptible to developing AD. Conversely, a cohort study of 129,410 AD patients with AD, 390,088 patients with all-cause dementia, and 3,900,880 age-matched controls without a history of depression showed a cumulative incidence of depression of 13% in the AD group vs 3% in the control group, suggesting a heightened risk for depression following an AD diagnosis. 

These findings underscore the importance of targeted screening and assessment for patients with anxiety and depression who may be at risk for AD or those diagnosed with AD who are at risk for subsequent depression and anxiety. Although antidepressants are effective in treating depression in general, their efficacy in AD-related depression is of variable quality, probably owing to differing pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease. Further research is necessary to explore both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for treating depression in AD patients. Some studies have found that cognitive behavioral-therapy can be effective in improving depression in patients with AD.
 

Sleep Disorders

Research has shown a strong correlation between AD and sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disruptions. Additionally, studies suggest that insomnia and sleep deprivation contribute to increased amyloid beta production and tau pathology, hallmark features of AD. A scoping review of 70 studies proposed that this relationship is mediated by the glymphatic system (glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system), and that sleep deprivation disrupts its function, leading to protein accumulation and subsequent neurologic symptoms of AD. Another study showed that sleep deprivation triggers glial cell activation, initiating an inflammatory cascade that accelerates AD progression.

Given that the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), it has been hypothesized that CPAP could also alleviate AD symptoms owing to shared pathophysiologic mechanisms of these conditions. A large systemic review found that CPAP use improved AD symptoms in patients with mild AD or MCI, though other sleep interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and melatonin supplementation, have yielded mixed outcomes. However, most studies in this area are small in scale, and there remains a paucity of research on treating sleep disorders in AD patients, indicating a need for further investigation.
 

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Although no direct causative link has been established, research indicates an association between osteoarthritis (OA) and dementia, likely because of similar pathophysiologic mechanisms, including systemic inflammation. Longitudinal analyses of data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study found cognitively normal older individuals with OA experience more rapid declines in hippocampal volumes compared to those without OA, suggesting that OA may elevate the risk of cognitive impairment. Current treatments for OA, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and disease-modifying OA drugs, might also help alleviate AD symptoms related to inflammation, though the research in this area is limited.

AD has also been linked to osteoporosis. In a longitudinal follow-up study involving 78,994 patients with osteoporosis and 78,994 controls, AD developed in 5856 patients with osteoporosis compared with 3761 patients in the control group. These findings represent a 1.27-fold higher incidence of AD in patients with osteoporosis than in the control group, suggesting that osteoporosis might be a risk factor for AD.

Additionally, research has identified a relationship between AD and increased fracture risk and decreased bone mineral density, with AD patients exhibiting a significantly higher likelihood of bone fractures compared with those without AD. “Falls and fractures, aside from the risk they pose in all geriatric patients, in individuals with cognitive impairment — whether due to AD or another cause — have higher risk to cause delirium and that can result in greater morbidity and mortality and a lasting increase in cognitive disability,” stated Dr. Pascual-Leone. Current recommendations emphasize exercise and fall prevention strategies to reduce fracture risk in patients with AD, but there is a lack of comprehensive research on the safety and efficacy of osteoporosis medications in this population.
 

Implications for Clinical Practice

The intricate interplay between AD and its comorbidities highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to patient care. The overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms suggest that these comorbidities can contribute to the evolution and progression of AD. Likewise, AD can exacerbate comorbid conditions. As such, a holistic assessment strategy that prioritizes early detection and management of comorbid conditions to mitigate their impact on AD progression would be beneficial. Dr. Pascual-Leone added, “The presence of any of these comorbidities suggests a need to screen for MCI earlier than might otherwise be indicated or as part of the treatment for the comorbid condition. In many cases, patients can make lifestyle modifications that improve not only the comorbid condition but also reduce its effect on dementia.” In doing so, healthcare providers can help improve patient outcomes and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals living with AD.

Alissa Hershberger, Professor of Nursing, University of Central Missouri, Lee’s Summit, Missouri, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. An estimated 6.9 million Americans aged 65 years or older have AD. Comorbid conditions in AD may exacerbate the progression of dementia and negatively affect overall health.

Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, systemic inflammation is thought to play a significant role in the development of many common comorbidities associated with AD. Among the most frequently observed comorbid conditions are hypertension, diabetes, and depression. The presence of these comorbidities affects the treatment and management of AD, underscoring the need to understand the mechanisms of their interrelationship and develop effective management strategies. 
 

Hypertension 

Hypertension is a well-established risk factor for numerous health conditions, including AD. A comprehensive review of five meta-analyses and 52 primary studies revealed that elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) correlates with an 11 % increased risk of developing AD, raising the question of whether early intervention and control of blood pressure would mitigate the risk for AD later in life. 

Findings from the Northern Manhattan Study suggest that although elevated SBP contributes to cognitive decline in older patients, the use of antihypertensive medications can neutralize the effects of high SBP on certain cognitive functions. Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 12 trials (92,135 participants) demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk for dementia and cognitive impairment with antihypertensive treatment.

Notably, a retrospective cohort study involving 69,081 participants treated with beta-blockers for hypertension found that beta-blockers with high blood-brain barrier permeability were associated with a reduced risk for AD compared with those with low blood-brain barrier permeability. Additionally, a secondary analysis of the SPRINT trial found antihypertensive medications that stimulate vs inhibit type 2 and 4 angiotensin II receptors were associated with a lower incidence of cognitive impairment. Although further clinical trials are necessary to directly assess specific medications, these findings emphasize the potential of antihypertensive treatment as a strategic approach to reduce the risk for AD.
 

Type 2 Diabetes 

The connection between AD and type 2 diabetes is such that AD is sometimes referred to as “type 3 diabetes.” Both diseases share some of the same underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, particularly the development of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. A prospective cohort study of 10,095 participants showed that diabetes was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing dementia; this risk is even greater in patients who develop diabetes at an earlier age.

In an interview with this news organization, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD, PhD, a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, said, “In addition to being a comorbidity factor, diabetes appears to be a predisposing risk factor for AD.” This is supported by a comprehensive literature review showing an increased progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia in patients with diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome, with a pooled odds ratio for dementia progression in individuals with diabetes of 1.53.

Owing to the overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms in AD and diabetes, treating one condition may have beneficial effects on the other. A systematic umbrella review and meta-analysis that included 10 meta-analyses across nine classes of diabetes drugs found a protective effect against dementia with the use of metformin, thiazolidinediones (including pioglitazone), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Moreover, a cohort study of 12,220 patients who discontinued metformin early (ie, stopped using metformin without a prior history of abnormal kidney function) and 29,126 patients considered routine users found an increased risk for dementia in the early terminator group. Although further research is warranted, the concurrent treatment of AD and diabetes with antidiabetic agents holds considerable promise.
 

Depression and Anxiety

Anxiety and depression are significant risk factors for AD, and conversely, AD increases the likelihood of developing these psychiatric conditions. A systematic review of 14,760 studies showed dysthymia often emerges during the early stages of AD as an emotional response to cognitive decline. 

Data from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study showed a markedly elevated risk for AD and MCI among individuals with preexisting anxiety or depression. This study also found that age, sex, and marital status are important determinants, with men and single individuals with depression being particularly susceptible to developing AD. Conversely, a cohort study of 129,410 AD patients with AD, 390,088 patients with all-cause dementia, and 3,900,880 age-matched controls without a history of depression showed a cumulative incidence of depression of 13% in the AD group vs 3% in the control group, suggesting a heightened risk for depression following an AD diagnosis. 

These findings underscore the importance of targeted screening and assessment for patients with anxiety and depression who may be at risk for AD or those diagnosed with AD who are at risk for subsequent depression and anxiety. Although antidepressants are effective in treating depression in general, their efficacy in AD-related depression is of variable quality, probably owing to differing pathophysiologic mechanisms of the disease. Further research is necessary to explore both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for treating depression in AD patients. Some studies have found that cognitive behavioral-therapy can be effective in improving depression in patients with AD.
 

Sleep Disorders

Research has shown a strong correlation between AD and sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, and circadian rhythm disruptions. Additionally, studies suggest that insomnia and sleep deprivation contribute to increased amyloid beta production and tau pathology, hallmark features of AD. A scoping review of 70 studies proposed that this relationship is mediated by the glymphatic system (glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system), and that sleep deprivation disrupts its function, leading to protein accumulation and subsequent neurologic symptoms of AD. Another study showed that sleep deprivation triggers glial cell activation, initiating an inflammatory cascade that accelerates AD progression.

Given that the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), it has been hypothesized that CPAP could also alleviate AD symptoms owing to shared pathophysiologic mechanisms of these conditions. A large systemic review found that CPAP use improved AD symptoms in patients with mild AD or MCI, though other sleep interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and melatonin supplementation, have yielded mixed outcomes. However, most studies in this area are small in scale, and there remains a paucity of research on treating sleep disorders in AD patients, indicating a need for further investigation.
 

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Although no direct causative link has been established, research indicates an association between osteoarthritis (OA) and dementia, likely because of similar pathophysiologic mechanisms, including systemic inflammation. Longitudinal analyses of data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study found cognitively normal older individuals with OA experience more rapid declines in hippocampal volumes compared to those without OA, suggesting that OA may elevate the risk of cognitive impairment. Current treatments for OA, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and disease-modifying OA drugs, might also help alleviate AD symptoms related to inflammation, though the research in this area is limited.

AD has also been linked to osteoporosis. In a longitudinal follow-up study involving 78,994 patients with osteoporosis and 78,994 controls, AD developed in 5856 patients with osteoporosis compared with 3761 patients in the control group. These findings represent a 1.27-fold higher incidence of AD in patients with osteoporosis than in the control group, suggesting that osteoporosis might be a risk factor for AD.

Additionally, research has identified a relationship between AD and increased fracture risk and decreased bone mineral density, with AD patients exhibiting a significantly higher likelihood of bone fractures compared with those without AD. “Falls and fractures, aside from the risk they pose in all geriatric patients, in individuals with cognitive impairment — whether due to AD or another cause — have higher risk to cause delirium and that can result in greater morbidity and mortality and a lasting increase in cognitive disability,” stated Dr. Pascual-Leone. Current recommendations emphasize exercise and fall prevention strategies to reduce fracture risk in patients with AD, but there is a lack of comprehensive research on the safety and efficacy of osteoporosis medications in this population.
 

Implications for Clinical Practice

The intricate interplay between AD and its comorbidities highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to patient care. The overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms suggest that these comorbidities can contribute to the evolution and progression of AD. Likewise, AD can exacerbate comorbid conditions. As such, a holistic assessment strategy that prioritizes early detection and management of comorbid conditions to mitigate their impact on AD progression would be beneficial. Dr. Pascual-Leone added, “The presence of any of these comorbidities suggests a need to screen for MCI earlier than might otherwise be indicated or as part of the treatment for the comorbid condition. In many cases, patients can make lifestyle modifications that improve not only the comorbid condition but also reduce its effect on dementia.” In doing so, healthcare providers can help improve patient outcomes and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals living with AD.

Alissa Hershberger, Professor of Nursing, University of Central Missouri, Lee’s Summit, Missouri, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

There’s a new morning ritual in Pinedale, Wyoming, a town of about 2000, nestled against the Wind River Mountains.

Friends and neighbors in the oil- and gas-rich community “take their morning coffee and pull up” to watch workers building the county’s first hospital, said Kari DeWitt, the project’s public relations director.

“I think it’s just gratitude,” Ms. DeWitt said.

Sublette County is the only one in Wyoming — where counties span thousands of square miles — without a hospital. The 10-bed, 40,000-square-foot hospital, with a similarly sized attached long-term care facility, is slated to open by the summer of 2025.

Ms. DeWitt, who also is executive director of the Sublette County Health Foundation, has an office at the town’s health clinic with a window view of the construction.

Pinedale’s residents have good reason to be excited. New full-service hospitals with inpatient beds are rare in rural America, where declining population has spurred decades of downsizing and closures. Yet, a few communities in Wyoming and others in Kansas and Georgia are defying the trend.

“To be honest with you, it even seems strange to me,” said Wyoming Hospital Association President Eric Boley. Small rural “hospitals are really struggling all across the country,” he said.

There is no official tally of new hospitals being built in rural America, but industry experts such as Mr. Boley said they’re rare. Typically, health-related construction projects in rural areas are for smaller urgent care centers or stand-alone emergency facilities or are replacements for old hospitals.

About half of rural hospitals lost money in the prior year, according to Chartis, a health analytics and consulting firm. And nearly 150 rural hospitals have closed or converted to smaller operations since 2010, according to data collected by the University of North Carolina’s Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research.

To stem the tide of closures, Congress created a new rural emergency hospital designation that allowed struggling hospitals to close their inpatient units and provide only outpatient and emergency services. Since January 2023, when the program took effect, 32 of the more than 1700 eligible rural hospitals — from Georgia to New Mexico — have joined the program, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Tony Breitlow is healthcare studio director for EUA, which has extensive experience working for rural health care systems. Mr. Breitlow said his national architecture and engineering firm’s work expands, replaces, or revamps older buildings, many of which were constructed during the middle of the last century.

The work, Mr. Breitlow said, is part of health care “systems figuring out how to remain robust and viable.”

Freeman Health System, based in Joplin, Missouri, announced plans last year to build a new 50-bed hospital across the state line in Kansas. Paula Baker, Freeman’s president and chief executive, said the system is building for patients in the southeastern corner of the state who travel 45 minutes or more to its bigger Joplin facilities for care.

Freeman’s new hospital, with construction on the building expected to begin in the spring, will be less than 10 miles away from an older, 64-bed hospital that has existed for decades. Kansas is one of more than a dozen states with no “certificate of need” law that would require health providers to obtain approval from the state before offering new services or building or expanding facilities.

Ms. Baker also said Freeman plans to operate emergency services and a small 10-bed outpost in Fort Scott, Kansas, opening early next year in a corner of a hospital that closed in late 2018. Residents there “cried, they cheered, they hugged me,” Ms. Baker said, adding that the “level of appreciation and gratitude that they felt and they displayed was overwhelming to me.”

Michael Topchik, executive director of the Chartis Center for Rural Health, said regional healthcare systems in the Upper Midwest have been particularly active in competing for patients by, among other things, building new hospitals.

And while private corporate money can drive construction, many rural hospital projects tap government programs, especially those supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Mr. Topchik said. That, he said, “surprises a lot of people.”

Since 2021, the USDA’s rural Community Facilities Programs have awarded $2.24 billion in loans and grants to 68 rural hospitals for work that was not related to an emergency or disaster, according to data analyzed by KFF Health News and confirmed by the agency. The federal program is funded through what is often known as the farm bill, which faces a September congressional renewal deadline.

Nearly all the projects are replacements or expansions and updates of older facilities.

The USDA confirmed that three new or planned Wyoming hospitals received federal funding. Hospital projects in Riverton and Saratoga received loans of $37.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively. Pinedale’s hospital received a $29.2 million loan from the agency.

Wyoming’s new construction is rare in a state where more than 80% of rural hospitals reported losses in the third quarter of 2023, according to Chartis. The state association’s Mr. Boley said he worries about several hospitals that have less than 10 days’ cash on hand “day and night.”

Pinedale’s project loan was approved after the community submitted a feasibility study to the USDA that included local clinics and a long-term care facility. “It’s pretty remote and right up in the mountains,” Mr. Boley said.

Pinedale’s Ms. DeWitt said the community was missing key services, such as blood transfusions, which are often necessary when there is a trauma like a car crash or if a pregnant woman faces severe complications. Local ambulances drove 94,000 miles last year, she said.

Ms. DeWitt began working to raise support for the new hospital after her own pregnancy-related trauma in 2014. She was bleeding heavily and arrived at the local health clinic believing it operated like a hospital.

“It was shocking to hear, ‘No, we’re not a hospital. We can’t do blood transfusions. We’re just going to have to pray you live for the next 45 minutes,’ ” Ms. DeWitt said.

Ms. DeWitt had to be airlifted to Idaho, where she delivered a few minutes after landing. When the hospital financing went on the ballot in 2020, Ms. DeWitt — fully recovered, with healthy grade-schoolers at home — began making five calls a night to rally support for a county tax increase to help fund the hospital.

“By improving health care, I think we improve everybody’s chances of survival. You know, it’s pretty basic,” Ms. DeWitt said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

There’s a new morning ritual in Pinedale, Wyoming, a town of about 2000, nestled against the Wind River Mountains.

Friends and neighbors in the oil- and gas-rich community “take their morning coffee and pull up” to watch workers building the county’s first hospital, said Kari DeWitt, the project’s public relations director.

“I think it’s just gratitude,” Ms. DeWitt said.

Sublette County is the only one in Wyoming — where counties span thousands of square miles — without a hospital. The 10-bed, 40,000-square-foot hospital, with a similarly sized attached long-term care facility, is slated to open by the summer of 2025.

Ms. DeWitt, who also is executive director of the Sublette County Health Foundation, has an office at the town’s health clinic with a window view of the construction.

Pinedale’s residents have good reason to be excited. New full-service hospitals with inpatient beds are rare in rural America, where declining population has spurred decades of downsizing and closures. Yet, a few communities in Wyoming and others in Kansas and Georgia are defying the trend.

“To be honest with you, it even seems strange to me,” said Wyoming Hospital Association President Eric Boley. Small rural “hospitals are really struggling all across the country,” he said.

