Melanoma

SILVER SPRING, MD. – The risks outweigh any possible benefits of treatment with a drug-device combination that delivers melphalan directly to the livers of patients with liver metastases from ocular melanoma, a Food and Drug Administration advisory panel concluded in a 16-0 vote.

At a meeting of the FDA’s Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee, several panelists said that the treatment was promising but should remain investigational, given its marked toxicity and lack of effect on overall survival.

The Melblez Kit is a combination of melphalan and the Delcath Hepatic Delivery System, which includes two catheters and an extracorporeal hemofiltration component. The catheter is used to administer high doses of the chemotherapy drug directly to the liver via the hepatic artery, and the hemofiltration component lowers the drug level before the blood is returned to the systemic circulation, according to the manufacturer, Delcath Systems. Patients are hospitalized for about 4 days for the procedure, which takes about 3 hours and is performed at 4-week intervals under general anesthesia.

There are no FDA-approved treatments for patients with unresectable metastatic ocular melanoma to the liver, which is the indication under FDA review.

Treatment with the kit was associated with antitumor activity, but it also was associated with fatal and life-threatening adverse reactions. There was a trend towards a detrimental effect on survival, and the risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) proposed by the company to address those risks "will not improve the observed benefit-risk profile," Dr. Geoffrey Kim, a medical officer in the FDA’s office of hematology and oncology products, told the panel.

In an open-label, randomized multicenter phase-III study conducted between 2006 and 2010 in the United States, the device was used to treat 44 patients. Their outcomes were compared with those of 49 matched patients given the best alternative care (BAC). All patients had surgically unresectable hepatic-dominant metastatic ocular or cutaneous melanoma (89% had ocular melanoma, and almost half were treated at the National Cancer Institute). Subjects were treated until their hepatic disease progressed. The dose administered with the Melblez Kit was 3.0 mg/kg for a median of three treatment cycles and a median of 120 days; best alternative care included systemic chemotherapy in 49% of patients and intrahepatic chemotherapy in 22%.

The primary end point, median hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS) was 7 months among those on the device, compared with 1.6 months among those on BAC, a statistically significant difference that represented a 61% reduction in risk (hazard ratio, 0.39), according to the company. The median overall PFS was 4.8 months among those treated with the device, compared with 1.6 months among those on BAC, also a statistically significant difference.

Overall survival was comparable: 9.8 months in the device-treated group and 9.9 months in those on best alternative care. Further, almost 80% of patients in the Melblez Kit arm had a serious adverse event and almost 70% had a grade-4 adverse event. With best alternative care, the rate of serious adverse events was 16% and the rate of grade-4 events was 2%. No patients on best alternative care died because of an adverse event. Three patients treated with the drug-device died from adverse events.

The adverse reactions in a combined population of 121 patients in the phase-III and phase-II studies and in 28 patients in the BAC arm who crossed over to treatment with the device included toxic deaths in 7% (including cases of hepatic failure, streptococcal sepsis, and GI hemorrhage), cerebral infarction in 4%, MI in 2%, and grade-4 bone marrow suppression with a median time to recovery of more than 1 week in more than 70%. About half had to be rehospitalized for an adverse event.

For a cancer treatment, this safety profile "is unprecedented, in terms of the toxicity," Dr. Richard Pazdur, director of the FDA’s office of hematology and oncology products, remarked.

After the vote, panel member Dr. Louis Diehl, professor of medicine at Duke University, Durham, N.C., said that progression-free survival is valued in studies as an indicator of improved quality of life and it can be an early marker of increased survival. "Unfortunately, this treatment has an increase in morbidity and an increase in mortality and I can’t see from the survival curve that it will ever translate into an improvement in survival."

Delcath did not issue a response after the panel’s vote.

The FDA usually follows the recommendations of its advisory panels. Panelists have been cleared of potential conflicts of interest related to the topic of the meeting, although a panelist may occasionally be given a waiver. At this meeting, two panelists who had expertise in the topic were given waivers (one panelist is the principal investigator in a study of a competing device and the other works at a medical center where a study of a competing device is being conducted).

About 2,000 cases of ocular melanoma are diagnosed annually in the United States and about 50% metastasize, most often to the liver, according to Delcath. In Europe and Australia, the company markets the device for a broad range of liver metastases, not just those caused by ocular melanoma, according to the company.

[email protected]

SILVER SPRING, MD. – The risks outweigh any possible benefits of treatment with a drug-device combination that delivers melphalan directly to the livers of patients with liver metastases from ocular melanoma, a Food and Drug Administration advisory panel concluded in a 16-0 vote.

At a meeting of the FDA’s Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee, several panelists said that the treatment was promising but should remain investigational, given its marked toxicity and lack of effect on overall survival.

The Melblez Kit is a combination of melphalan and the Delcath Hepatic Delivery System, which includes two catheters and an extracorporeal hemofiltration component. The catheter is used to administer high doses of the chemotherapy drug directly to the liver via the hepatic artery, and the hemofiltration component lowers the drug level before the blood is returned to the systemic circulation, according to the manufacturer, Delcath Systems. Patients are hospitalized for about 4 days for the procedure, which takes about 3 hours and is performed at 4-week intervals under general anesthesia.

There are no FDA-approved treatments for patients with unresectable metastatic ocular melanoma to the liver, which is the indication under FDA review.

Treatment with the kit was associated with antitumor activity, but it also was associated with fatal and life-threatening adverse reactions. There was a trend towards a detrimental effect on survival, and the risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) proposed by the company to address those risks "will not improve the observed benefit-risk profile," Dr. Geoffrey Kim, a medical officer in the FDA’s office of hematology and oncology products, told the panel.

In an open-label, randomized multicenter phase-III study conducted between 2006 and 2010 in the United States, the device was used to treat 44 patients. Their outcomes were compared with those of 49 matched patients given the best alternative care (BAC). All patients had surgically unresectable hepatic-dominant metastatic ocular or cutaneous melanoma (89% had ocular melanoma, and almost half were treated at the National Cancer Institute). Subjects were treated until their hepatic disease progressed. The dose administered with the Melblez Kit was 3.0 mg/kg for a median of three treatment cycles and a median of 120 days; best alternative care included systemic chemotherapy in 49% of patients and intrahepatic chemotherapy in 22%.

The primary end point, median hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS) was 7 months among those on the device, compared with 1.6 months among those on BAC, a statistically significant difference that represented a 61% reduction in risk (hazard ratio, 0.39), according to the company. The median overall PFS was 4.8 months among those treated with the device, compared with 1.6 months among those on BAC, also a statistically significant difference.

Overall survival was comparable: 9.8 months in the device-treated group and 9.9 months in those on best alternative care. Further, almost 80% of patients in the Melblez Kit arm had a serious adverse event and almost 70% had a grade-4 adverse event. With best alternative care, the rate of serious adverse events was 16% and the rate of grade-4 events was 2%. No patients on best alternative care died because of an adverse event. Three patients treated with the drug-device died from adverse events.

The adverse reactions in a combined population of 121 patients in the phase-III and phase-II studies and in 28 patients in the BAC arm who crossed over to treatment with the device included toxic deaths in 7% (including cases of hepatic failure, streptococcal sepsis, and GI hemorrhage), cerebral infarction in 4%, MI in 2%, and grade-4 bone marrow suppression with a median time to recovery of more than 1 week in more than 70%. About half had to be rehospitalized for an adverse event.

For a cancer treatment, this safety profile "is unprecedented, in terms of the toxicity," Dr. Richard Pazdur, director of the FDA’s office of hematology and oncology products, remarked.

After the vote, panel member Dr. Louis Diehl, professor of medicine at Duke University, Durham, N.C., said that progression-free survival is valued in studies as an indicator of improved quality of life and it can be an early marker of increased survival. "Unfortunately, this treatment has an increase in morbidity and an increase in mortality and I can’t see from the survival curve that it will ever translate into an improvement in survival."

Delcath did not issue a response after the panel’s vote.

The FDA usually follows the recommendations of its advisory panels. Panelists have been cleared of potential conflicts of interest related to the topic of the meeting, although a panelist may occasionally be given a waiver. At this meeting, two panelists who had expertise in the topic were given waivers (one panelist is the principal investigator in a study of a competing device and the other works at a medical center where a study of a competing device is being conducted).

About 2,000 cases of ocular melanoma are diagnosed annually in the United States and about 50% metastasize, most often to the liver, according to Delcath. In Europe and Australia, the company markets the device for a broad range of liver metastases, not just those caused by ocular melanoma, according to the company.

[email protected]

SILVER SPRING, MD. – The risks outweigh any possible benefits of treatment with a drug-device combination that delivers melphalan directly to the livers of patients with liver metastases from ocular melanoma, a Food and Drug Administration advisory panel concluded in a 16-0 vote.

At a meeting of the FDA’s Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee, several panelists said that the treatment was promising but should remain investigational, given its marked toxicity and lack of effect on overall survival.

The Melblez Kit is a combination of melphalan and the Delcath Hepatic Delivery System, which includes two catheters and an extracorporeal hemofiltration component. The catheter is used to administer high doses of the chemotherapy drug directly to the liver via the hepatic artery, and the hemofiltration component lowers the drug level before the blood is returned to the systemic circulation, according to the manufacturer, Delcath Systems. Patients are hospitalized for about 4 days for the procedure, which takes about 3 hours and is performed at 4-week intervals under general anesthesia.

There are no FDA-approved treatments for patients with unresectable metastatic ocular melanoma to the liver, which is the indication under FDA review.

Treatment with the kit was associated with antitumor activity, but it also was associated with fatal and life-threatening adverse reactions. There was a trend towards a detrimental effect on survival, and the risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) proposed by the company to address those risks "will not improve the observed benefit-risk profile," Dr. Geoffrey Kim, a medical officer in the FDA’s office of hematology and oncology products, told the panel.

In an open-label, randomized multicenter phase-III study conducted between 2006 and 2010 in the United States, the device was used to treat 44 patients. Their outcomes were compared with those of 49 matched patients given the best alternative care (BAC). All patients had surgically unresectable hepatic-dominant metastatic ocular or cutaneous melanoma (89% had ocular melanoma, and almost half were treated at the National Cancer Institute). Subjects were treated until their hepatic disease progressed. The dose administered with the Melblez Kit was 3.0 mg/kg for a median of three treatment cycles and a median of 120 days; best alternative care included systemic chemotherapy in 49% of patients and intrahepatic chemotherapy in 22%.

The primary end point, median hepatic progression-free survival (hPFS) was 7 months among those on the device, compared with 1.6 months among those on BAC, a statistically significant difference that represented a 61% reduction in risk (hazard ratio, 0.39), according to the company. The median overall PFS was 4.8 months among those treated with the device, compared with 1.6 months among those on BAC, also a statistically significant difference.

Overall survival was comparable: 9.8 months in the device-treated group and 9.9 months in those on best alternative care. Further, almost 80% of patients in the Melblez Kit arm had a serious adverse event and almost 70% had a grade-4 adverse event. With best alternative care, the rate of serious adverse events was 16% and the rate of grade-4 events was 2%. No patients on best alternative care died because of an adverse event. Three patients treated with the drug-device died from adverse events.

The adverse reactions in a combined population of 121 patients in the phase-III and phase-II studies and in 28 patients in the BAC arm who crossed over to treatment with the device included toxic deaths in 7% (including cases of hepatic failure, streptococcal sepsis, and GI hemorrhage), cerebral infarction in 4%, MI in 2%, and grade-4 bone marrow suppression with a median time to recovery of more than 1 week in more than 70%. About half had to be rehospitalized for an adverse event.

For a cancer treatment, this safety profile "is unprecedented, in terms of the toxicity," Dr. Richard Pazdur, director of the FDA’s office of hematology and oncology products, remarked.

After the vote, panel member Dr. Louis Diehl, professor of medicine at Duke University, Durham, N.C., said that progression-free survival is valued in studies as an indicator of improved quality of life and it can be an early marker of increased survival. "Unfortunately, this treatment has an increase in morbidity and an increase in mortality and I can’t see from the survival curve that it will ever translate into an improvement in survival."

Delcath did not issue a response after the panel’s vote.

The FDA usually follows the recommendations of its advisory panels. Panelists have been cleared of potential conflicts of interest related to the topic of the meeting, although a panelist may occasionally be given a waiver. At this meeting, two panelists who had expertise in the topic were given waivers (one panelist is the principal investigator in a study of a competing device and the other works at a medical center where a study of a competing device is being conducted).

About 2,000 cases of ocular melanoma are diagnosed annually in the United States and about 50% metastasize, most often to the liver, according to Delcath. In Europe and Australia, the company markets the device for a broad range of liver metastases, not just those caused by ocular melanoma, according to the company.

[email protected]

Indoor tanning beds should carry warnings against their use in people under age 18 years and should advise users to be screened regularly for skin cancer, according to a proposal announced by the Food and Drug Administration on May 6.

The agency seeks to reclassify the ultraviolet lamps used in tanning beds, upgrading them to class II (moderate risk) from class I (low risk) and to rename them "sunlamps." As class I devices, these lamps are currently deemed to be at the same risk level as adhesive bandages and tongue depressors.

Under the proposal, manufacturers would be required to display "a prominent visible label on the tanning bed itself," warning against use in people under age 18 years, Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Md., said during a briefing held to announce the proposal. Manufacturers also would have to add labels contraindicating the use of sunlamps in people with certain skin lesions.

©Vidmantas Goldbergas/iStockphoto.com

Information advising regular skin cancer screenings would be added to materials such as brochures, catalogues, and consumer websites, he added.

"We believe that our proposal will allow for safer, more reliable sunlamps and better arm consumers with the critical information they need," Dr. Shuren said.

In 2010, an FDA advisory panel unanimously recommended that these devices be switched to at least class II.

The proposed reclassification does not prohibit the use of sunlamp products in minors.

Manufacturers are currently not required to submit applications to market these devices, but if they are reclassified as class II devices, a "premarket notification" application will be required and "manufacturers would have to show that their products have met certain performance testing requirements, address certain product design characteristics and provide comprehensive labeling that presents consumers with clear information on the risks of use," according to the FDA statement announcing the proposal.

Clinical trials would not be required, but manufacturers would be required test the performance of timers and alarms and ensure that sunlamps provide the correct amount of energy to prevent burns. Reports of burns associated with these products indicate that this testing is not being done properly now, Dr. Shuren said.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the risk of melanoma increases by 75% among people exposed to ultraviolet radiation from indoor tanning products, and the risk increases with increased use.

