Background

Levamisole is a pharmaceutical with anthelminthic and immunomodulatory properties that received approval from the Food and Drug Administration in 1991 as part of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for colorectal cancer. The addition of levamisole to 5-flouroruacil (5-FU) was first evaluated by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group in a 3-arm clinical trial that found that 5-FUlevamisole for 12 months was superior to either surgery alone or surgery followed by levamisole alone (recurrence rate was reduced by 40% and the death rate by 33% in Dukes’ C colon cancer).1 A subsequent trial intergroup trial randomized patients with Dukes’ B2 and C colon cancer to surgery alone or 1 year of adjuvant levamisole or 5FUlevamisole and confirmed the efficacy of 5FUlevamisole with respect to disease free survival and overall survival.2 As a result, adjuvant chemotherapy became the standard for stage III colon cancer as reported by an National Cancer Institute consensus development panel.3 Subsequently, primarily because of toxicity reasons, leucovorin replaced levamisole in most adjuvant chemotheraoy regimens for stage III colorectal cancer. Clinical toxicity of levamisole was noted as early as 1976 when several cases of leukopenia and agranulocytosis were reported. Recurrence with re-exposure was well described and agranulocytosis spontaneously reversed upon discontinuation of therapy. Vasculitis secondary to levamisole treatment was first reported in 1978, presenting primarily as leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous necrotising vasculitis and thrombotic vasculopathy without vasculitis. These findings typically, but not invariably, involve the ear lobes. In the early 1990s, levamisole became unavailable for human use in the United States due to toxicity concerns. Various neurological side effects were described with levamisole therapy, the most concerning complication being multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy. Recently, several persons have developed a novel syndrome characterized by necrotic noses and ears, leg ulcers, agranulocytosis, thrombovasculopathy, and positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) as a result of the drug cocaine being adulterated with levamisole. We describe the drug below.

Background

Levamisole is a pharmaceutical with anthelminthic and immunomodulatory properties that received approval from the Food and Drug Administration in 1991 as part of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for colorectal cancer. The addition of levamisole to 5-flouroruacil (5-FU) was first evaluated by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group in a 3-arm clinical trial that found that 5-FUlevamisole for 12 months was superior to either surgery alone or surgery followed by levamisole alone (recurrence rate was reduced by 40% and the death rate by 33% in Dukes’ C colon cancer).1 A subsequent trial intergroup trial randomized patients with Dukes’ B2 and C colon cancer to surgery alone or 1 year of adjuvant levamisole or 5FUlevamisole and confirmed the efficacy of 5FUlevamisole with respect to disease free survival and overall survival.2 As a result, adjuvant chemotherapy became the standard for stage III colon cancer as reported by an National Cancer Institute consensus development panel.3 Subsequently, primarily because of toxicity reasons, leucovorin replaced levamisole in most adjuvant chemotheraoy regimens for stage III colorectal cancer. Clinical toxicity of levamisole was noted as early as 1976 when several cases of leukopenia and agranulocytosis were reported. Recurrence with re-exposure was well described and agranulocytosis spontaneously reversed upon discontinuation of therapy. Vasculitis secondary to levamisole treatment was first reported in 1978, presenting primarily as leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous necrotising vasculitis and thrombotic vasculopathy without vasculitis. These findings typically, but not invariably, involve the ear lobes. In the early 1990s, levamisole became unavailable for human use in the United States due to toxicity concerns. Various neurological side effects were described with levamisole therapy, the most concerning complication being multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy. Recently, several persons have developed a novel syndrome characterized by necrotic noses and ears, leg ulcers, agranulocytosis, thrombovasculopathy, and positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) as a result of the drug cocaine being adulterated with levamisole. We describe the drug below.

Background

Levamisole is a pharmaceutical with anthelminthic and immunomodulatory properties that received approval from the Food and Drug Administration in 1991 as part of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for colorectal cancer. The addition of levamisole to 5-flouroruacil (5-FU) was first evaluated by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group in a 3-arm clinical trial that found that 5-FUlevamisole for 12 months was superior to either surgery alone or surgery followed by levamisole alone (recurrence rate was reduced by 40% and the death rate by 33% in Dukes’ C colon cancer).1 A subsequent trial intergroup trial randomized patients with Dukes’ B2 and C colon cancer to surgery alone or 1 year of adjuvant levamisole or 5FUlevamisole and confirmed the efficacy of 5FUlevamisole with respect to disease free survival and overall survival.2 As a result, adjuvant chemotherapy became the standard for stage III colon cancer as reported by an National Cancer Institute consensus development panel.3 Subsequently, primarily because of toxicity reasons, leucovorin replaced levamisole in most adjuvant chemotheraoy regimens for stage III colorectal cancer. Clinical toxicity of levamisole was noted as early as 1976 when several cases of leukopenia and agranulocytosis were reported. Recurrence with re-exposure was well described and agranulocytosis spontaneously reversed upon discontinuation of therapy. Vasculitis secondary to levamisole treatment was first reported in 1978, presenting primarily as leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous necrotising vasculitis and thrombotic vasculopathy without vasculitis. These findings typically, but not invariably, involve the ear lobes. In the early 1990s, levamisole became unavailable for human use in the United States due to toxicity concerns. Various neurological side effects were described with levamisole therapy, the most concerning complication being multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy. Recently, several persons have developed a novel syndrome characterized by necrotic noses and ears, leg ulcers, agranulocytosis, thrombovasculopathy, and positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) as a result of the drug cocaine being adulterated with levamisole. We describe the drug below.

NEW ORLEANS – Modified T cells continue to show their mettle against treatment-refractory leukemias, based on study results presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

Among children and young adults with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeted against the CD19 receptor produced complete responses in 10 of 16 patients, including 3 patients with primary, treatment-refractory ALL who had never previously been in remission, reported Dr. Daniel W. Lee III of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md.

"We were able to clear CNS [central nervous system] leukemia using CAR-T cells alone," Dr. Lee said.

In a second study, CD19-targeted T cells induced molecular remissions in adults with B-lineage ALL refractory to chemotherapy, said Dr. Marco L. Davila from the cellular therapeutics center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City.

The immunotherapy produced a complete response (CR) in 12 of 16 patients, and a complete molecular response (CRm) in 12.

Dr. Davila commented that CAR-T cell therapy appears to be a good therapeutic choice for relapsed/refractory B-ALL.

"Especially in light of the data that we see in indolent lymphomas, where the response rates have not been nearly as great, I would speculate that there may be something about this disease that makes it particularly well suited to the second-generation CAR-T cell therapy," he said.

In both studies, therapy with CAR-T cells served as a bridge to stem cell transplantation for several patients.

Different CAR-T flavors

Each research team used its own variation on CAR-T cell therapy. The NCI investigators collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients via apheresis and used a gamma retrovirus to introduce into effector cells a genetic sequence targeting the CD19 receptor on malignant cells. The NCI version also uses CD28 costimulatory signaling to boost cell-killing effects.

The patients are conditioned with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, and the treated T-cells are reinfused into the patients 11 days after harvesting.

In the phase I study, 15 patients with relapsed or refractory ALL and 1 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were treated. Eight of the patients had undergone at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and all had received total body irradiation. Four had previously received another form of immunotherapy. The patients had to have been at least 100 days post transplant, with no graft-vs.-host disease.

T-cell expansion and transduction was feasible in this heavily pretreated population. All but two patients had an adequate or good expression of CAR-T cells. These patients were treated nonetheless, and one went on to have a minimal-residual disease (MRD) negative response, Dr. Lee noted.

In all, 10 of the patients had complete responses: All of these patients had ALL, and three had never previously achieved a remission. The patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma did not have a significant treatment response.

Of eight patients who were negative for MRD after therapy, six went on to have stem cell transplants, with no unexpected toxicities.

As in other CAR-T cell studies, the chief toxicities seen included grade 4 neutropenia lasting longer than 2 weeks in nine patients, and the cytokine-release syndrome in four patients (grade 3 in two patients and grade 4 in two patients). One patient with the cytokine-release syndrome had cardiac arrest but was successfully resuscitated.

The cytokine-release syndrome was found to be associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and could be ameliorated with the IL-6 blocking agent tocilizumab (Actemra). The severity of cytokine-release syndrome did not correlate with tumor burden, the researchers noted.

MSKCC Study

Dr. Davila and his colleagues used a slightly different CAR-T cell construction, also with CD28 costimulation, to treat B-ALL in adults who either had refractory or relapsed disease (MRD-positive) or who were in their first complete remission. Patients who were positive for the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) and those who had extramedullary disease, CNS leukemia, or were in relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplant were all eligible.

He presented data on 16 patients with B-ALL with long-term follow-up: 14 patients had a complete response, with an average time to complete response of 24.5 days.

Seven patients in the MSKCC study have gone on to allogeneic stem cell transplants; three patients in complete remission were not eligible for transplant because of medical contraindications, and one additional patient was being evaluated for transplant. There have been no post-transplant relapses to date, with the longest follow-up out to 2 years, Dr. Davila said.

As in the NCI study, the cytokine-release syndrome was a common toxicity. The investigators initially tried to manage it with steroids but found that it came at the cost of lymphotoxicity that caused a marked decline in serum T-cells. They subsequently switched to tocilizumab, which was effective at treating the syndrome without lymphotoxicity.

Dr. Lee’s study was supported by the National Cancer Institute and St. Baldrick’s Foundation. He discussed off-label use of CAR-T cells. Dr. Lee reported having no conflicts of interest. Dr. Davila’s study was supported by MSKCC. He reported having no conflicts of interest.

NEW ORLEANS – Modified T cells continue to show their mettle against treatment-refractory leukemias, based on study results presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

Among children and young adults with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeted against the CD19 receptor produced complete responses in 10 of 16 patients, including 3 patients with primary, treatment-refractory ALL who had never previously been in remission, reported Dr. Daniel W. Lee III of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md.

"We were able to clear CNS [central nervous system] leukemia using CAR-T cells alone," Dr. Lee said.

In a second study, CD19-targeted T cells induced molecular remissions in adults with B-lineage ALL refractory to chemotherapy, said Dr. Marco L. Davila from the cellular therapeutics center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City.