There is no official tally of new hospitals being built in rural America, but industry experts such as Mr. Boley said they’re rare. Typically, health-related construction projects in rural areas are for smaller urgent care centers or stand-alone emergency facilities or are replacements for old hospitals.

About half of rural hospitals lost money in the prior year, according to Chartis, a health analytics and consulting firm. And nearly 150 rural hospitals have closed or converted to smaller operations since 2010, according to data collected by the University of North Carolina’s Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research.

To stem the tide of closures, Congress created a new rural emergency hospital designation that allowed struggling hospitals to close their inpatient units and provide only outpatient and emergency services. Since January 2023, when the program took effect, 32 of the more than 1700 eligible rural hospitals — from Georgia to New Mexico — have joined the program, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Tony Breitlow is healthcare studio director for EUA, which has extensive experience working for rural health care systems. Mr. Breitlow said his national architecture and engineering firm’s work expands, replaces, or revamps older buildings, many of which were constructed during the middle of the last century.

The work, Mr. Breitlow said, is part of health care “systems figuring out how to remain robust and viable.”

Freeman Health System, based in Joplin, Missouri, announced plans last year to build a new 50-bed hospital across the state line in Kansas. Paula Baker, Freeman’s president and chief executive, said the system is building for patients in the southeastern corner of the state who travel 45 minutes or more to its bigger Joplin facilities for care.

Freeman’s new hospital, with construction on the building expected to begin in the spring, will be less than 10 miles away from an older, 64-bed hospital that has existed for decades. Kansas is one of more than a dozen states with no “certificate of need” law that would require health providers to obtain approval from the state before offering new services or building or expanding facilities.

Ms. Baker also said Freeman plans to operate emergency services and a small 10-bed outpost in Fort Scott, Kansas, opening early next year in a corner of a hospital that closed in late 2018. Residents there “cried, they cheered, they hugged me,” Ms. Baker said, adding that the “level of appreciation and gratitude that they felt and they displayed was overwhelming to me.”

Michael Topchik, executive director of the Chartis Center for Rural Health, said regional healthcare systems in the Upper Midwest have been particularly active in competing for patients by, among other things, building new hospitals.

And while private corporate money can drive construction, many rural hospital projects tap government programs, especially those supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Mr. Topchik said. That, he said, “surprises a lot of people.”

Since 2021, the USDA’s rural Community Facilities Programs have awarded $2.24 billion in loans and grants to 68 rural hospitals for work that was not related to an emergency or disaster, according to data analyzed by KFF Health News and confirmed by the agency. The federal program is funded through what is often known as the farm bill, which faces a September congressional renewal deadline.

Nearly all the projects are replacements or expansions and updates of older facilities.

The USDA confirmed that three new or planned Wyoming hospitals received federal funding. Hospital projects in Riverton and Saratoga received loans of $37.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively. Pinedale’s hospital received a $29.2 million loan from the agency.

Wyoming’s new construction is rare in a state where more than 80% of rural hospitals reported losses in the third quarter of 2023, according to Chartis. The state association’s Mr. Boley said he worries about several hospitals that have less than 10 days’ cash on hand “day and night.”

Pinedale’s project loan was approved after the community submitted a feasibility study to the USDA that included local clinics and a long-term care facility. “It’s pretty remote and right up in the mountains,” Mr. Boley said.

Pinedale’s Ms. DeWitt said the community was missing key services, such as blood transfusions, which are often necessary when there is a trauma like a car crash or if a pregnant woman faces severe complications. Local ambulances drove 94,000 miles last year, she said.

Ms. DeWitt began working to raise support for the new hospital after her own pregnancy-related trauma in 2014. She was bleeding heavily and arrived at the local health clinic believing it operated like a hospital.

“It was shocking to hear, ‘No, we’re not a hospital. We can’t do blood transfusions. We’re just going to have to pray you live for the next 45 minutes,’ ” Ms. DeWitt said.

Ms. DeWitt had to be airlifted to Idaho, where she delivered a few minutes after landing. When the hospital financing went on the ballot in 2020, Ms. DeWitt — fully recovered, with healthy grade-schoolers at home — began making five calls a night to rally support for a county tax increase to help fund the hospital.

“By improving health care, I think we improve everybody’s chances of survival. You know, it’s pretty basic,” Ms. DeWitt said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

There’s a new morning ritual in Pinedale, Wyoming, a town of about 2000, nestled against the Wind River Mountains.

Friends and neighbors in the oil- and gas-rich community “take their morning coffee and pull up” to watch workers building the county’s first hospital, said Kari DeWitt, the project’s public relations director.

“I think it’s just gratitude,” Ms. DeWitt said.

Sublette County is the only one in Wyoming — where counties span thousands of square miles — without a hospital. The 10-bed, 40,000-square-foot hospital, with a similarly sized attached long-term care facility, is slated to open by the summer of 2025.

Ms. DeWitt, who also is executive director of the Sublette County Health Foundation, has an office at the town’s health clinic with a window view of the construction.

Pinedale’s residents have good reason to be excited. New full-service hospitals with inpatient beds are rare in rural America, where declining population has spurred decades of downsizing and closures. Yet, a few communities in Wyoming and others in Kansas and Georgia are defying the trend.

“To be honest with you, it even seems strange to me,” said Wyoming Hospital Association President Eric Boley. Small rural “hospitals are really struggling all across the country,” he said.

There is no official tally of new hospitals being built in rural America, but industry experts such as Mr. Boley said they’re rare. Typically, health-related construction projects in rural areas are for smaller urgent care centers or stand-alone emergency facilities or are replacements for old hospitals.

About half of rural hospitals lost money in the prior year, according to Chartis, a health analytics and consulting firm. And nearly 150 rural hospitals have closed or converted to smaller operations since 2010, according to data collected by the University of North Carolina’s Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research.

To stem the tide of closures, Congress created a new rural emergency hospital designation that allowed struggling hospitals to close their inpatient units and provide only outpatient and emergency services. Since January 2023, when the program took effect, 32 of the more than 1700 eligible rural hospitals — from Georgia to New Mexico — have joined the program, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Tony Breitlow is healthcare studio director for EUA, which has extensive experience working for rural health care systems. Mr. Breitlow said his national architecture and engineering firm’s work expands, replaces, or revamps older buildings, many of which were constructed during the middle of the last century.

The work, Mr. Breitlow said, is part of health care “systems figuring out how to remain robust and viable.”

Freeman Health System, based in Joplin, Missouri, announced plans last year to build a new 50-bed hospital across the state line in Kansas. Paula Baker, Freeman’s president and chief executive, said the system is building for patients in the southeastern corner of the state who travel 45 minutes or more to its bigger Joplin facilities for care.

Freeman’s new hospital, with construction on the building expected to begin in the spring, will be less than 10 miles away from an older, 64-bed hospital that has existed for decades. Kansas is one of more than a dozen states with no “certificate of need” law that would require health providers to obtain approval from the state before offering new services or building or expanding facilities.

Ms. Baker also said Freeman plans to operate emergency services and a small 10-bed outpost in Fort Scott, Kansas, opening early next year in a corner of a hospital that closed in late 2018. Residents there “cried, they cheered, they hugged me,” Ms. Baker said, adding that the “level of appreciation and gratitude that they felt and they displayed was overwhelming to me.”

Michael Topchik, executive director of the Chartis Center for Rural Health, said regional healthcare systems in the Upper Midwest have been particularly active in competing for patients by, among other things, building new hospitals.

And while private corporate money can drive construction, many rural hospital projects tap government programs, especially those supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Mr. Topchik said. That, he said, “surprises a lot of people.”

Since 2021, the USDA’s rural Community Facilities Programs have awarded $2.24 billion in loans and grants to 68 rural hospitals for work that was not related to an emergency or disaster, according to data analyzed by KFF Health News and confirmed by the agency. The federal program is funded through what is often known as the farm bill, which faces a September congressional renewal deadline.

Nearly all the projects are replacements or expansions and updates of older facilities.

The USDA confirmed that three new or planned Wyoming hospitals received federal funding. Hospital projects in Riverton and Saratoga received loans of $37.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively. Pinedale’s hospital received a $29.2 million loan from the agency.

Wyoming’s new construction is rare in a state where more than 80% of rural hospitals reported losses in the third quarter of 2023, according to Chartis. The state association’s Mr. Boley said he worries about several hospitals that have less than 10 days’ cash on hand “day and night.”

Pinedale’s project loan was approved after the community submitted a feasibility study to the USDA that included local clinics and a long-term care facility. “It’s pretty remote and right up in the mountains,” Mr. Boley said.

Pinedale’s Ms. DeWitt said the community was missing key services, such as blood transfusions, which are often necessary when there is a trauma like a car crash or if a pregnant woman faces severe complications. Local ambulances drove 94,000 miles last year, she said.

Ms. DeWitt began working to raise support for the new hospital after her own pregnancy-related trauma in 2014. She was bleeding heavily and arrived at the local health clinic believing it operated like a hospital.

“It was shocking to hear, ‘No, we’re not a hospital. We can’t do blood transfusions. We’re just going to have to pray you live for the next 45 minutes,’ ” Ms. DeWitt said.

Ms. DeWitt had to be airlifted to Idaho, where she delivered a few minutes after landing. When the hospital financing went on the ballot in 2020, Ms. DeWitt — fully recovered, with healthy grade-schoolers at home — began making five calls a night to rally support for a county tax increase to help fund the hospital.

“By improving health care, I think we improve everybody’s chances of survival. You know, it’s pretty basic,” Ms. DeWitt said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

MILAN — Antidepressants escitalopram and duloxetine have been shown to improve verbal memory in moderate to severe depression, a clinical effect linked to changes in serotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor levels in the brain, as shown on PET.

These findings suggested there is a role for specifically targeting the 5-HT4 receptor to improve verbal memory in depression, said investigator Vibeke H. Dam, PhD, from Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

“Verbal memory is often impaired in depression, and this has a lot of impact on patients’ ability to work and have a normal life. That’s why we’re so excited about this receptor in particular,” Dr. Dam said.

“If we can find a way to activate it more directly, we’re thinking this could be a way to treat this memory symptom that a lot of patients have and that currently we don’t really have a treatment for,” she added.

The findings were presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress and recently published in Biological Psychiatry .
 

Largest Trial of Its Kind

The study is the largest single-site PET trial investigating serotonergic neurotransmission in major depressive disorder over the course of antidepressant treatment to date. It included 90 patients with moderate to severe depression who underwent baseline cognitive tests and brain scans to measure 5-HT4 receptor levels before starting their treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram.

Patients who showed no improvement in depressive symptoms after 4 weeks (n = 14), as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 6 (HAMD6), were switched to the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor duloxetine.

Both escitalopram and duloxetine inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT4, enhancing neurotransmitter activity; escitalopram primarily increases serotonin levels, while duloxetine increases both serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

The primary cognitive outcome measure was change in the Verbal Affective Memory Task 26. Secondary cognitive outcomes were change in working memory, reaction time, emotion recognition bias, and negative social emotion.

After 8 weeks of treatment, a subset of 40 patients repeated PET scans, and at 12 weeks, all patients repeated cognitive testing.

Matching neuroimaging and cognitive data were available for 88 patients at baseline and for 39 patients with rescan.

As expected, the study showed that antidepressant treatment resulted in the downregulation of 5-HT4 receptor levels. “One hypothesis is that if we increase the availability of serotonin [with treatment], downregulation of the receptors might be a response,” said Dr. Dam.

“What was interesting was that this was the effect across all patients, whether they [clinically] responded or not. So we see the medication does what it’s supposed to do in the brain.” But, she said, there was no association between 5-HT4 receptor levels and HAMD6 scores.
 

Gains in Verbal Memory

Although the downregulation of 5-HT4 did not correlate with somatic or mood symptoms, it did correlate with cognitive symptoms.

Interestingly, while most patients showed improvement in depressive symptoms — many reaching remission or recovery — they also experienced gains in verbal memory. However, these improvements were not correlated. It was possible for one to improve more than the other, with no apparent link between the two, said Dr. Dam.

“What was linked was how the brain responded to the medication for this particular receptor. So even though there is this downregulation of the receptor, there’s still a lot of activation of it, and our thinking is that it’s activation of the receptor that is the important bit.”

Work by other groups has shown that another medication, prucalopride, which is used to treat gastroparesis, can more directly activate the 5-HT4 receptor, and that the treatment of healthy volunteers with this medication can boost memory and learning, said Dr. Dam.

“We could repurpose this drug, and we’re currently looking for funding to test this in a wide variety of different groups such as concussion, diabetes, and depression.”

The study’s coinvestigator, Vibe G. Frokjaer, MD, said more research is required to understand the potential implications of the findings.

“Poor cognitive function is very hard to treat efficiently and may require extra treatment. This work points to the possibility of stimulating this specific receptor so that we can treat cognitive problems, even aside from whether or not the patient has overcome the core symptoms of depression,” she said in a release.

Commenting on the research, Philip Cowen, MD, professor of psychopharmacology at the University of Oxford, England, said in a release that in light of “recent controversies about the role of brain serotonin in clinical depression, it is noteworthy that the PET studies of the Copenhagen Group provide unequivocal evidence that brain 5-HT4 receptors are decreased in unmedicated depressed patients.

“Their work also demonstrates the intimate role of brain 5-HT4 receptors in cognitive function,” he added. “This confirms recent work from Oxford, showing that the 5-HT4 receptor stimulant, prucalopride — a drug licensed for the treatment of constipation — improves memory in both healthy participants and people at risk of depression,” he added.

The study was funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark, Research Fund of the Mental Health Services – Capital Region of Denmark, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Global Justice Foundation, Research Council of Rigshospitalet, Augustinus Foundation, Savværksejer Jeppe Juhl og hustru Ovita Juhls Mindelegat, Lundbeck Foundation, and H. Lundbeck A/S.

Dr. Dam reported serving as a speaker for H. Lundbeck. Frokjaer reported serving as a consultant for Sage Therapeutics and lecturer for H. Lundbeck, Janssen-Cilag, and Gedeon Richter. Study investigator Martin B. Jørgensen has given talks sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and Lundbeck Pharma. All other investigators reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Antidepressants escitalopram and duloxetine have been shown to improve verbal memory in moderate to severe depression, a clinical effect linked to changes in serotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor levels in the brain, as shown on PET.

These findings suggested there is a role for specifically targeting the 5-HT4 receptor to improve verbal memory in depression, said investigator Vibeke H. Dam, PhD, from Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

“Verbal memory is often impaired in depression, and this has a lot of impact on patients’ ability to work and have a normal life. That’s why we’re so excited about this receptor in particular,” Dr. Dam said.

“If we can find a way to activate it more directly, we’re thinking this could be a way to treat this memory symptom that a lot of patients have and that currently we don’t really have a treatment for,” she added.

The findings were presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress and recently published in Biological Psychiatry .
 

Largest Trial of Its Kind

The study is the largest single-site PET trial investigating serotonergic neurotransmission in major depressive disorder over the course of antidepressant treatment to date. It included 90 patients with moderate to severe depression who underwent baseline cognitive tests and brain scans to measure 5-HT4 receptor levels before starting their treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram.

Patients who showed no improvement in depressive symptoms after 4 weeks (n = 14), as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 6 (HAMD6), were switched to the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor duloxetine.

Both escitalopram and duloxetine inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT4, enhancing neurotransmitter activity; escitalopram primarily increases serotonin levels, while duloxetine increases both serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

The primary cognitive outcome measure was change in the Verbal Affective Memory Task 26. Secondary cognitive outcomes were change in working memory, reaction time, emotion recognition bias, and negative social emotion.

After 8 weeks of treatment, a subset of 40 patients repeated PET scans, and at 12 weeks, all patients repeated cognitive testing.

Matching neuroimaging and cognitive data were available for 88 patients at baseline and for 39 patients with rescan.

As expected, the study showed that antidepressant treatment resulted in the downregulation of 5-HT4 receptor levels. “One hypothesis is that if we increase the availability of serotonin [with treatment], downregulation of the receptors might be a response,” said Dr. Dam.

“What was interesting was that this was the effect across all patients, whether they [clinically] responded or not. So we see the medication does what it’s supposed to do in the brain.” But, she said, there was no association between 5-HT4 receptor levels and HAMD6 scores.
 

Gains in Verbal Memory

Although the downregulation of 5-HT4 did not correlate with somatic or mood symptoms, it did correlate with cognitive symptoms.

Interestingly, while most patients showed improvement in depressive symptoms — many reaching remission or recovery — they also experienced gains in verbal memory. However, these improvements were not correlated. It was possible for one to improve more than the other, with no apparent link between the two, said Dr. Dam.

“What was linked was how the brain responded to the medication for this particular receptor. So even though there is this downregulation of the receptor, there’s still a lot of activation of it, and our thinking is that it’s activation of the receptor that is the important bit.”

Work by other groups has shown that another medication, prucalopride, which is used to treat gastroparesis, can more directly activate the 5-HT4 receptor, and that the treatment of healthy volunteers with this medication can boost memory and learning, said Dr. Dam.

“We could repurpose this drug, and we’re currently looking for funding to test this in a wide variety of different groups such as concussion, diabetes, and depression.”

The study’s coinvestigator, Vibe G. Frokjaer, MD, said more research is required to understand the potential implications of the findings.