During the briefing, Dr. Mary Maloney, chair of the academy’s regulatory policy committee, said that an estimated 2.3 million teens use indoor tanning facilities every year, and that melanoma is the most common form of cancer in adults aged 25-29 years and the second most common form of invasive cancer among people aged 15-29 years. In a 2011 youth risk behavior survey, 13% of all high school students said that they had used indoor tanning, and by 12th grade, 32% of girls had reported using a tanning bed, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dr. Maloney also referred to evidence that young people are given misinformation about the risks of indoor tanning, citing a study by Washington University in St. Louis, which found that 43% of indoor tanning facilities in Missouri denied there were any risks associated with indoor tanning and that two-thirds allowed minors aged 10-12 years to use tanning devices, sometimes without parental consent.

The FDA will accept comments on the proposed order at www.regulations.gov for 90 days from publication in the Federal Register.

[email protected]

Indoor tanning beds should carry warnings against their use in people under age 18 years and should advise users to be screened regularly for skin cancer, according to a proposal announced by the Food and Drug Administration on May 6.

The agency seeks to reclassify the ultraviolet lamps used in tanning beds, upgrading them to class II (moderate risk) from class I (low risk) and to rename them "sunlamps." As class I devices, these lamps are currently deemed to be at the same risk level as adhesive bandages and tongue depressors.

Under the proposal, manufacturers would be required to display "a prominent visible label on the tanning bed itself," warning against use in people under age 18 years, Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Md., said during a briefing held to announce the proposal. Manufacturers also would have to add labels contraindicating the use of sunlamps in people with certain skin lesions.

©Vidmantas Goldbergas/iStockphoto.com

Information advising regular skin cancer screenings would be added to materials such as brochures, catalogues, and consumer websites, he added.

"We believe that our proposal will allow for safer, more reliable sunlamps and better arm consumers with the critical information they need," Dr. Shuren said.

In 2010, an FDA advisory panel unanimously recommended that these devices be switched to at least class II.

The proposed reclassification does not prohibit the use of sunlamp products in minors.

Manufacturers are currently not required to submit applications to market these devices, but if they are reclassified as class II devices, a "premarket notification" application will be required and "manufacturers would have to show that their products have met certain performance testing requirements, address certain product design characteristics and provide comprehensive labeling that presents consumers with clear information on the risks of use," according to the FDA statement announcing the proposal.

Clinical trials would not be required, but manufacturers would be required test the performance of timers and alarms and ensure that sunlamps provide the correct amount of energy to prevent burns. Reports of burns associated with these products indicate that this testing is not being done properly now, Dr. Shuren said.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the risk of melanoma increases by 75% among people exposed to ultraviolet radiation from indoor tanning products, and the risk increases with increased use.

During the briefing, Dr. Mary Maloney, chair of the academy’s regulatory policy committee, said that an estimated 2.3 million teens use indoor tanning facilities every year, and that melanoma is the most common form of cancer in adults aged 25-29 years and the second most common form of invasive cancer among people aged 15-29 years. In a 2011 youth risk behavior survey, 13% of all high school students said that they had used indoor tanning, and by 12th grade, 32% of girls had reported using a tanning bed, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dr. Maloney also referred to evidence that young people are given misinformation about the risks of indoor tanning, citing a study by Washington University in St. Louis, which found that 43% of indoor tanning facilities in Missouri denied there were any risks associated with indoor tanning and that two-thirds allowed minors aged 10-12 years to use tanning devices, sometimes without parental consent.

The FDA will accept comments on the proposed order at www.regulations.gov for 90 days from publication in the Federal Register.

[email protected]

Indoor tanning beds should carry warnings against their use in people under age 18 years and should advise users to be screened regularly for skin cancer, according to a proposal announced by the Food and Drug Administration on May 6.

The agency seeks to reclassify the ultraviolet lamps used in tanning beds, upgrading them to class II (moderate risk) from class I (low risk) and to rename them "sunlamps." As class I devices, these lamps are currently deemed to be at the same risk level as adhesive bandages and tongue depressors.

Under the proposal, manufacturers would be required to display "a prominent visible label on the tanning bed itself," warning against use in people under age 18 years, Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Md., said during a briefing held to announce the proposal. Manufacturers also would have to add labels contraindicating the use of sunlamps in people with certain skin lesions.

©Vidmantas Goldbergas/iStockphoto.com

Information advising regular skin cancer screenings would be added to materials such as brochures, catalogues, and consumer websites, he added.

"We believe that our proposal will allow for safer, more reliable sunlamps and better arm consumers with the critical information they need," Dr. Shuren said.

In 2010, an FDA advisory panel unanimously recommended that these devices be switched to at least class II.

The proposed reclassification does not prohibit the use of sunlamp products in minors.

Manufacturers are currently not required to submit applications to market these devices, but if they are reclassified as class II devices, a "premarket notification" application will be required and "manufacturers would have to show that their products have met certain performance testing requirements, address certain product design characteristics and provide comprehensive labeling that presents consumers with clear information on the risks of use," according to the FDA statement announcing the proposal.

Clinical trials would not be required, but manufacturers would be required test the performance of timers and alarms and ensure that sunlamps provide the correct amount of energy to prevent burns. Reports of burns associated with these products indicate that this testing is not being done properly now, Dr. Shuren said.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the risk of melanoma increases by 75% among people exposed to ultraviolet radiation from indoor tanning products, and the risk increases with increased use.

During the briefing, Dr. Mary Maloney, chair of the academy’s regulatory policy committee, said that an estimated 2.3 million teens use indoor tanning facilities every year, and that melanoma is the most common form of cancer in adults aged 25-29 years and the second most common form of invasive cancer among people aged 15-29 years. In a 2011 youth risk behavior survey, 13% of all high school students said that they had used indoor tanning, and by 12th grade, 32% of girls had reported using a tanning bed, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Dr. Maloney also referred to evidence that young people are given misinformation about the risks of indoor tanning, citing a study by Washington University in St. Louis, which found that 43% of indoor tanning facilities in Missouri denied there were any risks associated with indoor tanning and that two-thirds allowed minors aged 10-12 years to use tanning devices, sometimes without parental consent.

The FDA will accept comments on the proposed order at www.regulations.gov for 90 days from publication in the Federal Register.

[email protected]

WAILEA, HAWAII – "The past 2 years have been a really exciting time for those of us who have spent the last several decades" in the field of melanoma, said Dr. Allan C. Halpern, chief of the dermatology service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.

"We are in a whole new place with a very promising future for turning stage IV melanoma into maybe a chronic disease for many patients, instead of a death sentence. For some patients, we’re already seeing what may be cures," he said at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by the Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Bruce Jancin/IMNG Medical Media

The greatest enthusiasm in the field now involves combining a pathway-targeted agent, such as vemurafenib, with an immunologic checkpoint blocker, such as ipilimumab. The vemurafenib knocks down 60%-70% of metastatic melanomas temporarily and the ipilimumab promotes durable responses.

But there’s a formidable economic obstacle to this approach: The strongest drug combinations often put big pharmaceutical companies in the uncomfortable position of having to cooperate with their competitors in expensive research projects. "A lot of the drug companies, to their credit, are finding ways to make it work," Dr. Halpern said.

Dr. Halpern detailed the therapeutic history that has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Prior to 2011 there were only two Food and Drug Administration–approved therapies for metastatic melanoma, dacarbazine and high-dose interleukin II. Both were unimpressive. The therapeutic dry spell has ended, he said. "There are for the first time in melanoma, instead of no hopeful drugs, a slew of hopeful drugs."

Targeted therapeutic approaches, the result of laboratory insights into the molecular pathways to melanoma and the key genetic mutations involved, led to the development of vemurafenib, a selective, first-in-class BRAF inhibitor approved in 2011.

"Vemurafenib is an astounding drug. When you give it to a BRAF-mutated cell, it essentially turns off the cell’s metabolic activity." When given to patients whose tumors test positive for the BRAF mutation, "it’s dramatically effective in 60%-70%." But the response does not persist. "After about 6-18 months, the tumor develops resistance to the drug. It’s like somebody hit a switch to turn the tumor back on. The tumor comes roaring back, in the same places for the most part," Dr. Halpern said.

As a result of this limited success, ongoing clinical trials are aimed at determining whether dual pathway blockade using combination therapy will provide more durable responses. Trials are underway with the oral BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib plus the oral MEK 1/2 pathway inhibitor trametinib. Other dual pathway combinations are also under study in melanoma.

The prospects are even more promising, according to Dr. Halpern, for immunologic checkpoint blockade, which is based upon the concept that some cancers progress because the immune system turns off prematurely and stops battling the malignancy. Ipilimumab is one such agent. An anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilimumab enhances T-cell activation and proliferation and has earned FDA approval as single-agent therapy in advanced melanoma.

Tumors often don’t begin to shrink until after 3-4 months, but the response is impressively durable in the roughly 30% of patients who respond to immunologic checkpoint blockade.

"These people look like they might be cured," said Dr. Halpern.

Another important immunologic checkpoint molecule is PD-1. The anti-PD-1 agent known as MDX-1106 appears to be nearly as effective as ipilimumab, but with less toxicity. The early impression from ongoing clinical trials is that dual immunologic checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4 therapy along with an anti-PD-1 drug provides synergistic anti-tumor activity.

Dr. Halpern reported serving as a consultant to Canfield Scientific, DermTech, SciBase, Quintiles, and Lucid.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAILEA, HAWAII – "The past 2 years have been a really exciting time for those of us who have spent the last several decades" in the field of melanoma, said Dr. Allan C. Halpern, chief of the dermatology service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.

"We are in a whole new place with a very promising future for turning stage IV melanoma into maybe a chronic disease for many patients, instead of a death sentence. For some patients, we’re already seeing what may be cures," he said at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by the Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Bruce Jancin/IMNG Medical Media

The greatest enthusiasm in the field now involves combining a pathway-targeted agent, such as vemurafenib, with an immunologic checkpoint blocker, such as ipilimumab. The vemurafenib knocks down 60%-70% of metastatic melanomas temporarily and the ipilimumab promotes durable responses.

But there’s a formidable economic obstacle to this approach: The strongest drug combinations often put big pharmaceutical companies in the uncomfortable position of having to cooperate with their competitors in expensive research projects. "A lot of the drug companies, to their credit, are finding ways to make it work," Dr. Halpern said.

Dr. Halpern detailed the therapeutic history that has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Prior to 2011 there were only two Food and Drug Administration–approved therapies for metastatic melanoma, dacarbazine and high-dose interleukin II. Both were unimpressive. The therapeutic dry spell has ended, he said. "There are for the first time in melanoma, instead of no hopeful drugs, a slew of hopeful drugs."

Targeted therapeutic approaches, the result of laboratory insights into the molecular pathways to melanoma and the key genetic mutations involved, led to the development of vemurafenib, a selective, first-in-class BRAF inhibitor approved in 2011.

"Vemurafenib is an astounding drug. When you give it to a BRAF-mutated cell, it essentially turns off the cell’s metabolic activity." When given to patients whose tumors test positive for the BRAF mutation, "it’s dramatically effective in 60%-70%." But the response does not persist. "After about 6-18 months, the tumor develops resistance to the drug. It’s like somebody hit a switch to turn the tumor back on. The tumor comes roaring back, in the same places for the most part," Dr. Halpern said.

As a result of this limited success, ongoing clinical trials are aimed at determining whether dual pathway blockade using combination therapy will provide more durable responses. Trials are underway with the oral BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib plus the oral MEK 1/2 pathway inhibitor trametinib. Other dual pathway combinations are also under study in melanoma.

The prospects are even more promising, according to Dr. Halpern, for immunologic checkpoint blockade, which is based upon the concept that some cancers progress because the immune system turns off prematurely and stops battling the malignancy. Ipilimumab is one such agent. An anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilimumab enhances T-cell activation and proliferation and has earned FDA approval as single-agent therapy in advanced melanoma.

Tumors often don’t begin to shrink until after 3-4 months, but the response is impressively durable in the roughly 30% of patients who respond to immunologic checkpoint blockade.

"These people look like they might be cured," said Dr. Halpern.

Another important immunologic checkpoint molecule is PD-1. The anti-PD-1 agent known as MDX-1106 appears to be nearly as effective as ipilimumab, but with less toxicity. The early impression from ongoing clinical trials is that dual immunologic checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4 therapy along with an anti-PD-1 drug provides synergistic anti-tumor activity.

Dr. Halpern reported serving as a consultant to Canfield Scientific, DermTech, SciBase, Quintiles, and Lucid.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAILEA, HAWAII – "The past 2 years have been a really exciting time for those of us who have spent the last several decades" in the field of melanoma, said Dr. Allan C. Halpern, chief of the dermatology service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.

"We are in a whole new place with a very promising future for turning stage IV melanoma into maybe a chronic disease for many patients, instead of a death sentence. For some patients, we’re already seeing what may be cures," he said at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by the Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Bruce Jancin/IMNG Medical Media

The greatest enthusiasm in the field now involves combining a pathway-targeted agent, such as vemurafenib, with an immunologic checkpoint blocker, such as ipilimumab. The vemurafenib knocks down 60%-70% of metastatic melanomas temporarily and the ipilimumab promotes durable responses.

But there’s a formidable economic obstacle to this approach: The strongest drug combinations often put big pharmaceutical companies in the uncomfortable position of having to cooperate with their competitors in expensive research projects. "A lot of the drug companies, to their credit, are finding ways to make it work," Dr. Halpern said.

Dr. Halpern detailed the therapeutic history that has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Prior to 2011 there were only two Food and Drug Administration–approved therapies for metastatic melanoma, dacarbazine and high-dose interleukin II. Both were unimpressive. The therapeutic dry spell has ended, he said. "There are for the first time in melanoma, instead of no hopeful drugs, a slew of hopeful drugs."

Targeted therapeutic approaches, the result of laboratory insights into the molecular pathways to melanoma and the key genetic mutations involved, led to the development of vemurafenib, a selective, first-in-class BRAF inhibitor approved in 2011.

"Vemurafenib is an astounding drug. When you give it to a BRAF-mutated cell, it essentially turns off the cell’s metabolic activity." When given to patients whose tumors test positive for the BRAF mutation, "it’s dramatically effective in 60%-70%." But the response does not persist. "After about 6-18 months, the tumor develops resistance to the drug. It’s like somebody hit a switch to turn the tumor back on. The tumor comes roaring back, in the same places for the most part," Dr. Halpern said.

As a result of this limited success, ongoing clinical trials are aimed at determining whether dual pathway blockade using combination therapy will provide more durable responses. Trials are underway with the oral BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib plus the oral MEK 1/2 pathway inhibitor trametinib. Other dual pathway combinations are also under study in melanoma.

The prospects are even more promising, according to Dr. Halpern, for immunologic checkpoint blockade, which is based upon the concept that some cancers progress because the immune system turns off prematurely and stops battling the malignancy. Ipilimumab is one such agent. An anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilimumab enhances T-cell activation and proliferation and has earned FDA approval as single-agent therapy in advanced melanoma.