The immunotherapy produced a complete response (CR) in 12 of 16 patients, and a complete molecular response (CRm) in 12.

Dr. Davila commented that CAR-T cell therapy appears to be a good therapeutic choice for relapsed/refractory B-ALL.

"Especially in light of the data that we see in indolent lymphomas, where the response rates have not been nearly as great, I would speculate that there may be something about this disease that makes it particularly well suited to the second-generation CAR-T cell therapy," he said.

In both studies, therapy with CAR-T cells served as a bridge to stem cell transplantation for several patients.

Different CAR-T flavors

Each research team used its own variation on CAR-T cell therapy. The NCI investigators collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients via apheresis and used a gamma retrovirus to introduce into effector cells a genetic sequence targeting the CD19 receptor on malignant cells. The NCI version also uses CD28 costimulatory signaling to boost cell-killing effects.

The patients are conditioned with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, and the treated T-cells are reinfused into the patients 11 days after harvesting.

In the phase I study, 15 patients with relapsed or refractory ALL and 1 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were treated. Eight of the patients had undergone at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and all had received total body irradiation. Four had previously received another form of immunotherapy. The patients had to have been at least 100 days post transplant, with no graft-vs.-host disease.

T-cell expansion and transduction was feasible in this heavily pretreated population. All but two patients had an adequate or good expression of CAR-T cells. These patients were treated nonetheless, and one went on to have a minimal-residual disease (MRD) negative response, Dr. Lee noted.

In all, 10 of the patients had complete responses: All of these patients had ALL, and three had never previously achieved a remission. The patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma did not have a significant treatment response.

Of eight patients who were negative for MRD after therapy, six went on to have stem cell transplants, with no unexpected toxicities.

As in other CAR-T cell studies, the chief toxicities seen included grade 4 neutropenia lasting longer than 2 weeks in nine patients, and the cytokine-release syndrome in four patients (grade 3 in two patients and grade 4 in two patients). One patient with the cytokine-release syndrome had cardiac arrest but was successfully resuscitated.

The cytokine-release syndrome was found to be associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and could be ameliorated with the IL-6 blocking agent tocilizumab (Actemra). The severity of cytokine-release syndrome did not correlate with tumor burden, the researchers noted.

MSKCC Study

Dr. Davila and his colleagues used a slightly different CAR-T cell construction, also with CD28 costimulation, to treat B-ALL in adults who either had refractory or relapsed disease (MRD-positive) or who were in their first complete remission. Patients who were positive for the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) and those who had extramedullary disease, CNS leukemia, or were in relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplant were all eligible.

He presented data on 16 patients with B-ALL with long-term follow-up: 14 patients had a complete response, with an average time to complete response of 24.5 days.

Seven patients in the MSKCC study have gone on to allogeneic stem cell transplants; three patients in complete remission were not eligible for transplant because of medical contraindications, and one additional patient was being evaluated for transplant. There have been no post-transplant relapses to date, with the longest follow-up out to 2 years, Dr. Davila said.

As in the NCI study, the cytokine-release syndrome was a common toxicity. The investigators initially tried to manage it with steroids but found that it came at the cost of lymphotoxicity that caused a marked decline in serum T-cells. They subsequently switched to tocilizumab, which was effective at treating the syndrome without lymphotoxicity.

Dr. Lee’s study was supported by the National Cancer Institute and St. Baldrick’s Foundation. He discussed off-label use of CAR-T cells. Dr. Lee reported having no conflicts of interest. Dr. Davila’s study was supported by MSKCC. He reported having no conflicts of interest.

NEW ORLEANS – Modified T cells continue to show their mettle against treatment-refractory leukemias, based on study results presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology.

Among children and young adults with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeted against the CD19 receptor produced complete responses in 10 of 16 patients, including 3 patients with primary, treatment-refractory ALL who had never previously been in remission, reported Dr. Daniel W. Lee III of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md.

"We were able to clear CNS [central nervous system] leukemia using CAR-T cells alone," Dr. Lee said.

In a second study, CD19-targeted T cells induced molecular remissions in adults with B-lineage ALL refractory to chemotherapy, said Dr. Marco L. Davila from the cellular therapeutics center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York City.

The immunotherapy produced a complete response (CR) in 12 of 16 patients, and a complete molecular response (CRm) in 12.

Dr. Davila commented that CAR-T cell therapy appears to be a good therapeutic choice for relapsed/refractory B-ALL.

"Especially in light of the data that we see in indolent lymphomas, where the response rates have not been nearly as great, I would speculate that there may be something about this disease that makes it particularly well suited to the second-generation CAR-T cell therapy," he said.

In both studies, therapy with CAR-T cells served as a bridge to stem cell transplantation for several patients.

Different CAR-T flavors

Each research team used its own variation on CAR-T cell therapy. The NCI investigators collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients via apheresis and used a gamma retrovirus to introduce into effector cells a genetic sequence targeting the CD19 receptor on malignant cells. The NCI version also uses CD28 costimulatory signaling to boost cell-killing effects.

The patients are conditioned with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, and the treated T-cells are reinfused into the patients 11 days after harvesting.

In the phase I study, 15 patients with relapsed or refractory ALL and 1 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were treated. Eight of the patients had undergone at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and all had received total body irradiation. Four had previously received another form of immunotherapy. The patients had to have been at least 100 days post transplant, with no graft-vs.-host disease.

T-cell expansion and transduction was feasible in this heavily pretreated population. All but two patients had an adequate or good expression of CAR-T cells. These patients were treated nonetheless, and one went on to have a minimal-residual disease (MRD) negative response, Dr. Lee noted.

In all, 10 of the patients had complete responses: All of these patients had ALL, and three had never previously achieved a remission. The patient with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma did not have a significant treatment response.

Of eight patients who were negative for MRD after therapy, six went on to have stem cell transplants, with no unexpected toxicities.

As in other CAR-T cell studies, the chief toxicities seen included grade 4 neutropenia lasting longer than 2 weeks in nine patients, and the cytokine-release syndrome in four patients (grade 3 in two patients and grade 4 in two patients). One patient with the cytokine-release syndrome had cardiac arrest but was successfully resuscitated.

The cytokine-release syndrome was found to be associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and could be ameliorated with the IL-6 blocking agent tocilizumab (Actemra). The severity of cytokine-release syndrome did not correlate with tumor burden, the researchers noted.

MSKCC Study

Dr. Davila and his colleagues used a slightly different CAR-T cell construction, also with CD28 costimulation, to treat B-ALL in adults who either had refractory or relapsed disease (MRD-positive) or who were in their first complete remission. Patients who were positive for the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) and those who had extramedullary disease, CNS leukemia, or were in relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplant were all eligible.

He presented data on 16 patients with B-ALL with long-term follow-up: 14 patients had a complete response, with an average time to complete response of 24.5 days.

Seven patients in the MSKCC study have gone on to allogeneic stem cell transplants; three patients in complete remission were not eligible for transplant because of medical contraindications, and one additional patient was being evaluated for transplant. There have been no post-transplant relapses to date, with the longest follow-up out to 2 years, Dr. Davila said.

As in the NCI study, the cytokine-release syndrome was a common toxicity. The investigators initially tried to manage it with steroids but found that it came at the cost of lymphotoxicity that caused a marked decline in serum T-cells. They subsequently switched to tocilizumab, which was effective at treating the syndrome without lymphotoxicity.

Dr. Lee’s study was supported by the National Cancer Institute and St. Baldrick’s Foundation. He discussed off-label use of CAR-T cells. Dr. Lee reported having no conflicts of interest. Dr. Davila’s study was supported by MSKCC. He reported having no conflicts of interest.

Monoclonal antibodies
Credit: Linda Bartlett

NEW ORLEANS—Brentuximab vedotin has demonstrated “compelling” antitumor activity in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), according to researchers.

The investigators were also surprised

to find that the activity of this anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody

conjugate did not seem to

correlate with a patient’s level of CD30 expression.

In fact, some of

the patients with the weakest CD30 expression had the best responses to

the drug.

Eric Jacobsen, MD, of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, and his colleagues presented these results at the 2013 ASH Annual Meeting as abstract 848.

Thus far, the researchers have enrolled 62 patients with B-cell lymphomas, including 44 with DLBCL, on this phase 2 study.

Sixty-five percent of patients had primary refractory disease, 76% were refractory to their most recent prior therapy, and 23% had never responded to any treatment.

However, 40% of the 43 evaluable DLBCL patients had an objective response to brentuximab vedotin. The median response duration was 36 weeks, and some responses lasted more than 8 months.

Seven patients had complete remissions, and 10 had partial remissions. In the other B-cell lymphoma patients, 22 had an objective response.

The researchers called this compelling antitumor activity in a highly refractory population.

“[Brentuximab vedotin] was more active than many expected,” Dr Jacobsen said. “In my opinion, these results are encouraging enough to take the drug forward in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.”

The researchers said the drug’s safety profile was consistent with previous results. Six patients stopped treatment due to adverse events, including 2 who developed peripheral neuropathy. 

Treatment-emergent adverse events included fatigue (40%), nausea (37%), neutropenia (37%), fever (32%), diarrhea (31%), peripheral sensory neuropathy (26%), vomiting (23%), anemia (21%), and constipation (21%).

Role of CD30

Brentuximab vedotin is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD30. This molecule’s expression varies, but researchers have estimated that CD30 is present in a quarter to a third of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells.

In this study, some of the patients’ lymphoma cells strongly expressed CD30. But, in other patients, the investigators were unable to detect any CD30 expression at all. And the patients’ level of CD30 expression bore no relationship to how they responded to the drug.

“In fact, although the trend was not statistically significant, there was almost an inverse correlation,” Dr Jacobsen said. “Some patients with the weakest CD30 expression had the most positive responses.”

One possible explanation for this is that the drug bound to another target, but preclinical tests suggested this was not the case. Other possibilities are that brentuximab vedotin binds more effectively to CD30 than the antibody used to detect CD30 in the lab or that different cells have differing abilities to ingest brentuximab once the antibody binds to the cell.