“Poor cognitive function is very hard to treat efficiently and may require extra treatment. This work points to the possibility of stimulating this specific receptor so that we can treat cognitive problems, even aside from whether or not the patient has overcome the core symptoms of depression,” she said in a release.

Commenting on the research, Philip Cowen, MD, professor of psychopharmacology at the University of Oxford, England, said in a release that in light of “recent controversies about the role of brain serotonin in clinical depression, it is noteworthy that the PET studies of the Copenhagen Group provide unequivocal evidence that brain 5-HT4 receptors are decreased in unmedicated depressed patients.

“Their work also demonstrates the intimate role of brain 5-HT4 receptors in cognitive function,” he added. “This confirms recent work from Oxford, showing that the 5-HT4 receptor stimulant, prucalopride — a drug licensed for the treatment of constipation — improves memory in both healthy participants and people at risk of depression,” he added.

The study was funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark, Research Fund of the Mental Health Services – Capital Region of Denmark, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Global Justice Foundation, Research Council of Rigshospitalet, Augustinus Foundation, Savværksejer Jeppe Juhl og hustru Ovita Juhls Mindelegat, Lundbeck Foundation, and H. Lundbeck A/S.

Dr. Dam reported serving as a speaker for H. Lundbeck. Frokjaer reported serving as a consultant for Sage Therapeutics and lecturer for H. Lundbeck, Janssen-Cilag, and Gedeon Richter. Study investigator Martin B. Jørgensen has given talks sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and Lundbeck Pharma. All other investigators reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Antidepressants escitalopram and duloxetine have been shown to improve verbal memory in moderate to severe depression, a clinical effect linked to changes in serotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor levels in the brain, as shown on PET.

These findings suggested there is a role for specifically targeting the 5-HT4 receptor to improve verbal memory in depression, said investigator Vibeke H. Dam, PhD, from Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

“Verbal memory is often impaired in depression, and this has a lot of impact on patients’ ability to work and have a normal life. That’s why we’re so excited about this receptor in particular,” Dr. Dam said.

“If we can find a way to activate it more directly, we’re thinking this could be a way to treat this memory symptom that a lot of patients have and that currently we don’t really have a treatment for,” she added.

The findings were presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress and recently published in Biological Psychiatry .
 

Largest Trial of Its Kind

The study is the largest single-site PET trial investigating serotonergic neurotransmission in major depressive disorder over the course of antidepressant treatment to date. It included 90 patients with moderate to severe depression who underwent baseline cognitive tests and brain scans to measure 5-HT4 receptor levels before starting their treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram.

Patients who showed no improvement in depressive symptoms after 4 weeks (n = 14), as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 6 (HAMD6), were switched to the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor duloxetine.

Both escitalopram and duloxetine inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT4, enhancing neurotransmitter activity; escitalopram primarily increases serotonin levels, while duloxetine increases both serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

The primary cognitive outcome measure was change in the Verbal Affective Memory Task 26. Secondary cognitive outcomes were change in working memory, reaction time, emotion recognition bias, and negative social emotion.

After 8 weeks of treatment, a subset of 40 patients repeated PET scans, and at 12 weeks, all patients repeated cognitive testing.

Matching neuroimaging and cognitive data were available for 88 patients at baseline and for 39 patients with rescan.

As expected, the study showed that antidepressant treatment resulted in the downregulation of 5-HT4 receptor levels. “One hypothesis is that if we increase the availability of serotonin [with treatment], downregulation of the receptors might be a response,” said Dr. Dam.

“What was interesting was that this was the effect across all patients, whether they [clinically] responded or not. So we see the medication does what it’s supposed to do in the brain.” But, she said, there was no association between 5-HT4 receptor levels and HAMD6 scores.
 

Gains in Verbal Memory

Although the downregulation of 5-HT4 did not correlate with somatic or mood symptoms, it did correlate with cognitive symptoms.

Interestingly, while most patients showed improvement in depressive symptoms — many reaching remission or recovery — they also experienced gains in verbal memory. However, these improvements were not correlated. It was possible for one to improve more than the other, with no apparent link between the two, said Dr. Dam.

“What was linked was how the brain responded to the medication for this particular receptor. So even though there is this downregulation of the receptor, there’s still a lot of activation of it, and our thinking is that it’s activation of the receptor that is the important bit.”

Work by other groups has shown that another medication, prucalopride, which is used to treat gastroparesis, can more directly activate the 5-HT4 receptor, and that the treatment of healthy volunteers with this medication can boost memory and learning, said Dr. Dam.

“We could repurpose this drug, and we’re currently looking for funding to test this in a wide variety of different groups such as concussion, diabetes, and depression.”

The study’s coinvestigator, Vibe G. Frokjaer, MD, said more research is required to understand the potential implications of the findings.

“Poor cognitive function is very hard to treat efficiently and may require extra treatment. This work points to the possibility of stimulating this specific receptor so that we can treat cognitive problems, even aside from whether or not the patient has overcome the core symptoms of depression,” she said in a release.

Commenting on the research, Philip Cowen, MD, professor of psychopharmacology at the University of Oxford, England, said in a release that in light of “recent controversies about the role of brain serotonin in clinical depression, it is noteworthy that the PET studies of the Copenhagen Group provide unequivocal evidence that brain 5-HT4 receptors are decreased in unmedicated depressed patients.

“Their work also demonstrates the intimate role of brain 5-HT4 receptors in cognitive function,” he added. “This confirms recent work from Oxford, showing that the 5-HT4 receptor stimulant, prucalopride — a drug licensed for the treatment of constipation — improves memory in both healthy participants and people at risk of depression,” he added.

The study was funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark, Research Fund of the Mental Health Services – Capital Region of Denmark, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Global Justice Foundation, Research Council of Rigshospitalet, Augustinus Foundation, Savværksejer Jeppe Juhl og hustru Ovita Juhls Mindelegat, Lundbeck Foundation, and H. Lundbeck A/S.

Dr. Dam reported serving as a speaker for H. Lundbeck. Frokjaer reported serving as a consultant for Sage Therapeutics and lecturer for H. Lundbeck, Janssen-Cilag, and Gedeon Richter. Study investigator Martin B. Jørgensen has given talks sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and Lundbeck Pharma. All other investigators reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

In 2012, Tara Rynders’ sister was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. For Ms. Rynders, a registered nurse in Denver, Colorado, the news was devastating.

“She was this beautiful 26-year-old woman, strong and healthy, and within 12 hours, she went into a coma and couldn’t move or speak,” Ms. Rynders remembered. She flew to her sister in Reno, Nevada, and moved into her intensive care unit room. The helplessness she felt wasn’t just as a sister, but as a healthcare provider.

“As a nurse, we love to fix things,” Ms. Rynders said. “But when my sister was sick, I couldn’t do anything to fix her. The doctors didn’t even know what was going on.”

When Ms. Rynders’ sister woke from the coma, she couldn’t speak. The only comfort Ms. Rynders could provide was her presence and the ability to put a smile on her sister’s face. So, Ms. Rynders did what came naturally ...

She danced.

In that tiny hospital room, she blasted her sister’s favorite song — “Party in the U.S.A.” by Miley Cyrus — and danced around the room, doing anything she could to make her sister laugh.

And this patient who could not form words found her voice.

“She’d holler so deeply, it almost sounded like she was crying,” Ms. Rynders remembered. “The depths of her grief and the depths of her joy coming out simultaneously. It was really amazing and so healing for both of us.”
 

Do You Know How Powerful Dancing Really Is?

Ms. Rynders is far from the only healthcare professional who’s discovered the healing power of dance. In recent years, doctors and nurses across the country, from Los Angeles, California, to Atlanta, Georgia; from TikTok’s “Dancing Nurse,” Cindy Jones, to Max Chiu, Nebraska’s breakdancing oncologist, have demonstrated that finding new ways to move your body isn’t just good advice for patients but could be exactly what healthcare providers need to stay mentally and physically healthy.

It comes at a time when the field faces a “mental health crisis,” according to a 2023 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medscape Physician Burnout & Depression Report 2024 found current rates of 49% for burnout and 20% for depression.

And medical professionals are often hesitant about seeking help. Nearly 40% of physicians reported reluctance to seek out mental health treatment over fears of professional repercussions, according to 2024 recommendations by the Mayo Clinic.

The solution? It just might be dancing.

There’s ample evidence. A 2024 study from the University of Sydney, Australia, found that dancing offers more psychological and cognitive benefits — helping with everything from depression to motivation to emotional well-being — than any other type of exercise.

Another study, published in February by The BMJ medical journal, compared the mental health benefits of everything from aerobic exercise to cognitive behavioral therapy with antidepressants and found that dance consistently offered the largest reductions in depression.

Structured dance, where you learn specific movements, can offer a huge boost to mental health, according to a 2024 University of Sydney study. But so does unchoreographed dancing, where you’re basically just letting your limbs do their own thing. A 2021 study, published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, found that 95% of dancers who just moved their bodies, regardless of how it looked to the outside world, still had huge benefits with depression, anxiety, and trauma.
 

How to Turn a Mastectomy Into a Dance Party

Deborah Cohan, MD, 55, an obstetrician at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, discovered firsthand the power of dance back in 2013. After finding a lump in her breast during a self-exam, Dr. Cohan feared the worst. Days later, her radiologist confirmed she had invasive ductal carcinoma.

“It was a complete shock,” Dr. Cohan remembered. “I took care of myself. I ate right. I had no obvious risk factors. I did work the night shift, and there’s actually an increased risk for breast cancer among ob.gyn. workers who do night shift work. But still, it took me completely by surprise. My kids were 5 and 8 at the time, and I was terrified that they’d grow up without a mom.”

So, Dr. Cohan turned to the only thing that gave her comfort — dance class. Dancing had been an escape for Dr. Cohan since she took her first ballet class at age 3. So, she skipped work and went to her weekly Soul Motion dance class, where she found herself doing the exact opposite of escaping. She embraced her fears.

“I visualized death as a dance partner,” Dr. Cohan said. “I felt a freedom come over my body. It didn’t make sense to me at the time, but it was almost joyful. Not that I was accepting death or anticipating death, but just that I acknowledged its presence. There’s so much pressure among people with cancer to be positive. [But] that’s something that needs to come from within a person, not from outside. Nobody can dictate how someone should be feeling. And as I danced, I was genuinely feeling joy even as I recognized my own fears and didn’t turn away from them. I was experiencing all the emotions at once. It was such a relief to realize this wasn’t all going to be about sadness.”

The experience was so healing for Dr. Cohan that she decided to see if she could bring those same feelings into her bilateral mastectomy. When meeting with her surgical team, Dr. Cohan made an unorthodox request: Could her pre-op include a dance party?

“I asked the anesthesiologist in the pre-op appointment if I could dance, and he said yes,” she remembered, laughing. “And then I checked with the surgeon, and he said yes. And then I asked the perioperative nurse, and he said yes, ‘but only if you don’t make me dance, too’. So somehow it all came together.”

Dr. Cohan decided on the Beyoncé song “Get Me Bodied,” which she says resonated with her because “it’s all about being in your body and being your full self. I was like, that is exactly how I want to show up in the operating room.” The moment the music kicked in and Dr. Cohan broke into dance, all of her stress melted away.

“Even though I’d been given permission to dance, I never expected anybody else to join in,” Dr. Cohan said. But that’s exactly what they did. A friend took a video, which shows Dr. Cohan in a hospital gown and bouffant cap, dancing alongside her surgical and anesthesia teams, all of whom are dressed in scrubs, at Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco, California.

“It’s weird to say, especially about a mastectomy,” Dr. Cohan said, “but it was one of the most joyful moments of my life.”

The video’s been viewed 8.4 million times and is so inspirational — we dare you to watch it and not want to jump out of your chair to dance — that soon others were following Dr. Cohan’s lead.

• Sixteen-year-old Amari Hall danced to celebrate her successful heart transplant.
• Ana-Alecia Ayala, a 32-year-old uterine cancer survivor, danced along to “Juju on That Beat” to make chemotherapy more tolerable.
• Doreta Norris, a patient with breast cancer, chose “Gangnam Style” to serenade her into surgery.

Bringing Dance to Other Medical Pros

Ms. Rynders realized the true power of dance years before her sister’s illness, when her mother died of cancer. “I’ve always considered myself to be very resilient as a human, but I couldn’t bounce back after my mom died,” she said. “I was nursing full time in the emergency room, and I was sad all the time. And then one day I realized, you know what brings me joy? It’s always been dance.”

She went back to school to get her Master of Fine Arts in Dance from the University of Colorado at Boulder, which she believes helped her heal. “I was actually able to grieve instead of just pretending I was okay,” she said.

Inspired by these experiences, Ms. Rynders founded The Clinic in 2017, a company that provides dance workshops for healthcare professionals struggling with burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

“I see these nurses running down hospital hallways, covered in blood from patients whose lives are literally hanging on a thread,” she said. “They’re dealing with so much stress and grief and hardship. And then to see them with us, playing and laughing — those deep belly laughs that you haven’t done since you were a kid, the deep laughing that comes from deep in your soul. It can be transformational, for them and for you.”

Ms. Rynders remembers one especially healing workshop in which the participants pretended to be astronauts in deep space, using zero gravity to inform their movements. After the exercise, a veteran hospital nurse took Ms. Rynders aside to thank her, mentioning that she was still dealing with grief for her late son, who had died from suicide years earlier.

“She had a lot of guilt around it,” Ms. Rynders remembered. “And she said to me, ‘When I went to space, I felt closer to him.’ It was just this silly little game, but it gave her this lightness that she hadn’t felt in years. She was able to be free and laugh and play and feel close to her son again.”
 

Good Medicine

Dr. Cohan, who today is cancer free, said her experience made her completely rethink her relationship with patients. She has danced with more than a few of them, though she’s careful never to force it on them. “I never want to project my idea of joy onto others,” she said. “But more than anything, it’s changed my thinking on what it means to take ownership as a patient.”

The one thing Dr. Cohan never wanted as a patient, and the thing she never wants for her own patients, is the loss of agency. “When I danced, I didn’t feel like I was just handing over my body and begrudgingly accepting what was about to happen to me,” she said. “I was taking ownership around my decision, and I felt connected, really connected, to my surgical team.”

As a patient, Dr. Cohan experienced what she calls the “regimented” atmosphere of medicine. “You’re told where to go, what to do, and you have no control over any of it,” recalled Dr. Cohan, who’s now semiretired and runs retreats for women with breast cancer. “But by bringing in dance, it felt really radical that my healthcare team was doing my thing, not the other way around.”
 

(Re)Learning to Move More Consciously

Healthcare providers need these moments of escape just as much as patients living with disease. The difference is, as Ms. Rynders points out, those in the medical field aren’t always as aware of their emotional distress. “I think if you ask a nurse, ‘How can I help you? What do you need?’ They’re usually like, ‘I don’t know. I don’t even know what I need,’ ” Ms. Rynders said. “Even if they did know what they needed, I think it’s hard to ask for it and even harder to receive it.”

At Ms. Rynders’ workshops, not everybody is comfortable dancing, of course. So, new participants are always given the option just to witness, to be in the room and watch what happens. “But I also really encourage people to take advantage of this opportunity to do something different and disrupt the way we live on a daily basis,” Ms. Rynders said. “Let your brain try something new and be courageous. We’ve only had a few people who sat on the sidelines the whole time.”

It’s not always just about feelings, Dr. Cohan added, but physical relaxation. “Sometimes it’s just about remembering how to move consciously. When I was having surgery, I didn’t just dance to relax myself. I wanted my entire surgical team to be relaxed.”

For Ms. Rynders, every time she dances with her patients, or with fellow healthcare workers, she’s reminded of her sister and the comfort she was able to give her when no amount of medicine would make things better.

“We don’t always need to be fixed by things,” she said. “Sometimes we just need to be present with one another and be with each other. And sometimes, the best way to do that is by dancing till the tears roll down your cheeks.”
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

In 2012, Tara Rynders’ sister was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. For Ms. Rynders, a registered nurse in Denver, Colorado, the news was devastating.

“She was this beautiful 26-year-old woman, strong and healthy, and within 12 hours, she went into a coma and couldn’t move or speak,” Ms. Rynders remembered. She flew to her sister in Reno, Nevada, and moved into her intensive care unit room. The helplessness she felt wasn’t just as a sister, but as a healthcare provider.

“As a nurse, we love to fix things,” Ms. Rynders said. “But when my sister was sick, I couldn’t do anything to fix her. The doctors didn’t even know what was going on.”

When Ms. Rynders’ sister woke from the coma, she couldn’t speak. The only comfort Ms. Rynders could provide was her presence and the ability to put a smile on her sister’s face. So, Ms. Rynders did what came naturally ...

She danced.

In that tiny hospital room, she blasted her sister’s favorite song — “Party in the U.S.A.” by Miley Cyrus — and danced around the room, doing anything she could to make her sister laugh.

And this patient who could not form words found her voice.

“She’d holler so deeply, it almost sounded like she was crying,” Ms. Rynders remembered. “The depths of her grief and the depths of her joy coming out simultaneously. It was really amazing and so healing for both of us.”
 

Do You Know How Powerful Dancing Really Is?