Tumors often don’t begin to shrink until after 3-4 months, but the response is impressively durable in the roughly 30% of patients who respond to immunologic checkpoint blockade.

"These people look like they might be cured," said Dr. Halpern.

Another important immunologic checkpoint molecule is PD-1. The anti-PD-1 agent known as MDX-1106 appears to be nearly as effective as ipilimumab, but with less toxicity. The early impression from ongoing clinical trials is that dual immunologic checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4 therapy along with an anti-PD-1 drug provides synergistic anti-tumor activity.

Dr. Halpern reported serving as a consultant to Canfield Scientific, DermTech, SciBase, Quintiles, and Lucid.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

MAUI, HAWAII – Dermatologists in the know view dermoscopy as a powerful tool to increase diagnostic accuracy in evaluating pigmented lesions; less well appreciated is dermoscopy’s value in building patient trust in the physician, according to Dr. Steven Q. Wang.

"With the dermoscope, people feel like you’re providing a much more detailed exam," observed Dr. Wang, director of dermatologic surgery and dermatology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center’s Basking Ridge, N.J., campus.

Bruce Jancin/IMNG Medical Media

"We are a tertiary referral center. We have lots of patients come in who are high risk, with a personal or family history of melanoma and numerous nevi. I always ask why they have transferred their care. The common answer I hear is they feel their dermatologist was not giving them a detailed examination," he said at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by the Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Dr. Wang said he makes a point of giving every patient a full-body clinical examination, including looking between the toes. And he views every single lesion with his dermoscope, up close and personal, scope to skin.

"The dermoscope makes it easier to spot the outlier lesions, the ugly ducklings. And we’re all so busy in the office, running from room to room – dermoscopy helps me slow down my mind and really look," he explained.

It doesn’t take all that long, either. In a classic multicenter study, 1,328 patients with one or more melanocytic or nonmelanocytic skin lesions were randomized to receive a complete skin examination with or without dermoscopy. The median time for a complete skin examination alone was 70 seconds; with dermoscopy it rose to 142 seconds (Arch. Dermatol. 2008;144:509-13).

"You double the time required, but it’s still only a little over 2 minutes. Yet you’ve changed the patient’s perception," Dr. Wang said.

A digital dermoscope is basically a handheld microscope that permits detailed visualization of structures in the deep epidermis and superficial dermis not visible to the naked eye. There’s a learning curve involved. Dermatologists who pick up a dermoscope and try to use it without formal training have worse diagnostic accuracy than with clinical examination, while experienced dermoscopists have significantly greater diagnostic accuracy than can be achieved with clinical exam alone (Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:159-65).

Dr. Wang said that because patients have more trust in their dermatologist when they feel they are receiving a thorough skin examination including dermoscopy, they are more likely to be adherent to scheduled follow-up evaluations. And that, in turn, spells improved long-term outcomes in patients at elevated risk for melanoma.

This point was already brought home forcefully for him nearly a decade ago, he said, when he and his coinvestigators reported their experience with long-term follow-up of 258 patients at high risk for melanoma. The monitoring strategy consisted of annual total body photography, total skin examination, and dermoscopy. The cumulative 10-year incidence of melanoma was 14% in the 160 patients with classic atypical mole syndrome and 10% in the other 98 high-risk patients. Impressively, all of the melanomas were either in situ or less than 1 mm thick. There were no metastases and no melanoma-related deaths (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2004;50:15-20).

Although dermoscopy is used primarily in examining pigmented skin lesions, it has other applications. For example, in performing Mohs surgery for basal cell carcinomas, Dr. Wang has found dermoscopy to be of assistance in a couple of ways: In patients with ill-defined tumor borders on clinical examination, dermoscopy can define the tumor borders presurgically, thereby reducing the number of Mohs surgical stages required; and when a patient returns for Mohs surgery 6 weeks after skin biopsy and the biopsy site has healed so completely it can’t be found with the naked eye, the dermoscope can identify the site by visualizing subtle scars and telangiectasias.

In general dermatology, Dr. Wang said he turns to dermoscopy as an aid in diagnosing connective tissue diseases, including dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and lupus. He applies ultrasound gel to the proximal nail fold and examines the site using the dermoscope. A finding of dilated blood vessels stands out as a helpful diagnostic clue.

In addition, Dr. Wang said he has utilized the dermoscope in diagnosing scabies by spotting the mites and their trails, in detecting the telltale Wickham striae of lichen planus, and in diagnosing other dermatologic disorders.

Dr. Wang reported having no relevant financial conflicts.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

MAUI, HAWAII – Dermatologists in the know view dermoscopy as a powerful tool to increase diagnostic accuracy in evaluating pigmented lesions; less well appreciated is dermoscopy’s value in building patient trust in the physician, according to Dr. Steven Q. Wang.

"With the dermoscope, people feel like you’re providing a much more detailed exam," observed Dr. Wang, director of dermatologic surgery and dermatology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center’s Basking Ridge, N.J., campus.

Bruce Jancin/IMNG Medical Media

"We are a tertiary referral center. We have lots of patients come in who are high risk, with a personal or family history of melanoma and numerous nevi. I always ask why they have transferred their care. The common answer I hear is they feel their dermatologist was not giving them a detailed examination," he said at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by the Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Dr. Wang said he makes a point of giving every patient a full-body clinical examination, including looking between the toes. And he views every single lesion with his dermoscope, up close and personal, scope to skin.

"The dermoscope makes it easier to spot the outlier lesions, the ugly ducklings. And we’re all so busy in the office, running from room to room – dermoscopy helps me slow down my mind and really look," he explained.

It doesn’t take all that long, either. In a classic multicenter study, 1,328 patients with one or more melanocytic or nonmelanocytic skin lesions were randomized to receive a complete skin examination with or without dermoscopy. The median time for a complete skin examination alone was 70 seconds; with dermoscopy it rose to 142 seconds (Arch. Dermatol. 2008;144:509-13).

"You double the time required, but it’s still only a little over 2 minutes. Yet you’ve changed the patient’s perception," Dr. Wang said.

A digital dermoscope is basically a handheld microscope that permits detailed visualization of structures in the deep epidermis and superficial dermis not visible to the naked eye. There’s a learning curve involved. Dermatologists who pick up a dermoscope and try to use it without formal training have worse diagnostic accuracy than with clinical examination, while experienced dermoscopists have significantly greater diagnostic accuracy than can be achieved with clinical exam alone (Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:159-65).

Dr. Wang said that because patients have more trust in their dermatologist when they feel they are receiving a thorough skin examination including dermoscopy, they are more likely to be adherent to scheduled follow-up evaluations. And that, in turn, spells improved long-term outcomes in patients at elevated risk for melanoma.

This point was already brought home forcefully for him nearly a decade ago, he said, when he and his coinvestigators reported their experience with long-term follow-up of 258 patients at high risk for melanoma. The monitoring strategy consisted of annual total body photography, total skin examination, and dermoscopy. The cumulative 10-year incidence of melanoma was 14% in the 160 patients with classic atypical mole syndrome and 10% in the other 98 high-risk patients. Impressively, all of the melanomas were either in situ or less than 1 mm thick. There were no metastases and no melanoma-related deaths (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2004;50:15-20).

Although dermoscopy is used primarily in examining pigmented skin lesions, it has other applications. For example, in performing Mohs surgery for basal cell carcinomas, Dr. Wang has found dermoscopy to be of assistance in a couple of ways: In patients with ill-defined tumor borders on clinical examination, dermoscopy can define the tumor borders presurgically, thereby reducing the number of Mohs surgical stages required; and when a patient returns for Mohs surgery 6 weeks after skin biopsy and the biopsy site has healed so completely it can’t be found with the naked eye, the dermoscope can identify the site by visualizing subtle scars and telangiectasias.

In general dermatology, Dr. Wang said he turns to dermoscopy as an aid in diagnosing connective tissue diseases, including dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and lupus. He applies ultrasound gel to the proximal nail fold and examines the site using the dermoscope. A finding of dilated blood vessels stands out as a helpful diagnostic clue.

In addition, Dr. Wang said he has utilized the dermoscope in diagnosing scabies by spotting the mites and their trails, in detecting the telltale Wickham striae of lichen planus, and in diagnosing other dermatologic disorders.

Dr. Wang reported having no relevant financial conflicts.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

MAUI, HAWAII – Dermatologists in the know view dermoscopy as a powerful tool to increase diagnostic accuracy in evaluating pigmented lesions; less well appreciated is dermoscopy’s value in building patient trust in the physician, according to Dr. Steven Q. Wang.

"With the dermoscope, people feel like you’re providing a much more detailed exam," observed Dr. Wang, director of dermatologic surgery and dermatology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center’s Basking Ridge, N.J., campus.

Bruce Jancin/IMNG Medical Media

"We are a tertiary referral center. We have lots of patients come in who are high risk, with a personal or family history of melanoma and numerous nevi. I always ask why they have transferred their care. The common answer I hear is they feel their dermatologist was not giving them a detailed examination," he said at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by the Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Dr. Wang said he makes a point of giving every patient a full-body clinical examination, including looking between the toes. And he views every single lesion with his dermoscope, up close and personal, scope to skin.

"The dermoscope makes it easier to spot the outlier lesions, the ugly ducklings. And we’re all so busy in the office, running from room to room – dermoscopy helps me slow down my mind and really look," he explained.

It doesn’t take all that long, either. In a classic multicenter study, 1,328 patients with one or more melanocytic or nonmelanocytic skin lesions were randomized to receive a complete skin examination with or without dermoscopy. The median time for a complete skin examination alone was 70 seconds; with dermoscopy it rose to 142 seconds (Arch. Dermatol. 2008;144:509-13).

"You double the time required, but it’s still only a little over 2 minutes. Yet you’ve changed the patient’s perception," Dr. Wang said.

A digital dermoscope is basically a handheld microscope that permits detailed visualization of structures in the deep epidermis and superficial dermis not visible to the naked eye. There’s a learning curve involved. Dermatologists who pick up a dermoscope and try to use it without formal training have worse diagnostic accuracy than with clinical examination, while experienced dermoscopists have significantly greater diagnostic accuracy than can be achieved with clinical exam alone (Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:159-65).

Dr. Wang said that because patients have more trust in their dermatologist when they feel they are receiving a thorough skin examination including dermoscopy, they are more likely to be adherent to scheduled follow-up evaluations. And that, in turn, spells improved long-term outcomes in patients at elevated risk for melanoma.

This point was already brought home forcefully for him nearly a decade ago, he said, when he and his coinvestigators reported their experience with long-term follow-up of 258 patients at high risk for melanoma. The monitoring strategy consisted of annual total body photography, total skin examination, and dermoscopy. The cumulative 10-year incidence of melanoma was 14% in the 160 patients with classic atypical mole syndrome and 10% in the other 98 high-risk patients. Impressively, all of the melanomas were either in situ or less than 1 mm thick. There were no metastases and no melanoma-related deaths (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2004;50:15-20).

Although dermoscopy is used primarily in examining pigmented skin lesions, it has other applications. For example, in performing Mohs surgery for basal cell carcinomas, Dr. Wang has found dermoscopy to be of assistance in a couple of ways: In patients with ill-defined tumor borders on clinical examination, dermoscopy can define the tumor borders presurgically, thereby reducing the number of Mohs surgical stages required; and when a patient returns for Mohs surgery 6 weeks after skin biopsy and the biopsy site has healed so completely it can’t be found with the naked eye, the dermoscope can identify the site by visualizing subtle scars and telangiectasias.

In general dermatology, Dr. Wang said he turns to dermoscopy as an aid in diagnosing connective tissue diseases, including dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and lupus. He applies ultrasound gel to the proximal nail fold and examines the site using the dermoscope. A finding of dilated blood vessels stands out as a helpful diagnostic clue.

In addition, Dr. Wang said he has utilized the dermoscope in diagnosing scabies by spotting the mites and their trails, in detecting the telltale Wickham striae of lichen planus, and in diagnosing other dermatologic disorders.

Dr. Wang reported having no relevant financial conflicts.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

Since the 1970s, the incidence of melanoma has been rising about 2% per year in adolescents, the same as it has in adults, according to an epidemiologic study published online April 16 in Pediatrics.

The reasons for this increase are not yet clear. Individual-level studies rather than population-level studies are needed to find the explanation for this trend, said Jeannette R. Wong of the division of cancer epidemiology and genetics at the National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Md., and her associates.

Copyright the National Cancer Institute

Recent studies have documented the increase in adult melanoma cases and "illuminated likely contributing factors," but none have assessed childhood and adolescent melanoma, the researchers noted. They analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for nine U.S. geographic regions from 1973 through 2009. They identified all first melanomas diagnosed among patients aged 19 years and younger.

A total of 1,317 cases of melanoma were identified during the study period. Because few of the malignancies developed in nonwhite patients or in patients of unknown race/ethnicity, only the 1,230 cases that developed in white patients were included in the analysis.

The overall incidence of melanoma rose by an average of 2% per year for both boys and girls (Pediatrics 2013 April 16 [doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-2520]).

Melanoma was nearly twice as common in girls compared to boys overall (61% vs. 39%) with similar percentages within each age group (0-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years).

The incidence increased with age. The majority of melanomas – 77% – were diagnosed in adolescents aged 15-19 years. Only 8% of melanomas were diagnosed in children aged 9 years and younger, and 15% were diagnosed in those aged 10-14 years.

The incidence of localized melanoma was much higher (77%) than that of regional (13%), distant (2%), or unstaged disease (8%).

The most frequent melanoma sites in girls were the lower limbs and hips, on which melanomas increased by a significant annual percentage change of 3% over the study period. Among boys, melanomas were most common on the skin of the face and trunk, with annual percentage increase of 5% over the study period.

UVB exposure did not appear to be the primary factor contributing to the increase in melanoma, the researchers noted. In fact, melanoma rates were slightly higher in geographic areas that had low UVB exposure (such as Connecticut and Washington state) than in areas with high UVB exposure (such as Hawaii and California). "However, all significantly increasing trends for melanoma over our study period occurred in sun-exposed areas of the body," they said.

This finding suggests that tanning facilities may instead be a major source of the increase in incidence, because there are many more such facilities in low-UV regions, the researchers said.

Increased use of tanning facilities also may explain why the rate of melanoma is higher in girls than in boys, since girls are much more likely than boys to use such facilities, they added.

It is also possible that heightened awareness of melanoma in recent years has improved detection rates in the pediatric population, the researchers said.

These data are consistent with those of previous studies that have reported increasing rates of melanoma in the pediatric populations of Australia, Sweden, and England.

Although this study included more than 30 years of data on melanoma incidence, it was limited in that it did not include individual-level data on outdoor UV exposure, use of tanning facilities, or familial factors related to melanoma risk, the researchers said.

Since the 1970s, the incidence of melanoma has been rising about 2% per year in adolescents, the same as it has in adults, according to an epidemiologic study published online April 16 in Pediatrics.

The reasons for this increase are not yet clear. Individual-level studies rather than population-level studies are needed to find the explanation for this trend, said Jeannette R. Wong of the division of cancer epidemiology and genetics at the National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Md., and her associates.

Copyright the National Cancer Institute

Recent studies have documented the increase in adult melanoma cases and "illuminated likely contributing factors," but none have assessed childhood and adolescent melanoma, the researchers noted. They analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for nine U.S. geographic regions from 1973 through 2009. They identified all first melanomas diagnosed among patients aged 19 years and younger.

A total of 1,317 cases of melanoma were identified during the study period. Because few of the malignancies developed in nonwhite patients or in patients of unknown race/ethnicity, only the 1,230 cases that developed in white patients were included in the analysis.

The overall incidence of melanoma rose by an average of 2% per year for both boys and girls (Pediatrics 2013 April 16 [doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-2520]).

Melanoma was nearly twice as common in girls compared to boys overall (61% vs. 39%) with similar percentages within each age group (0-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years).

The incidence increased with age. The majority of melanomas – 77% – were diagnosed in adolescents aged 15-19 years. Only 8% of melanomas were diagnosed in children aged 9 years and younger, and 15% were diagnosed in those aged 10-14 years.

The incidence of localized melanoma was much higher (77%) than that of regional (13%), distant (2%), or unstaged disease (8%).

The most frequent melanoma sites in girls were the lower limbs and hips, on which melanomas increased by a significant annual percentage change of 3% over the study period. Among boys, melanomas were most common on the skin of the face and trunk, with annual percentage increase of 5% over the study period.

UVB exposure did not appear to be the primary factor contributing to the increase in melanoma, the researchers noted. In fact, melanoma rates were slightly higher in geographic areas that had low UVB exposure (such as Connecticut and Washington state) than in areas with high UVB exposure (such as Hawaii and California). "However, all significantly increasing trends for melanoma over our study period occurred in sun-exposed areas of the body," they said.

This finding suggests that tanning facilities may instead be a major source of the increase in incidence, because there are many more such facilities in low-UV regions, the researchers said.

Increased use of tanning facilities also may explain why the rate of melanoma is higher in girls than in boys, since girls are much more likely than boys to use such facilities, they added.

It is also possible that heightened awareness of melanoma in recent years has improved detection rates in the pediatric population, the researchers said.

These data are consistent with those of previous studies that have reported increasing rates of melanoma in the pediatric populations of Australia, Sweden, and England.

Although this study included more than 30 years of data on melanoma incidence, it was limited in that it did not include individual-level data on outdoor UV exposure, use of tanning facilities, or familial factors related to melanoma risk, the researchers said.

Since the 1970s, the incidence of melanoma has been rising about 2% per year in adolescents, the same as it has in adults, according to an epidemiologic study published online April 16 in Pediatrics.

The reasons for this increase are not yet clear. Individual-level studies rather than population-level studies are needed to find the explanation for this trend, said Jeannette R. Wong of the division of cancer epidemiology and genetics at the National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Md., and her associates.

Copyright the National Cancer Institute

Recent studies have documented the increase in adult melanoma cases and "illuminated likely contributing factors," but none have assessed childhood and adolescent melanoma, the researchers noted. They analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for nine U.S. geographic regions from 1973 through 2009. They identified all first melanomas diagnosed among patients aged 19 years and younger.

A total of 1,317 cases of melanoma were identified during the study period. Because few of the malignancies developed in nonwhite patients or in patients of unknown race/ethnicity, only the 1,230 cases that developed in white patients were included in the analysis.

The overall incidence of melanoma rose by an average of 2% per year for both boys and girls (Pediatrics 2013 April 16 [doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-2520]).

Melanoma was nearly twice as common in girls compared to boys overall (61% vs. 39%) with similar percentages within each age group (0-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years).

The incidence increased with age. The majority of melanomas – 77% – were diagnosed in adolescents aged 15-19 years. Only 8% of melanomas were diagnosed in children aged 9 years and younger, and 15% were diagnosed in those aged 10-14 years.

The incidence of localized melanoma was much higher (77%) than that of regional (13%), distant (2%), or unstaged disease (8%).

The most frequent melanoma sites in girls were the lower limbs and hips, on which melanomas increased by a significant annual percentage change of 3% over the study period. Among boys, melanomas were most common on the skin of the face and trunk, with annual percentage increase of 5% over the study period.

UVB exposure did not appear to be the primary factor contributing to the increase in melanoma, the researchers noted. In fact, melanoma rates were slightly higher in geographic areas that had low UVB exposure (such as Connecticut and Washington state) than in areas with high UVB exposure (such as Hawaii and California). "However, all significantly increasing trends for melanoma over our study period occurred in sun-exposed areas of the body," they said.

This finding suggests that tanning facilities may instead be a major source of the increase in incidence, because there are many more such facilities in low-UV regions, the researchers said.

Increased use of tanning facilities also may explain why the rate of melanoma is higher in girls than in boys, since girls are much more likely than boys to use such facilities, they added.

It is also possible that heightened awareness of melanoma in recent years has improved detection rates in the pediatric population, the researchers said.

These data are consistent with those of previous studies that have reported increasing rates of melanoma in the pediatric populations of Australia, Sweden, and England.

Although this study included more than 30 years of data on melanoma incidence, it was limited in that it did not include individual-level data on outdoor UV exposure, use of tanning facilities, or familial factors related to melanoma risk, the researchers said.

WAILEA, MAUI – Dermatology is arguably the least technologically advanced specialty in medicine, but forces are at work to remedy that situation, according to Dr. Allan C. Halpern.

"We are this astoundingly visual specialty. Everything we do is captured in images. And there has been this astounding imaging revolution occurring all around us," said Dr. Halpern, chief of the dermatology service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York.

"Yet, not only are we not driving the bus, most of us aren’t even sitting in one of the seats on the bus," Dr. Halpern said.

"Everywhere in medicine there has been application of technologies. We [skin cancer specialists] really are the slowest adopters outside of the laser/cosmetic space," Dr. Halpern noted. "If we don’t figure out how to leverage all these technologies in our astounding information age, we will get left behind in the dirt," he cautioned at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Dr. Halpern is a key figure in a major collaborative effort to help bring dermatology into the 21st century by upgrading the state of melanoma detection. The International Skin Imaging Collaboration Melanoma Project is an ambitious new effort coordinated by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Key collaborators include the National Institutes of Health cancer bioinformatics working group, the International Dermoscopy Society, the International Society for Digital Imaging of the Skin, and International Business Machines (IBM).

For the ISIC Melanoma Project, IBM intends to apply the same effort used in training its computer, Watson, to become the champion of the game show Jeopardy. But this time the challenge will be to improve methods of analyzing clinical and dermoscopic digital skin lesion images to create powerful new decision support and automated diagnostic systems, Dr. Halpern said.

The consortium already has commitments from academic institutions and industry to provide hundreds of thousands of images of melanomas and benign skin lesions accurately annotated for pathology and clinical diagnosis. This archive will be in the public domain, and will be available for teaching purposes, teledermatology, and for commercial development of automated diagnostic systems. An inventor who, for example, comes up with what he thinks is a superior smartphone app for melanoma detection can test its accuracy on 50,000 validated images, Dr. Halpern explained.

Dr. Halpern said he remains bullish about the future for smartphone melanoma apps, despite the much-publicized disappointing diagnostic accuracy of four such apps in a study published earlier this year (JAMA Dermatol. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2382).

"That study made it to the front page of the Wall Street Journal. But the fact of the matter is it’s not surprising that the apps now are not all that accurate. Most of them are garage startups where somebody got their hands on images by going to their local dermatologist and getting a convenient sample of images," Dr. Halpern said.

By contrast, the ISIC Melanoma Project collaborative will make it possible for innovators to develop their apps and other diagnostic tools using vast sums of imaging data. Five years from now, phone apps for melanoma detection are going to be enormously improved, Dr. Halpern predicted.

"Why are these apps so important? Well, who finds most melanomas? It’s not us," he said. "If we’re not screening the public for melanoma, then how can we be negative about anything that makes the public better at finding their own melanomas?" he added.

"You hear doctors saying, ‘This is dangerous, people are going to use these things and they’re not going to go see their doctor.’ Well, right now there’s a good chance they’re not seeing their doctor anyway. And if these apps are making [individuals] dramatically more aware and more comfortable in checking their skin and coming in for a visit, that’s a good thing," Dr. Halpern asserted.

The data show that physicians detect about 15% of melanomas, while the other 85% are detected by the patients themselves, and there is strong demand for tools to help them do even better, Dr. Halpern added.

"The melanomas that many of us saw coming into our practices 30 years ago can’t be compared to the overwhelming majority of the melanomas we’re seeing in our practices today brought to our attention by patients. They’re getting much better at early detection," Dr. Halpern said.

Another major goal for the melanoma project is to develop dermatologic digital imaging standards and standardized terminology for industry in terms of camera quality, resolution, techniques, image encryption and compression, and other basic issues.

"Imagine going to get a chest x-ray in different parts of the world if every technician had their own way of doing it and there were no standards in the machines. That’s the current state of dermatologic imaging," Dr. Halpern noted.

One useful technology for melanoma is serial total body photography to detect dynamically changing and therefore suspicious skin lesions.

"You’d want it if you were the patient. But it’s a logistical nightmare to set it up," Dr. Halpern observed.

Conventional total body photography is two-dimensional. Dr. Halpern and his colleagues are working with industry to develop a 3-D total body imaging system. The prototype takes 1 millisecond to acquire a 360-degree color total-body representation. Although such technology is not practical for the typical office practice, it may be a boon for patient care in high-volume skin cancer centers.

American dermatologists as a whole are about a decade behind their European colleagues in embracing dermoscopy as a tool for enhanced assessment of concerning lesions, Dr. Halpern noted.

"We’re still not as good at it as many of them, because they started on the learning curve earlier. But we are rapidly catching up," he added.

The next major advance in melanoma detection that improves upon dermoscopy will require subsurface imaging that provides cellular detail. Optical coherence tomography and high-resolution ultrasound are among the technologies under development, Dr. Halpern said.

He said he believes that reflectance confocal microscopy holds the greatest promise. "Now there’s a handheld device that runs off of a laptop [VivaNet by Lucid Inc.]. There are clinics in Europe using it routinely. It may or may not play out in clinical practice here," he said.

At present, the only Food and Drug Administration–approved device for melanoma detection is MelaFind, the multispectral imaging system marketed by Mela Sciences. Other diagnostic systems the pipeline for melanoma include the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy and the noninvasive genomic detection of melanoma via RNA analysis of a scraping of stratum corneum off of the lesion.

Dr. Halpern reported serving as a consultant to Canfield Scientific, DermTech, SciBase, Quintiles, and Lucid.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAILEA, MAUI – Dermatology is arguably the least technologically advanced specialty in medicine, but forces are at work to remedy that situation, according to Dr. Allan C. Halpern.

"We are this astoundingly visual specialty. Everything we do is captured in images. And there has been this astounding imaging revolution occurring all around us," said Dr. Halpern, chief of the dermatology service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York.

"Yet, not only are we not driving the bus, most of us aren’t even sitting in one of the seats on the bus," Dr. Halpern said.

"Everywhere in medicine there has been application of technologies. We [skin cancer specialists] really are the slowest adopters outside of the laser/cosmetic space," Dr. Halpern noted. "If we don’t figure out how to leverage all these technologies in our astounding information age, we will get left behind in the dirt," he cautioned at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Dr. Halpern is a key figure in a major collaborative effort to help bring dermatology into the 21st century by upgrading the state of melanoma detection. The International Skin Imaging Collaboration Melanoma Project is an ambitious new effort coordinated by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Key collaborators include the National Institutes of Health cancer bioinformatics working group, the International Dermoscopy Society, the International Society for Digital Imaging of the Skin, and International Business Machines (IBM).

For the ISIC Melanoma Project, IBM intends to apply the same effort used in training its computer, Watson, to become the champion of the game show Jeopardy. But this time the challenge will be to improve methods of analyzing clinical and dermoscopic digital skin lesion images to create powerful new decision support and automated diagnostic systems, Dr. Halpern said.

The consortium already has commitments from academic institutions and industry to provide hundreds of thousands of images of melanomas and benign skin lesions accurately annotated for pathology and clinical diagnosis. This archive will be in the public domain, and will be available for teaching purposes, teledermatology, and for commercial development of automated diagnostic systems. An inventor who, for example, comes up with what he thinks is a superior smartphone app for melanoma detection can test its accuracy on 50,000 validated images, Dr. Halpern explained.

Dr. Halpern said he remains bullish about the future for smartphone melanoma apps, despite the much-publicized disappointing diagnostic accuracy of four such apps in a study published earlier this year (JAMA Dermatol. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2382).

"That study made it to the front page of the Wall Street Journal. But the fact of the matter is it’s not surprising that the apps now are not all that accurate. Most of them are garage startups where somebody got their hands on images by going to their local dermatologist and getting a convenient sample of images," Dr. Halpern said.

By contrast, the ISIC Melanoma Project collaborative will make it possible for innovators to develop their apps and other diagnostic tools using vast sums of imaging data. Five years from now, phone apps for melanoma detection are going to be enormously improved, Dr. Halpern predicted.

"Why are these apps so important? Well, who finds most melanomas? It’s not us," he said. "If we’re not screening the public for melanoma, then how can we be negative about anything that makes the public better at finding their own melanomas?" he added.

"You hear doctors saying, ‘This is dangerous, people are going to use these things and they’re not going to go see their doctor.’ Well, right now there’s a good chance they’re not seeing their doctor anyway. And if these apps are making [individuals] dramatically more aware and more comfortable in checking their skin and coming in for a visit, that’s a good thing," Dr. Halpern asserted.

The data show that physicians detect about 15% of melanomas, while the other 85% are detected by the patients themselves, and there is strong demand for tools to help them do even better, Dr. Halpern added.

"The melanomas that many of us saw coming into our practices 30 years ago can’t be compared to the overwhelming majority of the melanomas we’re seeing in our practices today brought to our attention by patients. They’re getting much better at early detection," Dr. Halpern said.

Another major goal for the melanoma project is to develop dermatologic digital imaging standards and standardized terminology for industry in terms of camera quality, resolution, techniques, image encryption and compression, and other basic issues.

"Imagine going to get a chest x-ray in different parts of the world if every technician had their own way of doing it and there were no standards in the machines. That’s the current state of dermatologic imaging," Dr. Halpern noted.

One useful technology for melanoma is serial total body photography to detect dynamically changing and therefore suspicious skin lesions.

"You’d want it if you were the patient. But it’s a logistical nightmare to set it up," Dr. Halpern observed.

Conventional total body photography is two-dimensional. Dr. Halpern and his colleagues are working with industry to develop a 3-D total body imaging system. The prototype takes 1 millisecond to acquire a 360-degree color total-body representation. Although such technology is not practical for the typical office practice, it may be a boon for patient care in high-volume skin cancer centers.

American dermatologists as a whole are about a decade behind their European colleagues in embracing dermoscopy as a tool for enhanced assessment of concerning lesions, Dr. Halpern noted.

"We’re still not as good at it as many of them, because they started on the learning curve earlier. But we are rapidly catching up," he added.

The next major advance in melanoma detection that improves upon dermoscopy will require subsurface imaging that provides cellular detail. Optical coherence tomography and high-resolution ultrasound are among the technologies under development, Dr. Halpern said.

He said he believes that reflectance confocal microscopy holds the greatest promise. "Now there’s a handheld device that runs off of a laptop [VivaNet by Lucid Inc.]. There are clinics in Europe using it routinely. It may or may not play out in clinical practice here," he said.

At present, the only Food and Drug Administration–approved device for melanoma detection is MelaFind, the multispectral imaging system marketed by Mela Sciences. Other diagnostic systems the pipeline for melanoma include the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy and the noninvasive genomic detection of melanoma via RNA analysis of a scraping of stratum corneum off of the lesion.

Dr. Halpern reported serving as a consultant to Canfield Scientific, DermTech, SciBase, Quintiles, and Lucid.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAILEA, MAUI – Dermatology is arguably the least technologically advanced specialty in medicine, but forces are at work to remedy that situation, according to Dr. Allan C. Halpern.

"We are this astoundingly visual specialty. Everything we do is captured in images. And there has been this astounding imaging revolution occurring all around us," said Dr. Halpern, chief of the dermatology service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York.

"Yet, not only are we not driving the bus, most of us aren’t even sitting in one of the seats on the bus," Dr. Halpern said.

"Everywhere in medicine there has been application of technologies. We [skin cancer specialists] really are the slowest adopters outside of the laser/cosmetic space," Dr. Halpern noted. "If we don’t figure out how to leverage all these technologies in our astounding information age, we will get left behind in the dirt," he cautioned at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar sponsored by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Dr. Halpern is a key figure in a major collaborative effort to help bring dermatology into the 21st century by upgrading the state of melanoma detection. The International Skin Imaging Collaboration Melanoma Project is an ambitious new effort coordinated by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Key collaborators include the National Institutes of Health cancer bioinformatics working group, the International Dermoscopy Society, the International Society for Digital Imaging of the Skin, and International Business Machines (IBM).

For the ISIC Melanoma Project, IBM intends to apply the same effort used in training its computer, Watson, to become the champion of the game show Jeopardy. But this time the challenge will be to improve methods of analyzing clinical and dermoscopic digital skin lesion images to create powerful new decision support and automated diagnostic systems, Dr. Halpern said.

The consortium already has commitments from academic institutions and industry to provide hundreds of thousands of images of melanomas and benign skin lesions accurately annotated for pathology and clinical diagnosis. This archive will be in the public domain, and will be available for teaching purposes, teledermatology, and for commercial development of automated diagnostic systems. An inventor who, for example, comes up with what he thinks is a superior smartphone app for melanoma detection can test its accuracy on 50,000 validated images, Dr. Halpern explained.

Dr. Halpern said he remains bullish about the future for smartphone melanoma apps, despite the much-publicized disappointing diagnostic accuracy of four such apps in a study published earlier this year (JAMA Dermatol. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2382).

"That study made it to the front page of the Wall Street Journal. But the fact of the matter is it’s not surprising that the apps now are not all that accurate. Most of them are garage startups where somebody got their hands on images by going to their local dermatologist and getting a convenient sample of images," Dr. Halpern said.

By contrast, the ISIC Melanoma Project collaborative will make it possible for innovators to develop their apps and other diagnostic tools using vast sums of imaging data. Five years from now, phone apps for melanoma detection are going to be enormously improved, Dr. Halpern predicted.

"Why are these apps so important? Well, who finds most melanomas? It’s not us," he said. "If we’re not screening the public for melanoma, then how can we be negative about anything that makes the public better at finding their own melanomas?" he added.

"You hear doctors saying, ‘This is dangerous, people are going to use these things and they’re not going to go see their doctor.’ Well, right now there’s a good chance they’re not seeing their doctor anyway. And if these apps are making [individuals] dramatically more aware and more comfortable in checking their skin and coming in for a visit, that’s a good thing," Dr. Halpern asserted.

The data show that physicians detect about 15% of melanomas, while the other 85% are detected by the patients themselves, and there is strong demand for tools to help them do even better, Dr. Halpern added.

"The melanomas that many of us saw coming into our practices 30 years ago can’t be compared to the overwhelming majority of the melanomas we’re seeing in our practices today brought to our attention by patients. They’re getting much better at early detection," Dr. Halpern said.

Another major goal for the melanoma project is to develop dermatologic digital imaging standards and standardized terminology for industry in terms of camera quality, resolution, techniques, image encryption and compression, and other basic issues.

"Imagine going to get a chest x-ray in different parts of the world if every technician had their own way of doing it and there were no standards in the machines. That’s the current state of dermatologic imaging," Dr. Halpern noted.

One useful technology for melanoma is serial total body photography to detect dynamically changing and therefore suspicious skin lesions.

"You’d want it if you were the patient. But it’s a logistical nightmare to set it up," Dr. Halpern observed.

Conventional total body photography is two-dimensional. Dr. Halpern and his colleagues are working with industry to develop a 3-D total body imaging system. The prototype takes 1 millisecond to acquire a 360-degree color total-body representation. Although such technology is not practical for the typical office practice, it may be a boon for patient care in high-volume skin cancer centers.

American dermatologists as a whole are about a decade behind their European colleagues in embracing dermoscopy as a tool for enhanced assessment of concerning lesions, Dr. Halpern noted.

"We’re still not as good at it as many of them, because they started on the learning curve earlier. But we are rapidly catching up," he added.

The next major advance in melanoma detection that improves upon dermoscopy will require subsurface imaging that provides cellular detail. Optical coherence tomography and high-resolution ultrasound are among the technologies under development, Dr. Halpern said.

He said he believes that reflectance confocal microscopy holds the greatest promise. "Now there’s a handheld device that runs off of a laptop [VivaNet by Lucid Inc.]. There are clinics in Europe using it routinely. It may or may not play out in clinical practice here," he said.

At present, the only Food and Drug Administration–approved device for melanoma detection is MelaFind, the multispectral imaging system marketed by Mela Sciences. Other diagnostic systems the pipeline for melanoma include the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy and the noninvasive genomic detection of melanoma via RNA analysis of a scraping of stratum corneum off of the lesion.

Dr. Halpern reported serving as a consultant to Canfield Scientific, DermTech, SciBase, Quintiles, and Lucid.

SDEF and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WASHINGTON – While melanoma survivors appear to be more aware of sun safety than does the general public, more than a quarter do not regularly use sunscreen.

"We know that melanoma is a malignancy prevalent in our population, and we know that for many people with melanoma, sun exposure is a major risk factor for recurrence; and sun protection may reduce their chances of getting melanoma again," Dr. Anees B. Chagpar said at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. "Although we found that melanoma survivors did better than the general public at protecting their skin from the sun, we also found that more than a quarter of melanoma survivors never wear sunscreen. That blew my mind."

©Bora Ucak/iStockphoto.com

A few survivors – about 2% – even frequent tanning salons, said Dr. Chagpar, an associate professor of surgery at Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Dr. Chagpar and her colleagues based their findings on data extracted from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. They focused on self-reported history of melanoma, sun protection practices, and indoor tanning.

The 2010 survey included information on 27,120 adults; 171 had a history of melanoma. Of the adults included in the survey, most (55%) were men; 10% were younger than 40 years.

Compared with the general population, melanoma survivors demonstrated an overall increased rate of sun awareness. Significantly more melanoma survivors reported that they always stay in the shade, compared with the general population (16% vs. 10%, respectively). They were significantly more likely to always wear a baseball cap or visor (31% vs. 18%), a wide-brimmed hat (20% vs. 6%), and a long-sleeved shirt (12% vs. 5%) when going outside on a warm, sunny day for more than 1 hour. They were significantly more likely to report always using sunscreen (32% vs. 17%).

However, Dr. Chagpar said, a good proportion of melanoma survivors are not adequately protecting themselves from sun exposure. About 15% reported rarely or never staying in the shade, and 27% reported never wearing sunscreen.

"The bright spot in this story is that melanoma survivors are more likely to use sunscreen than nonmelanoma survivors," she said in an interview. "But when over a quarter of melanoma survivors admit that they never use sunscreen, we have considerable work to do in educating people about the importance of sun protective behaviors."

And while melanoma survivors overall were significantly less likely to use indoor tanning devices, 2% still reported having done so in the past 12 moths.

"It is distressing to know that melanoma survivors continue to tan," she said. "We have to do a better job in educating our patients about the risks of UV irradiation and the risk of developing melanoma – particularly in those who have survived the disease once already."

Dr. Chagpar had no financial disclosures.

[email protected]

WASHINGTON – While melanoma survivors appear to be more aware of sun safety than does the general public, more than a quarter do not regularly use sunscreen.

"We know that melanoma is a malignancy prevalent in our population, and we know that for many people with melanoma, sun exposure is a major risk factor for recurrence; and sun protection may reduce their chances of getting melanoma again," Dr. Anees B. Chagpar said at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. "Although we found that melanoma survivors did better than the general public at protecting their skin from the sun, we also found that more than a quarter of melanoma survivors never wear sunscreen. That blew my mind."

©Bora Ucak/iStockphoto.com

A few survivors – about 2% – even frequent tanning salons, said Dr. Chagpar, an associate professor of surgery at Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Dr. Chagpar and her colleagues based their findings on data extracted from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. They focused on self-reported history of melanoma, sun protection practices, and indoor tanning.

The 2010 survey included information on 27,120 adults; 171 had a history of melanoma. Of the adults included in the survey, most (55%) were men; 10% were younger than 40 years.

Compared with the general population, melanoma survivors demonstrated an overall increased rate of sun awareness. Significantly more melanoma survivors reported that they always stay in the shade, compared with the general population (16% vs. 10%, respectively). They were significantly more likely to always wear a baseball cap or visor (31% vs. 18%), a wide-brimmed hat (20% vs. 6%), and a long-sleeved shirt (12% vs. 5%) when going outside on a warm, sunny day for more than 1 hour. They were significantly more likely to report always using sunscreen (32% vs. 17%).

However, Dr. Chagpar said, a good proportion of melanoma survivors are not adequately protecting themselves from sun exposure. About 15% reported rarely or never staying in the shade, and 27% reported never wearing sunscreen.

"The bright spot in this story is that melanoma survivors are more likely to use sunscreen than nonmelanoma survivors," she said in an interview. "But when over a quarter of melanoma survivors admit that they never use sunscreen, we have considerable work to do in educating people about the importance of sun protective behaviors."

And while melanoma survivors overall were significantly less likely to use indoor tanning devices, 2% still reported having done so in the past 12 moths.

"It is distressing to know that melanoma survivors continue to tan," she said. "We have to do a better job in educating our patients about the risks of UV irradiation and the risk of developing melanoma – particularly in those who have survived the disease once already."

Dr. Chagpar had no financial disclosures.

[email protected]

WASHINGTON – While melanoma survivors appear to be more aware of sun safety than does the general public, more than a quarter do not regularly use sunscreen.

"We know that melanoma is a malignancy prevalent in our population, and we know that for many people with melanoma, sun exposure is a major risk factor for recurrence; and sun protection may reduce their chances of getting melanoma again," Dr. Anees B. Chagpar said at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. "Although we found that melanoma survivors did better than the general public at protecting their skin from the sun, we also found that more than a quarter of melanoma survivors never wear sunscreen. That blew my mind."

©Bora Ucak/iStockphoto.com

A few survivors – about 2% – even frequent tanning salons, said Dr. Chagpar, an associate professor of surgery at Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Dr. Chagpar and her colleagues based their findings on data extracted from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. They focused on self-reported history of melanoma, sun protection practices, and indoor tanning.

The 2010 survey included information on 27,120 adults; 171 had a history of melanoma. Of the adults included in the survey, most (55%) were men; 10% were younger than 40 years.

Compared with the general population, melanoma survivors demonstrated an overall increased rate of sun awareness. Significantly more melanoma survivors reported that they always stay in the shade, compared with the general population (16% vs. 10%, respectively). They were significantly more likely to always wear a baseball cap or visor (31% vs. 18%), a wide-brimmed hat (20% vs. 6%), and a long-sleeved shirt (12% vs. 5%) when going outside on a warm, sunny day for more than 1 hour. They were significantly more likely to report always using sunscreen (32% vs. 17%).

However, Dr. Chagpar said, a good proportion of melanoma survivors are not adequately protecting themselves from sun exposure. About 15% reported rarely or never staying in the shade, and 27% reported never wearing sunscreen.

"The bright spot in this story is that melanoma survivors are more likely to use sunscreen than nonmelanoma survivors," she said in an interview. "But when over a quarter of melanoma survivors admit that they never use sunscreen, we have considerable work to do in educating people about the importance of sun protective behaviors."

And while melanoma survivors overall were significantly less likely to use indoor tanning devices, 2% still reported having done so in the past 12 moths.

"It is distressing to know that melanoma survivors continue to tan," she said. "We have to do a better job in educating our patients about the risks of UV irradiation and the risk of developing melanoma – particularly in those who have survived the disease once already."

Dr. Chagpar had no financial disclosures.

[email protected]

NATIONAL HARBOR, MD – Patients with stage IV melanoma treated with a combination of ipilimumab and surgical resection had a high rate of melanoma-specific and overall survival, a retrospective study of a single-center case series has shown.

"To our knowledge, this is the first report of 5-year melanoma-specific survival data on patients who have undergone surgical resection and ipilimumab treatment, and the data suggests that surgical resection and ipilimumab treatment may result in long-term survival in select metastatic melanoma patients," Dr. Junko Ozao-Choy said at the annual Society of Surgical Oncology Cancer Symposium.

Among 44 patients treated with the CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) inhibitor ipilimumab (Yervoy) and surgical resection, the 5-year melanoma-specific survival (MSS) rate was 51% and the median overall survival duration was 60 months, reported Dr. Ozao-Choy of the John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif.

For 24 patients who received ipilimumab before resection, the 5-year MSS was 61% at a median of 60 months, and for 18 of 20 patients treated with ipilimumab after surgery, the 5-year MSS was 42% at a median of 47 months, but this difference was not significant (data were incomplete for 2 patients in the latter group), she noted.

In a recent study of retrospective data on patients with metastatic melanoma treated at her center, the 4-year survival of patients who underwent resection of metastatic lesions with or without systemic medical therapy was 20.8%, compared with 7% for those who underwent systemic medical therapy alone. The study investigators concluded that more than half of patients with metastatic melanoma were eligible for metastasectomy (Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012;19:2547-55).

Dr. Ozao-Choy and her colleagues reviewed the center’s records on patients with metastatic melanoma who underwent resection and had received ipilimumab, looking at disease-specific survival from the date of diagnosis of stage IV disease.

The groups were well balanced in terms of age, sex, mean Breslow thickness scores, and nodal status. However, significantly more patients who received ipilimumab before surgery had brain metastases (13 of 24 vs. 3 of 18, P = .001). In a univariate analysis, patients with brain metastases had a significantly worse 5-year MSS (31% vs. 60%, P = .049).

The only other significant variables associated in the univariate analysis with better survival were prior immunotherapy, with 69% of patients who had received any immunotherapy having a 5-year MSS of 69%, compared with 29% for those with no immunotherapy (P = .01), and previous number of resections, with more resections being associated with better survival (P = .01).

Neither previous treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, previous chemotherapy, T stage, N stage, or timing of ipilimumab were significantly associated with MSS.

In a multivariate analysis (which controlled for demographic and disease factors), only the previous number of resections remained a significant predictor of MSS (P = .01).

In the audience response segment following the presentation, Dr. Daniel G. Coit, a surgical oncologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, pointed out that the previous number of resections is a not an adequate independent predictor for survival. "One of the inescapable truths is that if you have to have more than one operation, you have to still be alive. ... Of necessity, older people live longer than younger people; people who die at an older age live longer than people who die at a younger age," he said.

The study was internally funded. Dr. Ozao-Choy and Dr. Coit reported having no relevant financial disclosures.

NATIONAL HARBOR, MD – Patients with stage IV melanoma treated with a combination of ipilimumab and surgical resection had a high rate of melanoma-specific and overall survival, a retrospective study of a single-center case series has shown.

"To our knowledge, this is the first report of 5-year melanoma-specific survival data on patients who have undergone surgical resection and ipilimumab treatment, and the data suggests that surgical resection and ipilimumab treatment may result in long-term survival in select metastatic melanoma patients," Dr. Junko Ozao-Choy said at the annual Society of Surgical Oncology Cancer Symposium.

Among 44 patients treated with the CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) inhibitor ipilimumab (Yervoy) and surgical resection, the 5-year melanoma-specific survival (MSS) rate was 51% and the median overall survival duration was 60 months, reported Dr. Ozao-Choy of the John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif.

For 24 patients who received ipilimumab before resection, the 5-year MSS was 61% at a median of 60 months, and for 18 of 20 patients treated with ipilimumab after surgery, the 5-year MSS was 42% at a median of 47 months, but this difference was not significant (data were incomplete for 2 patients in the latter group), she noted.

In a recent study of retrospective data on patients with metastatic melanoma treated at her center, the 4-year survival of patients who underwent resection of metastatic lesions with or without systemic medical therapy was 20.8%, compared with 7% for those who underwent systemic medical therapy alone. The study investigators concluded that more than half of patients with metastatic melanoma were eligible for metastasectomy (Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012;19:2547-55).

Dr. Ozao-Choy and her colleagues reviewed the center’s records on patients with metastatic melanoma who underwent resection and had received ipilimumab, looking at disease-specific survival from the date of diagnosis of stage IV disease.

The groups were well balanced in terms of age, sex, mean Breslow thickness scores, and nodal status. However, significantly more patients who received ipilimumab before surgery had brain metastases (13 of 24 vs. 3 of 18, P = .001). In a univariate analysis, patients with brain metastases had a significantly worse 5-year MSS (31% vs. 60%, P = .049).

The only other significant variables associated in the univariate analysis with better survival were prior immunotherapy, with 69% of patients who had received any immunotherapy having a 5-year MSS of 69%, compared with 29% for those with no immunotherapy (P = .01), and previous number of resections, with more resections being associated with better survival (P = .01).

Neither previous treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, previous chemotherapy, T stage, N stage, or timing of ipilimumab were significantly associated with MSS.

In a multivariate analysis (which controlled for demographic and disease factors), only the previous number of resections remained a significant predictor of MSS (P = .01).

In the audience response segment following the presentation, Dr. Daniel G. Coit, a surgical oncologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, pointed out that the previous number of resections is a not an adequate independent predictor for survival. "One of the inescapable truths is that if you have to have more than one operation, you have to still be alive. ... Of necessity, older people live longer than younger people; people who die at an older age live longer than people who die at a younger age," he said.

The study was internally funded. Dr. Ozao-Choy and Dr. Coit reported having no relevant financial disclosures.

NATIONAL HARBOR, MD – Patients with stage IV melanoma treated with a combination of ipilimumab and surgical resection had a high rate of melanoma-specific and overall survival, a retrospective study of a single-center case series has shown.

"To our knowledge, this is the first report of 5-year melanoma-specific survival data on patients who have undergone surgical resection and ipilimumab treatment, and the data suggests that surgical resection and ipilimumab treatment may result in long-term survival in select metastatic melanoma patients," Dr. Junko Ozao-Choy said at the annual Society of Surgical Oncology Cancer Symposium.

Among 44 patients treated with the CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) inhibitor ipilimumab (Yervoy) and surgical resection, the 5-year melanoma-specific survival (MSS) rate was 51% and the median overall survival duration was 60 months, reported Dr. Ozao-Choy of the John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, Calif.

For 24 patients who received ipilimumab before resection, the 5-year MSS was 61% at a median of 60 months, and for 18 of 20 patients treated with ipilimumab after surgery, the 5-year MSS was 42% at a median of 47 months, but this difference was not significant (data were incomplete for 2 patients in the latter group), she noted.

In a recent study of retrospective data on patients with metastatic melanoma treated at her center, the 4-year survival of patients who underwent resection of metastatic lesions with or without systemic medical therapy was 20.8%, compared with 7% for those who underwent systemic medical therapy alone. The study investigators concluded that more than half of patients with metastatic melanoma were eligible for metastasectomy (Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012;19:2547-55).

Dr. Ozao-Choy and her colleagues reviewed the center’s records on patients with metastatic melanoma who underwent resection and had received ipilimumab, looking at disease-specific survival from the date of diagnosis of stage IV disease.

The groups were well balanced in terms of age, sex, mean Breslow thickness scores, and nodal status. However, significantly more patients who received ipilimumab before surgery had brain metastases (13 of 24 vs. 3 of 18, P = .001). In a univariate analysis, patients with brain metastases had a significantly worse 5-year MSS (31% vs. 60%, P = .049).

The only other significant variables associated in the univariate analysis with better survival were prior immunotherapy, with 69% of patients who had received any immunotherapy having a 5-year MSS of 69%, compared with 29% for those with no immunotherapy (P = .01), and previous number of resections, with more resections being associated with better survival (P = .01).

Neither previous treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, previous chemotherapy, T stage, N stage, or timing of ipilimumab were significantly associated with MSS.

In a multivariate analysis (which controlled for demographic and disease factors), only the previous number of resections remained a significant predictor of MSS (P = .01).

In the audience response segment following the presentation, Dr. Daniel G. Coit, a surgical oncologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, pointed out that the previous number of resections is a not an adequate independent predictor for survival. "One of the inescapable truths is that if you have to have more than one operation, you have to still be alive. ... Of necessity, older people live longer than younger people; people who die at an older age live longer than people who die at a younger age," he said.

The study was internally funded. Dr. Ozao-Choy and Dr. Coit reported having no relevant financial disclosures.

MIAMI BEACH – Calls for a ban on the use of tanning beds by minors in the United States have thus far gone unheeded, but medical organizations are increasingly supporting such a ban – and with good reason, according to Alan Geller of the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston.

The data linking tanning bed use and melanoma are consistent and convincing. A 2010 University of Minnesota case-control study, for example, demonstrated that melanoma risk was significantly increased among users, compared with nonusers, of UVB-enhanced tanning devices (adjusted odds ratio, 2.86) and primarily UVA-emitting devices (AOR, 4.44), Mr. Geller said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.

©Vidmantas Goldbergas/iStockphoto.com

The risk increased as tanning bed use increased (Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1557-68).

A more recent study demonstrated that with every visit to a tanning bed, the risk of melanoma increased by 1.8% – and the risk was even greater among those who started tanning at a younger age (BMJ 2012;345:e4757).

"We are clearly in the throes of a modern-day epidemic, particularly among teenage white girls and young women between the ages of 18 and 25," Mr. Geller said, noting that study after study shows that about a third of white teenage girls and about 20% of all teenage girls use a tanning bed by the age of 17.

And yet only five states restrict the use of tanning beds by those under age 18. Others have parental consent restrictions, but these have been shown to have no effect on tanning bed use by minors. That means that in 45 states, children aged 15 years and younger are free to visit tanning salons with no restrictions, he said, noting that a Washington University in St. Louis survey released in February showed that 65% of Missouri tanning salon owners would allow preteens aged 10-12 years to use their tanning beds – and that 43% of tanning salon employees believe indoor tanning poses no health risks.

Data show that 7% of girls use tanning beds by age 14 years. This doubles from age 14 to 15, and doubles again from age 15 to 17, he said, noting that girls are about five to six times more likely than boys to use tanning beds.

Of particular concern, not only are girls using tanning beds early, but they are using them more often.

A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention survey showed that while the rate of use (20% among all girls) has remained constant in recent years, the "prom phenomenon" – the occasional use of tanning beds before a special event – is no longer the norm; the average yearly number of uses of tanning beds among those surveyed was 28.

"We’re way past the prom phenomenon," Mr. Geller said, noting that one reason for this is that tanning salons "do a wonderful job of selling giant packages of use for very little money."

"When people are beginning to think of some kind of restrictions on the tanning bed industry, that would be one we could surely consider," he said, noting that based on the data showing a 1.8% increase in melanoma risk with each tanning bed use, the risk would be 54%-90% in a teen who starts tanning at age 18 and quits at age 19.

That’s a conservative estimate, because most teens start before age 18 and don’t stop at age 19, he said.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from the National Cancer Institute show that the risk of melanoma has doubled among women aged 20-24 years since the 1980s, while the risk in men has declined in some age groups, and remained the same in others.

"You have to ask what’s happened during that time," Mr. Geller said, adding that there is concern about the late effects of tanning bed use, especially given that sun exposure time hasn’t changed in that age group over time.

As for what can be done from a public health perspective to reduce tanning bed use, Mr. Geller said a number of research, legislative, and public health campaigns are underway.

"We know from doing qualitative work, that indoor tanning is largely socially driven. "When [girls] are not tanning, they talk about tanning, they blog about tanning," he said, explaining that "the tanning culture involves some kind of socially driven bonds."

The key is to figure out how to break up those bonds.

"If one girl in a social group quits tanning, will this have an effect on the others? We don’t know," he said, adding that this is among the areas that require further research.

Researchers are also studying the effects of antitanning campaigns and legislation in other countries, a number of which have restricted access to tanning beds for minors. A recent web-based advertising campaign in Denmark targeted teens, and, along with legislation restricting access, resulted in a substantial drop in tanning bed use there, he said.

The results of campaigns and legislative efforts like these are being closely monitored so that the lessons learned about if and how they work can be incorporated into efforts here.

Lessons from the campaign against smoking launched three decades ago also are being incorporated into the current effort to reduce tanning, he said.

Although the link between tanning and melanoma isn’t quite as strong as the link between smoking and lung cancer, the seven key principles that made the antismoking campaign a success can be adapted for this purpose. These are surveillance, taxation, legal strategies, public health advertising campaigns, educational programs, legislation, and "some move to mandate enforcement," he said.

Some progress has been made with respect to these principles. For example, state-by-state surveillance and scoring of states’ level of compliance with existing regulations are underway, a 10% tax has been imposed on tanning salons, cost-efficacy studies are being planned, and lawsuits have been filed in multiple states. However, most of these efforts are in their infancy, Mr. Geller said.

For now, what exists across the United States is a "patchwork quilt of pretty crummy regulations," he said.

While intense pressure is on the Food and Drug Administration to ban tanning bed use by those under age 18 – including pressure from the American Academy of Dermatology – and while the agency is cognizant of the risks and has acknowledged a need for more regulations, "politics have prevailed, and at this point we don’t have the ban," he said.

The FDA website does, however, indicate plans for revising regulations and strengthening warning labels to make consumers more aware of the risks, he noted.

"This is good, but I think it’s a really faulty response to everything that we know about the link between tanning beds and melanoma," he said.

Despite the slow progress toward a ban for those under age 18, there have been some successes in the antitanning campaign. For one, numerous organizations have taken up the cause, including the World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, the Society of Surgical Oncology, and the Canadian Pediatric Society.

Also, thanks to a Federal Trade Commission crackdown in 2010, the tanning industry is no longer allowed to claim that tanning has certain health benefits, such as reducing the risks of some types of cancers. And in 2012, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued its first guidelines on tanning, stating that the evidence is strong enough to recommend that women aged 10-24 years who have fair skin should avoid prime-time sun exposure and tanning beds.

Additionally, a wellness provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that will go into effect in May provides for full reimbursement to health care providers for counseling about skin cancer prevention and tanning bed reduction.

"We want to study this because we think this will have a huge effect on increasing the rate of counseling," he said.

Mr. Geller reported having no disclosures.

MIAMI BEACH – Calls for a ban on the use of tanning beds by minors in the United States have thus far gone unheeded, but medical organizations are increasingly supporting such a ban – and with good reason, according to Alan Geller of the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston.

The data linking tanning bed use and melanoma are consistent and convincing. A 2010 University of Minnesota case-control study, for example, demonstrated that melanoma risk was significantly increased among users, compared with nonusers, of UVB-enhanced tanning devices (adjusted odds ratio, 2.86) and primarily UVA-emitting devices (AOR, 4.44), Mr. Geller said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.

©Vidmantas Goldbergas/iStockphoto.com

The risk increased as tanning bed use increased (Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1557-68).

A more recent study demonstrated that with every visit to a tanning bed, the risk of melanoma increased by 1.8% – and the risk was even greater among those who started tanning at a younger age (BMJ 2012;345:e4757).

"We are clearly in the throes of a modern-day epidemic, particularly among teenage white girls and young women between the ages of 18 and 25," Mr. Geller said, noting that study after study shows that about a third of white teenage girls and about 20% of all teenage girls use a tanning bed by the age of 17.

And yet only five states restrict the use of tanning beds by those under age 18. Others have parental consent restrictions, but these have been shown to have no effect on tanning bed use by minors. That means that in 45 states, children aged 15 years and younger are free to visit tanning salons with no restrictions, he said, noting that a Washington University in St. Louis survey released in February showed that 65% of Missouri tanning salon owners would allow preteens aged 10-12 years to use their tanning beds – and that 43% of tanning salon employees believe indoor tanning poses no health risks.

Data show that 7% of girls use tanning beds by age 14 years. This doubles from age 14 to 15, and doubles again from age 15 to 17, he said, noting that girls are about five to six times more likely than boys to use tanning beds.

Of particular concern, not only are girls using tanning beds early, but they are using them more often.

A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention survey showed that while the rate of use (20% among all girls) has remained constant in recent years, the "prom phenomenon" – the occasional use of tanning beds before a special event – is no longer the norm; the average yearly number of uses of tanning beds among those surveyed was 28.

"We’re way past the prom phenomenon," Mr. Geller said, noting that one reason for this is that tanning salons "do a wonderful job of selling giant packages of use for very little money."

"When people are beginning to think of some kind of restrictions on the tanning bed industry, that would be one we could surely consider," he said, noting that based on the data showing a 1.8% increase in melanoma risk with each tanning bed use, the risk would be 54%-90% in a teen who starts tanning at age 18 and quits at age 19.

That’s a conservative estimate, because most teens start before age 18 and don’t stop at age 19, he said.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from the National Cancer Institute show that the risk of melanoma has doubled among women aged 20-24 years since the 1980s, while the risk in men has declined in some age groups, and remained the same in others.

"You have to ask what’s happened during that time," Mr. Geller said, adding that there is concern about the late effects of tanning bed use, especially given that sun exposure time hasn’t changed in that age group over time.

As for what can be done from a public health perspective to reduce tanning bed use, Mr. Geller said a number of research, legislative, and public health campaigns are underway.

"We know from doing qualitative work, that indoor tanning is largely socially driven. "When [girls] are not tanning, they talk about tanning, they blog about tanning," he said, explaining that "the tanning culture involves some kind of socially driven bonds."

The key is to figure out how to break up those bonds.

"If one girl in a social group quits tanning, will this have an effect on the others? We don’t know," he said, adding that this is among the areas that require further research.

Researchers are also studying the effects of antitanning campaigns and legislation in other countries, a number of which have restricted access to tanning beds for minors. A recent web-based advertising campaign in Denmark targeted teens, and, along with legislation restricting access, resulted in a substantial drop in tanning bed use there, he said.

The results of campaigns and legislative efforts like these are being closely monitored so that the lessons learned about if and how they work can be incorporated into efforts here.

Lessons from the campaign against smoking launched three decades ago also are being incorporated into the current effort to reduce tanning, he said.

Although the link between tanning and melanoma isn’t quite as strong as the link between smoking and lung cancer, the seven key principles that made the antismoking campaign a success can be adapted for this purpose. These are surveillance, taxation, legal strategies, public health advertising campaigns, educational programs, legislation, and "some move to mandate enforcement," he said.

Some progress has been made with respect to these principles. For example, state-by-state surveillance and scoring of states’ level of compliance with existing regulations are underway, a 10% tax has been imposed on tanning salons, cost-efficacy studies are being planned, and lawsuits have been filed in multiple states. However, most of these efforts are in their infancy, Mr. Geller said.

For now, what exists across the United States is a "patchwork quilt of pretty crummy regulations," he said.

While intense pressure is on the Food and Drug Administration to ban tanning bed use by those under age 18 – including pressure from the American Academy of Dermatology – and while the agency is cognizant of the risks and has acknowledged a need for more regulations, "politics have prevailed, and at this point we don’t have the ban," he said.

The FDA website does, however, indicate plans for revising regulations and strengthening warning labels to make consumers more aware of the risks, he noted.

"This is good, but I think it’s a really faulty response to everything that we know about the link between tanning beds and melanoma," he said.

Despite the slow progress toward a ban for those under age 18, there have been some successes in the antitanning campaign. For one, numerous organizations have taken up the cause, including the World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, the Society of Surgical Oncology, and the Canadian Pediatric Society.

Also, thanks to a Federal Trade Commission crackdown in 2010, the tanning industry is no longer allowed to claim that tanning has certain health benefits, such as reducing the risks of some types of cancers. And in 2012, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued its first guidelines on tanning, stating that the evidence is strong enough to recommend that women aged 10-24 years who have fair skin should avoid prime-time sun exposure and tanning beds.

Additionally, a wellness provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that will go into effect in May provides for full reimbursement to health care providers for counseling about skin cancer prevention and tanning bed reduction.

"We want to study this because we think this will have a huge effect on increasing the rate of counseling," he said.

Mr. Geller reported having no disclosures.

MIAMI BEACH – Calls for a ban on the use of tanning beds by minors in the United States have thus far gone unheeded, but medical organizations are increasingly supporting such a ban – and with good reason, according to Alan Geller of the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston.

The data linking tanning bed use and melanoma are consistent and convincing. A 2010 University of Minnesota case-control study, for example, demonstrated that melanoma risk was significantly increased among users, compared with nonusers, of UVB-enhanced tanning devices (adjusted odds ratio, 2.86) and primarily UVA-emitting devices (AOR, 4.44), Mr. Geller said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.

©Vidmantas Goldbergas/iStockphoto.com

The risk increased as tanning bed use increased (Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1557-68).

A more recent study demonstrated that with every visit to a tanning bed, the risk of melanoma increased by 1.8% – and the risk was even greater among those who started tanning at a younger age (BMJ 2012;345:e4757).

"We are clearly in the throes of a modern-day epidemic, particularly among teenage white girls and young women between the ages of 18 and 25," Mr. Geller said, noting that study after study shows that about a third of white teenage girls and about 20% of all teenage girls use a tanning bed by the age of 17.

And yet only five states restrict the use of tanning beds by those under age 18. Others have parental consent restrictions, but these have been shown to have no effect on tanning bed use by minors. That means that in 45 states, children aged 15 years and younger are free to visit tanning salons with no restrictions, he said, noting that a Washington University in St. Louis survey released in February showed that 65% of Missouri tanning salon owners would allow preteens aged 10-12 years to use their tanning beds – and that 43% of tanning salon employees believe indoor tanning poses no health risks.

Data show that 7% of girls use tanning beds by age 14 years. This doubles from age 14 to 15, and doubles again from age 15 to 17, he said, noting that girls are about five to six times more likely than boys to use tanning beds.

Of particular concern, not only are girls using tanning beds early, but they are using them more often.

A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention survey showed that while the rate of use (20% among all girls) has remained constant in recent years, the "prom phenomenon" – the occasional use of tanning beds before a special event – is no longer the norm; the average yearly number of uses of tanning beds among those surveyed was 28.

"We’re way past the prom phenomenon," Mr. Geller said, noting that one reason for this is that tanning salons "do a wonderful job of selling giant packages of use for very little money."

"When people are beginning to think of some kind of restrictions on the tanning bed industry, that would be one we could surely consider," he said, noting that based on the data showing a 1.8% increase in melanoma risk with each tanning bed use, the risk would be 54%-90% in a teen who starts tanning at age 18 and quits at age 19.

That’s a conservative estimate, because most teens start before age 18 and don’t stop at age 19, he said.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data from the National Cancer Institute show that the risk of melanoma has doubled among women aged 20-24 years since the 1980s, while the risk in men has declined in some age groups, and remained the same in others.

"You have to ask what’s happened during that time," Mr. Geller said, adding that there is concern about the late effects of tanning bed use, especially given that sun exposure time hasn’t changed in that age group over time.

As for what can be done from a public health perspective to reduce tanning bed use, Mr. Geller said a number of research, legislative, and public health campaigns are underway.

"We know from doing qualitative work, that indoor tanning is largely socially driven. "When [girls] are not tanning, they talk about tanning, they blog about tanning," he said, explaining that "the tanning culture involves some kind of socially driven bonds."

The key is to figure out how to break up those bonds.

"If one girl in a social group quits tanning, will this have an effect on the others? We don’t know," he said, adding that this is among the areas that require further research.

Researchers are also studying the effects of antitanning campaigns and legislation in other countries, a number of which have restricted access to tanning beds for minors. A recent web-based advertising campaign in Denmark targeted teens, and, along with legislation restricting access, resulted in a substantial drop in tanning bed use there, he said.

The results of campaigns and legislative efforts like these are being closely monitored so that the lessons learned about if and how they work can be incorporated into efforts here.

Lessons from the campaign against smoking launched three decades ago also are being incorporated into the current effort to reduce tanning, he said.

Although the link between tanning and melanoma isn’t quite as strong as the link between smoking and lung cancer, the seven key principles that made the antismoking campaign a success can be adapted for this purpose. These are surveillance, taxation, legal strategies, public health advertising campaigns, educational programs, legislation, and "some move to mandate enforcement," he said.

Some progress has been made with respect to these principles. For example, state-by-state surveillance and scoring of states’ level of compliance with existing regulations are underway, a 10% tax has been imposed on tanning salons, cost-efficacy studies are being planned, and lawsuits have been filed in multiple states. However, most of these efforts are in their infancy, Mr. Geller said.

For now, what exists across the United States is a "patchwork quilt of pretty crummy regulations," he said.

While intense pressure is on the Food and Drug Administration to ban tanning bed use by those under age 18 – including pressure from the American Academy of Dermatology – and while the agency is cognizant of the risks and has acknowledged a need for more regulations, "politics have prevailed, and at this point we don’t have the ban," he said.

The FDA website does, however, indicate plans for revising regulations and strengthening warning labels to make consumers more aware of the risks, he noted.

"This is good, but I think it’s a really faulty response to everything that we know about the link between tanning beds and melanoma," he said.

Despite the slow progress toward a ban for those under age 18, there have been some successes in the antitanning campaign. For one, numerous organizations have taken up the cause, including the World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, the Society of Surgical Oncology, and the Canadian Pediatric Society.

Also, thanks to a Federal Trade Commission crackdown in 2010, the tanning industry is no longer allowed to claim that tanning has certain health benefits, such as reducing the risks of some types of cancers. And in 2012, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued its first guidelines on tanning, stating that the evidence is strong enough to recommend that women aged 10-24 years who have fair skin should avoid prime-time sun exposure and tanning beds.

Additionally, a wellness provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that will go into effect in May provides for full reimbursement to health care providers for counseling about skin cancer prevention and tanning bed reduction.

"We want to study this because we think this will have a huge effect on increasing the rate of counseling," he said.

Mr. Geller reported having no disclosures.

MIAMI BEACH – Data from several recently published studies have shed new light on the behavior and natural history of melanoma in children and adolescents – and much of the news is good, according to Dr. Sheilagh M. Maguiness.

For example, the findings suggest that the risk of malignant melanoma arising in large congenital nevi is lower than previously thought, at about 2%. Also, outside of the neonatal period the prognosis is excellent for most children diagnosed with melanoma, said Dr. Maguiness of Boston Children’s Hospital.

Data from three of the studies, taken together, show that 36 deaths occurred in 278 cases involving melanoma during childhood or adolescence, for a mortality rate of 13%.

"There was only one death in a child under 10, and that was in the setting of a large congenital nevus," she said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.

Furthermore, the presentation of melanoma in adolescents is similar to that in adults, and the outcomes seem to parallel – and perhaps exceed – those of adults with similar stage tumors, she noted.

The studies do little, however, to clear up controversy about the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy for predicting outcomes in children with melanoma, she said.

Pediatric melanoma represents only about 1%-3% of all melanomas and about 2% of all pediatric malignancies, and it is best considered based on the timing of presentation – presentation during the congenital period, during childhood up to the age of 10 years, and during adolescence – because findings during these stages differ substantially, she said.

Melanoma during the congenital and neonatal period is extremely rare. Four cases involving transplacental metastases from maternal malignant melanoma, nine cases involving large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi, and seven de novo cases have been reported in the literature.

"Unfortunately, when melanoma presents this early, it really does have a poor prognosis, with greater than 50% of the patients dying from their disease," Dr. Maguiness said.

The outlook is much better for older children with melanoma, but any discussion of these cases must include consideration of cases that arise in large congenital melanocytic nevi (LCMN). Controversy has existed over the actual risk of melanoma in these cases, with reports citing risks of anywhere from 7% to 40%, but the studies reviewed by Dr. Maguiness demonstrate that the risk is actually quite low.

A retrospective analysis of data on this topic published in March in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, for example, showed that melanoma developed in only 2% of 2,578 cases of LCMN in 14 studies (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2013;68:493-8.e14).

Other "very, very valuable points" coming out of this data include a finding that 14% of the melanomas occurred viscerally or noncutaneously, and a finding that the mortality rate is high in these patients at about 55%.

"And one of the most important points that I had never appreciated before is a finding that in over 90% of the cases where melanoma developed in these children, satellite nevi were present. Historically we’ve known that the risk of melanoma arising within the satellite nevi itself is quite low – it almost never occurs – but (the finding) that they confer an elevated risk of development of cutaneous melanoma is very interesting," she said.

These findings suggest that a careful examination and regular follow-up is crucial in patients with LCMN, she said.

Findings from three large single-institution studies also have provided interesting new information about pediatric melanoma, she said.

Researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston reviewed data on 109 patients under age 19 years with melanoma, including 25 under age 10 years. Seven of 82 patients with adequate follow-up died from their disease, and none of those were in the group under age 10, Dr. Maguiness said.

Among other notable findings from this study: Patients were more likely to be nonwhite, 44% had spitzoid histology, and 52% of those under age 10 who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy had positive results, compared with 26% in the adolescent cohort (Ann. Surg. 2011;253:1211-15).

The rate of positivity decreased by 13% for each year of increasing age, and because those under age 10 did paradoxically well, the authors suggested that sentinel lymph node positivity does not predict prognosis or outcome in childhood melanoma, Dr. Maguiness noted.

However, investigators from the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa concluded, conversely, that sentinel lymph node biopsy does predict outcomes in pediatric melanoma.

Of 126 patients with pediatric melanoma in that retrospective review, 62 underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy and 29% had positive findings. Overall, 19 melanoma-related deaths occurred, for a rate of 16%.

Six patients under the age of 12 were included in the study, but these patients did not undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy. All survived, but there were several late recurrences – after 5 years – even in the node-negative patients, she said.

When the investigators looked at recurrence-free survival, they found that node-positive patients had significantly worse recurrence-free survival and melanoma-specific survival than that of node-negative patients (60% vs.94% and 78% vs. 97%, respectively) at a median follow-up of 5 years (Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012;19:3888-95).

A study by investigators at the University of California, San Francisco, focused more on historical data, finding that many of the 70 patients included in the study had putative risk factors for melanoma. For example, 20% had numerous nevi, 27% had a positive family history, and 25% had a history of sunburn. Also, this study was the only one of the three to address the presence of LCMN, and only three patients had melanoma arising in a nevus, providing further evidence of a low risk of melanoma in LCMN.

The diagnosis of pediatric melanoma was delayed by about a year in more than 60% of the patients.

The investigators noted that primary lesion characteristics differed from those seen in adults, and they concluded that the conventional ABCDE criteria used to help in the diagnosis of melanoma did not capture melanoma in about 60% of the childhood cases and 40% of the adolescent cases.

Lesions in this study were much more likely to be amelanotic in children, and of uniform color in adolescents. Lesional evolution was nearly universal, and bleeding, bumps, variable diameter, and de novo development were common.

On histopathology, a majority of tumors were not superficial spreading type; more were unclassified spitzoid and other histopathologic subtypes, she noted.

Ten patients (14%) died from their melanoma, and of these, 7 had amelanotic melanoma. Only 1 patient under age 10 years died, and that was in the setting of a large congenital melanocytic nevus.

Based on their findings, the investigators suggested pediatric-specific ABCD criteria (A = amelanotic, B = bleeding, bumps, C = color uniformity, and D = de novo and any diameter) to be used along with the conventional ABCDE criteria to facilitate earlier recognition and treatment of pediatric melanoma (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2013 [doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.953]).

Although there are some conflicting findings in these three studies – including differing conclusions with respect to the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy for predicting outcomes – there also are some consistent findings, Dr. Maguiness said.

Prepubertal melanoma tends to involve thicker tumors, and darker skin types are overrepresented. Also, lesions in all ages in the pediatric population tend to be amelanotic with spitzoid histology, and tend to have higher rates of positive sentinel lymph node biopsies, compared with adult cases. Prepubertal cases have the highest rates of node positivity, she said.

"So, in conclusion, the risk of malignant melanoma within large congenital nevi seems to be lower than we thought, and the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of childhood has excellent prognosis – speaking to the unique natural history and biology of these tumors, which we probably don’t fully understand," she said, adding that adolescent presentations of melanoma seem to be similar to those in adults, with a slightly better overall prognosis.

Dr. Maguiness reported having no disclosures.

MIAMI BEACH – Data from several recently published studies have shed new light on the behavior and natural history of melanoma in children and adolescents – and much of the news is good, according to Dr. Sheilagh M. Maguiness.

For example, the findings suggest that the risk of malignant melanoma arising in large congenital nevi is lower than previously thought, at about 2%. Also, outside of the neonatal period the prognosis is excellent for most children diagnosed with melanoma, said Dr. Maguiness of Boston Children’s Hospital.

Data from three of the studies, taken together, show that 36 deaths occurred in 278 cases involving melanoma during childhood or adolescence, for a mortality rate of 13%.

"There was only one death in a child under 10, and that was in the setting of a large congenital nevus," she said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.

Furthermore, the presentation of melanoma in adolescents is similar to that in adults, and the outcomes seem to parallel – and perhaps exceed – those of adults with similar stage tumors, she noted.

The studies do little, however, to clear up controversy about the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy for predicting outcomes in children with melanoma, she said.

Pediatric melanoma represents only about 1%-3% of all melanomas and about 2% of all pediatric malignancies, and it is best considered based on the timing of presentation – presentation during the congenital period, during childhood up to the age of 10 years, and during adolescence – because findings during these stages differ substantially, she said.

Melanoma during the congenital and neonatal period is extremely rare. Four cases involving transplacental metastases from maternal malignant melanoma, nine cases involving large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi, and seven de novo cases have been reported in the literature.

"Unfortunately, when melanoma presents this early, it really does have a poor prognosis, with greater than 50% of the patients dying from their disease," Dr. Maguiness said.

The outlook is much better for older children with melanoma, but any discussion of these cases must include consideration of cases that arise in large congenital melanocytic nevi (LCMN). Controversy has existed over the actual risk of melanoma in these cases, with reports citing risks of anywhere from 7% to 40%, but the studies reviewed by Dr. Maguiness demonstrate that the risk is actually quite low.

A retrospective analysis of data on this topic published in March in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, for example, showed that melanoma developed in only 2% of 2,578 cases of LCMN in 14 studies (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2013;68:493-8.e14).

Other "very, very valuable points" coming out of this data include a finding that 14% of the melanomas occurred viscerally or noncutaneously, and a finding that the mortality rate is high in these patients at about 55%.

"And one of the most important points that I had never appreciated before is a finding that in over 90% of the cases where melanoma developed in these children, satellite nevi were present. Historically we’ve known that the risk of melanoma arising within the satellite nevi itself is quite low – it almost never occurs – but (the finding) that they confer an elevated risk of development of cutaneous melanoma is very interesting," she said.

These findings suggest that a careful examination and regular follow-up is crucial in patients with LCMN, she said.

Findings from three large single-institution studies also have provided interesting new information about pediatric melanoma, she said.

Researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston reviewed data on 109 patients under age 19 years with melanoma, including 25 under age 10 years. Seven of 82 patients with adequate follow-up died from their disease, and none of those were in the group under age 10, Dr. Maguiness said.

Among other notable findings from this study: Patients were more likely to be nonwhite, 44% had spitzoid histology, and 52% of those under age 10 who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy had positive results, compared with 26% in the adolescent cohort (Ann. Surg. 2011;253:1211-15).

The rate of positivity decreased by 13% for each year of increasing age, and because those under age 10 did paradoxically well, the authors suggested that sentinel lymph node positivity does not predict prognosis or outcome in childhood melanoma, Dr. Maguiness noted.

However, investigators from the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa concluded, conversely, that sentinel lymph node biopsy does predict outcomes in pediatric melanoma.

Of 126 patients with pediatric melanoma in that retrospective review, 62 underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy and 29% had positive findings. Overall, 19 melanoma-related deaths occurred, for a rate of 16%.

Six patients under the age of 12 were included in the study, but these patients did not undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy. All survived, but there were several late recurrences – after 5 years – even in the node-negative patients, she said.

When the investigators looked at recurrence-free survival, they found that node-positive patients had significantly worse recurrence-free survival and melanoma-specific survival than that of node-negative patients (60% vs.94% and 78% vs. 97%, respectively) at a median follow-up of 5 years (Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012;19:3888-95).

A study by investigators at the University of California, San Francisco, focused more on historical data, finding that many of the 70 patients included in the study had putative risk factors for melanoma. For example, 20% had numerous nevi, 27% had a positive family history, and 25% had a history of sunburn. Also, this study was the only one of the three to address the presence of LCMN, and only three patients had melanoma arising in a nevus, providing further evidence of a low risk of melanoma in LCMN.

The diagnosis of pediatric melanoma was delayed by about a year in more than 60% of the patients.

The investigators noted that primary lesion characteristics differed from those seen in adults, and they concluded that the conventional ABCDE criteria used to help in the diagnosis of melanoma did not capture melanoma in about 60% of the childhood cases and 40% of the adolescent cases.

Lesions in this study were much more likely to be amelanotic in children, and of uniform color in adolescents. Lesional evolution was nearly universal, and bleeding, bumps, variable diameter, and de novo development were common.

On histopathology, a majority of tumors were not superficial spreading type; more were unclassified spitzoid and other histopathologic subtypes, she noted.

Ten patients (14%) died from their melanoma, and of these, 7 had amelanotic melanoma. Only 1 patient under age 10 years died, and that was in the setting of a large congenital melanocytic nevus.

Based on their findings, the investigators suggested pediatric-specific ABCD criteria (A = amelanotic, B = bleeding, bumps, C = color uniformity, and D = de novo and any diameter) to be used along with the conventional ABCDE criteria to facilitate earlier recognition and treatment of pediatric melanoma (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2013 [doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.953]).

Although there are some conflicting findings in these three studies – including differing conclusions with respect to the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy for predicting outcomes – there also are some consistent findings, Dr. Maguiness said.

Prepubertal melanoma tends to involve thicker tumors, and darker skin types are overrepresented. Also, lesions in all ages in the pediatric population tend to be amelanotic with spitzoid histology, and tend to have higher rates of positive sentinel lymph node biopsies, compared with adult cases. Prepubertal cases have the highest rates of node positivity, she said.

"So, in conclusion, the risk of malignant melanoma within large congenital nevi seems to be lower than we thought, and the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of childhood has excellent prognosis – speaking to the unique natural history and biology of these tumors, which we probably don’t fully understand," she said, adding that adolescent presentations of melanoma seem to be similar to those in adults, with a slightly better overall prognosis.

Dr. Maguiness reported having no disclosures.

MIAMI BEACH – Data from several recently published studies have shed new light on the behavior and natural history of melanoma in children and adolescents – and much of the news is good, according to Dr. Sheilagh M. Maguiness.

For example, the findings suggest that the risk of malignant melanoma arising in large congenital nevi is lower than previously thought, at about 2%. Also, outside of the neonatal period the prognosis is excellent for most children diagnosed with melanoma, said Dr. Maguiness of Boston Children’s Hospital.

Data from three of the studies, taken together, show that 36 deaths occurred in 278 cases involving melanoma during childhood or adolescence, for a mortality rate of 13%.

"There was only one death in a child under 10, and that was in the setting of a large congenital nevus," she said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.

Furthermore, the presentation of melanoma in adolescents is similar to that in adults, and the outcomes seem to parallel – and perhaps exceed – those of adults with similar stage tumors, she noted.

The studies do little, however, to clear up controversy about the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy for predicting outcomes in children with melanoma, she said.

Pediatric melanoma represents only about 1%-3% of all melanomas and about 2% of all pediatric malignancies, and it is best considered based on the timing of presentation – presentation during the congenital period, during childhood up to the age of 10 years, and during adolescence – because findings during these stages differ substantially, she said.

Melanoma during the congenital and neonatal period is extremely rare. Four cases involving transplacental metastases from maternal malignant melanoma, nine cases involving large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi, and seven de novo cases have been reported in the literature.

"Unfortunately, when melanoma presents this early, it really does have a poor prognosis, with greater than 50% of the patients dying from their disease," Dr. Maguiness said.

The outlook is much better for older children with melanoma, but any discussion of these cases must include consideration of cases that arise in large congenital melanocytic nevi (LCMN). Controversy has existed over the actual risk of melanoma in these cases, with reports citing risks of anywhere from 7% to 40%, but the studies reviewed by Dr. Maguiness demonstrate that the risk is actually quite low.

A retrospective analysis of data on this topic published in March in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, for example, showed that melanoma developed in only 2% of 2,578 cases of LCMN in 14 studies (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2013;68:493-8.e14).

Other "very, very valuable points" coming out of this data include a finding that 14% of the melanomas occurred viscerally or noncutaneously, and a finding that the mortality rate is high in these patients at about 55%.

"And one of the most important points that I had never appreciated before is a finding that in over 90% of the cases where melanoma developed in these children, satellite nevi were present. Historically we’ve known that the risk of melanoma arising within the satellite nevi itself is quite low – it almost never occurs – but (the finding) that they confer an elevated risk of development of cutaneous melanoma is very interesting," she said.

These findings suggest that a careful examination and regular follow-up is crucial in patients with LCMN, she said.

Findings from three large single-institution studies also have provided interesting new information about pediatric melanoma, she said.

Researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston reviewed data on 109 patients under age 19 years with melanoma, including 25 under age 10 years. Seven of 82 patients with adequate follow-up died from their disease, and none of those were in the group under age 10, Dr. Maguiness said.

Among other notable findings from this study: Patients were more likely to be nonwhite, 44% had spitzoid histology, and 52% of those under age 10 who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy had positive results, compared with 26% in the adolescent cohort (Ann. Surg. 2011;253:1211-15).

The rate of positivity decreased by 13% for each year of increasing age, and because those under age 10 did paradoxically well, the authors suggested that sentinel lymph node positivity does not predict prognosis or outcome in childhood melanoma, Dr. Maguiness noted.

However, investigators from the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa concluded, conversely, that sentinel lymph node biopsy does predict outcomes in pediatric melanoma.

Of 126 patients with pediatric melanoma in that retrospective review, 62 underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy and 29% had positive findings. Overall, 19 melanoma-related deaths occurred, for a rate of 16%.

Six patients under the age of 12 were included in the study, but these patients did not undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy. All survived, but there were several late recurrences – after 5 years – even in the node-negative patients, she said.

When the investigators looked at recurrence-free survival, they found that node-positive patients had significantly worse recurrence-free survival and melanoma-specific survival than that of node-negative patients (60% vs.94% and 78% vs. 97%, respectively) at a median follow-up of 5 years (Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012;19:3888-95).

A study by investigators at the University of California, San Francisco, focused more on historical data, finding that many of the 70 patients included in the study had putative risk factors for melanoma. For example, 20% had numerous nevi, 27% had a positive family history, and 25% had a history of sunburn. Also, this study was the only one of the three to address the presence of LCMN, and only three patients had melanoma arising in a nevus, providing further evidence of a low risk of melanoma in LCMN.

The diagnosis of pediatric melanoma was delayed by about a year in more than 60% of the patients.

The investigators noted that primary lesion characteristics differed from those seen in adults, and they concluded that the conventional ABCDE criteria used to help in the diagnosis of melanoma did not capture melanoma in about 60% of the childhood cases and 40% of the adolescent cases.

Lesions in this study were much more likely to be amelanotic in children, and of uniform color in adolescents. Lesional evolution was nearly universal, and bleeding, bumps, variable diameter, and de novo development were common.

On histopathology, a majority of tumors were not superficial spreading type; more were unclassified spitzoid and other histopathologic subtypes, she noted.

Ten patients (14%) died from their melanoma, and of these, 7 had amelanotic melanoma. Only 1 patient under age 10 years died, and that was in the setting of a large congenital melanocytic nevus.

Based on their findings, the investigators suggested pediatric-specific ABCD criteria (A = amelanotic, B = bleeding, bumps, C = color uniformity, and D = de novo and any diameter) to be used along with the conventional ABCDE criteria to facilitate earlier recognition and treatment of pediatric melanoma (J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2013 [doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.12.953]).

Although there are some conflicting findings in these three studies – including differing conclusions with respect to the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy for predicting outcomes – there also are some consistent findings, Dr. Maguiness said.

Prepubertal melanoma tends to involve thicker tumors, and darker skin types are overrepresented. Also, lesions in all ages in the pediatric population tend to be amelanotic with spitzoid histology, and tend to have higher rates of positive sentinel lymph node biopsies, compared with adult cases. Prepubertal cases have the highest rates of node positivity, she said.

"So, in conclusion, the risk of malignant melanoma within large congenital nevi seems to be lower than we thought, and the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of childhood has excellent prognosis – speaking to the unique natural history and biology of these tumors, which we probably don’t fully understand," she said, adding that adolescent presentations of melanoma seem to be similar to those in adults, with a slightly better overall prognosis.

Dr. Maguiness reported having no disclosures.