There is no clear answer from the study, Dr Jacobsen said, but lab tests are ongoing. He and his colleagues are beginning to evaluate the drug’s activity in a cohort of patients whose lymphomas have no measurable CD30 expression.

This study was supported by Seattle Genetics.

Monoclonal antibodies
Credit: Linda Bartlett

NEW ORLEANS—Brentuximab vedotin has demonstrated “compelling” antitumor activity in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), according to researchers.

The investigators were also surprised

to find that the activity of this anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody

conjugate did not seem to

correlate with a patient’s level of CD30 expression.

In fact, some of

the patients with the weakest CD30 expression had the best responses to

the drug.

Eric Jacobsen, MD, of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, and his colleagues presented these results at the 2013 ASH Annual Meeting as abstract 848.

Thus far, the researchers have enrolled 62 patients with B-cell lymphomas, including 44 with DLBCL, on this phase 2 study.

Sixty-five percent of patients had primary refractory disease, 76% were refractory to their most recent prior therapy, and 23% had never responded to any treatment.

However, 40% of the 43 evaluable DLBCL patients had an objective response to brentuximab vedotin. The median response duration was 36 weeks, and some responses lasted more than 8 months.

Seven patients had complete remissions, and 10 had partial remissions. In the other B-cell lymphoma patients, 22 had an objective response.

The researchers called this compelling antitumor activity in a highly refractory population.

“[Brentuximab vedotin] was more active than many expected,” Dr Jacobsen said. “In my opinion, these results are encouraging enough to take the drug forward in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.”

The researchers said the drug’s safety profile was consistent with previous results. Six patients stopped treatment due to adverse events, including 2 who developed peripheral neuropathy. 

Treatment-emergent adverse events included fatigue (40%), nausea (37%), neutropenia (37%), fever (32%), diarrhea (31%), peripheral sensory neuropathy (26%), vomiting (23%), anemia (21%), and constipation (21%).

Role of CD30

Brentuximab vedotin is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD30. This molecule’s expression varies, but researchers have estimated that CD30 is present in a quarter to a third of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells.

In this study, some of the patients’ lymphoma cells strongly expressed CD30. But, in other patients, the investigators were unable to detect any CD30 expression at all. And the patients’ level of CD30 expression bore no relationship to how they responded to the drug.

“In fact, although the trend was not statistically significant, there was almost an inverse correlation,” Dr Jacobsen said. “Some patients with the weakest CD30 expression had the most positive responses.”

One possible explanation for this is that the drug bound to another target, but preclinical tests suggested this was not the case. Other possibilities are that brentuximab vedotin binds more effectively to CD30 than the antibody used to detect CD30 in the lab or that different cells have differing abilities to ingest brentuximab once the antibody binds to the cell.

There is no clear answer from the study, Dr Jacobsen said, but lab tests are ongoing. He and his colleagues are beginning to evaluate the drug’s activity in a cohort of patients whose lymphomas have no measurable CD30 expression.

This study was supported by Seattle Genetics.

Monoclonal antibodies
Credit: Linda Bartlett

NEW ORLEANS—Brentuximab vedotin has demonstrated “compelling” antitumor activity in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), according to researchers.

The investigators were also surprised

to find that the activity of this anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody

conjugate did not seem to

correlate with a patient’s level of CD30 expression.

In fact, some of

the patients with the weakest CD30 expression had the best responses to

the drug.

Eric Jacobsen, MD, of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, and his colleagues presented these results at the 2013 ASH Annual Meeting as abstract 848.

Thus far, the researchers have enrolled 62 patients with B-cell lymphomas, including 44 with DLBCL, on this phase 2 study.

Sixty-five percent of patients had primary refractory disease, 76% were refractory to their most recent prior therapy, and 23% had never responded to any treatment.

However, 40% of the 43 evaluable DLBCL patients had an objective response to brentuximab vedotin. The median response duration was 36 weeks, and some responses lasted more than 8 months.

Seven patients had complete remissions, and 10 had partial remissions. In the other B-cell lymphoma patients, 22 had an objective response.

The researchers called this compelling antitumor activity in a highly refractory population.

“[Brentuximab vedotin] was more active than many expected,” Dr Jacobsen said. “In my opinion, these results are encouraging enough to take the drug forward in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.”

The researchers said the drug’s safety profile was consistent with previous results. Six patients stopped treatment due to adverse events, including 2 who developed peripheral neuropathy. 

Treatment-emergent adverse events included fatigue (40%), nausea (37%), neutropenia (37%), fever (32%), diarrhea (31%), peripheral sensory neuropathy (26%), vomiting (23%), anemia (21%), and constipation (21%).

Role of CD30

Brentuximab vedotin is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD30. This molecule’s expression varies, but researchers have estimated that CD30 is present in a quarter to a third of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells.

In this study, some of the patients’ lymphoma cells strongly expressed CD30. But, in other patients, the investigators were unable to detect any CD30 expression at all. And the patients’ level of CD30 expression bore no relationship to how they responded to the drug.

“In fact, although the trend was not statistically significant, there was almost an inverse correlation,” Dr Jacobsen said. “Some patients with the weakest CD30 expression had the most positive responses.”

One possible explanation for this is that the drug bound to another target, but preclinical tests suggested this was not the case. Other possibilities are that brentuximab vedotin binds more effectively to CD30 than the antibody used to detect CD30 in the lab or that different cells have differing abilities to ingest brentuximab once the antibody binds to the cell.

There is no clear answer from the study, Dr Jacobsen said, but lab tests are ongoing. He and his colleagues are beginning to evaluate the drug’s activity in a cohort of patients whose lymphomas have no measurable CD30 expression.

This study was supported by Seattle Genetics.

MELBOURNE – Corneal nerve fiber length, measured using corneal confocal microscopy, is significantly reduced in individuals with type 1 diabetes who go on to develop diabetic neuropathy at 3 years, according to data from the longitudinal LANDMark study.

Researchers found that corneal nerve fibre length was significantly lower at baseline in individuals who developed neuropathy than in those who did not over the 3-year follow up (13.3 vs. 17.4 mm/mm², respectively; P = 0.036).

Corneal nerve fiber length, which is a measure of amount of nerve tissue per unit area in the cornea, may be an useful, noninvasive adjunct to diabetic neuropathy screening, Nicola Pritchard, a researcher for the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, suggested in her presentation of the results at the World Diabetes Congress.

"In animal models, we know that the dropout of nerves in the cornea actually does precede the dropout of nerves in the foot," Ms. Pritchard said in an interview.

"Our hope is that this technique will be useful to pick up very, very early signs of neuropathy, way before people are getting symptoms and before things develop to a stage where there’s damage," she said.

LANDMark (Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropathy in Diabetes Using Novel Ophthalmic Markers) is a 5-year observational study of 242 individuals with type 1 diabetes.

The 3-year analysis included data from 64 participants without baseline neuropathy, seven (11%) of whom had developed neuropathy by 3 years, as defined by the Toronto criteria.

Study participants undergo annual neuropathy assessments, including measurement of corneal nerve parameters using corneal confocal microscopy and measurements of corneal sensitivity using noncontact corneal esthesiometry.

The study showed that reduced peroneal conduction velocity and cold sensation and increased vibration threshold also were associated with development of diabetic neuropathy.

However, although corneal nerve fiber length was significantly reduced at baseline in individuals who developed neuropathy, compared with those who did not, at the 3-year mark there was no significant difference in corneal nerve fiber length between the two groups.

Ms. Pritchard said that it was unclear why the nerve fibre parameters improved over time, suggesting that perhaps the nerves were growing to fill in the gaps.

Nathan Efron, D.Sc., research leader of the LANDMark study, said corneal confocal microscopy had the potential to be a very simple screening technique for diabetic neuropathy that could be applied at the same time as patients come in for their annual fundus photographs.

"At the very least, it’s a viable alternative technique to the range of techniques neurologists and diabetic specialists already have at their disposal, but the potential advantage of this technique is that it might be a very early marker of diabetic neuropathy," said Dr. Efron, professor in the School of Optometry and Vision Science at Queensland University of Technology.

"We’re not there yet, but down the line, that’s where this all could come to, as long as we can get more firm data and validate it a bit better," he said.

There were no relevant conflicts of interest declared.

MELBOURNE – Corneal nerve fiber length, measured using corneal confocal microscopy, is significantly reduced in individuals with type 1 diabetes who go on to develop diabetic neuropathy at 3 years, according to data from the longitudinal LANDMark study.

Researchers found that corneal nerve fibre length was significantly lower at baseline in individuals who developed neuropathy than in those who did not over the 3-year follow up (13.3 vs. 17.4 mm/mm², respectively; P = 0.036).

Corneal nerve fiber length, which is a measure of amount of nerve tissue per unit area in the cornea, may be an useful, noninvasive adjunct to diabetic neuropathy screening, Nicola Pritchard, a researcher for the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, suggested in her presentation of the results at the World Diabetes Congress.

"In animal models, we know that the dropout of nerves in the cornea actually does precede the dropout of nerves in the foot," Ms. Pritchard said in an interview.

"Our hope is that this technique will be useful to pick up very, very early signs of neuropathy, way before people are getting symptoms and before things develop to a stage where there’s damage," she said.

LANDMark (Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropathy in Diabetes Using Novel Ophthalmic Markers) is a 5-year observational study of 242 individuals with type 1 diabetes.

The 3-year analysis included data from 64 participants without baseline neuropathy, seven (11%) of whom had developed neuropathy by 3 years, as defined by the Toronto criteria.

Study participants undergo annual neuropathy assessments, including measurement of corneal nerve parameters using corneal confocal microscopy and measurements of corneal sensitivity using noncontact corneal esthesiometry.

The study showed that reduced peroneal conduction velocity and cold sensation and increased vibration threshold also were associated with development of diabetic neuropathy.

However, although corneal nerve fiber length was significantly reduced at baseline in individuals who developed neuropathy, compared with those who did not, at the 3-year mark there was no significant difference in corneal nerve fiber length between the two groups.

Ms. Pritchard said that it was unclear why the nerve fibre parameters improved over time, suggesting that perhaps the nerves were growing to fill in the gaps.

Nathan Efron, D.Sc., research leader of the LANDMark study, said corneal confocal microscopy had the potential to be a very simple screening technique for diabetic neuropathy that could be applied at the same time as patients come in for their annual fundus photographs.