Ms. Rynders is far from the only healthcare professional who’s discovered the healing power of dance. In recent years, doctors and nurses across the country, from Los Angeles, California, to Atlanta, Georgia; from TikTok’s “Dancing Nurse,” Cindy Jones, to Max Chiu, Nebraska’s breakdancing oncologist, have demonstrated that finding new ways to move your body isn’t just good advice for patients but could be exactly what healthcare providers need to stay mentally and physically healthy.

It comes at a time when the field faces a “mental health crisis,” according to a 2023 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medscape Physician Burnout & Depression Report 2024 found current rates of 49% for burnout and 20% for depression.

And medical professionals are often hesitant about seeking help. Nearly 40% of physicians reported reluctance to seek out mental health treatment over fears of professional repercussions, according to 2024 recommendations by the Mayo Clinic.

The solution? It just might be dancing.

There’s ample evidence. A 2024 study from the University of Sydney, Australia, found that dancing offers more psychological and cognitive benefits — helping with everything from depression to motivation to emotional well-being — than any other type of exercise.

Another study, published in February by The BMJ medical journal, compared the mental health benefits of everything from aerobic exercise to cognitive behavioral therapy with antidepressants and found that dance consistently offered the largest reductions in depression.

Structured dance, where you learn specific movements, can offer a huge boost to mental health, according to a 2024 University of Sydney study. But so does unchoreographed dancing, where you’re basically just letting your limbs do their own thing. A 2021 study, published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, found that 95% of dancers who just moved their bodies, regardless of how it looked to the outside world, still had huge benefits with depression, anxiety, and trauma.
 

How to Turn a Mastectomy Into a Dance Party

Deborah Cohan, MD, 55, an obstetrician at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, discovered firsthand the power of dance back in 2013. After finding a lump in her breast during a self-exam, Dr. Cohan feared the worst. Days later, her radiologist confirmed she had invasive ductal carcinoma.

“It was a complete shock,” Dr. Cohan remembered. “I took care of myself. I ate right. I had no obvious risk factors. I did work the night shift, and there’s actually an increased risk for breast cancer among ob.gyn. workers who do night shift work. But still, it took me completely by surprise. My kids were 5 and 8 at the time, and I was terrified that they’d grow up without a mom.”

So, Dr. Cohan turned to the only thing that gave her comfort — dance class. Dancing had been an escape for Dr. Cohan since she took her first ballet class at age 3. So, she skipped work and went to her weekly Soul Motion dance class, where she found herself doing the exact opposite of escaping. She embraced her fears.

“I visualized death as a dance partner,” Dr. Cohan said. “I felt a freedom come over my body. It didn’t make sense to me at the time, but it was almost joyful. Not that I was accepting death or anticipating death, but just that I acknowledged its presence. There’s so much pressure among people with cancer to be positive. [But] that’s something that needs to come from within a person, not from outside. Nobody can dictate how someone should be feeling. And as I danced, I was genuinely feeling joy even as I recognized my own fears and didn’t turn away from them. I was experiencing all the emotions at once. It was such a relief to realize this wasn’t all going to be about sadness.”

The experience was so healing for Dr. Cohan that she decided to see if she could bring those same feelings into her bilateral mastectomy. When meeting with her surgical team, Dr. Cohan made an unorthodox request: Could her pre-op include a dance party?

“I asked the anesthesiologist in the pre-op appointment if I could dance, and he said yes,” she remembered, laughing. “And then I checked with the surgeon, and he said yes. And then I asked the perioperative nurse, and he said yes, ‘but only if you don’t make me dance, too’. So somehow it all came together.”

Dr. Cohan decided on the Beyoncé song “Get Me Bodied,” which she says resonated with her because “it’s all about being in your body and being your full self. I was like, that is exactly how I want to show up in the operating room.” The moment the music kicked in and Dr. Cohan broke into dance, all of her stress melted away.

“Even though I’d been given permission to dance, I never expected anybody else to join in,” Dr. Cohan said. But that’s exactly what they did. A friend took a video, which shows Dr. Cohan in a hospital gown and bouffant cap, dancing alongside her surgical and anesthesia teams, all of whom are dressed in scrubs, at Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco, California.

“It’s weird to say, especially about a mastectomy,” Dr. Cohan said, “but it was one of the most joyful moments of my life.”

The video’s been viewed 8.4 million times and is so inspirational — we dare you to watch it and not want to jump out of your chair to dance — that soon others were following Dr. Cohan’s lead.

• Sixteen-year-old Amari Hall danced to celebrate her successful heart transplant.
• Ana-Alecia Ayala, a 32-year-old uterine cancer survivor, danced along to “Juju on That Beat” to make chemotherapy more tolerable.
• Doreta Norris, a patient with breast cancer, chose “Gangnam Style” to serenade her into surgery.

Bringing Dance to Other Medical Pros

Ms. Rynders realized the true power of dance years before her sister’s illness, when her mother died of cancer. “I’ve always considered myself to be very resilient as a human, but I couldn’t bounce back after my mom died,” she said. “I was nursing full time in the emergency room, and I was sad all the time. And then one day I realized, you know what brings me joy? It’s always been dance.”

She went back to school to get her Master of Fine Arts in Dance from the University of Colorado at Boulder, which she believes helped her heal. “I was actually able to grieve instead of just pretending I was okay,” she said.

Inspired by these experiences, Ms. Rynders founded The Clinic in 2017, a company that provides dance workshops for healthcare professionals struggling with burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

“I see these nurses running down hospital hallways, covered in blood from patients whose lives are literally hanging on a thread,” she said. “They’re dealing with so much stress and grief and hardship. And then to see them with us, playing and laughing — those deep belly laughs that you haven’t done since you were a kid, the deep laughing that comes from deep in your soul. It can be transformational, for them and for you.”

Ms. Rynders remembers one especially healing workshop in which the participants pretended to be astronauts in deep space, using zero gravity to inform their movements. After the exercise, a veteran hospital nurse took Ms. Rynders aside to thank her, mentioning that she was still dealing with grief for her late son, who had died from suicide years earlier.

“She had a lot of guilt around it,” Ms. Rynders remembered. “And she said to me, ‘When I went to space, I felt closer to him.’ It was just this silly little game, but it gave her this lightness that she hadn’t felt in years. She was able to be free and laugh and play and feel close to her son again.”
 

Good Medicine

Dr. Cohan, who today is cancer free, said her experience made her completely rethink her relationship with patients. She has danced with more than a few of them, though she’s careful never to force it on them. “I never want to project my idea of joy onto others,” she said. “But more than anything, it’s changed my thinking on what it means to take ownership as a patient.”

The one thing Dr. Cohan never wanted as a patient, and the thing she never wants for her own patients, is the loss of agency. “When I danced, I didn’t feel like I was just handing over my body and begrudgingly accepting what was about to happen to me,” she said. “I was taking ownership around my decision, and I felt connected, really connected, to my surgical team.”

As a patient, Dr. Cohan experienced what she calls the “regimented” atmosphere of medicine. “You’re told where to go, what to do, and you have no control over any of it,” recalled Dr. Cohan, who’s now semiretired and runs retreats for women with breast cancer. “But by bringing in dance, it felt really radical that my healthcare team was doing my thing, not the other way around.”
 

(Re)Learning to Move More Consciously

Healthcare providers need these moments of escape just as much as patients living with disease. The difference is, as Ms. Rynders points out, those in the medical field aren’t always as aware of their emotional distress. “I think if you ask a nurse, ‘How can I help you? What do you need?’ They’re usually like, ‘I don’t know. I don’t even know what I need,’ ” Ms. Rynders said. “Even if they did know what they needed, I think it’s hard to ask for it and even harder to receive it.”

At Ms. Rynders’ workshops, not everybody is comfortable dancing, of course. So, new participants are always given the option just to witness, to be in the room and watch what happens. “But I also really encourage people to take advantage of this opportunity to do something different and disrupt the way we live on a daily basis,” Ms. Rynders said. “Let your brain try something new and be courageous. We’ve only had a few people who sat on the sidelines the whole time.”

It’s not always just about feelings, Dr. Cohan added, but physical relaxation. “Sometimes it’s just about remembering how to move consciously. When I was having surgery, I didn’t just dance to relax myself. I wanted my entire surgical team to be relaxed.”

For Ms. Rynders, every time she dances with her patients, or with fellow healthcare workers, she’s reminded of her sister and the comfort she was able to give her when no amount of medicine would make things better.

“We don’t always need to be fixed by things,” she said. “Sometimes we just need to be present with one another and be with each other. And sometimes, the best way to do that is by dancing till the tears roll down your cheeks.”
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

In 2012, Tara Rynders’ sister was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. For Ms. Rynders, a registered nurse in Denver, Colorado, the news was devastating.

“She was this beautiful 26-year-old woman, strong and healthy, and within 12 hours, she went into a coma and couldn’t move or speak,” Ms. Rynders remembered. She flew to her sister in Reno, Nevada, and moved into her intensive care unit room. The helplessness she felt wasn’t just as a sister, but as a healthcare provider.

“As a nurse, we love to fix things,” Ms. Rynders said. “But when my sister was sick, I couldn’t do anything to fix her. The doctors didn’t even know what was going on.”

When Ms. Rynders’ sister woke from the coma, she couldn’t speak. The only comfort Ms. Rynders could provide was her presence and the ability to put a smile on her sister’s face. So, Ms. Rynders did what came naturally ...

She danced.

In that tiny hospital room, she blasted her sister’s favorite song — “Party in the U.S.A.” by Miley Cyrus — and danced around the room, doing anything she could to make her sister laugh.

And this patient who could not form words found her voice.

“She’d holler so deeply, it almost sounded like she was crying,” Ms. Rynders remembered. “The depths of her grief and the depths of her joy coming out simultaneously. It was really amazing and so healing for both of us.”
 

Do You Know How Powerful Dancing Really Is?

Ms. Rynders is far from the only healthcare professional who’s discovered the healing power of dance. In recent years, doctors and nurses across the country, from Los Angeles, California, to Atlanta, Georgia; from TikTok’s “Dancing Nurse,” Cindy Jones, to Max Chiu, Nebraska’s breakdancing oncologist, have demonstrated that finding new ways to move your body isn’t just good advice for patients but could be exactly what healthcare providers need to stay mentally and physically healthy.

It comes at a time when the field faces a “mental health crisis,” according to a 2023 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medscape Physician Burnout & Depression Report 2024 found current rates of 49% for burnout and 20% for depression.

And medical professionals are often hesitant about seeking help. Nearly 40% of physicians reported reluctance to seek out mental health treatment over fears of professional repercussions, according to 2024 recommendations by the Mayo Clinic.

The solution? It just might be dancing.

There’s ample evidence. A 2024 study from the University of Sydney, Australia, found that dancing offers more psychological and cognitive benefits — helping with everything from depression to motivation to emotional well-being — than any other type of exercise.

Another study, published in February by The BMJ medical journal, compared the mental health benefits of everything from aerobic exercise to cognitive behavioral therapy with antidepressants and found that dance consistently offered the largest reductions in depression.

Structured dance, where you learn specific movements, can offer a huge boost to mental health, according to a 2024 University of Sydney study. But so does unchoreographed dancing, where you’re basically just letting your limbs do their own thing. A 2021 study, published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, found that 95% of dancers who just moved their bodies, regardless of how it looked to the outside world, still had huge benefits with depression, anxiety, and trauma.
 

How to Turn a Mastectomy Into a Dance Party

Deborah Cohan, MD, 55, an obstetrician at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, discovered firsthand the power of dance back in 2013. After finding a lump in her breast during a self-exam, Dr. Cohan feared the worst. Days later, her radiologist confirmed she had invasive ductal carcinoma.

“It was a complete shock,” Dr. Cohan remembered. “I took care of myself. I ate right. I had no obvious risk factors. I did work the night shift, and there’s actually an increased risk for breast cancer among ob.gyn. workers who do night shift work. But still, it took me completely by surprise. My kids were 5 and 8 at the time, and I was terrified that they’d grow up without a mom.”

So, Dr. Cohan turned to the only thing that gave her comfort — dance class. Dancing had been an escape for Dr. Cohan since she took her first ballet class at age 3. So, she skipped work and went to her weekly Soul Motion dance class, where she found herself doing the exact opposite of escaping. She embraced her fears.

“I visualized death as a dance partner,” Dr. Cohan said. “I felt a freedom come over my body. It didn’t make sense to me at the time, but it was almost joyful. Not that I was accepting death or anticipating death, but just that I acknowledged its presence. There’s so much pressure among people with cancer to be positive. [But] that’s something that needs to come from within a person, not from outside. Nobody can dictate how someone should be feeling. And as I danced, I was genuinely feeling joy even as I recognized my own fears and didn’t turn away from them. I was experiencing all the emotions at once. It was such a relief to realize this wasn’t all going to be about sadness.”

The experience was so healing for Dr. Cohan that she decided to see if she could bring those same feelings into her bilateral mastectomy. When meeting with her surgical team, Dr. Cohan made an unorthodox request: Could her pre-op include a dance party?

“I asked the anesthesiologist in the pre-op appointment if I could dance, and he said yes,” she remembered, laughing. “And then I checked with the surgeon, and he said yes. And then I asked the perioperative nurse, and he said yes, ‘but only if you don’t make me dance, too’. So somehow it all came together.”

Dr. Cohan decided on the Beyoncé song “Get Me Bodied,” which she says resonated with her because “it’s all about being in your body and being your full self. I was like, that is exactly how I want to show up in the operating room.” The moment the music kicked in and Dr. Cohan broke into dance, all of her stress melted away.

“Even though I’d been given permission to dance, I never expected anybody else to join in,” Dr. Cohan said. But that’s exactly what they did. A friend took a video, which shows Dr. Cohan in a hospital gown and bouffant cap, dancing alongside her surgical and anesthesia teams, all of whom are dressed in scrubs, at Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco, California.

“It’s weird to say, especially about a mastectomy,” Dr. Cohan said, “but it was one of the most joyful moments of my life.”

The video’s been viewed 8.4 million times and is so inspirational — we dare you to watch it and not want to jump out of your chair to dance — that soon others were following Dr. Cohan’s lead.

• Sixteen-year-old Amari Hall danced to celebrate her successful heart transplant.
• Ana-Alecia Ayala, a 32-year-old uterine cancer survivor, danced along to “Juju on That Beat” to make chemotherapy more tolerable.
• Doreta Norris, a patient with breast cancer, chose “Gangnam Style” to serenade her into surgery.

Bringing Dance to Other Medical Pros

Ms. Rynders realized the true power of dance years before her sister’s illness, when her mother died of cancer. “I’ve always considered myself to be very resilient as a human, but I couldn’t bounce back after my mom died,” she said. “I was nursing full time in the emergency room, and I was sad all the time. And then one day I realized, you know what brings me joy? It’s always been dance.”

She went back to school to get her Master of Fine Arts in Dance from the University of Colorado at Boulder, which she believes helped her heal. “I was actually able to grieve instead of just pretending I was okay,” she said.

Inspired by these experiences, Ms. Rynders founded The Clinic in 2017, a company that provides dance workshops for healthcare professionals struggling with burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

“I see these nurses running down hospital hallways, covered in blood from patients whose lives are literally hanging on a thread,” she said. “They’re dealing with so much stress and grief and hardship. And then to see them with us, playing and laughing — those deep belly laughs that you haven’t done since you were a kid, the deep laughing that comes from deep in your soul. It can be transformational, for them and for you.”

Ms. Rynders remembers one especially healing workshop in which the participants pretended to be astronauts in deep space, using zero gravity to inform their movements. After the exercise, a veteran hospital nurse took Ms. Rynders aside to thank her, mentioning that she was still dealing with grief for her late son, who had died from suicide years earlier.

“She had a lot of guilt around it,” Ms. Rynders remembered. “And she said to me, ‘When I went to space, I felt closer to him.’ It was just this silly little game, but it gave her this lightness that she hadn’t felt in years. She was able to be free and laugh and play and feel close to her son again.”
 

Good Medicine

Dr. Cohan, who today is cancer free, said her experience made her completely rethink her relationship with patients. She has danced with more than a few of them, though she’s careful never to force it on them. “I never want to project my idea of joy onto others,” she said. “But more than anything, it’s changed my thinking on what it means to take ownership as a patient.”

The one thing Dr. Cohan never wanted as a patient, and the thing she never wants for her own patients, is the loss of agency. “When I danced, I didn’t feel like I was just handing over my body and begrudgingly accepting what was about to happen to me,” she said. “I was taking ownership around my decision, and I felt connected, really connected, to my surgical team.”

As a patient, Dr. Cohan experienced what she calls the “regimented” atmosphere of medicine. “You’re told where to go, what to do, and you have no control over any of it,” recalled Dr. Cohan, who’s now semiretired and runs retreats for women with breast cancer. “But by bringing in dance, it felt really radical that my healthcare team was doing my thing, not the other way around.”
 

(Re)Learning to Move More Consciously

Healthcare providers need these moments of escape just as much as patients living with disease. The difference is, as Ms. Rynders points out, those in the medical field aren’t always as aware of their emotional distress. “I think if you ask a nurse, ‘How can I help you? What do you need?’ They’re usually like, ‘I don’t know. I don’t even know what I need,’ ” Ms. Rynders said. “Even if they did know what they needed, I think it’s hard to ask for it and even harder to receive it.”

At Ms. Rynders’ workshops, not everybody is comfortable dancing, of course. So, new participants are always given the option just to witness, to be in the room and watch what happens. “But I also really encourage people to take advantage of this opportunity to do something different and disrupt the way we live on a daily basis,” Ms. Rynders said. “Let your brain try something new and be courageous. We’ve only had a few people who sat on the sidelines the whole time.”