"At the very least, it’s a viable alternative technique to the range of techniques neurologists and diabetic specialists already have at their disposal, but the potential advantage of this technique is that it might be a very early marker of diabetic neuropathy," said Dr. Efron, professor in the School of Optometry and Vision Science at Queensland University of Technology.

"We’re not there yet, but down the line, that’s where this all could come to, as long as we can get more firm data and validate it a bit better," he said.

There were no relevant conflicts of interest declared.

MELBOURNE – Corneal nerve fiber length, measured using corneal confocal microscopy, is significantly reduced in individuals with type 1 diabetes who go on to develop diabetic neuropathy at 3 years, according to data from the longitudinal LANDMark study.

Researchers found that corneal nerve fibre length was significantly lower at baseline in individuals who developed neuropathy than in those who did not over the 3-year follow up (13.3 vs. 17.4 mm/mm², respectively; P = 0.036).

Corneal nerve fiber length, which is a measure of amount of nerve tissue per unit area in the cornea, may be an useful, noninvasive adjunct to diabetic neuropathy screening, Nicola Pritchard, a researcher for the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, suggested in her presentation of the results at the World Diabetes Congress.

"In animal models, we know that the dropout of nerves in the cornea actually does precede the dropout of nerves in the foot," Ms. Pritchard said in an interview.

"Our hope is that this technique will be useful to pick up very, very early signs of neuropathy, way before people are getting symptoms and before things develop to a stage where there’s damage," she said.

LANDMark (Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropathy in Diabetes Using Novel Ophthalmic Markers) is a 5-year observational study of 242 individuals with type 1 diabetes.

The 3-year analysis included data from 64 participants without baseline neuropathy, seven (11%) of whom had developed neuropathy by 3 years, as defined by the Toronto criteria.

Study participants undergo annual neuropathy assessments, including measurement of corneal nerve parameters using corneal confocal microscopy and measurements of corneal sensitivity using noncontact corneal esthesiometry.

The study showed that reduced peroneal conduction velocity and cold sensation and increased vibration threshold also were associated with development of diabetic neuropathy.

However, although corneal nerve fiber length was significantly reduced at baseline in individuals who developed neuropathy, compared with those who did not, at the 3-year mark there was no significant difference in corneal nerve fiber length between the two groups.

Ms. Pritchard said that it was unclear why the nerve fibre parameters improved over time, suggesting that perhaps the nerves were growing to fill in the gaps.

Nathan Efron, D.Sc., research leader of the LANDMark study, said corneal confocal microscopy had the potential to be a very simple screening technique for diabetic neuropathy that could be applied at the same time as patients come in for their annual fundus photographs.

"At the very least, it’s a viable alternative technique to the range of techniques neurologists and diabetic specialists already have at their disposal, but the potential advantage of this technique is that it might be a very early marker of diabetic neuropathy," said Dr. Efron, professor in the School of Optometry and Vision Science at Queensland University of Technology.

"We’re not there yet, but down the line, that’s where this all could come to, as long as we can get more firm data and validate it a bit better," he said.

There were no relevant conflicts of interest declared.

The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine may benefit patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), according to research published online ahead of print December 4, 2013, in Neurology. A total of 82 participants with CIS were randomized to BCG or placebo and monitored monthly with brain MRI for six months. All patients subsequently received IM interferon β-1a for 12 months. In an open-label extension phase, patients received disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) recommended by their neurologists. During the initial six months, the number of cumulative lesions was significantly lower among vaccinated subjects. The number of total T1-hypointense lesions was lower in the BCG group at months 6, 12, and 18. After 60 months, the probability of clinically definite multiple sclerosis was lower in the BCG plus DMT arm, and more vaccinated people remained DMT-free.

Exercise programs may significantly improve the ability of people with dementia to perform activities of daily living, according to a study published online ahead of print December 4, 2013, in the Cochrane Library. Exercise also may improve cognition in these patients, but may not affect depression. Investigators reviewed randomized controlled trials in which older people diagnosed with dementia were allocated to exercise programs or to control groups, which received standard care or social contact. Sixteen trials with 937 participants met the inclusion criteria. The trials were highly heterogeneous in terms of subtype and severity of participants’ dementia, and type, duration, and frequency of exercise. The researchers found that informal caregivers’ burden may be reduced when the family member with dementia participates in an exercise program.

Thrombin activity may enable neurologists to detect multiple sclerosis (MS) before clinical signs of the disease are present, according to research published online ahead of print November 29, 2013, in Annals of Neurology. Using a novel molecular probe, investigators characterized the activity pattern of thrombin, the central protease of the coagulation cascade, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thrombin activity preceded the onset of neurologic signs; increased at disease peak; and correlated with fibrin deposition, microglial activation, demyelination, axonal damage, and clinical severity. Mice with a genetic deficit in prothrombin confirmed the specificity of the thrombin probe. Scientists may be able to use thrombin activity to develop sensitive probes for the preclinical detection and monitoring of neuroinflammation and MS progression, according to the investigators.

An athlete with concussion symptoms should not be allowed to return to play on the same day, according to the latest consensus statement on sports-related concussion, which was summarized in the December 2013 issue of Neurosurgery. The Concussion in Sport Group (CISG 4) based its recommendations on the advice of an expert panel that was sponsored by five international sports governing bodies. Between 80% and 90% of concussions resolve within seven to 10 days, but recovery may take longer in children and adolescents, according to the consensus statement. The updated statement emphasizes the distinction between concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. The CISG 4 suggests that patients with concussion have normal findings on brain neuroimaging studies (eg, CT scan), but those with traumatic brain injury have abnormal imaging findings.

Vitamin D may prevent multiple sclerosis (MS) by blocking T helper (T_H) cells from migrating into the CNS, according to research published online ahead of print December 9, 2013, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Investigators administered 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D₃], the bioactive form of vitamin D, to animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Myelin-reactive T_H cells were generated in the presence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃, secreted proinflammatory cytokines, and did not preferentially differentiate into suppressor T cells. The cells left the lymph node, entered the peripheral circulation, and migrated to the immunization sites. T_H cells from 1,25(OH)₂D₃-treated mice were unable to enter the CNS parenchyma, however. Instead, the cells were maintained in the periphery. The mice developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when treatment ceased.

Among people with type 2 diabetes, dementia incidence may be highest among Native Americans and African Americans and lowest among Asians, according to a study published online ahead of print November 22, 2013, in Diabetes Care. Scientists identified 22,171 patients age 60 or older with diabetes and without preexisting dementia in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry. The investigators abstracted prevalent medical history and dementia incidence from medical records and calculated age-adjusted incidence densities. Dementia was diagnosed in 17.1% of patients. Age-adjusted dementia incidence densities were 34/1,000 person-years among Native Americans, 27/1,000 person-years among African Americans, and 19/1,000 person-years among Asians. Hazard ratios (relative to Asians) were 1.64 for Native Americans, 1.44 for African Americans, 1.30 for non-Hispanic whites, and 1.19 for Latinos.

Veterans with blast injuries have changes in brain tissue that may be apparent on imaging years later, according to data presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America. Researchers compared diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived fractional anisotropy (FA) values in 10 veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom who had been diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury with those of 10 healthy controls. The average time elapsed between the blast-induced injury and DTI scan among the patients was 51.3 months. FA values were significantly different between the two groups, and the researchers found significant correlations between FA values and attention, delayed memory, and psychomotor test scores. The results suggest that blast injury may have a long-term impact on the brain.

Among college athletes, head impact exposure may be related to white matter diffusion measures and cognition during the course of one playing season, even in the absence of diagnosed concussion, according to data published online ahead of print December 11, 2013, in Neurology. Researchers prospectively studied 79 noncontact sport athletes and 80 nonconcussed varsity football and ice hockey players who wore helmets that recorded the acceleration-time history of the head following impact. Mean diffusivity (MD) in the corpus callosum was significantly different between groups. Measures of head impact exposure correlated with white matter diffusivity measures in the corpus callosum, amygdala, cerebellar white matter, hippocampus, and thalamus. The magnitude of change in corpus callosum MD postseason was associated with poorer performance on a measure of verbal learning and memory.

Among veterans, traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the most recent deployment is the strongest predictor of postdeployment symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even when accounting for predeployment symptoms, prior TBI, and combat intensity, according to research published online ahead of print December 11, 2013, in JAMA Psychiatry. A total of 1,648 active-duty Marine and Navy servicemen underwent clinical interviews and completed self-assessments approximately one month before a seven-month deployment and three to six months after deployment. At the predeployment assessment, 56.8% of participants reported prior TBI. At postdeployment assessment, 19.8% reported sustaining TBI between predeployment and postdeployment assessments. Probability of PTSD was highest for participants with severe predeployment symptoms, high combat intensity, and deployment-related TBI. TBI doubled the PTSD rates for participants with less severe predeployment PTSD symptoms.

Fidgetin inhibition could promote tissue regeneration and repair the broken cell connections that occur in spinal cord injury and other conditions, according to research presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology. Fidgetin prunes unstable microtubule scaffolding in cells, as well as unneeded connections in the neuronal network as the latter grows. Researchers used a novel nanoparticle technology to block fidgetin in the injured nerves of adult rats. The nanoparticles were infused with small interfering RNA that bound the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from the fidgetin gene. The mRNA for fidgetin was not translated, and the cell did not produce fidgetin. Blocking fidgetin restarted tissue growth in the animals. The technique could benefit patients with myocardial infarction or chronic cutaneous wounds.

Deep brain stimulation may improve driving ability for people with Parkinson’s disease, according to a study published online ahead of print December 18, 2013, in Neurology. Investigators studied 23 people who had deep brain stimulators, 21 people with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators, and 21 healthy individuals. Participants were tested with a driving simulator. Individuals with stimulators completed the test once with the stimulator on, once with it off, and once with the stimulator off after receiving levodopa. People with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators performed worse than controls in almost every category. People with stimulators did not perform significantly worse than the controls. Participants with stimulators had an average of 3.8 slight driving errors on the test, compared with 7.5 for the controls and 11.4 for people with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators.