It’s not always just about feelings, Dr. Cohan added, but physical relaxation. “Sometimes it’s just about remembering how to move consciously. When I was having surgery, I didn’t just dance to relax myself. I wanted my entire surgical team to be relaxed.”

For Ms. Rynders, every time she dances with her patients, or with fellow healthcare workers, she’s reminded of her sister and the comfort she was able to give her when no amount of medicine would make things better.

“We don’t always need to be fixed by things,” she said. “Sometimes we just need to be present with one another and be with each other. And sometimes, the best way to do that is by dancing till the tears roll down your cheeks.”
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN, ITALY — Pregnant women with heightened amygdala activity have a reduced capacity to regulate emotions and report more symptoms of depression than those with lower activity in this brain region, a new imaging study suggested.

If validated, these findings could pave the way for identifying women at higher risk for postpartum depression, said lead researcher Franziska Weinmar, MSc, from the University of Tübingen in Germany.

The study was presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress.
 

Differences in Brain Activity

During pregnancy and the peripartum period, rising hormone levels create a “psychoneuroendocrinological window of vulnerability” for mental health in which 80% of women can develop transitory “baby blues,” and about one in seven develop more serious postpartum depression, Ms. Weinmar told this news organization.

The study included 47 women — 15 pregnant women and 32 nonpregnant controls. The nonpregnant women had normal menstrual cycles; 16 were in the early follicular phase with low estradiol levels (231.7 pmol/L), and 16 had high estradiol levels (516.6 pmol/L) after administration of estradiol.

To examine brain activity, participants were asked to view negative emotional images while undergoing functional MRI. They were then asked to use cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotional response to the images.

The findings showed that both pregnant and nonpregnant women were equally successful at emotional regulation, but this process involved different brain activity in pregnant vs their nonpregnant counterpart.

All women had increased left middle frontal gyrus activity when regulating their emotions, but there was a difference in the amygdala between the pregnancy group and controls, Ms. Weinmar noted.

This suggests that pregnant women may have to exert more neural effort in emotional regulation, she said. “And pregnant women with higher amygdala activity were less able to regulate their emotions successfully compared to those with less amygdala activity.”

Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relation of brain activity during down-regulation, regulation success, and self-reported depression scores, and this showed that higher amygdala activity was also associated with higher depression scores.

“We need to be cautious in interpreting this,” said Ms. Weinmar. “This is a small sample, and we are the first to undertake this work.”

Nonetheless, she said that if the findings are confirmed by larger studies, pregnant women could be assessed “in the waiting room” using existing questionnaires that evaluate emotional regulation.

If a woman has difficulties with emotion regulation, “there are adaptive strategies, like cognitive reappraisal that a counseling psychotherapist can help with,” said Ms. Weinmar.

“I could also imagine group sessions, for example, or online courses,” she said, adding that obstetricians could also be trained to identify these women.

Commenting on the findings in a press release, Susana Carmona, PhD, from Gregorio Marañón Hospital in Madrid, Spain, said research like this is crucial for gaining insight into one of the most intense physiological processes a human can undergo: pregnancy. It’s remarkable how much remains unknown.

“Recently, the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] approved the first treatment for postpartum depression. However, we still have a long way to go in characterizing what happens in the brain during pregnancy, identifying biomarkers that can indicate the risk of developing perinatal mental disorders, and designing strategies to prevent mother and infant suffering during the delicate and critical peripartum period,” Dr. Carmona added.

The study was supported by the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in Tübingen, Germany, and the International Research Training Group “Women’s Mental Health Across the Reproductive Years” (IRTG 2804). Ms. Weinmar and Dr. Carmona reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN, ITALY — Pregnant women with heightened amygdala activity have a reduced capacity to regulate emotions and report more symptoms of depression than those with lower activity in this brain region, a new imaging study suggested.

If validated, these findings could pave the way for identifying women at higher risk for postpartum depression, said lead researcher Franziska Weinmar, MSc, from the University of Tübingen in Germany.

The study was presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress.
 

Differences in Brain Activity

During pregnancy and the peripartum period, rising hormone levels create a “psychoneuroendocrinological window of vulnerability” for mental health in which 80% of women can develop transitory “baby blues,” and about one in seven develop more serious postpartum depression, Ms. Weinmar told this news organization.

The study included 47 women — 15 pregnant women and 32 nonpregnant controls. The nonpregnant women had normal menstrual cycles; 16 were in the early follicular phase with low estradiol levels (231.7 pmol/L), and 16 had high estradiol levels (516.6 pmol/L) after administration of estradiol.

To examine brain activity, participants were asked to view negative emotional images while undergoing functional MRI. They were then asked to use cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotional response to the images.

The findings showed that both pregnant and nonpregnant women were equally successful at emotional regulation, but this process involved different brain activity in pregnant vs their nonpregnant counterpart.

All women had increased left middle frontal gyrus activity when regulating their emotions, but there was a difference in the amygdala between the pregnancy group and controls, Ms. Weinmar noted.

This suggests that pregnant women may have to exert more neural effort in emotional regulation, she said. “And pregnant women with higher amygdala activity were less able to regulate their emotions successfully compared to those with less amygdala activity.”

Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relation of brain activity during down-regulation, regulation success, and self-reported depression scores, and this showed that higher amygdala activity was also associated with higher depression scores.

“We need to be cautious in interpreting this,” said Ms. Weinmar. “This is a small sample, and we are the first to undertake this work.”

Nonetheless, she said that if the findings are confirmed by larger studies, pregnant women could be assessed “in the waiting room” using existing questionnaires that evaluate emotional regulation.

If a woman has difficulties with emotion regulation, “there are adaptive strategies, like cognitive reappraisal that a counseling psychotherapist can help with,” said Ms. Weinmar.

“I could also imagine group sessions, for example, or online courses,” she said, adding that obstetricians could also be trained to identify these women.

Commenting on the findings in a press release, Susana Carmona, PhD, from Gregorio Marañón Hospital in Madrid, Spain, said research like this is crucial for gaining insight into one of the most intense physiological processes a human can undergo: pregnancy. It’s remarkable how much remains unknown.

“Recently, the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] approved the first treatment for postpartum depression. However, we still have a long way to go in characterizing what happens in the brain during pregnancy, identifying biomarkers that can indicate the risk of developing perinatal mental disorders, and designing strategies to prevent mother and infant suffering during the delicate and critical peripartum period,” Dr. Carmona added.

The study was supported by the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in Tübingen, Germany, and the International Research Training Group “Women’s Mental Health Across the Reproductive Years” (IRTG 2804). Ms. Weinmar and Dr. Carmona reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN, ITALY — Pregnant women with heightened amygdala activity have a reduced capacity to regulate emotions and report more symptoms of depression than those with lower activity in this brain region, a new imaging study suggested.

If validated, these findings could pave the way for identifying women at higher risk for postpartum depression, said lead researcher Franziska Weinmar, MSc, from the University of Tübingen in Germany.

The study was presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress.
 

Differences in Brain Activity

During pregnancy and the peripartum period, rising hormone levels create a “psychoneuroendocrinological window of vulnerability” for mental health in which 80% of women can develop transitory “baby blues,” and about one in seven develop more serious postpartum depression, Ms. Weinmar told this news organization.

The study included 47 women — 15 pregnant women and 32 nonpregnant controls. The nonpregnant women had normal menstrual cycles; 16 were in the early follicular phase with low estradiol levels (231.7 pmol/L), and 16 had high estradiol levels (516.6 pmol/L) after administration of estradiol.

To examine brain activity, participants were asked to view negative emotional images while undergoing functional MRI. They were then asked to use cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotional response to the images.

The findings showed that both pregnant and nonpregnant women were equally successful at emotional regulation, but this process involved different brain activity in pregnant vs their nonpregnant counterpart.

All women had increased left middle frontal gyrus activity when regulating their emotions, but there was a difference in the amygdala between the pregnancy group and controls, Ms. Weinmar noted.

This suggests that pregnant women may have to exert more neural effort in emotional regulation, she said. “And pregnant women with higher amygdala activity were less able to regulate their emotions successfully compared to those with less amygdala activity.”

Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relation of brain activity during down-regulation, regulation success, and self-reported depression scores, and this showed that higher amygdala activity was also associated with higher depression scores.

“We need to be cautious in interpreting this,” said Ms. Weinmar. “This is a small sample, and we are the first to undertake this work.”

Nonetheless, she said that if the findings are confirmed by larger studies, pregnant women could be assessed “in the waiting room” using existing questionnaires that evaluate emotional regulation.

If a woman has difficulties with emotion regulation, “there are adaptive strategies, like cognitive reappraisal that a counseling psychotherapist can help with,” said Ms. Weinmar.

“I could also imagine group sessions, for example, or online courses,” she said, adding that obstetricians could also be trained to identify these women.

Commenting on the findings in a press release, Susana Carmona, PhD, from Gregorio Marañón Hospital in Madrid, Spain, said research like this is crucial for gaining insight into one of the most intense physiological processes a human can undergo: pregnancy. It’s remarkable how much remains unknown.

“Recently, the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] approved the first treatment for postpartum depression. However, we still have a long way to go in characterizing what happens in the brain during pregnancy, identifying biomarkers that can indicate the risk of developing perinatal mental disorders, and designing strategies to prevent mother and infant suffering during the delicate and critical peripartum period,” Dr. Carmona added.

The study was supported by the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in Tübingen, Germany, and the International Research Training Group “Women’s Mental Health Across the Reproductive Years” (IRTG 2804). Ms. Weinmar and Dr. Carmona reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Specific combinations of hormonal and biochemical factors were associated with different clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of alcohol use disorder (AUD) between men and women.

“These hormones and proteins are known to have an influence on behavior, and indeed we see an association between different levels of these compounds and different behavioral aspects of [AUD], although we can’t for sure say that one directly causes another,” said lead researcher Victor M. Karpyak, MD, PhD, professor of psychiatry at the Mayo Clinic, in a release.

The findings were presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress.
 

Sex Hormone Signatures

Previous research has highlighted differences in symptoms including cravings, withdrawal, consumption patterns, depression, and anxiety between men and women with AUD, said Dr. Karpyak. Differences in hormones and biochemicals have also been observed between individuals with and without AUD.

However, specific biochemical and hormonal “signatures” associated with male and female responses to treatment have thus far not been explored, he told this news organization.

The study included 400 treatment-seeking individuals (132 women and 268 men; mean age, 41.8 years; 93% White) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for AUD and were enrolled in a clinical trial of acamprosate.

Baseline assessment included psychiatric comorbidities and substance use with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders, alcohol consumption pattern over the past 90 days by Timeline Follow-Back calendar, recent craving on the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), situations at the risk of drinking on the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situation, recent depression severity on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and recent anxiety severity on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale.

Plasma sex-related hormone and protein measurements were taken at baseline — after detoxification but before treatment. These included total testosterone, estradiol, estrone, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin.

“The important thing is that these measurements were taken during sobriety,” said Dr. Karpyak. Study participants were already in residential treatment programs, and the average time since their last drink was approximately 3 weeks. Relapse was defined as any alcohol consumption during the first 3 months.
 

What Works for Men May Not Work for Women

Results showed that men with symptoms of depression and a higher craving for alcohol, as shown on baseline PHQ-9 and PACS scores, had lower baseline levels of testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and SHBG than those without these symptoms (P = .0102 and P = .0014, respectively).

In addition, a combination of higher progesterone and lower albumin was associated with a lower risk for relapse during the first 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 0.518; P = .0079).

In women, a combination of lower estrone and estradiol and higher FSH and LH levels was associated with higher maximum number of drinks per day (P = .035).

In addition, women who were more likely to relapse during the first 3 months of treatment had higher baseline levels of testosterone, SHBG, and albumin than those at lower relapse risk (OR, 4.536; P = .0057).

Dr. Karpyak noted that these “hormone signatures” were associative and not predictive.

What this means, he said, “is that if you are treating a man and a woman for alcoholism, you are dealing with different biochemical and psychological starting points. This implies that what works for a man may not work for a woman, and vice versa.”
 

Toward Gender Equity

The findings may eventually lead to a way to predict treatment responses in patients with AUD, Dr. Karpyak added, but cautioned that despite statistical significance, these are preliminary findings.

Before these results can be integrated into clinical practice, they need to be replicated. Dr. Karpyak emphasized the need for follow-up research that builds on these findings, using them as preliminary data to determine whether prediction holds real significance.

“Given that many of these differences are related to sex hormones, we particularly want to see how the dramatic hormonal change women experience during the menstrual cycle and at menopause may affect the biochemistry of alcoholism and guide treatment efforts,” he said.

In a statement, Erika Comasco, PhD, associate professor in molecular psychiatry, Uppsala University, Sweden, said the research “is an important step forward to gender equity in medicine.”

“The findings provide an important first insight into the relationship between sex hormones and alcohol use disorder treatment,” she explained. “While sex differences in the way the disorder manifests itself are known, these results suggest that sex hormones may modulate treatment response, potentially supporting sex-specific pharmacological intervention.”

Dr. Comasco shares Dr. Karpyak’s view that hormonal fluctuations linked to the menstrual cycle may influence alcohol misuse and believes more research is needed to explore their impact on treatment and relapse outcomes in female patients.

This study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (National Institutes of Health) and the Samuel C. Johnson Genomics of Addiction Program at Mayo Clinic. Dr. Karpyak and Dr. Comasco reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Specific combinations of hormonal and biochemical factors were associated with different clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of alcohol use disorder (AUD) between men and women.

“These hormones and proteins are known to have an influence on behavior, and indeed we see an association between different levels of these compounds and different behavioral aspects of [AUD], although we can’t for sure say that one directly causes another,” said lead researcher Victor M. Karpyak, MD, PhD, professor of psychiatry at the Mayo Clinic, in a release.

The findings were presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress.
 

Sex Hormone Signatures

Previous research has highlighted differences in symptoms including cravings, withdrawal, consumption patterns, depression, and anxiety between men and women with AUD, said Dr. Karpyak. Differences in hormones and biochemicals have also been observed between individuals with and without AUD.

However, specific biochemical and hormonal “signatures” associated with male and female responses to treatment have thus far not been explored, he told this news organization.

The study included 400 treatment-seeking individuals (132 women and 268 men; mean age, 41.8 years; 93% White) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for AUD and were enrolled in a clinical trial of acamprosate.

Baseline assessment included psychiatric comorbidities and substance use with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders, alcohol consumption pattern over the past 90 days by Timeline Follow-Back calendar, recent craving on the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), situations at the risk of drinking on the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situation, recent depression severity on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and recent anxiety severity on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale.

Plasma sex-related hormone and protein measurements were taken at baseline — after detoxification but before treatment. These included total testosterone, estradiol, estrone, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin.

“The important thing is that these measurements were taken during sobriety,” said Dr. Karpyak. Study participants were already in residential treatment programs, and the average time since their last drink was approximately 3 weeks. Relapse was defined as any alcohol consumption during the first 3 months.
 

What Works for Men May Not Work for Women

Results showed that men with symptoms of depression and a higher craving for alcohol, as shown on baseline PHQ-9 and PACS scores, had lower baseline levels of testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and SHBG than those without these symptoms (P = .0102 and P = .0014, respectively).

In addition, a combination of higher progesterone and lower albumin was associated with a lower risk for relapse during the first 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 0.518; P = .0079).

In women, a combination of lower estrone and estradiol and higher FSH and LH levels was associated with higher maximum number of drinks per day (P = .035).

In addition, women who were more likely to relapse during the first 3 months of treatment had higher baseline levels of testosterone, SHBG, and albumin than those at lower relapse risk (OR, 4.536; P = .0057).

Dr. Karpyak noted that these “hormone signatures” were associative and not predictive.

What this means, he said, “is that if you are treating a man and a woman for alcoholism, you are dealing with different biochemical and psychological starting points. This implies that what works for a man may not work for a woman, and vice versa.”
 

Toward Gender Equity

The findings may eventually lead to a way to predict treatment responses in patients with AUD, Dr. Karpyak added, but cautioned that despite statistical significance, these are preliminary findings.

Before these results can be integrated into clinical practice, they need to be replicated. Dr. Karpyak emphasized the need for follow-up research that builds on these findings, using them as preliminary data to determine whether prediction holds real significance.

“Given that many of these differences are related to sex hormones, we particularly want to see how the dramatic hormonal change women experience during the menstrual cycle and at menopause may affect the biochemistry of alcoholism and guide treatment efforts,” he said.

In a statement, Erika Comasco, PhD, associate professor in molecular psychiatry, Uppsala University, Sweden, said the research “is an important step forward to gender equity in medicine.”

“The findings provide an important first insight into the relationship between sex hormones and alcohol use disorder treatment,” she explained. “While sex differences in the way the disorder manifests itself are known, these results suggest that sex hormones may modulate treatment response, potentially supporting sex-specific pharmacological intervention.”

Dr. Comasco shares Dr. Karpyak’s view that hormonal fluctuations linked to the menstrual cycle may influence alcohol misuse and believes more research is needed to explore their impact on treatment and relapse outcomes in female patients.

This study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (National Institutes of Health) and the Samuel C. Johnson Genomics of Addiction Program at Mayo Clinic. Dr. Karpyak and Dr. Comasco reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Specific combinations of hormonal and biochemical factors were associated with different clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of alcohol use disorder (AUD) between men and women.