Gadolinium-based contrast medium (Gd-CM) may be associated with abnormalities on brain MRI, according to research published online ahead of print December 17, 2013, in Radiology. Researchers compared unenhanced T1-weighted MR images of 19 patients who had undergone six or more contrast-enhanced brain scans with images of 16 people who had received six or fewer unenhanced scans. The hyperintensity of the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus correlated with the number of Gd-CM administrations. Hyperintensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced MRI may be a consequence of the number of previous Gd-CM administrations, according to the researchers. Because gadolinium has a high signal intensity in the body, the data suggest that the toxic gadolinium component remains in the body in patients with normal renal function.

—Erik Greb

The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine may benefit patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), according to research published online ahead of print December 4, 2013, in Neurology. A total of 82 participants with CIS were randomized to BCG or placebo and monitored monthly with brain MRI for six months. All patients subsequently received IM interferon β-1a for 12 months. In an open-label extension phase, patients received disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) recommended by their neurologists. During the initial six months, the number of cumulative lesions was significantly lower among vaccinated subjects. The number of total T1-hypointense lesions was lower in the BCG group at months 6, 12, and 18. After 60 months, the probability of clinically definite multiple sclerosis was lower in the BCG plus DMT arm, and more vaccinated people remained DMT-free.

Exercise programs may significantly improve the ability of people with dementia to perform activities of daily living, according to a study published online ahead of print December 4, 2013, in the Cochrane Library. Exercise also may improve cognition in these patients, but may not affect depression. Investigators reviewed randomized controlled trials in which older people diagnosed with dementia were allocated to exercise programs or to control groups, which received standard care or social contact. Sixteen trials with 937 participants met the inclusion criteria. The trials were highly heterogeneous in terms of subtype and severity of participants’ dementia, and type, duration, and frequency of exercise. The researchers found that informal caregivers’ burden may be reduced when the family member with dementia participates in an exercise program.

Thrombin activity may enable neurologists to detect multiple sclerosis (MS) before clinical signs of the disease are present, according to research published online ahead of print November 29, 2013, in Annals of Neurology. Using a novel molecular probe, investigators characterized the activity pattern of thrombin, the central protease of the coagulation cascade, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thrombin activity preceded the onset of neurologic signs; increased at disease peak; and correlated with fibrin deposition, microglial activation, demyelination, axonal damage, and clinical severity. Mice with a genetic deficit in prothrombin confirmed the specificity of the thrombin probe. Scientists may be able to use thrombin activity to develop sensitive probes for the preclinical detection and monitoring of neuroinflammation and MS progression, according to the investigators.

An athlete with concussion symptoms should not be allowed to return to play on the same day, according to the latest consensus statement on sports-related concussion, which was summarized in the December 2013 issue of Neurosurgery. The Concussion in Sport Group (CISG 4) based its recommendations on the advice of an expert panel that was sponsored by five international sports governing bodies. Between 80% and 90% of concussions resolve within seven to 10 days, but recovery may take longer in children and adolescents, according to the consensus statement. The updated statement emphasizes the distinction between concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. The CISG 4 suggests that patients with concussion have normal findings on brain neuroimaging studies (eg, CT scan), but those with traumatic brain injury have abnormal imaging findings.

Vitamin D may prevent multiple sclerosis (MS) by blocking T helper (T_H) cells from migrating into the CNS, according to research published online ahead of print December 9, 2013, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Investigators administered 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D₃], the bioactive form of vitamin D, to animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Myelin-reactive T_H cells were generated in the presence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃, secreted proinflammatory cytokines, and did not preferentially differentiate into suppressor T cells. The cells left the lymph node, entered the peripheral circulation, and migrated to the immunization sites. T_H cells from 1,25(OH)₂D₃-treated mice were unable to enter the CNS parenchyma, however. Instead, the cells were maintained in the periphery. The mice developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when treatment ceased.

Among people with type 2 diabetes, dementia incidence may be highest among Native Americans and African Americans and lowest among Asians, according to a study published online ahead of print November 22, 2013, in Diabetes Care. Scientists identified 22,171 patients age 60 or older with diabetes and without preexisting dementia in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry. The investigators abstracted prevalent medical history and dementia incidence from medical records and calculated age-adjusted incidence densities. Dementia was diagnosed in 17.1% of patients. Age-adjusted dementia incidence densities were 34/1,000 person-years among Native Americans, 27/1,000 person-years among African Americans, and 19/1,000 person-years among Asians. Hazard ratios (relative to Asians) were 1.64 for Native Americans, 1.44 for African Americans, 1.30 for non-Hispanic whites, and 1.19 for Latinos.

Veterans with blast injuries have changes in brain tissue that may be apparent on imaging years later, according to data presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America. Researchers compared diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived fractional anisotropy (FA) values in 10 veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom who had been diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury with those of 10 healthy controls. The average time elapsed between the blast-induced injury and DTI scan among the patients was 51.3 months. FA values were significantly different between the two groups, and the researchers found significant correlations between FA values and attention, delayed memory, and psychomotor test scores. The results suggest that blast injury may have a long-term impact on the brain.

Among college athletes, head impact exposure may be related to white matter diffusion measures and cognition during the course of one playing season, even in the absence of diagnosed concussion, according to data published online ahead of print December 11, 2013, in Neurology. Researchers prospectively studied 79 noncontact sport athletes and 80 nonconcussed varsity football and ice hockey players who wore helmets that recorded the acceleration-time history of the head following impact. Mean diffusivity (MD) in the corpus callosum was significantly different between groups. Measures of head impact exposure correlated with white matter diffusivity measures in the corpus callosum, amygdala, cerebellar white matter, hippocampus, and thalamus. The magnitude of change in corpus callosum MD postseason was associated with poorer performance on a measure of verbal learning and memory.

Among veterans, traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the most recent deployment is the strongest predictor of postdeployment symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even when accounting for predeployment symptoms, prior TBI, and combat intensity, according to research published online ahead of print December 11, 2013, in JAMA Psychiatry. A total of 1,648 active-duty Marine and Navy servicemen underwent clinical interviews and completed self-assessments approximately one month before a seven-month deployment and three to six months after deployment. At the predeployment assessment, 56.8% of participants reported prior TBI. At postdeployment assessment, 19.8% reported sustaining TBI between predeployment and postdeployment assessments. Probability of PTSD was highest for participants with severe predeployment symptoms, high combat intensity, and deployment-related TBI. TBI doubled the PTSD rates for participants with less severe predeployment PTSD symptoms.

Fidgetin inhibition could promote tissue regeneration and repair the broken cell connections that occur in spinal cord injury and other conditions, according to research presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology. Fidgetin prunes unstable microtubule scaffolding in cells, as well as unneeded connections in the neuronal network as the latter grows. Researchers used a novel nanoparticle technology to block fidgetin in the injured nerves of adult rats. The nanoparticles were infused with small interfering RNA that bound the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from the fidgetin gene. The mRNA for fidgetin was not translated, and the cell did not produce fidgetin. Blocking fidgetin restarted tissue growth in the animals. The technique could benefit patients with myocardial infarction or chronic cutaneous wounds.

Deep brain stimulation may improve driving ability for people with Parkinson’s disease, according to a study published online ahead of print December 18, 2013, in Neurology. Investigators studied 23 people who had deep brain stimulators, 21 people with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators, and 21 healthy individuals. Participants were tested with a driving simulator. Individuals with stimulators completed the test once with the stimulator on, once with it off, and once with the stimulator off after receiving levodopa. People with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators performed worse than controls in almost every category. People with stimulators did not perform significantly worse than the controls. Participants with stimulators had an average of 3.8 slight driving errors on the test, compared with 7.5 for the controls and 11.4 for people with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators.

Gadolinium-based contrast medium (Gd-CM) may be associated with abnormalities on brain MRI, according to research published online ahead of print December 17, 2013, in Radiology. Researchers compared unenhanced T1-weighted MR images of 19 patients who had undergone six or more contrast-enhanced brain scans with images of 16 people who had received six or fewer unenhanced scans. The hyperintensity of the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus correlated with the number of Gd-CM administrations. Hyperintensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced MRI may be a consequence of the number of previous Gd-CM administrations, according to the researchers. Because gadolinium has a high signal intensity in the body, the data suggest that the toxic gadolinium component remains in the body in patients with normal renal function.

—Erik Greb

The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine may benefit patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), according to research published online ahead of print December 4, 2013, in Neurology. A total of 82 participants with CIS were randomized to BCG or placebo and monitored monthly with brain MRI for six months. All patients subsequently received IM interferon β-1a for 12 months. In an open-label extension phase, patients received disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) recommended by their neurologists. During the initial six months, the number of cumulative lesions was significantly lower among vaccinated subjects. The number of total T1-hypointense lesions was lower in the BCG group at months 6, 12, and 18. After 60 months, the probability of clinically definite multiple sclerosis was lower in the BCG plus DMT arm, and more vaccinated people remained DMT-free.

Exercise programs may significantly improve the ability of people with dementia to perform activities of daily living, according to a study published online ahead of print December 4, 2013, in the Cochrane Library. Exercise also may improve cognition in these patients, but may not affect depression. Investigators reviewed randomized controlled trials in which older people diagnosed with dementia were allocated to exercise programs or to control groups, which received standard care or social contact. Sixteen trials with 937 participants met the inclusion criteria. The trials were highly heterogeneous in terms of subtype and severity of participants’ dementia, and type, duration, and frequency of exercise. The researchers found that informal caregivers’ burden may be reduced when the family member with dementia participates in an exercise program.

Thrombin activity may enable neurologists to detect multiple sclerosis (MS) before clinical signs of the disease are present, according to research published online ahead of print November 29, 2013, in Annals of Neurology. Using a novel molecular probe, investigators characterized the activity pattern of thrombin, the central protease of the coagulation cascade, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thrombin activity preceded the onset of neurologic signs; increased at disease peak; and correlated with fibrin deposition, microglial activation, demyelination, axonal damage, and clinical severity. Mice with a genetic deficit in prothrombin confirmed the specificity of the thrombin probe. Scientists may be able to use thrombin activity to develop sensitive probes for the preclinical detection and monitoring of neuroinflammation and MS progression, according to the investigators.

An athlete with concussion symptoms should not be allowed to return to play on the same day, according to the latest consensus statement on sports-related concussion, which was summarized in the December 2013 issue of Neurosurgery. The Concussion in Sport Group (CISG 4) based its recommendations on the advice of an expert panel that was sponsored by five international sports governing bodies. Between 80% and 90% of concussions resolve within seven to 10 days, but recovery may take longer in children and adolescents, according to the consensus statement. The updated statement emphasizes the distinction between concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. The CISG 4 suggests that patients with concussion have normal findings on brain neuroimaging studies (eg, CT scan), but those with traumatic brain injury have abnormal imaging findings.

Vitamin D may prevent multiple sclerosis (MS) by blocking T helper (T_H) cells from migrating into the CNS, according to research published online ahead of print December 9, 2013, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Investigators administered 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D₃], the bioactive form of vitamin D, to animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS. Myelin-reactive T_H cells were generated in the presence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃, secreted proinflammatory cytokines, and did not preferentially differentiate into suppressor T cells. The cells left the lymph node, entered the peripheral circulation, and migrated to the immunization sites. T_H cells from 1,25(OH)₂D₃-treated mice were unable to enter the CNS parenchyma, however. Instead, the cells were maintained in the periphery. The mice developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when treatment ceased.

Among people with type 2 diabetes, dementia incidence may be highest among Native Americans and African Americans and lowest among Asians, according to a study published online ahead of print November 22, 2013, in Diabetes Care. Scientists identified 22,171 patients age 60 or older with diabetes and without preexisting dementia in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry. The investigators abstracted prevalent medical history and dementia incidence from medical records and calculated age-adjusted incidence densities. Dementia was diagnosed in 17.1% of patients. Age-adjusted dementia incidence densities were 34/1,000 person-years among Native Americans, 27/1,000 person-years among African Americans, and 19/1,000 person-years among Asians. Hazard ratios (relative to Asians) were 1.64 for Native Americans, 1.44 for African Americans, 1.30 for non-Hispanic whites, and 1.19 for Latinos.

Veterans with blast injuries have changes in brain tissue that may be apparent on imaging years later, according to data presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America. Researchers compared diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived fractional anisotropy (FA) values in 10 veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom who had been diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury with those of 10 healthy controls. The average time elapsed between the blast-induced injury and DTI scan among the patients was 51.3 months. FA values were significantly different between the two groups, and the researchers found significant correlations between FA values and attention, delayed memory, and psychomotor test scores. The results suggest that blast injury may have a long-term impact on the brain.

Among college athletes, head impact exposure may be related to white matter diffusion measures and cognition during the course of one playing season, even in the absence of diagnosed concussion, according to data published online ahead of print December 11, 2013, in Neurology. Researchers prospectively studied 79 noncontact sport athletes and 80 nonconcussed varsity football and ice hockey players who wore helmets that recorded the acceleration-time history of the head following impact. Mean diffusivity (MD) in the corpus callosum was significantly different between groups. Measures of head impact exposure correlated with white matter diffusivity measures in the corpus callosum, amygdala, cerebellar white matter, hippocampus, and thalamus. The magnitude of change in corpus callosum MD postseason was associated with poorer performance on a measure of verbal learning and memory.

Among veterans, traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the most recent deployment is the strongest predictor of postdeployment symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even when accounting for predeployment symptoms, prior TBI, and combat intensity, according to research published online ahead of print December 11, 2013, in JAMA Psychiatry. A total of 1,648 active-duty Marine and Navy servicemen underwent clinical interviews and completed self-assessments approximately one month before a seven-month deployment and three to six months after deployment. At the predeployment assessment, 56.8% of participants reported prior TBI. At postdeployment assessment, 19.8% reported sustaining TBI between predeployment and postdeployment assessments. Probability of PTSD was highest for participants with severe predeployment symptoms, high combat intensity, and deployment-related TBI. TBI doubled the PTSD rates for participants with less severe predeployment PTSD symptoms.

Fidgetin inhibition could promote tissue regeneration and repair the broken cell connections that occur in spinal cord injury and other conditions, according to research presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology. Fidgetin prunes unstable microtubule scaffolding in cells, as well as unneeded connections in the neuronal network as the latter grows. Researchers used a novel nanoparticle technology to block fidgetin in the injured nerves of adult rats. The nanoparticles were infused with small interfering RNA that bound the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from the fidgetin gene. The mRNA for fidgetin was not translated, and the cell did not produce fidgetin. Blocking fidgetin restarted tissue growth in the animals. The technique could benefit patients with myocardial infarction or chronic cutaneous wounds.

Deep brain stimulation may improve driving ability for people with Parkinson’s disease, according to a study published online ahead of print December 18, 2013, in Neurology. Investigators studied 23 people who had deep brain stimulators, 21 people with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators, and 21 healthy individuals. Participants were tested with a driving simulator. Individuals with stimulators completed the test once with the stimulator on, once with it off, and once with the stimulator off after receiving levodopa. People with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators performed worse than controls in almost every category. People with stimulators did not perform significantly worse than the controls. Participants with stimulators had an average of 3.8 slight driving errors on the test, compared with 7.5 for the controls and 11.4 for people with Parkinson’s disease without stimulators.

Gadolinium-based contrast medium (Gd-CM) may be associated with abnormalities on brain MRI, according to research published online ahead of print December 17, 2013, in Radiology. Researchers compared unenhanced T1-weighted MR images of 19 patients who had undergone six or more contrast-enhanced brain scans with images of 16 people who had received six or fewer unenhanced scans. The hyperintensity of the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus correlated with the number of Gd-CM administrations. Hyperintensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced MRI may be a consequence of the number of previous Gd-CM administrations, according to the researchers. Because gadolinium has a high signal intensity in the body, the data suggest that the toxic gadolinium component remains in the body in patients with normal renal function.

—Erik Greb

The leukemia drug ponatinib is expected to return to market once the drug’s manufacturer has implemented measures to address the recently discovered safety risks.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring that a number of safety measures be adopted, including changes to ponatinib’s label to narrow the drug’s indication and the addition of warnings about the increased risk of thrombosis and venous occlusion associated with ponatinib use.

In addition, dosing and administration recommendations must be revised, the patient medication guide must be updated, a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) must be implemented, and postmarket investigations must be conducted to further characterize the drug’s safety and dosing.

Ponatinib was approved by the FDA in December 2012 to treat adults with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) that is resistant to or intolerant of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

But in October 2013, follow-up results of the phase 2 PACE trial suggested ponatinib can increase a patient’s risk of arterial and venous thrombotic events. So all trials of the drug were placed on partial clinical hold, with the exception of the phase 3 EPIC trial, which was discontinued.

Then, the FDA suspended sales and marketing of ponatinib, pending results of a safety evaluation. Now, the agency has decided ponatinib can return to the market if the new safety measures are implemented.

Safety measures in detail

The FDA is requiring that ponatinib use be restricted to:

• Adults with T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase)
• Adults with T315I-positive Ph+ ALL
• Adults with CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) who cannot receive another TKI
• Adults with Ph+ ALL who cannot receive another TKI.

The Warnings and Precautions section of the drug’s label must be revised to include a description of the arterial and venous thrombosis and occlusions that have occurred in at least 27%—more than 1 in every 4—of patients treated with ponatinib.

The Dosage and Administration recommendations must be revised to state that the optimal dose of ponatinib has not been identified. The recommended starting dose remains 45 mg administered orally once daily, with or without food.

The patient Medication Guide must be revised to include additional safety information consistent with the safety information in the revised drug label.

The ponatinib REMS must inform prescribers about the approved indications for use and the serious risk of vascular occlusion and thromboembolism associated with the drug. The REMS must include the following:

• REMS letter to healthcare professionals who are known or likely to prescribe ponatinib
• REMS letter for professional societies to be distributed to their members
• REMS fact sheet for healthcare professionals
• Public statement to be published quarterly for 1 year in several professional journals
• Information to be prominently displayed at scientific meetings
• Ponatinib REMS website to provide access to all REMS materials for the duration of the REMS.

And postmarket investigations must further evaluate the dose selection, drug exposure, treatment response, and toxicity of ponatinib.

For more information, see the FDA’s safety communication.

The leukemia drug ponatinib is expected to return to market once the drug’s manufacturer has implemented measures to address the recently discovered safety risks.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring that a number of safety measures be adopted, including changes to ponatinib’s label to narrow the drug’s indication and the addition of warnings about the increased risk of thrombosis and venous occlusion associated with ponatinib use.

In addition, dosing and administration recommendations must be revised, the patient medication guide must be updated, a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) must be implemented, and postmarket investigations must be conducted to further characterize the drug’s safety and dosing.

Ponatinib was approved by the FDA in December 2012 to treat adults with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) that is resistant to or intolerant of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

But in October 2013, follow-up results of the phase 2 PACE trial suggested ponatinib can increase a patient’s risk of arterial and venous thrombotic events. So all trials of the drug were placed on partial clinical hold, with the exception of the phase 3 EPIC trial, which was discontinued.

Then, the FDA suspended sales and marketing of ponatinib, pending results of a safety evaluation. Now, the agency has decided ponatinib can return to the market if the new safety measures are implemented.

Safety measures in detail

The FDA is requiring that ponatinib use be restricted to:

• Adults with T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase)
• Adults with T315I-positive Ph+ ALL
• Adults with CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) who cannot receive another TKI
• Adults with Ph+ ALL who cannot receive another TKI.

The Warnings and Precautions section of the drug’s label must be revised to include a description of the arterial and venous thrombosis and occlusions that have occurred in at least 27%—more than 1 in every 4—of patients treated with ponatinib.

The Dosage and Administration recommendations must be revised to state that the optimal dose of ponatinib has not been identified. The recommended starting dose remains 45 mg administered orally once daily, with or without food.

The patient Medication Guide must be revised to include additional safety information consistent with the safety information in the revised drug label.