“These hormones and proteins are known to have an influence on behavior, and indeed we see an association between different levels of these compounds and different behavioral aspects of [AUD], although we can’t for sure say that one directly causes another,” said lead researcher Victor M. Karpyak, MD, PhD, professor of psychiatry at the Mayo Clinic, in a release.

The findings were presented at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress.
 

Sex Hormone Signatures

Previous research has highlighted differences in symptoms including cravings, withdrawal, consumption patterns, depression, and anxiety between men and women with AUD, said Dr. Karpyak. Differences in hormones and biochemicals have also been observed between individuals with and without AUD.

However, specific biochemical and hormonal “signatures” associated with male and female responses to treatment have thus far not been explored, he told this news organization.

The study included 400 treatment-seeking individuals (132 women and 268 men; mean age, 41.8 years; 93% White) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for AUD and were enrolled in a clinical trial of acamprosate.

Baseline assessment included psychiatric comorbidities and substance use with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders, alcohol consumption pattern over the past 90 days by Timeline Follow-Back calendar, recent craving on the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), situations at the risk of drinking on the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situation, recent depression severity on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and recent anxiety severity on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale.

Plasma sex-related hormone and protein measurements were taken at baseline — after detoxification but before treatment. These included total testosterone, estradiol, estrone, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin.

“The important thing is that these measurements were taken during sobriety,” said Dr. Karpyak. Study participants were already in residential treatment programs, and the average time since their last drink was approximately 3 weeks. Relapse was defined as any alcohol consumption during the first 3 months.
 

What Works for Men May Not Work for Women

Results showed that men with symptoms of depression and a higher craving for alcohol, as shown on baseline PHQ-9 and PACS scores, had lower baseline levels of testosterone, estrone, estradiol, and SHBG than those without these symptoms (P = .0102 and P = .0014, respectively).

In addition, a combination of higher progesterone and lower albumin was associated with a lower risk for relapse during the first 3 months (odds ratio [OR], 0.518; P = .0079).

In women, a combination of lower estrone and estradiol and higher FSH and LH levels was associated with higher maximum number of drinks per day (P = .035).

In addition, women who were more likely to relapse during the first 3 months of treatment had higher baseline levels of testosterone, SHBG, and albumin than those at lower relapse risk (OR, 4.536; P = .0057).

Dr. Karpyak noted that these “hormone signatures” were associative and not predictive.

What this means, he said, “is that if you are treating a man and a woman for alcoholism, you are dealing with different biochemical and psychological starting points. This implies that what works for a man may not work for a woman, and vice versa.”
 

Toward Gender Equity

The findings may eventually lead to a way to predict treatment responses in patients with AUD, Dr. Karpyak added, but cautioned that despite statistical significance, these are preliminary findings.

Before these results can be integrated into clinical practice, they need to be replicated. Dr. Karpyak emphasized the need for follow-up research that builds on these findings, using them as preliminary data to determine whether prediction holds real significance.

“Given that many of these differences are related to sex hormones, we particularly want to see how the dramatic hormonal change women experience during the menstrual cycle and at menopause may affect the biochemistry of alcoholism and guide treatment efforts,” he said.

In a statement, Erika Comasco, PhD, associate professor in molecular psychiatry, Uppsala University, Sweden, said the research “is an important step forward to gender equity in medicine.”

“The findings provide an important first insight into the relationship between sex hormones and alcohol use disorder treatment,” she explained. “While sex differences in the way the disorder manifests itself are known, these results suggest that sex hormones may modulate treatment response, potentially supporting sex-specific pharmacological intervention.”

Dr. Comasco shares Dr. Karpyak’s view that hormonal fluctuations linked to the menstrual cycle may influence alcohol misuse and believes more research is needed to explore their impact on treatment and relapse outcomes in female patients.

This study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (National Institutes of Health) and the Samuel C. Johnson Genomics of Addiction Program at Mayo Clinic. Dr. Karpyak and Dr. Comasco reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Residency programs across the country may have a few more slots for incoming residents due to a recent bump in Medicare funding.

Case in point: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The state has one of the top stroke rates in the country, and yet UAB has the only hospital in the state training future doctors to help stroke patients recover. “Our hospital cares for Alabama’s sickest patients, many who need rehabilitation services,” said Craig Hoesley, MD, senior associate dean for medical education, who oversees graduate medical education (GME) or residency programs.

After decades of stagnant support, a recent bump in Medicare funding will allow UAB to add two more physical medicine and rehabilitation residents to the four residencies already receiving such funding.

Medicare also awarded UAB more funding last year to add an addiction medicine fellowship, one of two such training programs in the state for the specialty that helps treat patients fighting addiction.

UAB is among healthcare systems and hospitals nationwide benefiting from a recent hike in Medicare funding for residency programs after some 25 years at the same level of federal support. Medicare is the largest funder of training positions. Otherwise, hospitals finance training through means such as state support.

The latest round of funding, which went into effect in July, adds 200 positions to the doctor pipeline, creating more openings for residents seeking positions after medical school.

In the next few months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will notify teaching hospitals whether they’ll receive the next round of Medicare funding for more residency positions. At that time, CMS will have awarded nearly half of the 1200 residency training slots Congress approved in the past few years. In 2020 — for the first time since 1996 — Congress approved adding 1000 residency slots at teaching hospitals nationwide. CMS awards the money for 200 slots each year for 5 years.

More than half of the initial round of funding focused on training primary care specialists, with other slots designated for mental health specialists. Last year, Congress also approved a separate allocation of 200 more Medicare-funded residency positions, with at least half designated for psychiatry and related subspecialty residencies to help meet the growing need for more mental health specialists. On August 1, CMS announced it would distribute the funds next year, effective in 2026.

The additional Medicare funding attempts to address the shortage of healthcare providers and ensure future access to care, including in rural and underserved communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) estimates the nation will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036, including primary care doctors and specialists.

In addition, more than 100 million Americans, nearly a third of the nation, don’t have access to primary care due to the physician shortages in their communities, according to the National Association of Community Health Centers.

Major medical organizations, medical schools, and hospital groups have been pushing for years for increased Medicare funding to train new doctors to keep up with the demand for healthcare services and offset the physician shortage. As a cost-saving measure, Medicare set its cap in 1996 for how much it will reimburse each hospital offering GME training. However, according to the medical groups that continue to advocate to Congress for more funding, the funding hasn’t kept pace with the growing healthcare needs or rising medical school enrollment.
 

Adding Residency Spots

In April, Dr. Hoesley of UAB spoke at a Congressional briefing among health systems and hospitals that benefited from the additional funding. He told Congressional leaders how the increased number of GME positions affects UAB Medicine and its ability to care for rural areas.

“We have entire counties in Alabama that don’t have physicians. One way to address the physician shortage is to grow the GME programs. The funding we received will help us grow these programs and care for residents in our state.”

Still, the Medicare funding is only a drop in the bucket, Dr. Hoesley said. “We rely on Medicare funding alongside other funding partners to train residents and expand our care across the state.” He said many UAB residency programs are over their Medicare funding cap and would like to grow, but they can’t without more funding.

Mount Sinai Health System in New York City also will be able to expand its residency program after receiving Medicare support in the latest round of funding. The health system will use the federal funds to train an additional vascular surgeon. Mount Sinai currently receives CMS funding to train three residents in the specialty.

Over a 5-year program, that means CMS funding will help train 20 residents in the specialty that treats blood vessel blockages and diseases of the veins and arteries generally associated with aging.

“The funding is amazing,” said Peter L. Faries, MD, a surgery professor and system chief of vascular surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, who directs the residency program.

“We don’t have the capacity to provide an individual training program without the funding. It’s not economically feasible.”

The need for more vascular surgeons increases as the population continues to age, he said. Mount Sinai treats patients throughout New York, including underserved areas in Harlem, the Bronx, Washington Heights, Brooklyn, and Queens. “These individuals might not receive an appropriate level of vascular care if we don’t have clinicians to treat them.”

Of the recent funding, Dr. Faries said it’s taken the residency program 15 years of advocacy to increase by two slots. “It’s a long process to get funding.” Vascular training programs can remain very selective with Medicare funding, typically receiving two applicants for every position,” said Dr. Faries.
 

Pushing for More Funds

Nearly 98,000 students enrolled in medical school this year, according to the National Resident Matching Program. A total of 44,853 applicants vied for the 38,494 first-year residency positions and 3009 second-year slots, leaving 3350 medical school graduates without a match.

“There are not enough spots to meet the growing demand,” said Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH, immediate past president of the American Medical Association. “Graduate medical education funding has not kept up.”

Despite the increase in medical school graduates over the past two decades, Medicare-supported training opportunities remained frozen at the 1996 level. A limited number of training positions meant residency programs couldn’t expand the physician pipeline to offset an aging workforce, contributing to the shortage. “The way to solve this is to expand GME,” Dr. Ehrenfeld said. “We continue to advocate to remove the cap.”

Dr. Ehrenfeld also told this news organization that he doesn’t mind that Congress recently designated GME funding to certain specialties, such as psychiatry, because he believes the need is great for residency spots across the board. “The good news is people recognize it’s challenging to get much through Congress.” He’s optimistic, though, about recent legislative efforts to increase funding.

AAMC, representing about a third of the nation’s 1100 teaching hospitals and health systems, feels the same. Congress “acknowledges and continues to recognize that the shortage is not getting better, and one way to address it is to increase Medicare-supported GME positions,” said Leonard Marquez, senior director of government relations and legislative advocacy.

Still, he said that the Medicare funding bump is only making a small dent in the need. AAMC estimates the average cost to train residents is $23 billion annually, and Medicare only funds 20% of that, or $5 billion. “Our members are at the point where they say: We already can’t add new training positions,” Mr. Marquez said. He added that without increasing residency slots, patient care will suffer. “We have to do anything possible we can to increase access to care.”

Mr. Marquez also believes Medicare funding should increase residency positions across the specialty spectrum, not just for psychiatry and primary care. He said that the targeted funding may prevent some teaching hospitals from applying for residency positions if they need other types of specialists based on their community’s needs.

Among the current proposals before Congress, the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2023 would add 14,000 Medicare-supported residency slots over 7 years. Mr. Marquez said it may be more realistic to expect fewer new slots. A decision on potential legislation is expected at the end of the year. He said that if the medical groups aren’t pleased with the decision, they’ll advocate again in 2025.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Residency programs across the country may have a few more slots for incoming residents due to a recent bump in Medicare funding.

Case in point: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The state has one of the top stroke rates in the country, and yet UAB has the only hospital in the state training future doctors to help stroke patients recover. “Our hospital cares for Alabama’s sickest patients, many who need rehabilitation services,” said Craig Hoesley, MD, senior associate dean for medical education, who oversees graduate medical education (GME) or residency programs.

After decades of stagnant support, a recent bump in Medicare funding will allow UAB to add two more physical medicine and rehabilitation residents to the four residencies already receiving such funding.

Medicare also awarded UAB more funding last year to add an addiction medicine fellowship, one of two such training programs in the state for the specialty that helps treat patients fighting addiction.

UAB is among healthcare systems and hospitals nationwide benefiting from a recent hike in Medicare funding for residency programs after some 25 years at the same level of federal support. Medicare is the largest funder of training positions. Otherwise, hospitals finance training through means such as state support.

The latest round of funding, which went into effect in July, adds 200 positions to the doctor pipeline, creating more openings for residents seeking positions after medical school.

In the next few months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will notify teaching hospitals whether they’ll receive the next round of Medicare funding for more residency positions. At that time, CMS will have awarded nearly half of the 1200 residency training slots Congress approved in the past few years. In 2020 — for the first time since 1996 — Congress approved adding 1000 residency slots at teaching hospitals nationwide. CMS awards the money for 200 slots each year for 5 years.

More than half of the initial round of funding focused on training primary care specialists, with other slots designated for mental health specialists. Last year, Congress also approved a separate allocation of 200 more Medicare-funded residency positions, with at least half designated for psychiatry and related subspecialty residencies to help meet the growing need for more mental health specialists. On August 1, CMS announced it would distribute the funds next year, effective in 2026.

The additional Medicare funding attempts to address the shortage of healthcare providers and ensure future access to care, including in rural and underserved communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) estimates the nation will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036, including primary care doctors and specialists.

In addition, more than 100 million Americans, nearly a third of the nation, don’t have access to primary care due to the physician shortages in their communities, according to the National Association of Community Health Centers.

Major medical organizations, medical schools, and hospital groups have been pushing for years for increased Medicare funding to train new doctors to keep up with the demand for healthcare services and offset the physician shortage. As a cost-saving measure, Medicare set its cap in 1996 for how much it will reimburse each hospital offering GME training. However, according to the medical groups that continue to advocate to Congress for more funding, the funding hasn’t kept pace with the growing healthcare needs or rising medical school enrollment.
 

Adding Residency Spots

In April, Dr. Hoesley of UAB spoke at a Congressional briefing among health systems and hospitals that benefited from the additional funding. He told Congressional leaders how the increased number of GME positions affects UAB Medicine and its ability to care for rural areas.

“We have entire counties in Alabama that don’t have physicians. One way to address the physician shortage is to grow the GME programs. The funding we received will help us grow these programs and care for residents in our state.”

Still, the Medicare funding is only a drop in the bucket, Dr. Hoesley said. “We rely on Medicare funding alongside other funding partners to train residents and expand our care across the state.” He said many UAB residency programs are over their Medicare funding cap and would like to grow, but they can’t without more funding.

Mount Sinai Health System in New York City also will be able to expand its residency program after receiving Medicare support in the latest round of funding. The health system will use the federal funds to train an additional vascular surgeon. Mount Sinai currently receives CMS funding to train three residents in the specialty.

Over a 5-year program, that means CMS funding will help train 20 residents in the specialty that treats blood vessel blockages and diseases of the veins and arteries generally associated with aging.

“The funding is amazing,” said Peter L. Faries, MD, a surgery professor and system chief of vascular surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, who directs the residency program.

“We don’t have the capacity to provide an individual training program without the funding. It’s not economically feasible.”

The need for more vascular surgeons increases as the population continues to age, he said. Mount Sinai treats patients throughout New York, including underserved areas in Harlem, the Bronx, Washington Heights, Brooklyn, and Queens. “These individuals might not receive an appropriate level of vascular care if we don’t have clinicians to treat them.”

Of the recent funding, Dr. Faries said it’s taken the residency program 15 years of advocacy to increase by two slots. “It’s a long process to get funding.” Vascular training programs can remain very selective with Medicare funding, typically receiving two applicants for every position,” said Dr. Faries.
 

Pushing for More Funds

Nearly 98,000 students enrolled in medical school this year, according to the National Resident Matching Program. A total of 44,853 applicants vied for the 38,494 first-year residency positions and 3009 second-year slots, leaving 3350 medical school graduates without a match.

“There are not enough spots to meet the growing demand,” said Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH, immediate past president of the American Medical Association. “Graduate medical education funding has not kept up.”

Despite the increase in medical school graduates over the past two decades, Medicare-supported training opportunities remained frozen at the 1996 level. A limited number of training positions meant residency programs couldn’t expand the physician pipeline to offset an aging workforce, contributing to the shortage. “The way to solve this is to expand GME,” Dr. Ehrenfeld said. “We continue to advocate to remove the cap.”

Dr. Ehrenfeld also told this news organization that he doesn’t mind that Congress recently designated GME funding to certain specialties, such as psychiatry, because he believes the need is great for residency spots across the board. “The good news is people recognize it’s challenging to get much through Congress.” He’s optimistic, though, about recent legislative efforts to increase funding.

AAMC, representing about a third of the nation’s 1100 teaching hospitals and health systems, feels the same. Congress “acknowledges and continues to recognize that the shortage is not getting better, and one way to address it is to increase Medicare-supported GME positions,” said Leonard Marquez, senior director of government relations and legislative advocacy.

Still, he said that the Medicare funding bump is only making a small dent in the need. AAMC estimates the average cost to train residents is $23 billion annually, and Medicare only funds 20% of that, or $5 billion. “Our members are at the point where they say: We already can’t add new training positions,” Mr. Marquez said. He added that without increasing residency slots, patient care will suffer. “We have to do anything possible we can to increase access to care.”

Mr. Marquez also believes Medicare funding should increase residency positions across the specialty spectrum, not just for psychiatry and primary care. He said that the targeted funding may prevent some teaching hospitals from applying for residency positions if they need other types of specialists based on their community’s needs.

Among the current proposals before Congress, the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2023 would add 14,000 Medicare-supported residency slots over 7 years. Mr. Marquez said it may be more realistic to expect fewer new slots. A decision on potential legislation is expected at the end of the year. He said that if the medical groups aren’t pleased with the decision, they’ll advocate again in 2025.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Residency programs across the country may have a few more slots for incoming residents due to a recent bump in Medicare funding.

Case in point: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). The state has one of the top stroke rates in the country, and yet UAB has the only hospital in the state training future doctors to help stroke patients recover. “Our hospital cares for Alabama’s sickest patients, many who need rehabilitation services,” said Craig Hoesley, MD, senior associate dean for medical education, who oversees graduate medical education (GME) or residency programs.

After decades of stagnant support, a recent bump in Medicare funding will allow UAB to add two more physical medicine and rehabilitation residents to the four residencies already receiving such funding.

Medicare also awarded UAB more funding last year to add an addiction medicine fellowship, one of two such training programs in the state for the specialty that helps treat patients fighting addiction.

UAB is among healthcare systems and hospitals nationwide benefiting from a recent hike in Medicare funding for residency programs after some 25 years at the same level of federal support. Medicare is the largest funder of training positions. Otherwise, hospitals finance training through means such as state support.

The latest round of funding, which went into effect in July, adds 200 positions to the doctor pipeline, creating more openings for residents seeking positions after medical school.

In the next few months, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will notify teaching hospitals whether they’ll receive the next round of Medicare funding for more residency positions. At that time, CMS will have awarded nearly half of the 1200 residency training slots Congress approved in the past few years. In 2020 — for the first time since 1996 — Congress approved adding 1000 residency slots at teaching hospitals nationwide. CMS awards the money for 200 slots each year for 5 years.

More than half of the initial round of funding focused on training primary care specialists, with other slots designated for mental health specialists. Last year, Congress also approved a separate allocation of 200 more Medicare-funded residency positions, with at least half designated for psychiatry and related subspecialty residencies to help meet the growing need for more mental health specialists. On August 1, CMS announced it would distribute the funds next year, effective in 2026.

The additional Medicare funding attempts to address the shortage of healthcare providers and ensure future access to care, including in rural and underserved communities. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) estimates the nation will face a shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036, including primary care doctors and specialists.

In addition, more than 100 million Americans, nearly a third of the nation, don’t have access to primary care due to the physician shortages in their communities, according to the National Association of Community Health Centers.

Major medical organizations, medical schools, and hospital groups have been pushing for years for increased Medicare funding to train new doctors to keep up with the demand for healthcare services and offset the physician shortage. As a cost-saving measure, Medicare set its cap in 1996 for how much it will reimburse each hospital offering GME training. However, according to the medical groups that continue to advocate to Congress for more funding, the funding hasn’t kept pace with the growing healthcare needs or rising medical school enrollment.
 

Adding Residency Spots

In April, Dr. Hoesley of UAB spoke at a Congressional briefing among health systems and hospitals that benefited from the additional funding. He told Congressional leaders how the increased number of GME positions affects UAB Medicine and its ability to care for rural areas.

“We have entire counties in Alabama that don’t have physicians. One way to address the physician shortage is to grow the GME programs. The funding we received will help us grow these programs and care for residents in our state.”

Still, the Medicare funding is only a drop in the bucket, Dr. Hoesley said. “We rely on Medicare funding alongside other funding partners to train residents and expand our care across the state.” He said many UAB residency programs are over their Medicare funding cap and would like to grow, but they can’t without more funding.

Mount Sinai Health System in New York City also will be able to expand its residency program after receiving Medicare support in the latest round of funding. The health system will use the federal funds to train an additional vascular surgeon. Mount Sinai currently receives CMS funding to train three residents in the specialty.

Over a 5-year program, that means CMS funding will help train 20 residents in the specialty that treats blood vessel blockages and diseases of the veins and arteries generally associated with aging.

“The funding is amazing,” said Peter L. Faries, MD, a surgery professor and system chief of vascular surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, who directs the residency program.

“We don’t have the capacity to provide an individual training program without the funding. It’s not economically feasible.”

The need for more vascular surgeons increases as the population continues to age, he said. Mount Sinai treats patients throughout New York, including underserved areas in Harlem, the Bronx, Washington Heights, Brooklyn, and Queens. “These individuals might not receive an appropriate level of vascular care if we don’t have clinicians to treat them.”

Of the recent funding, Dr. Faries said it’s taken the residency program 15 years of advocacy to increase by two slots. “It’s a long process to get funding.” Vascular training programs can remain very selective with Medicare funding, typically receiving two applicants for every position,” said Dr. Faries.
 

Pushing for More Funds

Nearly 98,000 students enrolled in medical school this year, according to the National Resident Matching Program. A total of 44,853 applicants vied for the 38,494 first-year residency positions and 3009 second-year slots, leaving 3350 medical school graduates without a match.

“There are not enough spots to meet the growing demand,” said Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH, immediate past president of the American Medical Association. “Graduate medical education funding has not kept up.”

Despite the increase in medical school graduates over the past two decades, Medicare-supported training opportunities remained frozen at the 1996 level. A limited number of training positions meant residency programs couldn’t expand the physician pipeline to offset an aging workforce, contributing to the shortage. “The way to solve this is to expand GME,” Dr. Ehrenfeld said. “We continue to advocate to remove the cap.”

Dr. Ehrenfeld also told this news organization that he doesn’t mind that Congress recently designated GME funding to certain specialties, such as psychiatry, because he believes the need is great for residency spots across the board. “The good news is people recognize it’s challenging to get much through Congress.” He’s optimistic, though, about recent legislative efforts to increase funding.

AAMC, representing about a third of the nation’s 1100 teaching hospitals and health systems, feels the same. Congress “acknowledges and continues to recognize that the shortage is not getting better, and one way to address it is to increase Medicare-supported GME positions,” said Leonard Marquez, senior director of government relations and legislative advocacy.

Still, he said that the Medicare funding bump is only making a small dent in the need. AAMC estimates the average cost to train residents is $23 billion annually, and Medicare only funds 20% of that, or $5 billion. “Our members are at the point where they say: We already can’t add new training positions,” Mr. Marquez said. He added that without increasing residency slots, patient care will suffer. “We have to do anything possible we can to increase access to care.”

Mr. Marquez also believes Medicare funding should increase residency positions across the specialty spectrum, not just for psychiatry and primary care. He said that the targeted funding may prevent some teaching hospitals from applying for residency positions if they need other types of specialists based on their community’s needs.

Among the current proposals before Congress, the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2023 would add 14,000 Medicare-supported residency slots over 7 years. Mr. Marquez said it may be more realistic to expect fewer new slots. A decision on potential legislation is expected at the end of the year. He said that if the medical groups aren’t pleased with the decision, they’ll advocate again in 2025.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

AMSTERDAM — There is a mountain of evidence that atopic dermatitis (AD) exerts a large negative impact on quality of life, but a unique study with data from more than 30,000 individuals showed that adults whose AD started in childhood carry a far greater psychological and social burden throughout their life relative to AD starting after childhood.

These data, drawn from the ambitious Scars of Life (SOL) project, “suggest that childhood AD persisting into adulthood is its own phenotype,” reported Jonathan I. Silverberg, MD, PhD, director of clinical research, Department of Dermatology, George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Dr. Silverberg

One reasonable message from these data is that the failure to achieve adequate control of AD in children, whether by a late start of systemic agents or other reasons, results in a greater lifetime burden of disease when the burden beyond physical symptoms is measured, according to Dr. Silverberg.
 

More Than 30,000 From Five Continents Participated

In the SOL project, which was designed to analyze how the age of AD onset affects the severity of symptoms and quality of life, completed questionnaires were collected from 30,801 individuals in 27 countries on five continents. The questions, which elicited data to measure the burden of AD, were developed in association with several professional and patient associations with an interest in AD, including the National Eczema Association.

The SOL project has produced an enormous amount of data in four distinct groups, but Dr. Silverberg, speaking in a late-breaking news session at the annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, focused on a comparison between the 2875 participants who had AD in childhood that has persisted into adulthood and the 7383 adults with adult-onset AD. Data from the other two subsets in SOL — AD in childhood but not in adulthood and no AD in either phase of life — are expected to fuel an extended series of publications.

In the two groups, baseline characteristics were similar with about 60% reporting moderate to severe symptoms and a median age of about 37 years. The proportion of women was 61% in both groups.

Using the PUSH-D questionnaire, which Dr. Silverberg described as a validated tool for gauging a sense of stigmatization, the greater burden of AD was remarkably consistent for those with childhood-onset AD vs adult-onset AD. With higher scores representing a greater sense of stigmatization, the differences in the overall score (23.0 vs 18.1; P < .0001) were highly significant as was every other domain evaluated.

For all five social behavior domains, such as avoiding contact in public and wariness of approaching people spontaneously, having AD onset in childhood persisting into adulthood produced significantly higher scores than having AD onset in adulthood, with no exceptions (P < .001 for all).
 

AD From Childhood Consistently Results in Worse Outcomes

Providing examples for some of the other 12 domains, Dr. Silverberg maintained that feelings of shame and psychological discomfort were always greater in adults with AD persistent since childhood vs AD starting in adulthood. The P values for these outcomes, such as experiencing bias at work or reporting a sense that others avoided them, were typically highly significant (P < .001).

Compared with those whose AD started in adulthood, “adults with atopic eczema that started during childhood have significantly more difficulties in their life, including occupational relationships, daily life, personal life, and partner or family relationships,” Dr. Silverberg reported.

He said that the data were controlled for multiple confounders, particularly greater severity of AD. He acknowledged that childhood onset might be considered a surrogate for more severe disease, but the data were controlled for this possibility.

Despite the fact that there are “thousands of studies across all age groups showing the burden of AD,” Dr. Silverberg considers these data to be unique by emphasizing the burden of chronicity rather than the impact of AD in any single moment in time.

For those with chronic AD from childhood, “the effect is not just on physical health but a deep negative influence on psychological and social aspects of life,” Dr. Silverberg said, suggesting that the independent effects of chronicity might be worth studying across other dermatologic diseases.

“Regulatory agencies focus on what you can do in that moment of time, losing the bigger picture of how patients are affected chronically,” he said, adding that this is an area of clinical research that should be further explored.

What the data further suggest “is that the earlier we intervene, the more likely patients will do better long term,” he said.
 

Data Provide Evidence of Systemic Therapy in Kids

For Gudrun Ratzinger, MD, of the Department of Dermatology and Venerology at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria, these are valuable data.

“When I prescribe systemic therapies to children, I often get resistance from the healthcare system and even other colleagues,” said Dr. Ratzinger, who was asked to comment on the results. “We are at a teaching hospital, but I often find that when patients return to their home physician, the systemic therapies are stopped.”

In her own practice, she believes the most effective therapies should be introduced in children and adults when complete control is not achieved on first-line drugs. “These data are very helpful for me in explaining to others the importance of effective treatment of atopic dermatitis in children,” she said.

Dr. Silverberg reported financial relationships with more than 40 pharmaceutical companies, including those that make drugs for AD. Dr. Ratzinger reported financial relationships with AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pelpharma, Pfizer, and UCB.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

AMSTERDAM — There is a mountain of evidence that atopic dermatitis (AD) exerts a large negative impact on quality of life, but a unique study with data from more than 30,000 individuals showed that adults whose AD started in childhood carry a far greater psychological and social burden throughout their life relative to AD starting after childhood.

These data, drawn from the ambitious Scars of Life (SOL) project, “suggest that childhood AD persisting into adulthood is its own phenotype,” reported Jonathan I. Silverberg, MD, PhD, director of clinical research, Department of Dermatology, George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Dr. Silverberg

One reasonable message from these data is that the failure to achieve adequate control of AD in children, whether by a late start of systemic agents or other reasons, results in a greater lifetime burden of disease when the burden beyond physical symptoms is measured, according to Dr. Silverberg.
 

More Than 30,000 From Five Continents Participated

In the SOL project, which was designed to analyze how the age of AD onset affects the severity of symptoms and quality of life, completed questionnaires were collected from 30,801 individuals in 27 countries on five continents. The questions, which elicited data to measure the burden of AD, were developed in association with several professional and patient associations with an interest in AD, including the National Eczema Association.

The SOL project has produced an enormous amount of data in four distinct groups, but Dr. Silverberg, speaking in a late-breaking news session at the annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, focused on a comparison between the 2875 participants who had AD in childhood that has persisted into adulthood and the 7383 adults with adult-onset AD. Data from the other two subsets in SOL — AD in childhood but not in adulthood and no AD in either phase of life — are expected to fuel an extended series of publications.

In the two groups, baseline characteristics were similar with about 60% reporting moderate to severe symptoms and a median age of about 37 years. The proportion of women was 61% in both groups.

Using the PUSH-D questionnaire, which Dr. Silverberg described as a validated tool for gauging a sense of stigmatization, the greater burden of AD was remarkably consistent for those with childhood-onset AD vs adult-onset AD. With higher scores representing a greater sense of stigmatization, the differences in the overall score (23.0 vs 18.1; P < .0001) were highly significant as was every other domain evaluated.

For all five social behavior domains, such as avoiding contact in public and wariness of approaching people spontaneously, having AD onset in childhood persisting into adulthood produced significantly higher scores than having AD onset in adulthood, with no exceptions (P < .001 for all).
 

AD From Childhood Consistently Results in Worse Outcomes

Providing examples for some of the other 12 domains, Dr. Silverberg maintained that feelings of shame and psychological discomfort were always greater in adults with AD persistent since childhood vs AD starting in adulthood. The P values for these outcomes, such as experiencing bias at work or reporting a sense that others avoided them, were typically highly significant (P < .001).

Compared with those whose AD started in adulthood, “adults with atopic eczema that started during childhood have significantly more difficulties in their life, including occupational relationships, daily life, personal life, and partner or family relationships,” Dr. Silverberg reported.

He said that the data were controlled for multiple confounders, particularly greater severity of AD. He acknowledged that childhood onset might be considered a surrogate for more severe disease, but the data were controlled for this possibility.

Despite the fact that there are “thousands of studies across all age groups showing the burden of AD,” Dr. Silverberg considers these data to be unique by emphasizing the burden of chronicity rather than the impact of AD in any single moment in time.

For those with chronic AD from childhood, “the effect is not just on physical health but a deep negative influence on psychological and social aspects of life,” Dr. Silverberg said, suggesting that the independent effects of chronicity might be worth studying across other dermatologic diseases.

“Regulatory agencies focus on what you can do in that moment of time, losing the bigger picture of how patients are affected chronically,” he said, adding that this is an area of clinical research that should be further explored.

What the data further suggest “is that the earlier we intervene, the more likely patients will do better long term,” he said.
 

Data Provide Evidence of Systemic Therapy in Kids

For Gudrun Ratzinger, MD, of the Department of Dermatology and Venerology at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria, these are valuable data.

“When I prescribe systemic therapies to children, I often get resistance from the healthcare system and even other colleagues,” said Dr. Ratzinger, who was asked to comment on the results. “We are at a teaching hospital, but I often find that when patients return to their home physician, the systemic therapies are stopped.”

In her own practice, she believes the most effective therapies should be introduced in children and adults when complete control is not achieved on first-line drugs. “These data are very helpful for me in explaining to others the importance of effective treatment of atopic dermatitis in children,” she said.

Dr. Silverberg reported financial relationships with more than 40 pharmaceutical companies, including those that make drugs for AD. Dr. Ratzinger reported financial relationships with AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pelpharma, Pfizer, and UCB.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

AMSTERDAM — There is a mountain of evidence that atopic dermatitis (AD) exerts a large negative impact on quality of life, but a unique study with data from more than 30,000 individuals showed that adults whose AD started in childhood carry a far greater psychological and social burden throughout their life relative to AD starting after childhood.

These data, drawn from the ambitious Scars of Life (SOL) project, “suggest that childhood AD persisting into adulthood is its own phenotype,” reported Jonathan I. Silverberg, MD, PhD, director of clinical research, Department of Dermatology, George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Dr. Silverberg

One reasonable message from these data is that the failure to achieve adequate control of AD in children, whether by a late start of systemic agents or other reasons, results in a greater lifetime burden of disease when the burden beyond physical symptoms is measured, according to Dr. Silverberg.
 

More Than 30,000 From Five Continents Participated

In the SOL project, which was designed to analyze how the age of AD onset affects the severity of symptoms and quality of life, completed questionnaires were collected from 30,801 individuals in 27 countries on five continents. The questions, which elicited data to measure the burden of AD, were developed in association with several professional and patient associations with an interest in AD, including the National Eczema Association.

The SOL project has produced an enormous amount of data in four distinct groups, but Dr. Silverberg, speaking in a late-breaking news session at the annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, focused on a comparison between the 2875 participants who had AD in childhood that has persisted into adulthood and the 7383 adults with adult-onset AD. Data from the other two subsets in SOL — AD in childhood but not in adulthood and no AD in either phase of life — are expected to fuel an extended series of publications.

In the two groups, baseline characteristics were similar with about 60% reporting moderate to severe symptoms and a median age of about 37 years. The proportion of women was 61% in both groups.

Using the PUSH-D questionnaire, which Dr. Silverberg described as a validated tool for gauging a sense of stigmatization, the greater burden of AD was remarkably consistent for those with childhood-onset AD vs adult-onset AD. With higher scores representing a greater sense of stigmatization, the differences in the overall score (23.0 vs 18.1; P < .0001) were highly significant as was every other domain evaluated.

For all five social behavior domains, such as avoiding contact in public and wariness of approaching people spontaneously, having AD onset in childhood persisting into adulthood produced significantly higher scores than having AD onset in adulthood, with no exceptions (P < .001 for all).
 

AD From Childhood Consistently Results in Worse Outcomes

Providing examples for some of the other 12 domains, Dr. Silverberg maintained that feelings of shame and psychological discomfort were always greater in adults with AD persistent since childhood vs AD starting in adulthood. The P values for these outcomes, such as experiencing bias at work or reporting a sense that others avoided them, were typically highly significant (P < .001).

Compared with those whose AD started in adulthood, “adults with atopic eczema that started during childhood have significantly more difficulties in their life, including occupational relationships, daily life, personal life, and partner or family relationships,” Dr. Silverberg reported.

He said that the data were controlled for multiple confounders, particularly greater severity of AD. He acknowledged that childhood onset might be considered a surrogate for more severe disease, but the data were controlled for this possibility.

Despite the fact that there are “thousands of studies across all age groups showing the burden of AD,” Dr. Silverberg considers these data to be unique by emphasizing the burden of chronicity rather than the impact of AD in any single moment in time.

For those with chronic AD from childhood, “the effect is not just on physical health but a deep negative influence on psychological and social aspects of life,” Dr. Silverberg said, suggesting that the independent effects of chronicity might be worth studying across other dermatologic diseases.

“Regulatory agencies focus on what you can do in that moment of time, losing the bigger picture of how patients are affected chronically,” he said, adding that this is an area of clinical research that should be further explored.

What the data further suggest “is that the earlier we intervene, the more likely patients will do better long term,” he said.
 

Data Provide Evidence of Systemic Therapy in Kids

For Gudrun Ratzinger, MD, of the Department of Dermatology and Venerology at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria, these are valuable data.

“When I prescribe systemic therapies to children, I often get resistance from the healthcare system and even other colleagues,” said Dr. Ratzinger, who was asked to comment on the results. “We are at a teaching hospital, but I often find that when patients return to their home physician, the systemic therapies are stopped.”

In her own practice, she believes the most effective therapies should be introduced in children and adults when complete control is not achieved on first-line drugs. “These data are very helpful for me in explaining to others the importance of effective treatment of atopic dermatitis in children,” she said.

Dr. Silverberg reported financial relationships with more than 40 pharmaceutical companies, including those that make drugs for AD. Dr. Ratzinger reported financial relationships with AbbVie, Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pelpharma, Pfizer, and UCB.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Recent research allaying concerns about suicidality linked to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, along with evidence of these agents’ potential psychiatric and cognitive benefits, has prompted the lead investigator of a major analysis to urge researchers to explore the potential of these drugs for mental illness.

“So far, we’ve been talking about the safety from a neuropsychiatric perspective in diabetes, but there is also the safety and benefit in people with mental disorders,” Riccardo De Giorgi, MD, PhD, from the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford in England, said in an interview.

The results of the meta-analysis were previously reported by this news organization and reviewed by Dr. De Giorgi at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress. Dr. De Giorgi broached whether GLP-1 inhibitors such as semaglutide might also offer the same benefits in patients without diabetes as they do in those with diabetes, in terms of cognitive deficits and substance use or mood disorders.

Noting that GLP-1s are not approved for psychiatric disorders, Dr. De Giorgi said it can’t be assumed that the “metabolic or maybe even more general mechanisms that are being modified with these medications in diabetes or even in obesity are the same for people with psychiatric disorders. We’re talking about very different things. From a clinical perspective, you could do real harm,” he told this news organization.

Yet Dr. De Giorgi emphasized the importance of exploring the potential benefits of these medications in psychiatry.

“From a research perspective ... I am very worried about missing an opportunity here. This happened with rimonabant, a cannabis medication that was used for weight loss back in 2012 and was withdrawn quite dramatically in Europe immediately after licensing because it increased suicide risk. Since then, nobody has been touching the cannabinoid system, and that’s a shame because in psychiatry, we don’t have that much we can work on. So we don’t want to miss an opportunity with the GLP-1 system — that’s why we need to be cautious and look at safety first,” he said.
 

Signal of Efficacy?

Dr. De Giorgi’s research suggested several potential neurobiological effects of GLP-1 inhibition in diabetes research.

“There was a bit of a signal specifically for the big three dementias — vascular, Lewy Body, and frontotemporal — although there was not enough power,” he reported. “We also saw a reduced risk in nicotine misuse, especially amongst other substance use disorders ... and finally a more tentative association for reduced depression.”

He noted that GLP-1s for psychiatric illness likely have limitations and may not cure mental disorders but could help specific subsets of patients. Rather than aiming for large-scale studies, the focus should be on small, incremental studies to advance the research.

Asked by the session chair, John Cryan, PhD, from University College Cork in Ireland, and chair of the ECNP Scientific Committee whether improvement in patients’ mood could be attributed to weight loss, Dr. De Giorgi replied no.

“We now have quite a lot of studies that show that if there is an effect or association it is seen quite a bit earlier than any weight loss. Remember, weight loss takes quite a lot of time, and at quite high doses, but more provocatively, even if that’s the case, does it matter? We as psychiatrists do worry that we need to disentangle these things, but they don’t do that in cardiology, for example. If they see a benefit in mortality they don’t really care if it’s specifically an effect on heart failure or ischemic disease,” said Dr. De Giorgi.

Regardless of their neuropsychiatric potential, the cardiometabolic benefits of GLP-1 inhibitors are sorely needed in the psychiatric population, noted two experts in a recent JAMA Psychiatry viewpoint article.

Sri Mahavir Agarwal, MD, PhD, and Margaret Hahn, MD, PhD, from the University of Toronto and the Schizophrenia Division at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pointed out that “individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have exceedingly high rates of metabolic comorbidity; three of four are overweight or obese, whereas the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is several-fold higher than in the general population. Consequently, individuals with SMI die 15-20 years earlier from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than do those in the general population with CVD,” they noted.

“The arrival of semaglutide has infused significant enthusiasm in the field of mental health research. The proximal effects of weight and related CV comorbidities are significant in themselves. It is plausible that semaglutide could act through neurogenesis or secondary benefits of improving metabolic health on other important outcomes, such as cognitive health and quality of life, thereby filling an unmet need in the treatment of SMI,” Dr. Agarwal and Dr. Hahn added.
 

An Exciting Opportunity

Current research investigating GLP-1s in psychiatry and neurology is increasingly focused on neuroinflammation, said Dr. De Giorgi.

Research shows significant evidence that certain medications may help reduce dysfunctional inflammatory processes linked to various cognitive and psychiatric disorders, he added.

Many patients with established psychiatric conditions also have physical health issues, which contribute to increased mortality risk, said Dr. De Giorgi. It’s crucial to understand that, if these treatments improve mortality outcomes for psychiatric patients, the specific mechanisms involved are secondary to the results. Psychiatrists must be equipped to prescribe, manage, and initiate these therapies.

“While trials involving psychosis patients are ongoing, we are making progress and should seize this opportunity” said Dr. De Giorgi.

Dr. Cryan agreed: “I think we’ll get there. What these drugs have shown is that you can, through a single mechanism, have multitude effects related to brain-body interactions, and why not focus that on mood and anxiety and cognitive performance? It’s exciting no matter what. We now need to do longitudinal, cross-sectional, placebo-controlled trials in specific patient populations.”

This study received funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre and Medical Research Council. Dr. De Giorgi’s coauthors reported receiving funding for other work from Novo Nordisk, Five Lives, Cognetivity Ltd., Cognex, P1vital, Lundbeck, Servier, UCB, Zogenix, Johnson & Johnson, and Syndesi. Dr. Cryan reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Recent research allaying concerns about suicidality linked to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, along with evidence of these agents’ potential psychiatric and cognitive benefits, has prompted the lead investigator of a major analysis to urge researchers to explore the potential of these drugs for mental illness.

“So far, we’ve been talking about the safety from a neuropsychiatric perspective in diabetes, but there is also the safety and benefit in people with mental disorders,” Riccardo De Giorgi, MD, PhD, from the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford in England, said in an interview.

The results of the meta-analysis were previously reported by this news organization and reviewed by Dr. De Giorgi at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress. Dr. De Giorgi broached whether GLP-1 inhibitors such as semaglutide might also offer the same benefits in patients without diabetes as they do in those with diabetes, in terms of cognitive deficits and substance use or mood disorders.

Noting that GLP-1s are not approved for psychiatric disorders, Dr. De Giorgi said it can’t be assumed that the “metabolic or maybe even more general mechanisms that are being modified with these medications in diabetes or even in obesity are the same for people with psychiatric disorders. We’re talking about very different things. From a clinical perspective, you could do real harm,” he told this news organization.

Yet Dr. De Giorgi emphasized the importance of exploring the potential benefits of these medications in psychiatry.

“From a research perspective ... I am very worried about missing an opportunity here. This happened with rimonabant, a cannabis medication that was used for weight loss back in 2012 and was withdrawn quite dramatically in Europe immediately after licensing because it increased suicide risk. Since then, nobody has been touching the cannabinoid system, and that’s a shame because in psychiatry, we don’t have that much we can work on. So we don’t want to miss an opportunity with the GLP-1 system — that’s why we need to be cautious and look at safety first,” he said.
 

Signal of Efficacy?

Dr. De Giorgi’s research suggested several potential neurobiological effects of GLP-1 inhibition in diabetes research.

“There was a bit of a signal specifically for the big three dementias — vascular, Lewy Body, and frontotemporal — although there was not enough power,” he reported. “We also saw a reduced risk in nicotine misuse, especially amongst other substance use disorders ... and finally a more tentative association for reduced depression.”

He noted that GLP-1s for psychiatric illness likely have limitations and may not cure mental disorders but could help specific subsets of patients. Rather than aiming for large-scale studies, the focus should be on small, incremental studies to advance the research.

Asked by the session chair, John Cryan, PhD, from University College Cork in Ireland, and chair of the ECNP Scientific Committee whether improvement in patients’ mood could be attributed to weight loss, Dr. De Giorgi replied no.

“We now have quite a lot of studies that show that if there is an effect or association it is seen quite a bit earlier than any weight loss. Remember, weight loss takes quite a lot of time, and at quite high doses, but more provocatively, even if that’s the case, does it matter? We as psychiatrists do worry that we need to disentangle these things, but they don’t do that in cardiology, for example. If they see a benefit in mortality they don’t really care if it’s specifically an effect on heart failure or ischemic disease,” said Dr. De Giorgi.

Regardless of their neuropsychiatric potential, the cardiometabolic benefits of GLP-1 inhibitors are sorely needed in the psychiatric population, noted two experts in a recent JAMA Psychiatry viewpoint article.

Sri Mahavir Agarwal, MD, PhD, and Margaret Hahn, MD, PhD, from the University of Toronto and the Schizophrenia Division at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pointed out that “individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have exceedingly high rates of metabolic comorbidity; three of four are overweight or obese, whereas the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is several-fold higher than in the general population. Consequently, individuals with SMI die 15-20 years earlier from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than do those in the general population with CVD,” they noted.

“The arrival of semaglutide has infused significant enthusiasm in the field of mental health research. The proximal effects of weight and related CV comorbidities are significant in themselves. It is plausible that semaglutide could act through neurogenesis or secondary benefits of improving metabolic health on other important outcomes, such as cognitive health and quality of life, thereby filling an unmet need in the treatment of SMI,” Dr. Agarwal and Dr. Hahn added.
 

An Exciting Opportunity

Current research investigating GLP-1s in psychiatry and neurology is increasingly focused on neuroinflammation, said Dr. De Giorgi.

Research shows significant evidence that certain medications may help reduce dysfunctional inflammatory processes linked to various cognitive and psychiatric disorders, he added.

Many patients with established psychiatric conditions also have physical health issues, which contribute to increased mortality risk, said Dr. De Giorgi. It’s crucial to understand that, if these treatments improve mortality outcomes for psychiatric patients, the specific mechanisms involved are secondary to the results. Psychiatrists must be equipped to prescribe, manage, and initiate these therapies.

“While trials involving psychosis patients are ongoing, we are making progress and should seize this opportunity” said Dr. De Giorgi.

Dr. Cryan agreed: “I think we’ll get there. What these drugs have shown is that you can, through a single mechanism, have multitude effects related to brain-body interactions, and why not focus that on mood and anxiety and cognitive performance? It’s exciting no matter what. We now need to do longitudinal, cross-sectional, placebo-controlled trials in specific patient populations.”

This study received funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre and Medical Research Council. Dr. De Giorgi’s coauthors reported receiving funding for other work from Novo Nordisk, Five Lives, Cognetivity Ltd., Cognex, P1vital, Lundbeck, Servier, UCB, Zogenix, Johnson & Johnson, and Syndesi. Dr. Cryan reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

MILAN — Recent research allaying concerns about suicidality linked to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, along with evidence of these agents’ potential psychiatric and cognitive benefits, has prompted the lead investigator of a major analysis to urge researchers to explore the potential of these drugs for mental illness.

“So far, we’ve been talking about the safety from a neuropsychiatric perspective in diabetes, but there is also the safety and benefit in people with mental disorders,” Riccardo De Giorgi, MD, PhD, from the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford in England, said in an interview.

The results of the meta-analysis were previously reported by this news organization and reviewed by Dr. De Giorgi at the 37th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress. Dr. De Giorgi broached whether GLP-1 inhibitors such as semaglutide might also offer the same benefits in patients without diabetes as they do in those with diabetes, in terms of cognitive deficits and substance use or mood disorders.

Noting that GLP-1s are not approved for psychiatric disorders, Dr. De Giorgi said it can’t be assumed that the “metabolic or maybe even more general mechanisms that are being modified with these medications in diabetes or even in obesity are the same for people with psychiatric disorders. We’re talking about very different things. From a clinical perspective, you could do real harm,” he told this news organization.

Yet Dr. De Giorgi emphasized the importance of exploring the potential benefits of these medications in psychiatry.

“From a research perspective ... I am very worried about missing an opportunity here. This happened with rimonabant, a cannabis medication that was used for weight loss back in 2012 and was withdrawn quite dramatically in Europe immediately after licensing because it increased suicide risk. Since then, nobody has been touching the cannabinoid system, and that’s a shame because in psychiatry, we don’t have that much we can work on. So we don’t want to miss an opportunity with the GLP-1 system — that’s why we need to be cautious and look at safety first,” he said.
 

Signal of Efficacy?

Dr. De Giorgi’s research suggested several potential neurobiological effects of GLP-1 inhibition in diabetes research.

“There was a bit of a signal specifically for the big three dementias — vascular, Lewy Body, and frontotemporal — although there was not enough power,” he reported. “We also saw a reduced risk in nicotine misuse, especially amongst other substance use disorders ... and finally a more tentative association for reduced depression.”

He noted that GLP-1s for psychiatric illness likely have limitations and may not cure mental disorders but could help specific subsets of patients. Rather than aiming for large-scale studies, the focus should be on small, incremental studies to advance the research.

Asked by the session chair, John Cryan, PhD, from University College Cork in Ireland, and chair of the ECNP Scientific Committee whether improvement in patients’ mood could be attributed to weight loss, Dr. De Giorgi replied no.

“We now have quite a lot of studies that show that if there is an effect or association it is seen quite a bit earlier than any weight loss. Remember, weight loss takes quite a lot of time, and at quite high doses, but more provocatively, even if that’s the case, does it matter? We as psychiatrists do worry that we need to disentangle these things, but they don’t do that in cardiology, for example. If they see a benefit in mortality they don’t really care if it’s specifically an effect on heart failure or ischemic disease,” said Dr. De Giorgi.

Regardless of their neuropsychiatric potential, the cardiometabolic benefits of GLP-1 inhibitors are sorely needed in the psychiatric population, noted two experts in a recent JAMA Psychiatry viewpoint article.

Sri Mahavir Agarwal, MD, PhD, and Margaret Hahn, MD, PhD, from the University of Toronto and the Schizophrenia Division at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pointed out that “individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have exceedingly high rates of metabolic comorbidity; three of four are overweight or obese, whereas the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is several-fold higher than in the general population. Consequently, individuals with SMI die 15-20 years earlier from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than do those in the general population with CVD,” they noted.

“The arrival of semaglutide has infused significant enthusiasm in the field of mental health research. The proximal effects of weight and related CV comorbidities are significant in themselves. It is plausible that semaglutide could act through neurogenesis or secondary benefits of improving metabolic health on other important outcomes, such as cognitive health and quality of life, thereby filling an unmet need in the treatment of SMI,” Dr. Agarwal and Dr. Hahn added.
 

An Exciting Opportunity

Current research investigating GLP-1s in psychiatry and neurology is increasingly focused on neuroinflammation, said Dr. De Giorgi.

Research shows significant evidence that certain medications may help reduce dysfunctional inflammatory processes linked to various cognitive and psychiatric disorders, he added.

Many patients with established psychiatric conditions also have physical health issues, which contribute to increased mortality risk, said Dr. De Giorgi. It’s crucial to understand that, if these treatments improve mortality outcomes for psychiatric patients, the specific mechanisms involved are secondary to the results. Psychiatrists must be equipped to prescribe, manage, and initiate these therapies.

“While trials involving psychosis patients are ongoing, we are making progress and should seize this opportunity” said Dr. De Giorgi.

Dr. Cryan agreed: “I think we’ll get there. What these drugs have shown is that you can, through a single mechanism, have multitude effects related to brain-body interactions, and why not focus that on mood and anxiety and cognitive performance? It’s exciting no matter what. We now need to do longitudinal, cross-sectional, placebo-controlled trials in specific patient populations.”

This study received funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre and Medical Research Council. Dr. De Giorgi’s coauthors reported receiving funding for other work from Novo Nordisk, Five Lives, Cognetivity Ltd., Cognex, P1vital, Lundbeck, Servier, UCB, Zogenix, Johnson & Johnson, and Syndesi. Dr. Cryan reported no relevant disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.