The ponatinib REMS must inform prescribers about the approved indications for use and the serious risk of vascular occlusion and thromboembolism associated with the drug. The REMS must include the following:

• REMS letter to healthcare professionals who are known or likely to prescribe ponatinib
• REMS letter for professional societies to be distributed to their members
• REMS fact sheet for healthcare professionals
• Public statement to be published quarterly for 1 year in several professional journals
• Information to be prominently displayed at scientific meetings
• Ponatinib REMS website to provide access to all REMS materials for the duration of the REMS.

And postmarket investigations must further evaluate the dose selection, drug exposure, treatment response, and toxicity of ponatinib.

For more information, see the FDA’s safety communication.

The leukemia drug ponatinib is expected to return to market once the drug’s manufacturer has implemented measures to address the recently discovered safety risks.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requiring that a number of safety measures be adopted, including changes to ponatinib’s label to narrow the drug’s indication and the addition of warnings about the increased risk of thrombosis and venous occlusion associated with ponatinib use.

In addition, dosing and administration recommendations must be revised, the patient medication guide must be updated, a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) must be implemented, and postmarket investigations must be conducted to further characterize the drug’s safety and dosing.

Ponatinib was approved by the FDA in December 2012 to treat adults with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) that is resistant to or intolerant of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

But in October 2013, follow-up results of the phase 2 PACE trial suggested ponatinib can increase a patient’s risk of arterial and venous thrombotic events. So all trials of the drug were placed on partial clinical hold, with the exception of the phase 3 EPIC trial, which was discontinued.

Then, the FDA suspended sales and marketing of ponatinib, pending results of a safety evaluation. Now, the agency has decided ponatinib can return to the market if the new safety measures are implemented.

Safety measures in detail

The FDA is requiring that ponatinib use be restricted to:

• Adults with T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase)
• Adults with T315I-positive Ph+ ALL
• Adults with CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) who cannot receive another TKI
• Adults with Ph+ ALL who cannot receive another TKI.

The Warnings and Precautions section of the drug’s label must be revised to include a description of the arterial and venous thrombosis and occlusions that have occurred in at least 27%—more than 1 in every 4—of patients treated with ponatinib.

The Dosage and Administration recommendations must be revised to state that the optimal dose of ponatinib has not been identified. The recommended starting dose remains 45 mg administered orally once daily, with or without food.

The patient Medication Guide must be revised to include additional safety information consistent with the safety information in the revised drug label.

The ponatinib REMS must inform prescribers about the approved indications for use and the serious risk of vascular occlusion and thromboembolism associated with the drug. The REMS must include the following:

• REMS letter to healthcare professionals who are known or likely to prescribe ponatinib
• REMS letter for professional societies to be distributed to their members
• REMS fact sheet for healthcare professionals
• Public statement to be published quarterly for 1 year in several professional journals
• Information to be prominently displayed at scientific meetings
• Ponatinib REMS website to provide access to all REMS materials for the duration of the REMS.

And postmarket investigations must further evaluate the dose selection, drug exposure, treatment response, and toxicity of ponatinib.

For more information, see the FDA’s safety communication.

Metastatic melanoma is a highly challenging cancer to treat. Like other solid tumors, it is a very heterogeneous disease both clinically and biologically. Consequently, the first decision point in its management is to assess the severity of an individual patient’s disease. This can be done based on the patient’s symptoms and how they have evolved over the preceding 1-2 months, performance status, the extent of disease as determined by physical examination, and staging workup, which should include either computed tomography scans of the body or a positron emission tomography/CT study as well as a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan. Patients with brain metastases as a subset (which is sizable – 20%-25% have brain metastases) require special attention because they may not respond to systemic therapies and will thus have to be managed with brain-targeted treatment options. Tumor testing for BRAF mutations is necessary in all patients with metastatic melanoma because the BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib or dabrafenib) are a preferred choice of targeted therapy for this subset of patients, which constitutes about 50% of all melanoma patients. Immunotherapy plays an important role in nearly all patients with metastatic melanoma including those who have progressed after anti-BRAF therapy. Chemotherapy still has a significant (yet diminishing) role for patients who are no longer suitable for immunotherapy.

Metastatic melanoma is a highly challenging cancer to treat. Like other solid tumors, it is a very heterogeneous disease both clinically and biologically. Consequently, the first decision point in its management is to assess the severity of an individual patient’s disease. This can be done based on the patient’s symptoms and how they have evolved over the preceding 1-2 months, performance status, the extent of disease as determined by physical examination, and staging workup, which should include either computed tomography scans of the body or a positron emission tomography/CT study as well as a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan. Patients with brain metastases as a subset (which is sizable – 20%-25% have brain metastases) require special attention because they may not respond to systemic therapies and will thus have to be managed with brain-targeted treatment options. Tumor testing for BRAF mutations is necessary in all patients with metastatic melanoma because the BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib or dabrafenib) are a preferred choice of targeted therapy for this subset of patients, which constitutes about 50% of all melanoma patients. Immunotherapy plays an important role in nearly all patients with metastatic melanoma including those who have progressed after anti-BRAF therapy. Chemotherapy still has a significant (yet diminishing) role for patients who are no longer suitable for immunotherapy.

Metastatic melanoma is a highly challenging cancer to treat. Like other solid tumors, it is a very heterogeneous disease both clinically and biologically. Consequently, the first decision point in its management is to assess the severity of an individual patient’s disease. This can be done based on the patient’s symptoms and how they have evolved over the preceding 1-2 months, performance status, the extent of disease as determined by physical examination, and staging workup, which should include either computed tomography scans of the body or a positron emission tomography/CT study as well as a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan. Patients with brain metastases as a subset (which is sizable – 20%-25% have brain metastases) require special attention because they may not respond to systemic therapies and will thus have to be managed with brain-targeted treatment options. Tumor testing for BRAF mutations is necessary in all patients with metastatic melanoma because the BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib or dabrafenib) are a preferred choice of targeted therapy for this subset of patients, which constitutes about 50% of all melanoma patients. Immunotherapy plays an important role in nearly all patients with metastatic melanoma including those who have progressed after anti-BRAF therapy. Chemotherapy still has a significant (yet diminishing) role for patients who are no longer suitable for immunotherapy.

Prescriptions
Credit: CDC

NEW ORLEANS—New data indicate a trend for longer overall survival and event-free survival in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on nilotinib versus imatinib.

Five-year data from the phase 3 ENESTnd study demonstrate higher rates of early and deeper molecular response in newly diagnosed CML patients taking nilotinib, as well as a reduced risk of progression compared to imatinib.

These results were presented at the 2013 ASH Annual Meeting as abstract 92.

“These new, updated data reaffirm the superiority of nilotinib over imatinib at achieving deeper molecular responses and provide even more evidence supporting nilotinib as an appropriate treatment of choice in newly diagnosed patients,” said Giuseppe Saglio, MD, of the University of Turin in Italy.

“Now, we are looking at how deeper molecular responses may help guide our approach towards how we treat CML in the future.”

The 5-year ENESTnd data showed that nilotinib can produce superior responses across various Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patient populations, including newly diagnosed patients. Results showed higher rates of early and deeper sustained molecular response, known as MR4.5.

The difference in the rates of MR4.5 continued to be higher when nilotinib was given at 300 mg or 400 mg twice daily, when compared to imatinib (MR4.5: 6%-10% difference by 1 year, 21%-23% difference by 5 years).

“The most important endpoint is cumulative incidence of MR4.5,” Dr Saglio said. “At 5 years, this is achieved by 54% of those in nilotinib-300-mg group, 52% in the nilotinib-400-mg group, and 31% in the imatinib group. And the curves are still diverging.” 

The data also indicate a trend for higher overall survival and event-free survival rates in patients treated with nilotinib.

Fifteen patients treated with imatinib had CML-related deaths, compared to 6 patients in the arm receiving nilotinib at 300 mg twice daily and 4 patients in the arm receiving nilotinib at 400 mg twice daily.

Few new adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were observed between year 4 and year 5. Rates of patients with adverse events leading to discontinuation were 11.1% in the 300-mg nilotinib group, 17.7% in the 400-mg nilotinib group, and 13.2% in the imatinib group.

Dr Saglio noted that select cardiac and vascular events are slightly more frequent on nilotinib versus imatinib. But there has been no increase in the annual incidence of these events over time.

Therefore, Dr Saglio concluded, “Nilotinib, a standard-of-care frontline therapy option for newly diagnosed, chronic-phase CML patients, affords superior efficacy compared with imatinib, including higher rates of early molecular response (which is associated with improved long-term outcomes), higher rates of deep molecular response, and a lower risk of disease progression. Nilotinib continues to show good tolerability with long-term follow-up.”

Prescriptions
Credit: CDC

NEW ORLEANS—New data indicate a trend for longer overall survival and event-free survival in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on nilotinib versus imatinib.

Five-year data from the phase 3 ENESTnd study demonstrate higher rates of early and deeper molecular response in newly diagnosed CML patients taking nilotinib, as well as a reduced risk of progression compared to imatinib.

These results were presented at the 2013 ASH Annual Meeting as abstract 92.

“These new, updated data reaffirm the superiority of nilotinib over imatinib at achieving deeper molecular responses and provide even more evidence supporting nilotinib as an appropriate treatment of choice in newly diagnosed patients,” said Giuseppe Saglio, MD, of the University of Turin in Italy.

“Now, we are looking at how deeper molecular responses may help guide our approach towards how we treat CML in the future.”

The 5-year ENESTnd data showed that nilotinib can produce superior responses across various Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patient populations, including newly diagnosed patients. Results showed higher rates of early and deeper sustained molecular response, known as MR4.5.

The difference in the rates of MR4.5 continued to be higher when nilotinib was given at 300 mg or 400 mg twice daily, when compared to imatinib (MR4.5: 6%-10% difference by 1 year, 21%-23% difference by 5 years).

“The most important endpoint is cumulative incidence of MR4.5,” Dr Saglio said. “At 5 years, this is achieved by 54% of those in nilotinib-300-mg group, 52% in the nilotinib-400-mg group, and 31% in the imatinib group. And the curves are still diverging.” 

The data also indicate a trend for higher overall survival and event-free survival rates in patients treated with nilotinib.

Fifteen patients treated with imatinib had CML-related deaths, compared to 6 patients in the arm receiving nilotinib at 300 mg twice daily and 4 patients in the arm receiving nilotinib at 400 mg twice daily.

Few new adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were observed between year 4 and year 5. Rates of patients with adverse events leading to discontinuation were 11.1% in the 300-mg nilotinib group, 17.7% in the 400-mg nilotinib group, and 13.2% in the imatinib group.

Dr Saglio noted that select cardiac and vascular events are slightly more frequent on nilotinib versus imatinib. But there has been no increase in the annual incidence of these events over time.

Therefore, Dr Saglio concluded, “Nilotinib, a standard-of-care frontline therapy option for newly diagnosed, chronic-phase CML patients, affords superior efficacy compared with imatinib, including higher rates of early molecular response (which is associated with improved long-term outcomes), higher rates of deep molecular response, and a lower risk of disease progression. Nilotinib continues to show good tolerability with long-term follow-up.”

Prescriptions
Credit: CDC

NEW ORLEANS—New data indicate a trend for longer overall survival and event-free survival in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on nilotinib versus imatinib.

Five-year data from the phase 3 ENESTnd study demonstrate higher rates of early and deeper molecular response in newly diagnosed CML patients taking nilotinib, as well as a reduced risk of progression compared to imatinib.

These results were presented at the 2013 ASH Annual Meeting as abstract 92.

“These new, updated data reaffirm the superiority of nilotinib over imatinib at achieving deeper molecular responses and provide even more evidence supporting nilotinib as an appropriate treatment of choice in newly diagnosed patients,” said Giuseppe Saglio, MD, of the University of Turin in Italy.

“Now, we are looking at how deeper molecular responses may help guide our approach towards how we treat CML in the future.”

The 5-year ENESTnd data showed that nilotinib can produce superior responses across various Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML patient populations, including newly diagnosed patients. Results showed higher rates of early and deeper sustained molecular response, known as MR4.5.

The difference in the rates of MR4.5 continued to be higher when nilotinib was given at 300 mg or 400 mg twice daily, when compared to imatinib (MR4.5: 6%-10% difference by 1 year, 21%-23% difference by 5 years).

“The most important endpoint is cumulative incidence of MR4.5,” Dr Saglio said. “At 5 years, this is achieved by 54% of those in nilotinib-300-mg group, 52% in the nilotinib-400-mg group, and 31% in the imatinib group. And the curves are still diverging.” 

The data also indicate a trend for higher overall survival and event-free survival rates in patients treated with nilotinib.

Fifteen patients treated with imatinib had CML-related deaths, compared to 6 patients in the arm receiving nilotinib at 300 mg twice daily and 4 patients in the arm receiving nilotinib at 400 mg twice daily.

Few new adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were observed between year 4 and year 5. Rates of patients with adverse events leading to discontinuation were 11.1% in the 300-mg nilotinib group, 17.7% in the 400-mg nilotinib group, and 13.2% in the imatinib group.

Dr Saglio noted that select cardiac and vascular events are slightly more frequent on nilotinib versus imatinib. But there has been no increase in the annual incidence of these events over time.

Therefore, Dr Saglio concluded, “Nilotinib, a standard-of-care frontline therapy option for newly diagnosed, chronic-phase CML patients, affords superior efficacy compared with imatinib, including higher rates of early molecular response (which is associated with improved long-term outcomes), higher rates of deep molecular response, and a lower risk of disease progression. Nilotinib continues to show good tolerability with long-term follow-up.”

Clinical question

What type of venous access -- central or peripheral -- is better for patients in the intensive care unit who have no absolute indication for central access?

Bottom line

As compared with central venous catheters (CVCs), the initial use of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) leads to more complications, primarily related to the difficulty in inserting of these catheters. Furthermore, the majority of patients in the PVC group may eventually require a CVC because of an increase in the rate of venotoxic drug infusions or because they have difficulty maintaining the PVC. (LOE = 1b-)

Reference

Ricard J, Salomon L, Boyer A, et al. Central or peripheral catheters for initial venous access of ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2013;41(9):2108-2115.

Study design

Randomized controlled trial (nonblinded)

Funding source

Government

Allocation

Concealed

Setting

Inpatient (ICU only)

Synopsis

Using concealed allocation, these investigators randomized ICU patients requiring venous access to receive either a CVC or PVC. Only patients without any absolute indications for CVCs were included. CVCs could be inserted into jugular, subclavian, or femoral sites at the discretion of the clinician. PVCs were 18-gauge or 20-gauge short catheters. Patients with a predefined increase in the rate of venotoxic drug infusions or those with difficulty maintaining a PVC were able to cross-over to the CVC group. More than half the patients in the PVC group ultimately received a CVC. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups, with a mean age of 64 years, similar predicted mortality scores, and the majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The primary outcome was the number of catheter-related complications defined as major mechanical, maintenance-related, infectious, or thrombotic complications. The determination of what constituted a major or minor complication was made a priori by the investigators. They also used a validated classification system of adverse events that rated the complications from grade 1 (minimal symptoms) to grade 5 (death). For example, one major mechanical CVC complication was the need to change insertion site, whereas a major mechanical PVC complication was needing more than 5 attempts to place a PVC. Overall, the PVC group had a greater number of major complications (133 vs 87; P = .02), the majority of which were PVC insertion difficulties (n = 56), erythema at insertion site (n = 20), and subcutaneous diffusion (n = 19). None were life threatening. When the complications were categorized using the grading classification, there were again more complications per patient in the PVC group (1.54 vs 0.89; P = .0001), mainly due to a larger number of grade 1 and grade 2 complications. Finally, more time was spent by doctors and nurses in managing catheters in the PVC group.

Dr. Kulkarni is an assistant professor of hospital medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago.

Clinical question

What type of venous access -- central or peripheral -- is better for patients in the intensive care unit who have no absolute indication for central access?

Bottom line

As compared with central venous catheters (CVCs), the initial use of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) leads to more complications, primarily related to the difficulty in inserting of these catheters. Furthermore, the majority of patients in the PVC group may eventually require a CVC because of an increase in the rate of venotoxic drug infusions or because they have difficulty maintaining the PVC. (LOE = 1b-)

Reference

Ricard J, Salomon L, Boyer A, et al. Central or peripheral catheters for initial venous access of ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2013;41(9):2108-2115.

Study design

Randomized controlled trial (nonblinded)

Funding source

Government

Allocation

Concealed

Setting

Inpatient (ICU only)

Synopsis

Using concealed allocation, these investigators randomized ICU patients requiring venous access to receive either a CVC or PVC. Only patients without any absolute indications for CVCs were included. CVCs could be inserted into jugular, subclavian, or femoral sites at the discretion of the clinician. PVCs were 18-gauge or 20-gauge short catheters. Patients with a predefined increase in the rate of venotoxic drug infusions or those with difficulty maintaining a PVC were able to cross-over to the CVC group. More than half the patients in the PVC group ultimately received a CVC. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups, with a mean age of 64 years, similar predicted mortality scores, and the majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The primary outcome was the number of catheter-related complications defined as major mechanical, maintenance-related, infectious, or thrombotic complications. The determination of what constituted a major or minor complication was made a priori by the investigators. They also used a validated classification system of adverse events that rated the complications from grade 1 (minimal symptoms) to grade 5 (death). For example, one major mechanical CVC complication was the need to change insertion site, whereas a major mechanical PVC complication was needing more than 5 attempts to place a PVC. Overall, the PVC group had a greater number of major complications (133 vs 87; P = .02), the majority of which were PVC insertion difficulties (n = 56), erythema at insertion site (n = 20), and subcutaneous diffusion (n = 19). None were life threatening. When the complications were categorized using the grading classification, there were again more complications per patient in the PVC group (1.54 vs 0.89; P = .0001), mainly due to a larger number of grade 1 and grade 2 complications. Finally, more time was spent by doctors and nurses in managing catheters in the PVC group.

Dr. Kulkarni is an assistant professor of hospital medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago.

Clinical question

What type of venous access -- central or peripheral -- is better for patients in the intensive care unit who have no absolute indication for central access?

Bottom line

As compared with central venous catheters (CVCs), the initial use of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) leads to more complications, primarily related to the difficulty in inserting of these catheters. Furthermore, the majority of patients in the PVC group may eventually require a CVC because of an increase in the rate of venotoxic drug infusions or because they have difficulty maintaining the PVC. (LOE = 1b-)

Reference

Ricard J, Salomon L, Boyer A, et al. Central or peripheral catheters for initial venous access of ICU patients. Crit Care Med 2013;41(9):2108-2115.

Study design

Randomized controlled trial (nonblinded)

Funding source

Government

Allocation

Concealed

Setting

Inpatient (ICU only)

Synopsis

Using concealed allocation, these investigators randomized ICU patients requiring venous access to receive either a CVC or PVC. Only patients without any absolute indications for CVCs were included. CVCs could be inserted into jugular, subclavian, or femoral sites at the discretion of the clinician. PVCs were 18-gauge or 20-gauge short catheters. Patients with a predefined increase in the rate of venotoxic drug infusions or those with difficulty maintaining a PVC were able to cross-over to the CVC group. More than half the patients in the PVC group ultimately received a CVC. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups, with a mean age of 64 years, similar predicted mortality scores, and the majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The primary outcome was the number of catheter-related complications defined as major mechanical, maintenance-related, infectious, or thrombotic complications. The determination of what constituted a major or minor complication was made a priori by the investigators. They also used a validated classification system of adverse events that rated the complications from grade 1 (minimal symptoms) to grade 5 (death). For example, one major mechanical CVC complication was the need to change insertion site, whereas a major mechanical PVC complication was needing more than 5 attempts to place a PVC. Overall, the PVC group had a greater number of major complications (133 vs 87; P = .02), the majority of which were PVC insertion difficulties (n = 56), erythema at insertion site (n = 20), and subcutaneous diffusion (n = 19). None were life threatening. When the complications were categorized using the grading classification, there were again more complications per patient in the PVC group (1.54 vs 0.89; P = .0001), mainly due to a larger number of grade 1 and grade 2 complications. Finally, more time was spent by doctors and nurses in managing catheters in the PVC group.

Dr. Kulkarni is an assistant professor of hospital medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago.