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Salaries for millennial physicians are slightly increasing, but clinicians still face pay disparities across location, practice type, and gender.

Medscape Medical News reviewed survey data from more than 1200 practicing doctors under age 40 across 29 specialties over a 4-month period starting in October 2023.

The average annual total compensation (including any bonuses) for young clinicians rose from $326,000 to $338,000, about 4%, between 2022 and 2023. Among millennials, primary care physicians saw a 5% increase. But a large pay gap exists between fields: Specialists under age 40 earned an average of $357,000 in 2023, compared with the average primary care clinician salary of $271,000.

“Procedures are reimbursed too high, while very little value is placed on primary care,” one survey respondent complained.

The type of practice plays a major part in compensation. Millennial doctors in office-based, single-specialty group practices earned an average of $358,000 per year, followed by those in office-based multispecialty group practices at 355,000 per year. Those in outpatient clinics earned $278,000 per year.

“I believe the practice situation is a huge portion of compensation,” said Tiffany Di Pietro, DO, a cardiologist and internal medicine physician in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. “Owning your own private practice is generally more lucrative (if you have good business sense), but it is also quite a bit more time-consuming, whereas employed physicians usually make less but have fewer concerns with staffing and overhead.”

Like in previous years, a gender pay gap equated to men outearning women. Female physicians under age 40 of any kind earned about $302,000 per year, 24% less than their male counterparts, on average.

Millennial doctors in the Midwest brought home the biggest earnings, with an average salary of $343,000 vs $332,000 on the West Coast.

Millennial physicians also reported higher levels of dissatisfaction. In the 2022 report, 46% said they were not paid fairly. That figure rose to 49%. Just 68% of millennial doctors would choose medicine again if they could do things over, down from 76% in the 2021 report.

“Doctors go through multiple years of school and then have to act like we are working at Dunkin’ Donuts — like we’re on an assembly line,” one survey respondent said. “We should not have to be paid per patient seen but valued for 8-9 years of training.”

Despite these complaints, close to 7 out of 10 millennial respondents said pay was not a major factor in what area of medicine they chose, with 29% saying it played no role at all in their decision.

Psychiatrists and anesthesiologists were the happiest with their earnings, with 61% of both specialties reporting that they felt fairly paid. They were followed by dermatologists and emergency medicine doctors, both of whom 60% reported fair earnings.

Many millennial doctors are finding ways to make money outside of their practice, with 18% securing other medical-related work, 15% doing medical moonlighting, and 5% taking on non–medical-related work.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Salaries for millennial physicians are slightly increasing, but clinicians still face pay disparities across location, practice type, and gender.

Medscape Medical News reviewed survey data from more than 1200 practicing doctors under age 40 across 29 specialties over a 4-month period starting in October 2023.

The average annual total compensation (including any bonuses) for young clinicians rose from $326,000 to $338,000, about 4%, between 2022 and 2023. Among millennials, primary care physicians saw a 5% increase. But a large pay gap exists between fields: Specialists under age 40 earned an average of $357,000 in 2023, compared with the average primary care clinician salary of $271,000.

“Procedures are reimbursed too high, while very little value is placed on primary care,” one survey respondent complained.

The type of practice plays a major part in compensation. Millennial doctors in office-based, single-specialty group practices earned an average of $358,000 per year, followed by those in office-based multispecialty group practices at 355,000 per year. Those in outpatient clinics earned $278,000 per year.

“I believe the practice situation is a huge portion of compensation,” said Tiffany Di Pietro, DO, a cardiologist and internal medicine physician in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. “Owning your own private practice is generally more lucrative (if you have good business sense), but it is also quite a bit more time-consuming, whereas employed physicians usually make less but have fewer concerns with staffing and overhead.”

Like in previous years, a gender pay gap equated to men outearning women. Female physicians under age 40 of any kind earned about $302,000 per year, 24% less than their male counterparts, on average.

Millennial doctors in the Midwest brought home the biggest earnings, with an average salary of $343,000 vs $332,000 on the West Coast.

Millennial physicians also reported higher levels of dissatisfaction. In the 2022 report, 46% said they were not paid fairly. That figure rose to 49%. Just 68% of millennial doctors would choose medicine again if they could do things over, down from 76% in the 2021 report.

“Doctors go through multiple years of school and then have to act like we are working at Dunkin’ Donuts — like we’re on an assembly line,” one survey respondent said. “We should not have to be paid per patient seen but valued for 8-9 years of training.”

Despite these complaints, close to 7 out of 10 millennial respondents said pay was not a major factor in what area of medicine they chose, with 29% saying it played no role at all in their decision.

Psychiatrists and anesthesiologists were the happiest with their earnings, with 61% of both specialties reporting that they felt fairly paid. They were followed by dermatologists and emergency medicine doctors, both of whom 60% reported fair earnings.

Many millennial doctors are finding ways to make money outside of their practice, with 18% securing other medical-related work, 15% doing medical moonlighting, and 5% taking on non–medical-related work.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Salaries for millennial physicians are slightly increasing, but clinicians still face pay disparities across location, practice type, and gender.

Medscape Medical News reviewed survey data from more than 1200 practicing doctors under age 40 across 29 specialties over a 4-month period starting in October 2023.

The average annual total compensation (including any bonuses) for young clinicians rose from $326,000 to $338,000, about 4%, between 2022 and 2023. Among millennials, primary care physicians saw a 5% increase. But a large pay gap exists between fields: Specialists under age 40 earned an average of $357,000 in 2023, compared with the average primary care clinician salary of $271,000.

“Procedures are reimbursed too high, while very little value is placed on primary care,” one survey respondent complained.

The type of practice plays a major part in compensation. Millennial doctors in office-based, single-specialty group practices earned an average of $358,000 per year, followed by those in office-based multispecialty group practices at 355,000 per year. Those in outpatient clinics earned $278,000 per year.

“I believe the practice situation is a huge portion of compensation,” said Tiffany Di Pietro, DO, a cardiologist and internal medicine physician in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. “Owning your own private practice is generally more lucrative (if you have good business sense), but it is also quite a bit more time-consuming, whereas employed physicians usually make less but have fewer concerns with staffing and overhead.”

Like in previous years, a gender pay gap equated to men outearning women. Female physicians under age 40 of any kind earned about $302,000 per year, 24% less than their male counterparts, on average.

Millennial doctors in the Midwest brought home the biggest earnings, with an average salary of $343,000 vs $332,000 on the West Coast.

Millennial physicians also reported higher levels of dissatisfaction. In the 2022 report, 46% said they were not paid fairly. That figure rose to 49%. Just 68% of millennial doctors would choose medicine again if they could do things over, down from 76% in the 2021 report.

“Doctors go through multiple years of school and then have to act like we are working at Dunkin’ Donuts — like we’re on an assembly line,” one survey respondent said. “We should not have to be paid per patient seen but valued for 8-9 years of training.”

Despite these complaints, close to 7 out of 10 millennial respondents said pay was not a major factor in what area of medicine they chose, with 29% saying it played no role at all in their decision.

Psychiatrists and anesthesiologists were the happiest with their earnings, with 61% of both specialties reporting that they felt fairly paid. They were followed by dermatologists and emergency medicine doctors, both of whom 60% reported fair earnings.

Many millennial doctors are finding ways to make money outside of their practice, with 18% securing other medical-related work, 15% doing medical moonlighting, and 5% taking on non–medical-related work.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

What’s the outlook for COVID-19 and flu this fall and winter? It’ll probably be a lot like last year, experts say.

“We currently expect this flu season to be comparable to last year’s season,” said Adrienne Keen, PhD, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics. “We expect this year’s COVID-19 season peak to be similar to last year’s or lower.” The CDC is still analyzing COVID surveillance data from the summer and will update the forecast as more is learned.

For COVID, that means it won’t be as bad as the pandemic years, and for the flu, it’s a typical pre-pandemic season. But status quo does not mean great.

Between October 2023 and April 2024, as many as 75 million people got the flu in the United States, according to CDC estimates, resulting in up to 900,000 hospitalizations and between 17,000 and 100,000 deaths. In 2023, about 900,000 Americans were hospitalized with COVID and 75,000 died.

Other experts agreed with Dr. Keen’s prediction.

But unknowns — such as a COVID variant that takes off quickly or a surprise influenza strain — could knock that forecast flat. Getting vaccinated remains crucial, public health officials stressed. 
 

Predicting COVID

Two key predictors of how bad an upcoming COVID season will be are the cycling of new variants and the population’s immunity (protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune through vaccination or previous infection). 

When new variants go up and immunity goes down, “we tend to see the increase in cases,” said Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy and a professor of public health at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. But if the number of variants goes down and immunity levels go up, the outlook is more favorable.

The new COVID variant called XEC has been found in at least 25 states. On September 27, the CDC added the variant to the COVID tracker. It now accounts for 6% of US cases. This was expected, as the variant has been circulating in Europe, said Amesh Adalja, MD, a senior scholar and infectious disease expert at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 

“There will always be a new variant appearing, and one falling,” he said. “So the fact that this is happening is not surprising.” 

Meanwhile, the summer COVID surge has provided postinfection immunity for some people. “What’s likely is, we are going to see substantial protection of the population for several months based on previous infection and in some cases vaccination,” Dr. Osterholm said. That means protection from serious illness, hospitalizations, and deaths (but not necessarily infection). That protection could last through the year or into early 2025.

The timing of 2024’s winter surge will likely be a bit later than 2023’s, said Andrew Pekosz, PhD, a professor and vice chair of molecular microbiology and immunology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, “peaking just after the Christmas/New Year holiday.”

During the 2023-2024 season, weekly COVID hospitalizations peaked the week of Dec. 30, said Justin Lessler, PhD, a professor of epidemiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a member of the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub.

But variants are unpredictable. “There’s a chance that the XEC variant may take off and spread, or might not,” said Dr. Adalja. As of September 28, the Omicron variant KP.3.1.1 was leading, accounting for 58.7% of US cases, according to the CDC.

While Dr. Adalja agreed that 2024’s COVID season will probably be like 2023’s, “we have to be prepared for cases and hospitalizations going up,” he said, “but not to the point of a crisis.” A return to lockdowns and social distancing is unlikely.

Still, older adults and others at higher risk of getting very sick from COVID should consider masking during travel, said Rajendram Rajnarayanan, PhD, MSc, an associate professor at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro.
 

Flu Forecasts

Predicting flu season this early is hard, said Jeffrey Shaman, PhD, a professor of environmental health sciences and professor of climate at Colombia University, New York.

“You can look at the CDC forecast and use it as a very loose guide right now,” said Dr. Shaman, who won the CDC’s first “Predict the Influenza Season Challenge” in 2014. “Until there is actually flu, it’s like trying to predict the landfall of a hurricane.” Flu activity remained low as of September 14 (the most current data available), according to the CDC.

When flu activity picks up, typically in mid-October or November, experts look at the dominant strain, exposure to similar strains in previous years, and how well-matched the current flu vaccine is to that dominant strain, Dr. Shaman said. Vaccine makers must make an educated guess months in advance regarding which strain to target, to allow time for production.

The vaccination rate plays a role, too, but that tends to remain constant, Dr. Shaman said. According to the CDC, less than half of adults age 18 and up got a flu vaccination last year.

Experts also consider flu patterns in the Southern Hemisphere, where 2024 flu activity has mostly involved two subtypes of influenza A — H1N1 and H3N2 — and some influenza B, the CDC found.
 

How Well Do This Year’s Vaccines and Viruses Match Up?

The FDA has authorized three updated COVID vaccines for this fall. Novavax targets the JN.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Both mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer, target KP.2, a descendant of JN.1. All three target current predominant variants, and any one of them is recommended by the CDC.

The vaccines are a good “though not perfect match to virtually all the circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2,” said Dr. Pekosz.

Experts said that the shots will protect against the XEC variant. 

“XEC and its sublineages are expected to be the dominant fall/winter variant group,” said Dr. Rajnarayanan. 

This year’s flu vaccines, all trivalent (protecting against three viruses), will target the three strains expected to circulate — H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B (Victoria), according to the CDC.

People should still get vaccinated, Dr. Adalja said, and use home tests for flu and COVID and take antivirals promptly when needed. The goal should not be status quo but rather fewer COVID and flu hospitalizations and deaths.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

What’s the outlook for COVID-19 and flu this fall and winter? It’ll probably be a lot like last year, experts say.

“We currently expect this flu season to be comparable to last year’s season,” said Adrienne Keen, PhD, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics. “We expect this year’s COVID-19 season peak to be similar to last year’s or lower.” The CDC is still analyzing COVID surveillance data from the summer and will update the forecast as more is learned.

For COVID, that means it won’t be as bad as the pandemic years, and for the flu, it’s a typical pre-pandemic season. But status quo does not mean great.

Between October 2023 and April 2024, as many as 75 million people got the flu in the United States, according to CDC estimates, resulting in up to 900,000 hospitalizations and between 17,000 and 100,000 deaths. In 2023, about 900,000 Americans were hospitalized with COVID and 75,000 died.

Other experts agreed with Dr. Keen’s prediction.

But unknowns — such as a COVID variant that takes off quickly or a surprise influenza strain — could knock that forecast flat. Getting vaccinated remains crucial, public health officials stressed. 
 

Predicting COVID

Two key predictors of how bad an upcoming COVID season will be are the cycling of new variants and the population’s immunity (protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune through vaccination or previous infection). 

When new variants go up and immunity goes down, “we tend to see the increase in cases,” said Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy and a professor of public health at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. But if the number of variants goes down and immunity levels go up, the outlook is more favorable.

The new COVID variant called XEC has been found in at least 25 states. On September 27, the CDC added the variant to the COVID tracker. It now accounts for 6% of US cases. This was expected, as the variant has been circulating in Europe, said Amesh Adalja, MD, a senior scholar and infectious disease expert at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 

“There will always be a new variant appearing, and one falling,” he said. “So the fact that this is happening is not surprising.” 

Meanwhile, the summer COVID surge has provided postinfection immunity for some people. “What’s likely is, we are going to see substantial protection of the population for several months based on previous infection and in some cases vaccination,” Dr. Osterholm said. That means protection from serious illness, hospitalizations, and deaths (but not necessarily infection). That protection could last through the year or into early 2025.

The timing of 2024’s winter surge will likely be a bit later than 2023’s, said Andrew Pekosz, PhD, a professor and vice chair of molecular microbiology and immunology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, “peaking just after the Christmas/New Year holiday.”

During the 2023-2024 season, weekly COVID hospitalizations peaked the week of Dec. 30, said Justin Lessler, PhD, a professor of epidemiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a member of the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub.

But variants are unpredictable. “There’s a chance that the XEC variant may take off and spread, or might not,” said Dr. Adalja. As of September 28, the Omicron variant KP.3.1.1 was leading, accounting for 58.7% of US cases, according to the CDC.

While Dr. Adalja agreed that 2024’s COVID season will probably be like 2023’s, “we have to be prepared for cases and hospitalizations going up,” he said, “but not to the point of a crisis.” A return to lockdowns and social distancing is unlikely.

Still, older adults and others at higher risk of getting very sick from COVID should consider masking during travel, said Rajendram Rajnarayanan, PhD, MSc, an associate professor at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro.
 

Flu Forecasts

Predicting flu season this early is hard, said Jeffrey Shaman, PhD, a professor of environmental health sciences and professor of climate at Colombia University, New York.

“You can look at the CDC forecast and use it as a very loose guide right now,” said Dr. Shaman, who won the CDC’s first “Predict the Influenza Season Challenge” in 2014. “Until there is actually flu, it’s like trying to predict the landfall of a hurricane.” Flu activity remained low as of September 14 (the most current data available), according to the CDC.

When flu activity picks up, typically in mid-October or November, experts look at the dominant strain, exposure to similar strains in previous years, and how well-matched the current flu vaccine is to that dominant strain, Dr. Shaman said. Vaccine makers must make an educated guess months in advance regarding which strain to target, to allow time for production.

The vaccination rate plays a role, too, but that tends to remain constant, Dr. Shaman said. According to the CDC, less than half of adults age 18 and up got a flu vaccination last year.

Experts also consider flu patterns in the Southern Hemisphere, where 2024 flu activity has mostly involved two subtypes of influenza A — H1N1 and H3N2 — and some influenza B, the CDC found.
 

How Well Do This Year’s Vaccines and Viruses Match Up?

The FDA has authorized three updated COVID vaccines for this fall. Novavax targets the JN.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Both mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer, target KP.2, a descendant of JN.1. All three target current predominant variants, and any one of them is recommended by the CDC.

The vaccines are a good “though not perfect match to virtually all the circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2,” said Dr. Pekosz.

Experts said that the shots will protect against the XEC variant. 

“XEC and its sublineages are expected to be the dominant fall/winter variant group,” said Dr. Rajnarayanan. 

This year’s flu vaccines, all trivalent (protecting against three viruses), will target the three strains expected to circulate — H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B (Victoria), according to the CDC.

People should still get vaccinated, Dr. Adalja said, and use home tests for flu and COVID and take antivirals promptly when needed. The goal should not be status quo but rather fewer COVID and flu hospitalizations and deaths.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

What’s the outlook for COVID-19 and flu this fall and winter? It’ll probably be a lot like last year, experts say.

“We currently expect this flu season to be comparable to last year’s season,” said Adrienne Keen, PhD, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics. “We expect this year’s COVID-19 season peak to be similar to last year’s or lower.” The CDC is still analyzing COVID surveillance data from the summer and will update the forecast as more is learned.

For COVID, that means it won’t be as bad as the pandemic years, and for the flu, it’s a typical pre-pandemic season. But status quo does not mean great.

Between October 2023 and April 2024, as many as 75 million people got the flu in the United States, according to CDC estimates, resulting in up to 900,000 hospitalizations and between 17,000 and 100,000 deaths. In 2023, about 900,000 Americans were hospitalized with COVID and 75,000 died.

Other experts agreed with Dr. Keen’s prediction.

But unknowns — such as a COVID variant that takes off quickly or a surprise influenza strain — could knock that forecast flat. Getting vaccinated remains crucial, public health officials stressed. 
 

Predicting COVID

Two key predictors of how bad an upcoming COVID season will be are the cycling of new variants and the population’s immunity (protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is immune through vaccination or previous infection). 

When new variants go up and immunity goes down, “we tend to see the increase in cases,” said Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy and a professor of public health at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. But if the number of variants goes down and immunity levels go up, the outlook is more favorable.

The new COVID variant called XEC has been found in at least 25 states. On September 27, the CDC added the variant to the COVID tracker. It now accounts for 6% of US cases. This was expected, as the variant has been circulating in Europe, said Amesh Adalja, MD, a senior scholar and infectious disease expert at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 

“There will always be a new variant appearing, and one falling,” he said. “So the fact that this is happening is not surprising.” 

Meanwhile, the summer COVID surge has provided postinfection immunity for some people. “What’s likely is, we are going to see substantial protection of the population for several months based on previous infection and in some cases vaccination,” Dr. Osterholm said. That means protection from serious illness, hospitalizations, and deaths (but not necessarily infection). That protection could last through the year or into early 2025.

The timing of 2024’s winter surge will likely be a bit later than 2023’s, said Andrew Pekosz, PhD, a professor and vice chair of molecular microbiology and immunology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, “peaking just after the Christmas/New Year holiday.”

During the 2023-2024 season, weekly COVID hospitalizations peaked the week of Dec. 30, said Justin Lessler, PhD, a professor of epidemiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a member of the COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub.

But variants are unpredictable. “There’s a chance that the XEC variant may take off and spread, or might not,” said Dr. Adalja. As of September 28, the Omicron variant KP.3.1.1 was leading, accounting for 58.7% of US cases, according to the CDC.

While Dr. Adalja agreed that 2024’s COVID season will probably be like 2023’s, “we have to be prepared for cases and hospitalizations going up,” he said, “but not to the point of a crisis.” A return to lockdowns and social distancing is unlikely.

Still, older adults and others at higher risk of getting very sick from COVID should consider masking during travel, said Rajendram Rajnarayanan, PhD, MSc, an associate professor at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro.
 

Flu Forecasts

Predicting flu season this early is hard, said Jeffrey Shaman, PhD, a professor of environmental health sciences and professor of climate at Colombia University, New York.

“You can look at the CDC forecast and use it as a very loose guide right now,” said Dr. Shaman, who won the CDC’s first “Predict the Influenza Season Challenge” in 2014. “Until there is actually flu, it’s like trying to predict the landfall of a hurricane.” Flu activity remained low as of September 14 (the most current data available), according to the CDC.

When flu activity picks up, typically in mid-October or November, experts look at the dominant strain, exposure to similar strains in previous years, and how well-matched the current flu vaccine is to that dominant strain, Dr. Shaman said. Vaccine makers must make an educated guess months in advance regarding which strain to target, to allow time for production.

The vaccination rate plays a role, too, but that tends to remain constant, Dr. Shaman said. According to the CDC, less than half of adults age 18 and up got a flu vaccination last year.

Experts also consider flu patterns in the Southern Hemisphere, where 2024 flu activity has mostly involved two subtypes of influenza A — H1N1 and H3N2 — and some influenza B, the CDC found.
 

How Well Do This Year’s Vaccines and Viruses Match Up?

The FDA has authorized three updated COVID vaccines for this fall. Novavax targets the JN.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Both mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer, target KP.2, a descendant of JN.1. All three target current predominant variants, and any one of them is recommended by the CDC.

The vaccines are a good “though not perfect match to virtually all the circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2,” said Dr. Pekosz.

Experts said that the shots will protect against the XEC variant. 

“XEC and its sublineages are expected to be the dominant fall/winter variant group,” said Dr. Rajnarayanan. 

This year’s flu vaccines, all trivalent (protecting against three viruses), will target the three strains expected to circulate — H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B (Victoria), according to the CDC.

People should still get vaccinated, Dr. Adalja said, and use home tests for flu and COVID and take antivirals promptly when needed. The goal should not be status quo but rather fewer COVID and flu hospitalizations and deaths.

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

COPENHAGEN — Growing evidence supports the use of highly effective disease-modifying therapies for children with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, only few of these medications are licensed for pediatric use, indicating it may be time to reconsider the standard treatment approach for this patient population.

Treatments for pediatric-onset MS have mostly been used off-label until the recent approvals of fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide. Typically, children with MS start with moderately effective therapies, while more potent options are reserved for those who don’t respond.

However, recent research suggests this may not be the most effective treatment strategy for this patient population. Several studies suggesting impressive treatment responses to highly effective therapies (HETs) in children were presented at the 2024 ECTRIMS annual meeting.

In one study, initiating monoclonal antibody treatment during childhood was associated with reduced disability into early adulthood and beyond.

“Our findings are a strong argument for rethinking current treatment guidelines,” said study investigator Sifat Sharmin, PhD, The University of Melbourne, Australia.

“By allowing earlier access to highly effective treatments, we can significantly enhance the quality of life for children with MS and reduce the burden of long-term disability,” she added.

In another presentation, Yael Hacohen, MD, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, noted that the use of these more effective monoclonal antibody therapies in children with MS has been associated with some improvements in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores after 2 or 3 years of treatment.

Maybe this is a sign that “this is a population that can repair, in contrast to adult patients,” she wondered.

MS is primarily a disease of adults, but pediatric MS accounts for up to 5% of all cases. Children with MS tend to have much more active disease than adults, Dr. Hacohen explained. However, they also tend to recover from attacks more quickly with little disability, which sometimes causes diagnostic delays.

A pediatrician or family doctor will often dismiss pins and needles or blurred vision that only lasts a couple of days and won’t send the patient for an MRI, she said. But on MRI, pediatric patients with MS often have multiple lesions, even though they may have had very few symptoms. The EDSS may not change very much, but there can still be significant brain atrophy.

Over the past 20 years, there’s been an explosion of new disease-modifying treatments for MS, but these high-efficacy treatments, such as antibody therapies, are often not prescribed until the patient reaches the age of 18 years, both Dr. Sharmin and Dr. Hacohen pointed out.

“We need to get some of these medications approved for use in children,” Dr. Hacohen said.
 

Slowed Disability

In her presentation, Dr. Sharmin reported an observational study that included 282 patients younger than 18 years at MS onset identified from the French MS Registry, the Italian MS Register, and the Global MSBase Registry.

Of these, 110 (39%) had initiated therapy with ocrelizumab, rituximab, or natalizumab early in the disease course between ages 12 and 17 years and 172 (61%) had initiated treatment with one of these agents at ages 20-22 years.

The primary outcome was the difference in EDSS scores from baseline (at age 18 years) to ages 23-27 years between those who had started treatment with one of these agents early and those who had started late.

At the baseline of age 18 years, the median EDSS score was 1.5 in the early group and 1.3 in the late group. Median follow-up time was 10.8 years.

The data were adjusted for baseline differences in factors such as sex, age at symptom onset, time from onset to clinically definite MS, and the number of relapses (using inverse probability treatment weighting based on propensity scores).

Results showed that between ages 23 and 27 years, disability was a 0.57 step lower in the early group than in the late group. The mean absolute differences in EDSS from baseline were 0.40 in the early group and 0.95 in the late group. This benefit of early treatment persisted throughout the rest of the follow-up period.

The substantially lower risk of progressing to higher disability levels in the early treatment group was particularly evident in the moderate disability range, where further progression was reduced by up to 97%, Dr. Sharmin noted.

“Starting these highly effective therapies, before the onset of significant neurological impairments, appears crucial for preserving neurological function in children with relapsing-remitting MS over the long term,” she said.

These findings highlight the critical importance of early intervention in pediatric-onset MS, she concluded.

The researchers are planning further work to generate more evidence to support the proactive treatment of pediatric-onset MS, with a particular focus on assessing the long-term risks for immunosuppressive therapies in this population.
 

Ocrelizumab Experience in Children

Dr. Hacohen reported on a UK cohort of children with MS treated with ocrelizumab, with 66 patients having more than 12 months of follow-up. Of these, only four patients had relapses, and there was no evidence of disease activity in 94% patients.

“We’ve stopped doing relapse clinic because they really don’t relapse,” Dr. Hacohen reported.

“This has completely changed our practice in pediatric MS,” she said. Twice a year, patients come in to have pre-infusion bloods and clinical assessments and then return a month later for treatment.

“They only have to come to the hospital for 4 days a year, and the rest of the time, they can forget they have MS,” said Dr. Hacohen.

In terms of complications, one patient in the UK cohort developed enterovirus meningitis but recovered completely, and two patients had hypogammaglobulinemia and were changed to an extended interval or to a different agent.

Dr. Hacohen cautioned that hypogammaglobulinemia — a condition in which immunoglobulin levels are below normal — is “something that hypothetically we should maybe be more worried about in the pediatric population, particularly as these patients are more likely to be on anti-CD20 therapies for a much longer time.”

She said this complication tends to happen after about 4 or 5 years of treatment. “If we start seeing IgG levels dropping, we need to come up with a plan about extending the dosing interval. We need clinical trials to look at this.”

Dr. Hacohen also drew attention to the issue of vaccinations not being effective in patients on anti-CD20 antibody therapy, which could be a particular problem in children.

However, given that vaccinations do seem to be effective in patients taking natalizumab, pediatric patients with highly active disease could receive the drug for 3-6 months while receiving vaccines and then switched over to ocrelizumab, she said.

Giving natalizumab for such a short period is not believed to have a high risk of developing JCV antibodies, she added.

In another presentation, Brenda Banwell, MD, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, Baltimore, reported new data from an early study (OPERETTA 1) with ocrelizumab in pediatric relapsing-remitting MS showing a safety profile similar to that observed in adults. The suggested dose is 300 mg for children under 35 kg and 600 mg for adults over 35 kg, administered every 24 weeks. These doses will be further investigated in the ongoing phase III OPERETTA 2 trial.

Dr. Sharmin received a postdoctoral fellowship from MS Australia. The OPERETTA studies were sponsored by F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Banwell served as a consultant to Roche. Dr. Hacohen reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

COPENHAGEN — Growing evidence supports the use of highly effective disease-modifying therapies for children with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, only few of these medications are licensed for pediatric use, indicating it may be time to reconsider the standard treatment approach for this patient population.

Treatments for pediatric-onset MS have mostly been used off-label until the recent approvals of fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide. Typically, children with MS start with moderately effective therapies, while more potent options are reserved for those who don’t respond.

However, recent research suggests this may not be the most effective treatment strategy for this patient population. Several studies suggesting impressive treatment responses to highly effective therapies (HETs) in children were presented at the 2024 ECTRIMS annual meeting.

In one study, initiating monoclonal antibody treatment during childhood was associated with reduced disability into early adulthood and beyond.

“Our findings are a strong argument for rethinking current treatment guidelines,” said study investigator Sifat Sharmin, PhD, The University of Melbourne, Australia.

“By allowing earlier access to highly effective treatments, we can significantly enhance the quality of life for children with MS and reduce the burden of long-term disability,” she added.

In another presentation, Yael Hacohen, MD, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, noted that the use of these more effective monoclonal antibody therapies in children with MS has been associated with some improvements in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores after 2 or 3 years of treatment.

Maybe this is a sign that “this is a population that can repair, in contrast to adult patients,” she wondered.

MS is primarily a disease of adults, but pediatric MS accounts for up to 5% of all cases. Children with MS tend to have much more active disease than adults, Dr. Hacohen explained. However, they also tend to recover from attacks more quickly with little disability, which sometimes causes diagnostic delays.

A pediatrician or family doctor will often dismiss pins and needles or blurred vision that only lasts a couple of days and won’t send the patient for an MRI, she said. But on MRI, pediatric patients with MS often have multiple lesions, even though they may have had very few symptoms. The EDSS may not change very much, but there can still be significant brain atrophy.

Over the past 20 years, there’s been an explosion of new disease-modifying treatments for MS, but these high-efficacy treatments, such as antibody therapies, are often not prescribed until the patient reaches the age of 18 years, both Dr. Sharmin and Dr. Hacohen pointed out.

“We need to get some of these medications approved for use in children,” Dr. Hacohen said.
 

Slowed Disability

In her presentation, Dr. Sharmin reported an observational study that included 282 patients younger than 18 years at MS onset identified from the French MS Registry, the Italian MS Register, and the Global MSBase Registry.

Of these, 110 (39%) had initiated therapy with ocrelizumab, rituximab, or natalizumab early in the disease course between ages 12 and 17 years and 172 (61%) had initiated treatment with one of these agents at ages 20-22 years.

The primary outcome was the difference in EDSS scores from baseline (at age 18 years) to ages 23-27 years between those who had started treatment with one of these agents early and those who had started late.

At the baseline of age 18 years, the median EDSS score was 1.5 in the early group and 1.3 in the late group. Median follow-up time was 10.8 years.

The data were adjusted for baseline differences in factors such as sex, age at symptom onset, time from onset to clinically definite MS, and the number of relapses (using inverse probability treatment weighting based on propensity scores).

Results showed that between ages 23 and 27 years, disability was a 0.57 step lower in the early group than in the late group. The mean absolute differences in EDSS from baseline were 0.40 in the early group and 0.95 in the late group. This benefit of early treatment persisted throughout the rest of the follow-up period.

The substantially lower risk of progressing to higher disability levels in the early treatment group was particularly evident in the moderate disability range, where further progression was reduced by up to 97%, Dr. Sharmin noted.

“Starting these highly effective therapies, before the onset of significant neurological impairments, appears crucial for preserving neurological function in children with relapsing-remitting MS over the long term,” she said.

These findings highlight the critical importance of early intervention in pediatric-onset MS, she concluded.

The researchers are planning further work to generate more evidence to support the proactive treatment of pediatric-onset MS, with a particular focus on assessing the long-term risks for immunosuppressive therapies in this population.
 

Ocrelizumab Experience in Children

Dr. Hacohen reported on a UK cohort of children with MS treated with ocrelizumab, with 66 patients having more than 12 months of follow-up. Of these, only four patients had relapses, and there was no evidence of disease activity in 94% patients.

“We’ve stopped doing relapse clinic because they really don’t relapse,” Dr. Hacohen reported.

“This has completely changed our practice in pediatric MS,” she said. Twice a year, patients come in to have pre-infusion bloods and clinical assessments and then return a month later for treatment.

“They only have to come to the hospital for 4 days a year, and the rest of the time, they can forget they have MS,” said Dr. Hacohen.

In terms of complications, one patient in the UK cohort developed enterovirus meningitis but recovered completely, and two patients had hypogammaglobulinemia and were changed to an extended interval or to a different agent.

Dr. Hacohen cautioned that hypogammaglobulinemia — a condition in which immunoglobulin levels are below normal — is “something that hypothetically we should maybe be more worried about in the pediatric population, particularly as these patients are more likely to be on anti-CD20 therapies for a much longer time.”

She said this complication tends to happen after about 4 or 5 years of treatment. “If we start seeing IgG levels dropping, we need to come up with a plan about extending the dosing interval. We need clinical trials to look at this.”

Dr. Hacohen also drew attention to the issue of vaccinations not being effective in patients on anti-CD20 antibody therapy, which could be a particular problem in children.

However, given that vaccinations do seem to be effective in patients taking natalizumab, pediatric patients with highly active disease could receive the drug for 3-6 months while receiving vaccines and then switched over to ocrelizumab, she said.

Giving natalizumab for such a short period is not believed to have a high risk of developing JCV antibodies, she added.

In another presentation, Brenda Banwell, MD, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, Baltimore, reported new data from an early study (OPERETTA 1) with ocrelizumab in pediatric relapsing-remitting MS showing a safety profile similar to that observed in adults. The suggested dose is 300 mg for children under 35 kg and 600 mg for adults over 35 kg, administered every 24 weeks. These doses will be further investigated in the ongoing phase III OPERETTA 2 trial.

Dr. Sharmin received a postdoctoral fellowship from MS Australia. The OPERETTA studies were sponsored by F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Banwell served as a consultant to Roche. Dr. Hacohen reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

COPENHAGEN — Growing evidence supports the use of highly effective disease-modifying therapies for children with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, only few of these medications are licensed for pediatric use, indicating it may be time to reconsider the standard treatment approach for this patient population.

Treatments for pediatric-onset MS have mostly been used off-label until the recent approvals of fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide. Typically, children with MS start with moderately effective therapies, while more potent options are reserved for those who don’t respond.

However, recent research suggests this may not be the most effective treatment strategy for this patient population. Several studies suggesting impressive treatment responses to highly effective therapies (HETs) in children were presented at the 2024 ECTRIMS annual meeting.

In one study, initiating monoclonal antibody treatment during childhood was associated with reduced disability into early adulthood and beyond.

“Our findings are a strong argument for rethinking current treatment guidelines,” said study investigator Sifat Sharmin, PhD, The University of Melbourne, Australia.

“By allowing earlier access to highly effective treatments, we can significantly enhance the quality of life for children with MS and reduce the burden of long-term disability,” she added.

In another presentation, Yael Hacohen, MD, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, England, noted that the use of these more effective monoclonal antibody therapies in children with MS has been associated with some improvements in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores after 2 or 3 years of treatment.

Maybe this is a sign that “this is a population that can repair, in contrast to adult patients,” she wondered.

MS is primarily a disease of adults, but pediatric MS accounts for up to 5% of all cases. Children with MS tend to have much more active disease than adults, Dr. Hacohen explained. However, they also tend to recover from attacks more quickly with little disability, which sometimes causes diagnostic delays.

A pediatrician or family doctor will often dismiss pins and needles or blurred vision that only lasts a couple of days and won’t send the patient for an MRI, she said. But on MRI, pediatric patients with MS often have multiple lesions, even though they may have had very few symptoms. The EDSS may not change very much, but there can still be significant brain atrophy.

Over the past 20 years, there’s been an explosion of new disease-modifying treatments for MS, but these high-efficacy treatments, such as antibody therapies, are often not prescribed until the patient reaches the age of 18 years, both Dr. Sharmin and Dr. Hacohen pointed out.

“We need to get some of these medications approved for use in children,” Dr. Hacohen said.
 

Slowed Disability

In her presentation, Dr. Sharmin reported an observational study that included 282 patients younger than 18 years at MS onset identified from the French MS Registry, the Italian MS Register, and the Global MSBase Registry.

Of these, 110 (39%) had initiated therapy with ocrelizumab, rituximab, or natalizumab early in the disease course between ages 12 and 17 years and 172 (61%) had initiated treatment with one of these agents at ages 20-22 years.

The primary outcome was the difference in EDSS scores from baseline (at age 18 years) to ages 23-27 years between those who had started treatment with one of these agents early and those who had started late.

At the baseline of age 18 years, the median EDSS score was 1.5 in the early group and 1.3 in the late group. Median follow-up time was 10.8 years.

The data were adjusted for baseline differences in factors such as sex, age at symptom onset, time from onset to clinically definite MS, and the number of relapses (using inverse probability treatment weighting based on propensity scores).

Results showed that between ages 23 and 27 years, disability was a 0.57 step lower in the early group than in the late group. The mean absolute differences in EDSS from baseline were 0.40 in the early group and 0.95 in the late group. This benefit of early treatment persisted throughout the rest of the follow-up period.

The substantially lower risk of progressing to higher disability levels in the early treatment group was particularly evident in the moderate disability range, where further progression was reduced by up to 97%, Dr. Sharmin noted.

“Starting these highly effective therapies, before the onset of significant neurological impairments, appears crucial for preserving neurological function in children with relapsing-remitting MS over the long term,” she said.

These findings highlight the critical importance of early intervention in pediatric-onset MS, she concluded.

The researchers are planning further work to generate more evidence to support the proactive treatment of pediatric-onset MS, with a particular focus on assessing the long-term risks for immunosuppressive therapies in this population.
 

Ocrelizumab Experience in Children

Dr. Hacohen reported on a UK cohort of children with MS treated with ocrelizumab, with 66 patients having more than 12 months of follow-up. Of these, only four patients had relapses, and there was no evidence of disease activity in 94% patients.

“We’ve stopped doing relapse clinic because they really don’t relapse,” Dr. Hacohen reported.

“This has completely changed our practice in pediatric MS,” she said. Twice a year, patients come in to have pre-infusion bloods and clinical assessments and then return a month later for treatment.

“They only have to come to the hospital for 4 days a year, and the rest of the time, they can forget they have MS,” said Dr. Hacohen.

In terms of complications, one patient in the UK cohort developed enterovirus meningitis but recovered completely, and two patients had hypogammaglobulinemia and were changed to an extended interval or to a different agent.

Dr. Hacohen cautioned that hypogammaglobulinemia — a condition in which immunoglobulin levels are below normal — is “something that hypothetically we should maybe be more worried about in the pediatric population, particularly as these patients are more likely to be on anti-CD20 therapies for a much longer time.”

She said this complication tends to happen after about 4 or 5 years of treatment. “If we start seeing IgG levels dropping, we need to come up with a plan about extending the dosing interval. We need clinical trials to look at this.”

Dr. Hacohen also drew attention to the issue of vaccinations not being effective in patients on anti-CD20 antibody therapy, which could be a particular problem in children.

However, given that vaccinations do seem to be effective in patients taking natalizumab, pediatric patients with highly active disease could receive the drug for 3-6 months while receiving vaccines and then switched over to ocrelizumab, she said.

Giving natalizumab for such a short period is not believed to have a high risk of developing JCV antibodies, she added.

In another presentation, Brenda Banwell, MD, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center, Baltimore, reported new data from an early study (OPERETTA 1) with ocrelizumab in pediatric relapsing-remitting MS showing a safety profile similar to that observed in adults. The suggested dose is 300 mg for children under 35 kg and 600 mg for adults over 35 kg, administered every 24 weeks. These doses will be further investigated in the ongoing phase III OPERETTA 2 trial.

Dr. Sharmin received a postdoctoral fellowship from MS Australia. The OPERETTA studies were sponsored by F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Banwell served as a consultant to Roche. Dr. Hacohen reported no relevant disclosures.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

PHILADELPHIA — The investigational agent ecopipam reduces tic severity in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome without exacerbating common psychiatric comorbidities, results of a new analysis suggest.

As previously reported, the first-in-class dopamine-1 (D1) receptor antagonist reduced the primary endpoint of tic severity scores by 30% compared with placebo among 149 patients in the 12-week, phase 2b D1AMOND trial. 

What was unknown, however, is whether ecopipam would affect the comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and depression that were present in two thirds of participants.

The two key findings in this post hoc analysis were “first, that patients with a nonmotor diagnosis like depression or ADHD did not do any worse in terms of tic efficacy; and second, we didn’t find any evidence that any of the nonmotor symptoms of Tourette’s got worse with ecopipam,” said study investigator Donald Gilbert, MD, professor of pediatrics and neurology at University of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.

Dr. Gilbert presented the results at the International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS) 2024. 
 

No Worsening of ADHD Symptoms

Tourette syndrome affects approximately 1 in 160 children between 5 and 17 years of age in the United States, data from the Tourette Association of America show. Research has shown that 85% of patients with Tourette syndrome will have a co-occurring psychiatric condition. 

Guidelines recommend Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) as first-line treatment for Tourette syndrome, but cost and access are barriers. The only currently approved medications to treat Tourette syndrome are antipsychotics that act on the D2 receptor, but their use is limited by the potential for weight gain, metabolic changes, drug-induced movement disorders, and risk for suicidality, said Dr. Gilbert. 

The D1AMOND study randomly assigned patients aged 6-17 years with Tourette syndrome and a Yale Global Tic Severity Total Tic Scale score of at least 20 to receive a target steady-state dose of 2 mg/kg/d of oral ecopipam or placebo for a 4-week titration period, followed by an 8-week treatment phase before being tapered off the study drug. 

Patients were allowed to remain on medications without D2-receptor blocking activity for anxiety, OCD, and ADHD if the dosage was stable for 4 weeks before screening and not specifically prescribed for tics. 

A mixed model for repeated measures was used to assess changes in several scales administered at baseline and at weeks 4, 6, 8, and 12: the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale (SNAP-IV); Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale; Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and Children’s Depression Rating Scale–Revised (CDRS-R). 

In patients with a co-occurring psychiatric condition, no significant differences were found over time between ecopipam and placebo in terms of SNAP-IV (-4.4; P = .45), Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (1.0; P = .62), CDRS-R (-3.2; P = .65), or CY-BOCS (-0.7; P = .76) scores.

For ADHD, the most frequent comorbidity, scores trended lower in the ecopipam group but were not significantly different from those in the placebo group. “We found no evidence that ecopipam worsened ADHD symptoms,” Dr. Gilbert said.
 

No Weight Gain

Suicidal ideation was reported during the dosing period in eight patients in the placebo group and none in the ecopipam group. One patient treated with ecopipam had multiple depressive episodes and dropped out of the study on day 79. Ecopipam was discontinued in another patient because of anxiety. 

Notably, there was more weight gain in the placebo group than in the ecopipam group (2.4 kg vs 1.8 kg) by 12 weeks. No shifts from baseline were seen in blood glucose, A1c, total cholesterol, or triglycerides in either group. 

The lack of weight gain with ecopipam is important, Dr. Gilbert stressed. “Medicines that block D2 so often cause weight gain, and a lot of our patients, unfortunately, can be heavier already,” he explained. “We don’t want to make that worse or put them at a long-term risk of type 2 diabetes.”  

For patients with more severe disease, we really “do need something else besides D2-blockers in our tool kit,” he added. 

Commenting on the study, Tanya Simuni, MD, co-moderator of the session and director of the Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, said the aim of assessing D1-directed medications is to reduce the negative impact of traditional antipsychotics with a theoretical benefit on hyperkinetic movement.

But the most important thing that they’ve shown is that “there was no negative effect, no liability for the nonmotor manifestations of Tourette’s. That is important because Tourette’s is not a pure motor syndrome, and psychiatric manifestations in a lot of cases are associated with more disease-related quality of life impairment compared to the motor manifestations,” said Dr. Simuni.

That said, she noted, the “ideal drug would be the one that would have benefit for both motor and nonmotor domains.” 
 

Multiple Agents in the Pipeline 

“The neuropharmacology of Tourette syndrome has long remained stagnant, and most existing treatments often fail to balance efficacy with tolerability, underscoring the urgent need for newer therapeutics,” Christos Ganos, MD, professor of neurology, University of Toronto, said in a press release.

He noted that three studies have been published on ecopipam since 2014: an 8-week, open-label trial in adults with Tourette syndrome, a 4-week, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 38 children with Tourette syndrome, and the 12-week D1AMOND trial.

“These studies demonstrated clinically meaningful reductions in tics, without relevant safety concerns or changes in Tourette syndrome-typical neuropsychiatric measures, as also shown by the abstract highlighted here,” Dr. Ganos said. 

“This emerging body of research provides a solid foundation for introducing ecopipam as a novel pharmacological agent to treat tics and may motivate further work, both on the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of tic disorders and their associations.”

A single-arm, phase 3 trial is currently underway at 58 centers in North America and Europe investigating the long-term safety and tolerability of ecopipam over 24 months in 150 children, adolescents, and adults with Tourette syndrome. The study is expected to be completed in 2027.

Several other new medications are also under investigation including the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitors tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, and valbenazine; the PEDE10A inhibitor gemlapodect; the allopregnanolone antagonist sepranolone; and SCI-110, which combines dronabinol (the synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol) and the endocannabinoid palmitoylethanolamide.

The study was funded by Emalex Biosciences. Dr. Gilbert’s institution received research support from Emalex Biosciences and PTC Therapeutics. Dr. Gilbert has received publishing royalties from a healthcare-related publication; compensation for serving as a medical expert with Teladoc; Advanced Medical; and the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Simuni reports no relevant conflicts of interest. Dr. Ganos has received honoraria for educational activities from the Movement Disorder Society and academic research support from VolkswagenStiftung. 
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

PHILADELPHIA — The investigational agent ecopipam reduces tic severity in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome without exacerbating common psychiatric comorbidities, results of a new analysis suggest.

As previously reported, the first-in-class dopamine-1 (D1) receptor antagonist reduced the primary endpoint of tic severity scores by 30% compared with placebo among 149 patients in the 12-week, phase 2b D1AMOND trial. 

What was unknown, however, is whether ecopipam would affect the comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and depression that were present in two thirds of participants.

The two key findings in this post hoc analysis were “first, that patients with a nonmotor diagnosis like depression or ADHD did not do any worse in terms of tic efficacy; and second, we didn’t find any evidence that any of the nonmotor symptoms of Tourette’s got worse with ecopipam,” said study investigator Donald Gilbert, MD, professor of pediatrics and neurology at University of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.

Dr. Gilbert presented the results at the International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS) 2024. 
 

No Worsening of ADHD Symptoms

Tourette syndrome affects approximately 1 in 160 children between 5 and 17 years of age in the United States, data from the Tourette Association of America show. Research has shown that 85% of patients with Tourette syndrome will have a co-occurring psychiatric condition. 

Guidelines recommend Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) as first-line treatment for Tourette syndrome, but cost and access are barriers. The only currently approved medications to treat Tourette syndrome are antipsychotics that act on the D2 receptor, but their use is limited by the potential for weight gain, metabolic changes, drug-induced movement disorders, and risk for suicidality, said Dr. Gilbert. 

The D1AMOND study randomly assigned patients aged 6-17 years with Tourette syndrome and a Yale Global Tic Severity Total Tic Scale score of at least 20 to receive a target steady-state dose of 2 mg/kg/d of oral ecopipam or placebo for a 4-week titration period, followed by an 8-week treatment phase before being tapered off the study drug. 

Patients were allowed to remain on medications without D2-receptor blocking activity for anxiety, OCD, and ADHD if the dosage was stable for 4 weeks before screening and not specifically prescribed for tics. 

A mixed model for repeated measures was used to assess changes in several scales administered at baseline and at weeks 4, 6, 8, and 12: the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale (SNAP-IV); Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale; Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and Children’s Depression Rating Scale–Revised (CDRS-R). 

In patients with a co-occurring psychiatric condition, no significant differences were found over time between ecopipam and placebo in terms of SNAP-IV (-4.4; P = .45), Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (1.0; P = .62), CDRS-R (-3.2; P = .65), or CY-BOCS (-0.7; P = .76) scores.

For ADHD, the most frequent comorbidity, scores trended lower in the ecopipam group but were not significantly different from those in the placebo group. “We found no evidence that ecopipam worsened ADHD symptoms,” Dr. Gilbert said.
 

No Weight Gain

Suicidal ideation was reported during the dosing period in eight patients in the placebo group and none in the ecopipam group. One patient treated with ecopipam had multiple depressive episodes and dropped out of the study on day 79. Ecopipam was discontinued in another patient because of anxiety. 

Notably, there was more weight gain in the placebo group than in the ecopipam group (2.4 kg vs 1.8 kg) by 12 weeks. No shifts from baseline were seen in blood glucose, A1c, total cholesterol, or triglycerides in either group. 

The lack of weight gain with ecopipam is important, Dr. Gilbert stressed. “Medicines that block D2 so often cause weight gain, and a lot of our patients, unfortunately, can be heavier already,” he explained. “We don’t want to make that worse or put them at a long-term risk of type 2 diabetes.”  

For patients with more severe disease, we really “do need something else besides D2-blockers in our tool kit,” he added. 

Commenting on the study, Tanya Simuni, MD, co-moderator of the session and director of the Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, said the aim of assessing D1-directed medications is to reduce the negative impact of traditional antipsychotics with a theoretical benefit on hyperkinetic movement.

But the most important thing that they’ve shown is that “there was no negative effect, no liability for the nonmotor manifestations of Tourette’s. That is important because Tourette’s is not a pure motor syndrome, and psychiatric manifestations in a lot of cases are associated with more disease-related quality of life impairment compared to the motor manifestations,” said Dr. Simuni.

That said, she noted, the “ideal drug would be the one that would have benefit for both motor and nonmotor domains.” 
 

Multiple Agents in the Pipeline 

“The neuropharmacology of Tourette syndrome has long remained stagnant, and most existing treatments often fail to balance efficacy with tolerability, underscoring the urgent need for newer therapeutics,” Christos Ganos, MD, professor of neurology, University of Toronto, said in a press release.

He noted that three studies have been published on ecopipam since 2014: an 8-week, open-label trial in adults with Tourette syndrome, a 4-week, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 38 children with Tourette syndrome, and the 12-week D1AMOND trial.

“These studies demonstrated clinically meaningful reductions in tics, without relevant safety concerns or changes in Tourette syndrome-typical neuropsychiatric measures, as also shown by the abstract highlighted here,” Dr. Ganos said. 

“This emerging body of research provides a solid foundation for introducing ecopipam as a novel pharmacological agent to treat tics and may motivate further work, both on the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of tic disorders and their associations.”

A single-arm, phase 3 trial is currently underway at 58 centers in North America and Europe investigating the long-term safety and tolerability of ecopipam over 24 months in 150 children, adolescents, and adults with Tourette syndrome. The study is expected to be completed in 2027.

Several other new medications are also under investigation including the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitors tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, and valbenazine; the PEDE10A inhibitor gemlapodect; the allopregnanolone antagonist sepranolone; and SCI-110, which combines dronabinol (the synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol) and the endocannabinoid palmitoylethanolamide.

The study was funded by Emalex Biosciences. Dr. Gilbert’s institution received research support from Emalex Biosciences and PTC Therapeutics. Dr. Gilbert has received publishing royalties from a healthcare-related publication; compensation for serving as a medical expert with Teladoc; Advanced Medical; and the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Simuni reports no relevant conflicts of interest. Dr. Ganos has received honoraria for educational activities from the Movement Disorder Society and academic research support from VolkswagenStiftung. 
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

PHILADELPHIA — The investigational agent ecopipam reduces tic severity in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome without exacerbating common psychiatric comorbidities, results of a new analysis suggest.

As previously reported, the first-in-class dopamine-1 (D1) receptor antagonist reduced the primary endpoint of tic severity scores by 30% compared with placebo among 149 patients in the 12-week, phase 2b D1AMOND trial. 

What was unknown, however, is whether ecopipam would affect the comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and depression that were present in two thirds of participants.

The two key findings in this post hoc analysis were “first, that patients with a nonmotor diagnosis like depression or ADHD did not do any worse in terms of tic efficacy; and second, we didn’t find any evidence that any of the nonmotor symptoms of Tourette’s got worse with ecopipam,” said study investigator Donald Gilbert, MD, professor of pediatrics and neurology at University of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.

Dr. Gilbert presented the results at the International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders (MDS) 2024. 
 

No Worsening of ADHD Symptoms

Tourette syndrome affects approximately 1 in 160 children between 5 and 17 years of age in the United States, data from the Tourette Association of America show. Research has shown that 85% of patients with Tourette syndrome will have a co-occurring psychiatric condition. 

Guidelines recommend Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) as first-line treatment for Tourette syndrome, but cost and access are barriers. The only currently approved medications to treat Tourette syndrome are antipsychotics that act on the D2 receptor, but their use is limited by the potential for weight gain, metabolic changes, drug-induced movement disorders, and risk for suicidality, said Dr. Gilbert. 

The D1AMOND study randomly assigned patients aged 6-17 years with Tourette syndrome and a Yale Global Tic Severity Total Tic Scale score of at least 20 to receive a target steady-state dose of 2 mg/kg/d of oral ecopipam or placebo for a 4-week titration period, followed by an 8-week treatment phase before being tapered off the study drug. 

Patients were allowed to remain on medications without D2-receptor blocking activity for anxiety, OCD, and ADHD if the dosage was stable for 4 weeks before screening and not specifically prescribed for tics. 

A mixed model for repeated measures was used to assess changes in several scales administered at baseline and at weeks 4, 6, 8, and 12: the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale (SNAP-IV); Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale; Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and Children’s Depression Rating Scale–Revised (CDRS-R). 

In patients with a co-occurring psychiatric condition, no significant differences were found over time between ecopipam and placebo in terms of SNAP-IV (-4.4; P = .45), Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (1.0; P = .62), CDRS-R (-3.2; P = .65), or CY-BOCS (-0.7; P = .76) scores.

For ADHD, the most frequent comorbidity, scores trended lower in the ecopipam group but were not significantly different from those in the placebo group. “We found no evidence that ecopipam worsened ADHD symptoms,” Dr. Gilbert said.
 

No Weight Gain

Suicidal ideation was reported during the dosing period in eight patients in the placebo group and none in the ecopipam group. One patient treated with ecopipam had multiple depressive episodes and dropped out of the study on day 79. Ecopipam was discontinued in another patient because of anxiety. 

Notably, there was more weight gain in the placebo group than in the ecopipam group (2.4 kg vs 1.8 kg) by 12 weeks. No shifts from baseline were seen in blood glucose, A1c, total cholesterol, or triglycerides in either group. 

The lack of weight gain with ecopipam is important, Dr. Gilbert stressed. “Medicines that block D2 so often cause weight gain, and a lot of our patients, unfortunately, can be heavier already,” he explained. “We don’t want to make that worse or put them at a long-term risk of type 2 diabetes.”  

For patients with more severe disease, we really “do need something else besides D2-blockers in our tool kit,” he added. 

Commenting on the study, Tanya Simuni, MD, co-moderator of the session and director of the Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, said the aim of assessing D1-directed medications is to reduce the negative impact of traditional antipsychotics with a theoretical benefit on hyperkinetic movement.

But the most important thing that they’ve shown is that “there was no negative effect, no liability for the nonmotor manifestations of Tourette’s. That is important because Tourette’s is not a pure motor syndrome, and psychiatric manifestations in a lot of cases are associated with more disease-related quality of life impairment compared to the motor manifestations,” said Dr. Simuni.

That said, she noted, the “ideal drug would be the one that would have benefit for both motor and nonmotor domains.” 
 

Multiple Agents in the Pipeline 

“The neuropharmacology of Tourette syndrome has long remained stagnant, and most existing treatments often fail to balance efficacy with tolerability, underscoring the urgent need for newer therapeutics,” Christos Ganos, MD, professor of neurology, University of Toronto, said in a press release.

He noted that three studies have been published on ecopipam since 2014: an 8-week, open-label trial in adults with Tourette syndrome, a 4-week, placebo-controlled crossover trial in 38 children with Tourette syndrome, and the 12-week D1AMOND trial.

“These studies demonstrated clinically meaningful reductions in tics, without relevant safety concerns or changes in Tourette syndrome-typical neuropsychiatric measures, as also shown by the abstract highlighted here,” Dr. Ganos said. 

“This emerging body of research provides a solid foundation for introducing ecopipam as a novel pharmacological agent to treat tics and may motivate further work, both on the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of tic disorders and their associations.”

A single-arm, phase 3 trial is currently underway at 58 centers in North America and Europe investigating the long-term safety and tolerability of ecopipam over 24 months in 150 children, adolescents, and adults with Tourette syndrome. The study is expected to be completed in 2027.

Several other new medications are also under investigation including the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitors tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, and valbenazine; the PEDE10A inhibitor gemlapodect; the allopregnanolone antagonist sepranolone; and SCI-110, which combines dronabinol (the synthetic form of tetrahydrocannabinol) and the endocannabinoid palmitoylethanolamide.

The study was funded by Emalex Biosciences. Dr. Gilbert’s institution received research support from Emalex Biosciences and PTC Therapeutics. Dr. Gilbert has received publishing royalties from a healthcare-related publication; compensation for serving as a medical expert with Teladoc; Advanced Medical; and the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Simuni reports no relevant conflicts of interest. Dr. Ganos has received honoraria for educational activities from the Movement Disorder Society and academic research support from VolkswagenStiftung. 
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

There’s a new morning ritual in Pinedale, Wyoming, a town of about 2000, nestled against the Wind River Mountains.

Friends and neighbors in the oil- and gas-rich community “take their morning coffee and pull up” to watch workers building the county’s first hospital, said Kari DeWitt, the project’s public relations director.

“I think it’s just gratitude,” Ms. DeWitt said.

Sublette County is the only one in Wyoming — where counties span thousands of square miles — without a hospital. The 10-bed, 40,000-square-foot hospital, with a similarly sized attached long-term care facility, is slated to open by the summer of 2025.

Ms. DeWitt, who also is executive director of the Sublette County Health Foundation, has an office at the town’s health clinic with a window view of the construction.

Pinedale’s residents have good reason to be excited. New full-service hospitals with inpatient beds are rare in rural America, where declining population has spurred decades of downsizing and closures. Yet, a few communities in Wyoming and others in Kansas and Georgia are defying the trend.

“To be honest with you, it even seems strange to me,” said Wyoming Hospital Association President Eric Boley. Small rural “hospitals are really struggling all across the country,” he said.

There is no official tally of new hospitals being built in rural America, but industry experts such as Mr. Boley said they’re rare. Typically, health-related construction projects in rural areas are for smaller urgent care centers or stand-alone emergency facilities or are replacements for old hospitals.

About half of rural hospitals lost money in the prior year, according to Chartis, a health analytics and consulting firm. And nearly 150 rural hospitals have closed or converted to smaller operations since 2010, according to data collected by the University of North Carolina’s Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research.

To stem the tide of closures, Congress created a new rural emergency hospital designation that allowed struggling hospitals to close their inpatient units and provide only outpatient and emergency services. Since January 2023, when the program took effect, 32 of the more than 1700 eligible rural hospitals — from Georgia to New Mexico — have joined the program, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Tony Breitlow is healthcare studio director for EUA, which has extensive experience working for rural health care systems. Mr. Breitlow said his national architecture and engineering firm’s work expands, replaces, or revamps older buildings, many of which were constructed during the middle of the last century.

The work, Mr. Breitlow said, is part of health care “systems figuring out how to remain robust and viable.”

Freeman Health System, based in Joplin, Missouri, announced plans last year to build a new 50-bed hospital across the state line in Kansas. Paula Baker, Freeman’s president and chief executive, said the system is building for patients in the southeastern corner of the state who travel 45 minutes or more to its bigger Joplin facilities for care.

Freeman’s new hospital, with construction on the building expected to begin in the spring, will be less than 10 miles away from an older, 64-bed hospital that has existed for decades. Kansas is one of more than a dozen states with no “certificate of need” law that would require health providers to obtain approval from the state before offering new services or building or expanding facilities.

Ms. Baker also said Freeman plans to operate emergency services and a small 10-bed outpost in Fort Scott, Kansas, opening early next year in a corner of a hospital that closed in late 2018. Residents there “cried, they cheered, they hugged me,” Ms. Baker said, adding that the “level of appreciation and gratitude that they felt and they displayed was overwhelming to me.”

Michael Topchik, executive director of the Chartis Center for Rural Health, said regional healthcare systems in the Upper Midwest have been particularly active in competing for patients by, among other things, building new hospitals.

And while private corporate money can drive construction, many rural hospital projects tap government programs, especially those supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Mr. Topchik said. That, he said, “surprises a lot of people.”

Since 2021, the USDA’s rural Community Facilities Programs have awarded $2.24 billion in loans and grants to 68 rural hospitals for work that was not related to an emergency or disaster, according to data analyzed by KFF Health News and confirmed by the agency. The federal program is funded through what is often known as the farm bill, which faces a September congressional renewal deadline.

Nearly all the projects are replacements or expansions and updates of older facilities.

The USDA confirmed that three new or planned Wyoming hospitals received federal funding. Hospital projects in Riverton and Saratoga received loans of $37.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively. Pinedale’s hospital received a $29.2 million loan from the agency.

Wyoming’s new construction is rare in a state where more than 80% of rural hospitals reported losses in the third quarter of 2023, according to Chartis. The state association’s Mr. Boley said he worries about several hospitals that have less than 10 days’ cash on hand “day and night.”

Pinedale’s project loan was approved after the community submitted a feasibility study to the USDA that included local clinics and a long-term care facility. “It’s pretty remote and right up in the mountains,” Mr. Boley said.

Pinedale’s Ms. DeWitt said the community was missing key services, such as blood transfusions, which are often necessary when there is a trauma like a car crash or if a pregnant woman faces severe complications. Local ambulances drove 94,000 miles last year, she said.

Ms. DeWitt began working to raise support for the new hospital after her own pregnancy-related trauma in 2014. She was bleeding heavily and arrived at the local health clinic believing it operated like a hospital.

“It was shocking to hear, ‘No, we’re not a hospital. We can’t do blood transfusions. We’re just going to have to pray you live for the next 45 minutes,’ ” Ms. DeWitt said.

Ms. DeWitt had to be airlifted to Idaho, where she delivered a few minutes after landing. When the hospital financing went on the ballot in 2020, Ms. DeWitt — fully recovered, with healthy grade-schoolers at home — began making five calls a night to rally support for a county tax increase to help fund the hospital.

“By improving health care, I think we improve everybody’s chances of survival. You know, it’s pretty basic,” Ms. DeWitt said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

There’s a new morning ritual in Pinedale, Wyoming, a town of about 2000, nestled against the Wind River Mountains.

Friends and neighbors in the oil- and gas-rich community “take their morning coffee and pull up” to watch workers building the county’s first hospital, said Kari DeWitt, the project’s public relations director.

“I think it’s just gratitude,” Ms. DeWitt said.

Sublette County is the only one in Wyoming — where counties span thousands of square miles — without a hospital. The 10-bed, 40,000-square-foot hospital, with a similarly sized attached long-term care facility, is slated to open by the summer of 2025.

Ms. DeWitt, who also is executive director of the Sublette County Health Foundation, has an office at the town’s health clinic with a window view of the construction.

Pinedale’s residents have good reason to be excited. New full-service hospitals with inpatient beds are rare in rural America, where declining population has spurred decades of downsizing and closures. Yet, a few communities in Wyoming and others in Kansas and Georgia are defying the trend.

“To be honest with you, it even seems strange to me,” said Wyoming Hospital Association President Eric Boley. Small rural “hospitals are really struggling all across the country,” he said.

There is no official tally of new hospitals being built in rural America, but industry experts such as Mr. Boley said they’re rare. Typically, health-related construction projects in rural areas are for smaller urgent care centers or stand-alone emergency facilities or are replacements for old hospitals.

About half of rural hospitals lost money in the prior year, according to Chartis, a health analytics and consulting firm. And nearly 150 rural hospitals have closed or converted to smaller operations since 2010, according to data collected by the University of North Carolina’s Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research.

To stem the tide of closures, Congress created a new rural emergency hospital designation that allowed struggling hospitals to close their inpatient units and provide only outpatient and emergency services. Since January 2023, when the program took effect, 32 of the more than 1700 eligible rural hospitals — from Georgia to New Mexico — have joined the program, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Tony Breitlow is healthcare studio director for EUA, which has extensive experience working for rural health care systems. Mr. Breitlow said his national architecture and engineering firm’s work expands, replaces, or revamps older buildings, many of which were constructed during the middle of the last century.

The work, Mr. Breitlow said, is part of health care “systems figuring out how to remain robust and viable.”

Freeman Health System, based in Joplin, Missouri, announced plans last year to build a new 50-bed hospital across the state line in Kansas. Paula Baker, Freeman’s president and chief executive, said the system is building for patients in the southeastern corner of the state who travel 45 minutes or more to its bigger Joplin facilities for care.

Freeman’s new hospital, with construction on the building expected to begin in the spring, will be less than 10 miles away from an older, 64-bed hospital that has existed for decades. Kansas is one of more than a dozen states with no “certificate of need” law that would require health providers to obtain approval from the state before offering new services or building or expanding facilities.

Ms. Baker also said Freeman plans to operate emergency services and a small 10-bed outpost in Fort Scott, Kansas, opening early next year in a corner of a hospital that closed in late 2018. Residents there “cried, they cheered, they hugged me,” Ms. Baker said, adding that the “level of appreciation and gratitude that they felt and they displayed was overwhelming to me.”

Michael Topchik, executive director of the Chartis Center for Rural Health, said regional healthcare systems in the Upper Midwest have been particularly active in competing for patients by, among other things, building new hospitals.

And while private corporate money can drive construction, many rural hospital projects tap government programs, especially those supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Mr. Topchik said. That, he said, “surprises a lot of people.”

Since 2021, the USDA’s rural Community Facilities Programs have awarded $2.24 billion in loans and grants to 68 rural hospitals for work that was not related to an emergency or disaster, according to data analyzed by KFF Health News and confirmed by the agency. The federal program is funded through what is often known as the farm bill, which faces a September congressional renewal deadline.

Nearly all the projects are replacements or expansions and updates of older facilities.

The USDA confirmed that three new or planned Wyoming hospitals received federal funding. Hospital projects in Riverton and Saratoga received loans of $37.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively. Pinedale’s hospital received a $29.2 million loan from the agency.

Wyoming’s new construction is rare in a state where more than 80% of rural hospitals reported losses in the third quarter of 2023, according to Chartis. The state association’s Mr. Boley said he worries about several hospitals that have less than 10 days’ cash on hand “day and night.”

Pinedale’s project loan was approved after the community submitted a feasibility study to the USDA that included local clinics and a long-term care facility. “It’s pretty remote and right up in the mountains,” Mr. Boley said.

Pinedale’s Ms. DeWitt said the community was missing key services, such as blood transfusions, which are often necessary when there is a trauma like a car crash or if a pregnant woman faces severe complications. Local ambulances drove 94,000 miles last year, she said.

Ms. DeWitt began working to raise support for the new hospital after her own pregnancy-related trauma in 2014. She was bleeding heavily and arrived at the local health clinic believing it operated like a hospital.

“It was shocking to hear, ‘No, we’re not a hospital. We can’t do blood transfusions. We’re just going to have to pray you live for the next 45 minutes,’ ” Ms. DeWitt said.

Ms. DeWitt had to be airlifted to Idaho, where she delivered a few minutes after landing. When the hospital financing went on the ballot in 2020, Ms. DeWitt — fully recovered, with healthy grade-schoolers at home — began making five calls a night to rally support for a county tax increase to help fund the hospital.

“By improving health care, I think we improve everybody’s chances of survival. You know, it’s pretty basic,” Ms. DeWitt said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

There’s a new morning ritual in Pinedale, Wyoming, a town of about 2000, nestled against the Wind River Mountains.

Friends and neighbors in the oil- and gas-rich community “take their morning coffee and pull up” to watch workers building the county’s first hospital, said Kari DeWitt, the project’s public relations director.

“I think it’s just gratitude,” Ms. DeWitt said.

Sublette County is the only one in Wyoming — where counties span thousands of square miles — without a hospital. The 10-bed, 40,000-square-foot hospital, with a similarly sized attached long-term care facility, is slated to open by the summer of 2025.

Ms. DeWitt, who also is executive director of the Sublette County Health Foundation, has an office at the town’s health clinic with a window view of the construction.

Pinedale’s residents have good reason to be excited. New full-service hospitals with inpatient beds are rare in rural America, where declining population has spurred decades of downsizing and closures. Yet, a few communities in Wyoming and others in Kansas and Georgia are defying the trend.

“To be honest with you, it even seems strange to me,” said Wyoming Hospital Association President Eric Boley. Small rural “hospitals are really struggling all across the country,” he said.

There is no official tally of new hospitals being built in rural America, but industry experts such as Mr. Boley said they’re rare. Typically, health-related construction projects in rural areas are for smaller urgent care centers or stand-alone emergency facilities or are replacements for old hospitals.

About half of rural hospitals lost money in the prior year, according to Chartis, a health analytics and consulting firm. And nearly 150 rural hospitals have closed or converted to smaller operations since 2010, according to data collected by the University of North Carolina’s Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research.

To stem the tide of closures, Congress created a new rural emergency hospital designation that allowed struggling hospitals to close their inpatient units and provide only outpatient and emergency services. Since January 2023, when the program took effect, 32 of the more than 1700 eligible rural hospitals — from Georgia to New Mexico — have joined the program, according to data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Tony Breitlow is healthcare studio director for EUA, which has extensive experience working for rural health care systems. Mr. Breitlow said his national architecture and engineering firm’s work expands, replaces, or revamps older buildings, many of which were constructed during the middle of the last century.

The work, Mr. Breitlow said, is part of health care “systems figuring out how to remain robust and viable.”

Freeman Health System, based in Joplin, Missouri, announced plans last year to build a new 50-bed hospital across the state line in Kansas. Paula Baker, Freeman’s president and chief executive, said the system is building for patients in the southeastern corner of the state who travel 45 minutes or more to its bigger Joplin facilities for care.

Freeman’s new hospital, with construction on the building expected to begin in the spring, will be less than 10 miles away from an older, 64-bed hospital that has existed for decades. Kansas is one of more than a dozen states with no “certificate of need” law that would require health providers to obtain approval from the state before offering new services or building or expanding facilities.

Ms. Baker also said Freeman plans to operate emergency services and a small 10-bed outpost in Fort Scott, Kansas, opening early next year in a corner of a hospital that closed in late 2018. Residents there “cried, they cheered, they hugged me,” Ms. Baker said, adding that the “level of appreciation and gratitude that they felt and they displayed was overwhelming to me.”

Michael Topchik, executive director of the Chartis Center for Rural Health, said regional healthcare systems in the Upper Midwest have been particularly active in competing for patients by, among other things, building new hospitals.

And while private corporate money can drive construction, many rural hospital projects tap government programs, especially those supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Mr. Topchik said. That, he said, “surprises a lot of people.”

Since 2021, the USDA’s rural Community Facilities Programs have awarded $2.24 billion in loans and grants to 68 rural hospitals for work that was not related to an emergency or disaster, according to data analyzed by KFF Health News and confirmed by the agency. The federal program is funded through what is often known as the farm bill, which faces a September congressional renewal deadline.

Nearly all the projects are replacements or expansions and updates of older facilities.

The USDA confirmed that three new or planned Wyoming hospitals received federal funding. Hospital projects in Riverton and Saratoga received loans of $37.2 million and $18.3 million, respectively. Pinedale’s hospital received a $29.2 million loan from the agency.

Wyoming’s new construction is rare in a state where more than 80% of rural hospitals reported losses in the third quarter of 2023, according to Chartis. The state association’s Mr. Boley said he worries about several hospitals that have less than 10 days’ cash on hand “day and night.”

Pinedale’s project loan was approved after the community submitted a feasibility study to the USDA that included local clinics and a long-term care facility. “It’s pretty remote and right up in the mountains,” Mr. Boley said.

Pinedale’s Ms. DeWitt said the community was missing key services, such as blood transfusions, which are often necessary when there is a trauma like a car crash or if a pregnant woman faces severe complications. Local ambulances drove 94,000 miles last year, she said.

Ms. DeWitt began working to raise support for the new hospital after her own pregnancy-related trauma in 2014. She was bleeding heavily and arrived at the local health clinic believing it operated like a hospital.

“It was shocking to hear, ‘No, we’re not a hospital. We can’t do blood transfusions. We’re just going to have to pray you live for the next 45 minutes,’ ” Ms. DeWitt said.

Ms. DeWitt had to be airlifted to Idaho, where she delivered a few minutes after landing. When the hospital financing went on the ballot in 2020, Ms. DeWitt — fully recovered, with healthy grade-schoolers at home — began making five calls a night to rally support for a county tax increase to help fund the hospital.

“By improving health care, I think we improve everybody’s chances of survival. You know, it’s pretty basic,” Ms. DeWitt said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

Gitanjali Srivastava, MD, professor of medicine, pediatrics, and surgery, and medical director of obesity medicine at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, was nearly 10 years into practicing pediatric medicine when she graduated from the obesity medicine fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston in 2013. “We were the very first sort of fellows to speak of then; there were no standards or curriculum,” she said.

Obesity was already epidemic, but stigma and bias were still pervasive in the medical community and within the public. After graduating, Dr. Srivastava spent months vying for a position with hospital CEOs. She traveled across the country explaining the specialty and its value, going into detail about the budget, business model, space requirement, and revenue potential of obesity medicine. 

Today marks a very different era.

Obesity medicine is exploding. Patients are spilling into doctors’ offices looking for obesity treatment. Healthcare systems are seeking out obesity specialists and building metabolic health centers. Since 2020, the number of doctors board-certified by the American Board of Obesity Medicine has nearly doubled, and the number of obesity medicine fellowships across the country has more than doubled. Next month, another 2115 doctors from primary care, surgery, orthopedics, pediatrics, fertility, endocrinology, and beyond will sit for the 2024 exam. The once niche specialty is quickly becoming intertwined with most of modern medicine.
 

The Need to Treat

It’s no mystery that the rapid expansion of obesity medicine coincides with the US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of GLP-1 injections. The drugs’ radical weight loss properties have captured headlines and driven up patient demand. Meanwhile, doctors are finally able to offer effective treatment for a disease that affects 40% of US adults.

“We are finally treating it as a chronic disease, not as a lifestyle,” said Marcio Griebeler, MD, director of the obesity medicine fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic. And “I think it’s fulfilling for physicians,” he said. 

For so long, the advice for obesity was about lifestyle. Move more, eat less, and harness willpower, “which really is a fallacy,” said Kimberly Gudzune, MD, MPH, an obesity medicine specialist and chief medical officer for the American Board of Obesity Medicine (ABOM) Foundation. For people with obesity, “your brain is operating differently,” she said. “Your body really is set up to work against you.” 

Brianna Johnson-Rabbett, MD, medical director of the ABOM, told this news organization that with the advent of GLP-1s, “there’s a clearer recognition that obesity is a disease that needs to be treated like other diseases.” Some of that is thanks to clinical trial data showing that just as with other diseases such as high blood pressure or diabetes, obesity can be treated with medication and it resurges when the medication is stopped, she said.

Doctors don’t have to go looking for patients with obesity, dr. Griebeler added. Now that treatment options exist, they’re showing up in droves at the doctor’s office — all the doctors’ offices. In primary care, endocrinology, surgery, pediatrics — a wide variety of doctors are being asked about obesity drugs, Dr. Griebeler noted.

And while doctors are often just as excited as patients about the potential for treatment, many find themselves under-equipped when it comes to obesity. “More physicians are ... recognizing the value in treating this, and some are realizing, “Oh gosh, I never learned how to do this,” said Dr. Gudzune.
 

Information Patients Have Been Waiting For

Medical training has traditionally devoted minimal, if any, curriculum to obesity and metabolism. “To be honest, we didn’t really cover this at all in my training,” said Nina Paddu, MD, obesity medicine specialist at Maimonides Medical Center in New York City who finished her training only 2 years ago. “The guidance even in residency was ‘let’s send them to nutrition’ and ‘recommend exercising.’ ”

In addition to the medical education gap, until recently there was a “paucity of robust evidence,” Dr. Srivastava said. Leaders in the field wanted to establish standards and guidelines, but there wasn’t enough strong evidence on obesity and its treatments to build them, she said. 

Only in the last 5 years or so has the evidence-based understanding of obesity’s pathophysiology truly accelerated: The brain’s driving roles, its interplay with hormones, and its interactions with other diseases. “We are just at the cusp of understanding all the different factors,” Dr. Gudzune said.

But already endocrinologists, surgeons, fertility specialists, gynecologists, and oncologists, to name a few, see the critical overlap with their own field. “Conditions were once suspected of being intertwined [with obesity], and now we have data to connect them,” Dr. Srivastava said. For example, there’s now data connecting semaglutide to a 20% reduction in cardiovascular events for people with obesity. That’s a game changer for multiple specialties, she told this news organization. 
 

Getting Trained in Obesity Management

The recent uptick in obesity insights and increased patient need has doctors from every career stage seeking additional training.

The ABOM offers two board certification pathways: 60 hours of CME credits or a 12-month fellowship. Both paths require doctors to pass the board’s exam. 

Many doctors incorporate the training into their existing practice. The CME credit pathway, especially, is designed to help get doctors up to speed without requiring them to upend their lives for a fellowship.

Dr. Srivastava said that the fellowship is more consuming and immersive. While it’s often younger doctors just out of training who apply to fellowship, every year, “I’m astonished at the number of talented physicians with clinical and research experience who want to immerse themselves in a fellowship experience.”

Some doctors return to their previous specialties after fellowship. But many will go on to take obesity medicine–specific roles or set aside clinic hours for obesity medicine. Their credentials are “really attractive to institutions, especially those looking to open up obesity medicine or weight management programs,” said Dr. Srivastava.

Dr. Paddu, who finished her obesity medicine fellowship this year, said there are a variety of obesity medicine jobs to choose from — far different from Dr. Srivastava’s job search 15 years ago. Dr. Paddu’s new role combines 2 days of primary care with 2 days devoted to obesity medicine and 1 day each week set aside for administrative work so she can build up the hospital’s new metabolic health clinic. 
 

Still Not Enough Obesity Specialists

As with all things, rapid growth requires careful oversight. “Part of the responsibility of the board is to think critically of how the field is growing” and conduct ongoing monitoring, Dr. Gudzune said.

This is also why the board’s credentials are time-limited and must be recertified, Dr. Johnson-Rabbett added. 

But even with the rise in certified doctors and obesity medicine positions, the 8263 doctors certified by ABOM are only a tiny fraction of US physicians. As a result, there’s genuine likelihood that many patients seeking GLP-1s or other obesity treatment don’t yet have access to the holistic care they need. Plus, doctors may still not have obesity expertise within their networks.

“The field has grown rapidly, but it’s still such a small field relative to the patient need,” said Dr. Gudzune.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Gitanjali Srivastava, MD, professor of medicine, pediatrics, and surgery, and medical director of obesity medicine at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, was nearly 10 years into practicing pediatric medicine when she graduated from the obesity medicine fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston in 2013. “We were the very first sort of fellows to speak of then; there were no standards or curriculum,” she said.

Obesity was already epidemic, but stigma and bias were still pervasive in the medical community and within the public. After graduating, Dr. Srivastava spent months vying for a position with hospital CEOs. She traveled across the country explaining the specialty and its value, going into detail about the budget, business model, space requirement, and revenue potential of obesity medicine. 

Today marks a very different era.

Obesity medicine is exploding. Patients are spilling into doctors’ offices looking for obesity treatment. Healthcare systems are seeking out obesity specialists and building metabolic health centers. Since 2020, the number of doctors board-certified by the American Board of Obesity Medicine has nearly doubled, and the number of obesity medicine fellowships across the country has more than doubled. Next month, another 2115 doctors from primary care, surgery, orthopedics, pediatrics, fertility, endocrinology, and beyond will sit for the 2024 exam. The once niche specialty is quickly becoming intertwined with most of modern medicine.
 

The Need to Treat

It’s no mystery that the rapid expansion of obesity medicine coincides with the US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of GLP-1 injections. The drugs’ radical weight loss properties have captured headlines and driven up patient demand. Meanwhile, doctors are finally able to offer effective treatment for a disease that affects 40% of US adults.

“We are finally treating it as a chronic disease, not as a lifestyle,” said Marcio Griebeler, MD, director of the obesity medicine fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic. And “I think it’s fulfilling for physicians,” he said. 

For so long, the advice for obesity was about lifestyle. Move more, eat less, and harness willpower, “which really is a fallacy,” said Kimberly Gudzune, MD, MPH, an obesity medicine specialist and chief medical officer for the American Board of Obesity Medicine (ABOM) Foundation. For people with obesity, “your brain is operating differently,” she said. “Your body really is set up to work against you.” 

Brianna Johnson-Rabbett, MD, medical director of the ABOM, told this news organization that with the advent of GLP-1s, “there’s a clearer recognition that obesity is a disease that needs to be treated like other diseases.” Some of that is thanks to clinical trial data showing that just as with other diseases such as high blood pressure or diabetes, obesity can be treated with medication and it resurges when the medication is stopped, she said.

Doctors don’t have to go looking for patients with obesity, dr. Griebeler added. Now that treatment options exist, they’re showing up in droves at the doctor’s office — all the doctors’ offices. In primary care, endocrinology, surgery, pediatrics — a wide variety of doctors are being asked about obesity drugs, Dr. Griebeler noted.

And while doctors are often just as excited as patients about the potential for treatment, many find themselves under-equipped when it comes to obesity. “More physicians are ... recognizing the value in treating this, and some are realizing, “Oh gosh, I never learned how to do this,” said Dr. Gudzune.
 

Information Patients Have Been Waiting For

Medical training has traditionally devoted minimal, if any, curriculum to obesity and metabolism. “To be honest, we didn’t really cover this at all in my training,” said Nina Paddu, MD, obesity medicine specialist at Maimonides Medical Center in New York City who finished her training only 2 years ago. “The guidance even in residency was ‘let’s send them to nutrition’ and ‘recommend exercising.’ ”

In addition to the medical education gap, until recently there was a “paucity of robust evidence,” Dr. Srivastava said. Leaders in the field wanted to establish standards and guidelines, but there wasn’t enough strong evidence on obesity and its treatments to build them, she said. 

Only in the last 5 years or so has the evidence-based understanding of obesity’s pathophysiology truly accelerated: The brain’s driving roles, its interplay with hormones, and its interactions with other diseases. “We are just at the cusp of understanding all the different factors,” Dr. Gudzune said.

But already endocrinologists, surgeons, fertility specialists, gynecologists, and oncologists, to name a few, see the critical overlap with their own field. “Conditions were once suspected of being intertwined [with obesity], and now we have data to connect them,” Dr. Srivastava said. For example, there’s now data connecting semaglutide to a 20% reduction in cardiovascular events for people with obesity. That’s a game changer for multiple specialties, she told this news organization. 
 

Getting Trained in Obesity Management

The recent uptick in obesity insights and increased patient need has doctors from every career stage seeking additional training.

The ABOM offers two board certification pathways: 60 hours of CME credits or a 12-month fellowship. Both paths require doctors to pass the board’s exam. 

Many doctors incorporate the training into their existing practice. The CME credit pathway, especially, is designed to help get doctors up to speed without requiring them to upend their lives for a fellowship.

Dr. Srivastava said that the fellowship is more consuming and immersive. While it’s often younger doctors just out of training who apply to fellowship, every year, “I’m astonished at the number of talented physicians with clinical and research experience who want to immerse themselves in a fellowship experience.”

Some doctors return to their previous specialties after fellowship. But many will go on to take obesity medicine–specific roles or set aside clinic hours for obesity medicine. Their credentials are “really attractive to institutions, especially those looking to open up obesity medicine or weight management programs,” said Dr. Srivastava.

Dr. Paddu, who finished her obesity medicine fellowship this year, said there are a variety of obesity medicine jobs to choose from — far different from Dr. Srivastava’s job search 15 years ago. Dr. Paddu’s new role combines 2 days of primary care with 2 days devoted to obesity medicine and 1 day each week set aside for administrative work so she can build up the hospital’s new metabolic health clinic. 
 

Still Not Enough Obesity Specialists

As with all things, rapid growth requires careful oversight. “Part of the responsibility of the board is to think critically of how the field is growing” and conduct ongoing monitoring, Dr. Gudzune said.

This is also why the board’s credentials are time-limited and must be recertified, Dr. Johnson-Rabbett added. 

But even with the rise in certified doctors and obesity medicine positions, the 8263 doctors certified by ABOM are only a tiny fraction of US physicians. As a result, there’s genuine likelihood that many patients seeking GLP-1s or other obesity treatment don’t yet have access to the holistic care they need. Plus, doctors may still not have obesity expertise within their networks.

“The field has grown rapidly, but it’s still such a small field relative to the patient need,” said Dr. Gudzune.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Gitanjali Srivastava, MD, professor of medicine, pediatrics, and surgery, and medical director of obesity medicine at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, was nearly 10 years into practicing pediatric medicine when she graduated from the obesity medicine fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston in 2013. “We were the very first sort of fellows to speak of then; there were no standards or curriculum,” she said.

Obesity was already epidemic, but stigma and bias were still pervasive in the medical community and within the public. After graduating, Dr. Srivastava spent months vying for a position with hospital CEOs. She traveled across the country explaining the specialty and its value, going into detail about the budget, business model, space requirement, and revenue potential of obesity medicine. 

Today marks a very different era.

Obesity medicine is exploding. Patients are spilling into doctors’ offices looking for obesity treatment. Healthcare systems are seeking out obesity specialists and building metabolic health centers. Since 2020, the number of doctors board-certified by the American Board of Obesity Medicine has nearly doubled, and the number of obesity medicine fellowships across the country has more than doubled. Next month, another 2115 doctors from primary care, surgery, orthopedics, pediatrics, fertility, endocrinology, and beyond will sit for the 2024 exam. The once niche specialty is quickly becoming intertwined with most of modern medicine.
 

The Need to Treat

It’s no mystery that the rapid expansion of obesity medicine coincides with the US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of GLP-1 injections. The drugs’ radical weight loss properties have captured headlines and driven up patient demand. Meanwhile, doctors are finally able to offer effective treatment for a disease that affects 40% of US adults.

“We are finally treating it as a chronic disease, not as a lifestyle,” said Marcio Griebeler, MD, director of the obesity medicine fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic. And “I think it’s fulfilling for physicians,” he said. 

For so long, the advice for obesity was about lifestyle. Move more, eat less, and harness willpower, “which really is a fallacy,” said Kimberly Gudzune, MD, MPH, an obesity medicine specialist and chief medical officer for the American Board of Obesity Medicine (ABOM) Foundation. For people with obesity, “your brain is operating differently,” she said. “Your body really is set up to work against you.” 

Brianna Johnson-Rabbett, MD, medical director of the ABOM, told this news organization that with the advent of GLP-1s, “there’s a clearer recognition that obesity is a disease that needs to be treated like other diseases.” Some of that is thanks to clinical trial data showing that just as with other diseases such as high blood pressure or diabetes, obesity can be treated with medication and it resurges when the medication is stopped, she said.

Doctors don’t have to go looking for patients with obesity, dr. Griebeler added. Now that treatment options exist, they’re showing up in droves at the doctor’s office — all the doctors’ offices. In primary care, endocrinology, surgery, pediatrics — a wide variety of doctors are being asked about obesity drugs, Dr. Griebeler noted.

And while doctors are often just as excited as patients about the potential for treatment, many find themselves under-equipped when it comes to obesity. “More physicians are ... recognizing the value in treating this, and some are realizing, “Oh gosh, I never learned how to do this,” said Dr. Gudzune.
 

Information Patients Have Been Waiting For

Medical training has traditionally devoted minimal, if any, curriculum to obesity and metabolism. “To be honest, we didn’t really cover this at all in my training,” said Nina Paddu, MD, obesity medicine specialist at Maimonides Medical Center in New York City who finished her training only 2 years ago. “The guidance even in residency was ‘let’s send them to nutrition’ and ‘recommend exercising.’ ”

In addition to the medical education gap, until recently there was a “paucity of robust evidence,” Dr. Srivastava said. Leaders in the field wanted to establish standards and guidelines, but there wasn’t enough strong evidence on obesity and its treatments to build them, she said. 

Only in the last 5 years or so has the evidence-based understanding of obesity’s pathophysiology truly accelerated: The brain’s driving roles, its interplay with hormones, and its interactions with other diseases. “We are just at the cusp of understanding all the different factors,” Dr. Gudzune said.

But already endocrinologists, surgeons, fertility specialists, gynecologists, and oncologists, to name a few, see the critical overlap with their own field. “Conditions were once suspected of being intertwined [with obesity], and now we have data to connect them,” Dr. Srivastava said. For example, there’s now data connecting semaglutide to a 20% reduction in cardiovascular events for people with obesity. That’s a game changer for multiple specialties, she told this news organization. 
 

Getting Trained in Obesity Management

The recent uptick in obesity insights and increased patient need has doctors from every career stage seeking additional training.

The ABOM offers two board certification pathways: 60 hours of CME credits or a 12-month fellowship. Both paths require doctors to pass the board’s exam. 

Many doctors incorporate the training into their existing practice. The CME credit pathway, especially, is designed to help get doctors up to speed without requiring them to upend their lives for a fellowship.

Dr. Srivastava said that the fellowship is more consuming and immersive. While it’s often younger doctors just out of training who apply to fellowship, every year, “I’m astonished at the number of talented physicians with clinical and research experience who want to immerse themselves in a fellowship experience.”

Some doctors return to their previous specialties after fellowship. But many will go on to take obesity medicine–specific roles or set aside clinic hours for obesity medicine. Their credentials are “really attractive to institutions, especially those looking to open up obesity medicine or weight management programs,” said Dr. Srivastava.

Dr. Paddu, who finished her obesity medicine fellowship this year, said there are a variety of obesity medicine jobs to choose from — far different from Dr. Srivastava’s job search 15 years ago. Dr. Paddu’s new role combines 2 days of primary care with 2 days devoted to obesity medicine and 1 day each week set aside for administrative work so she can build up the hospital’s new metabolic health clinic. 
 

Still Not Enough Obesity Specialists

As with all things, rapid growth requires careful oversight. “Part of the responsibility of the board is to think critically of how the field is growing” and conduct ongoing monitoring, Dr. Gudzune said.

This is also why the board’s credentials are time-limited and must be recertified, Dr. Johnson-Rabbett added. 

But even with the rise in certified doctors and obesity medicine positions, the 8263 doctors certified by ABOM are only a tiny fraction of US physicians. As a result, there’s genuine likelihood that many patients seeking GLP-1s or other obesity treatment don’t yet have access to the holistic care they need. Plus, doctors may still not have obesity expertise within their networks.

“The field has grown rapidly, but it’s still such a small field relative to the patient need,” said Dr. Gudzune.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

ORLANDO – Heat-related emergency department visits in children and teens more than doubled over the past decade in two Texas children’s hospitals, according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

“Our study really highlights the adverse effects that can come from extreme heat, and how increasing heat-related illness is affecting our children,” Taylor Merritt, MD, a pediatric resident at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children’s Health in Dallas, said during a press briefing.

University of Texas

Underestimating the Problem?

Lori Byron, MD, a pediatrician from Red Lodge, Montana, who heads the AAP Chapter Climate Advocates program and was not involved in this research, was not surprised by the findings. “If anything, we’re vastly underestimating it because when people come in with heat exhaustion or heat smoke, that gets coded correctly, but when people come in with heart attacks, asthma attacks, strokes, and other exacerbations of chronic disease, it very rarely gets coded as a heat-related illness.”

Record-breaking summer temperatures from the changing climate have led to increased heat-related morbidity and mortality. Past research suggests that children and teens make up nearly half of all those affected by heat-related illnesses, she noted. 2023, for example, was the hottest year on record, and 2024 is predicted to be hotter, Dr. Merritt said.
 

A Sharp Increase in Cases

The retrospective study examined emergency department diagnoses during May-September from 2012-2023 at two large children’s hospitals within a north Texas pediatric health care system. The researchers compared heat-specific conditions with rhabdomyolysis encounters based on ICD-10 coding.

Heat-specific conditions include heatstroke/sunstroke, exertion heatstroke, heat syncope, heat crap, heat exhaustion, heat fatigue, heat edema, and exposure to excessive natural heat. Rhabdomyolysis encounters included both exertional and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis as well as non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis and elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels.

Among 542 heat-related encounters, 77% had heat-specific diagnoses and 24% had a rhabdomyolysis diagnosis. Combined, heat-related encounters increased 170% from 2012 to 2023, from 4.3 per 10,000 to 11.6 per 10,000 (P = .1). Summer months with higher peak temperatures were also associated with higher heat-related volume in the emergency department (P < .001).

Teenage boys were most likely to have rhabdomyolysis, with 82% of the cases occurring in boys and 70% in ages 12-18 (P < .001). “Compared to the rhabdomyolysis group, the heat-specific group was more likely to be younger, Hispanic, use government-based insurance, and live in an area with a lower Child Opportunity Index,” Dr. Merritt reported. “Most heat-specific encounters resulted in an ED discharge (96%), while most rhabdomyolysis encounters resulted in hospital admission (63%)” (P < .001).

”Thankfully, pediatric heat-related illness is still relatively rare,” Dr. Merritt said. “However, given the context of increasing temperatures, this is important for us all to know, anyone who cares for children, whether that be families or parents or pediatricians.”
 

Prevention Is Key

Dr. Byron noted that about half of AAP chapters now have climate committees, many of which have created educational materials on heat and wildfire smoke and on talking with athletes about risk of heat-related illnesses.

“A lot of the state high school sports associations are actually now adopting guidelines on when it’s safe to practice and when it’s safe to play for heat and for smoke, so that’s definitely something that we can talk to parents about and kids about,” Dr. Byron said. “Otherwise, you still have a lot of coaches and a lot of kids out there that think you’re just supposed to be tough and barrel through it.”

Rhabdomyolysis and heat stroke are both potentially deadly illnesses, so the biggest focus needs to be on prevention, Dr. Byron said. “Not just working with individuals in your office, but working within your school or within your state high school sports association is totally within the lane of a pediatrician to get involved.”

The research had no external funding. Dr. Merritt and Dr. Byron had no disclosures.

ORLANDO – Heat-related emergency department visits in children and teens more than doubled over the past decade in two Texas children’s hospitals, according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

“Our study really highlights the adverse effects that can come from extreme heat, and how increasing heat-related illness is affecting our children,” Taylor Merritt, MD, a pediatric resident at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children’s Health in Dallas, said during a press briefing.

University of Texas

Underestimating the Problem?

Lori Byron, MD, a pediatrician from Red Lodge, Montana, who heads the AAP Chapter Climate Advocates program and was not involved in this research, was not surprised by the findings. “If anything, we’re vastly underestimating it because when people come in with heat exhaustion or heat smoke, that gets coded correctly, but when people come in with heart attacks, asthma attacks, strokes, and other exacerbations of chronic disease, it very rarely gets coded as a heat-related illness.”

Record-breaking summer temperatures from the changing climate have led to increased heat-related morbidity and mortality. Past research suggests that children and teens make up nearly half of all those affected by heat-related illnesses, she noted. 2023, for example, was the hottest year on record, and 2024 is predicted to be hotter, Dr. Merritt said.
 

A Sharp Increase in Cases

The retrospective study examined emergency department diagnoses during May-September from 2012-2023 at two large children’s hospitals within a north Texas pediatric health care system. The researchers compared heat-specific conditions with rhabdomyolysis encounters based on ICD-10 coding.

Heat-specific conditions include heatstroke/sunstroke, exertion heatstroke, heat syncope, heat crap, heat exhaustion, heat fatigue, heat edema, and exposure to excessive natural heat. Rhabdomyolysis encounters included both exertional and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis as well as non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis and elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels.

Among 542 heat-related encounters, 77% had heat-specific diagnoses and 24% had a rhabdomyolysis diagnosis. Combined, heat-related encounters increased 170% from 2012 to 2023, from 4.3 per 10,000 to 11.6 per 10,000 (P = .1). Summer months with higher peak temperatures were also associated with higher heat-related volume in the emergency department (P < .001).

Teenage boys were most likely to have rhabdomyolysis, with 82% of the cases occurring in boys and 70% in ages 12-18 (P < .001). “Compared to the rhabdomyolysis group, the heat-specific group was more likely to be younger, Hispanic, use government-based insurance, and live in an area with a lower Child Opportunity Index,” Dr. Merritt reported. “Most heat-specific encounters resulted in an ED discharge (96%), while most rhabdomyolysis encounters resulted in hospital admission (63%)” (P < .001).

”Thankfully, pediatric heat-related illness is still relatively rare,” Dr. Merritt said. “However, given the context of increasing temperatures, this is important for us all to know, anyone who cares for children, whether that be families or parents or pediatricians.”
 

Prevention Is Key

Dr. Byron noted that about half of AAP chapters now have climate committees, many of which have created educational materials on heat and wildfire smoke and on talking with athletes about risk of heat-related illnesses.

“A lot of the state high school sports associations are actually now adopting guidelines on when it’s safe to practice and when it’s safe to play for heat and for smoke, so that’s definitely something that we can talk to parents about and kids about,” Dr. Byron said. “Otherwise, you still have a lot of coaches and a lot of kids out there that think you’re just supposed to be tough and barrel through it.”

Rhabdomyolysis and heat stroke are both potentially deadly illnesses, so the biggest focus needs to be on prevention, Dr. Byron said. “Not just working with individuals in your office, but working within your school or within your state high school sports association is totally within the lane of a pediatrician to get involved.”

The research had no external funding. Dr. Merritt and Dr. Byron had no disclosures.

ORLANDO – Heat-related emergency department visits in children and teens more than doubled over the past decade in two Texas children’s hospitals, according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

“Our study really highlights the adverse effects that can come from extreme heat, and how increasing heat-related illness is affecting our children,” Taylor Merritt, MD, a pediatric resident at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children’s Health in Dallas, said during a press briefing.

University of Texas

Underestimating the Problem?

Lori Byron, MD, a pediatrician from Red Lodge, Montana, who heads the AAP Chapter Climate Advocates program and was not involved in this research, was not surprised by the findings. “If anything, we’re vastly underestimating it because when people come in with heat exhaustion or heat smoke, that gets coded correctly, but when people come in with heart attacks, asthma attacks, strokes, and other exacerbations of chronic disease, it very rarely gets coded as a heat-related illness.”

Record-breaking summer temperatures from the changing climate have led to increased heat-related morbidity and mortality. Past research suggests that children and teens make up nearly half of all those affected by heat-related illnesses, she noted. 2023, for example, was the hottest year on record, and 2024 is predicted to be hotter, Dr. Merritt said.
 

A Sharp Increase in Cases

The retrospective study examined emergency department diagnoses during May-September from 2012-2023 at two large children’s hospitals within a north Texas pediatric health care system. The researchers compared heat-specific conditions with rhabdomyolysis encounters based on ICD-10 coding.

Heat-specific conditions include heatstroke/sunstroke, exertion heatstroke, heat syncope, heat crap, heat exhaustion, heat fatigue, heat edema, and exposure to excessive natural heat. Rhabdomyolysis encounters included both exertional and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis as well as non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis and elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels.

Among 542 heat-related encounters, 77% had heat-specific diagnoses and 24% had a rhabdomyolysis diagnosis. Combined, heat-related encounters increased 170% from 2012 to 2023, from 4.3 per 10,000 to 11.6 per 10,000 (P = .1). Summer months with higher peak temperatures were also associated with higher heat-related volume in the emergency department (P < .001).

Teenage boys were most likely to have rhabdomyolysis, with 82% of the cases occurring in boys and 70% in ages 12-18 (P < .001). “Compared to the rhabdomyolysis group, the heat-specific group was more likely to be younger, Hispanic, use government-based insurance, and live in an area with a lower Child Opportunity Index,” Dr. Merritt reported. “Most heat-specific encounters resulted in an ED discharge (96%), while most rhabdomyolysis encounters resulted in hospital admission (63%)” (P < .001).

”Thankfully, pediatric heat-related illness is still relatively rare,” Dr. Merritt said. “However, given the context of increasing temperatures, this is important for us all to know, anyone who cares for children, whether that be families or parents or pediatricians.”
 

Prevention Is Key

Dr. Byron noted that about half of AAP chapters now have climate committees, many of which have created educational materials on heat and wildfire smoke and on talking with athletes about risk of heat-related illnesses.

“A lot of the state high school sports associations are actually now adopting guidelines on when it’s safe to practice and when it’s safe to play for heat and for smoke, so that’s definitely something that we can talk to parents about and kids about,” Dr. Byron said. “Otherwise, you still have a lot of coaches and a lot of kids out there that think you’re just supposed to be tough and barrel through it.”

Rhabdomyolysis and heat stroke are both potentially deadly illnesses, so the biggest focus needs to be on prevention, Dr. Byron said. “Not just working with individuals in your office, but working within your school or within your state high school sports association is totally within the lane of a pediatrician to get involved.”

The research had no external funding. Dr. Merritt and Dr. Byron had no disclosures.

SAN DIEGO — Although it has been known for several years that more than 1000 species of bacteria from 19 different phyla inhabit the human skin — mainly the superficial epidermis and upper parts of the hair follicles — published studies specifically focusing on the skin microbiome remain limited. 

In one review of the topic, researchers from the National Institutes of Health wrote that the skin is composed of 1.8 million diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations, and specialized niches that support a wide range of microorganisms. “Many of these microorganisms are harmless and, in some cases, provide vital functions for us to live and they have not evolved over time,” Jill S. Waibel, MD, medical director of the Miami Dermatology and Laser Institute, said at the annual Masters of Aesthetics Symposium. 

“This is complex ecosystem that we don’t really talk about,” she said. “There is wide topographical distribution of bacteria on skin sites. The bacteria we have on our head and neck area is different from that on our feet. There is also a lot of interpersonal variation of the skin microbiome, so one person may have a lot of one type of bacteria and not as much of another.” 
 

A Shield From Foreign Pathogens

At its core, Dr. Waibel continued, the skin microbiome functions as an interface between the human body and the environment, a physical barrier that prevents the invasion of foreign pathogens. The skin also provides a home to commensal microbiota. She likened the skin’s landscape to that of the tundra: “It’s desiccated, has poor nutrients, and it’s very acidic, thus pathogens have a hard time living on it,” she said. “However, our skin microorganisms have adapted to utilize the sparse nutrients available on the skin. That’s why I tell my patients, ‘don’t use a sugar scrub because you’re potentially feeding these bad bacteria.’ ” 

According to more recent research, the skin microbiota in healthy adults remains stable over time, despite environmental perturbations, and they have important roles in educating the innate and adaptive arms of the cutaneous immune system. “Some skin diseases are associated with an altered microbial state: dysbiosis,” said Dr. Waibel, subsection chief of dermatology at Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach. “Reversion of this may help prevent or treat the disease.” 

Daryl Leja, National Human Genome Research Institute

• Genetics affects the skin microbiome considerably. Individuals with autoimmune predispositions have different microbiota compared with those who don’t.
• Climate, pollution, and hygiene practices the other influencing factors. “Even clothing can impact the microbiome, by causing the transfer of microorganisms,” she said.
• Age and hormonal changes (particularly during puberty) and senescence alter the microbial landscape.
• Systemic health conditions such as diabetes mellitus and irritable bowel disease, as well as cutaneous conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis can also disrupt the skin microbiome.

Ingredients contained in soaps, antibiotics, and cosmetics can also cause skin dysbiosis, Dr. Waibel said. However, the integrity of the skin’s microbiome following dermatological procedures such as excisions, dermabrasion, laser therapy, and other physical procedures is less understood, according to a recent review of the topic. Phototherapy appears to be the most extensively studied, “and shows an increase in microbial diversity post-treatment,” she said. “Light treatments have been found to kill bacteria by inducing DNA damage. More studies need to be performed on specific wavelengths of light used, conditions being treated and individual patient differences.” 

According to the review’s authors, no change in the microbiome was observed in studies of debridement. “That was surprising, as it is a method to remove unhealthy tissue that often contains pathogenic bacteria,” Dr. Waibel said. “The big take-home message is that we need more research.” 

Dr. Waibel disclosed that she has conducted clinical trials for several device and pharmaceutical companies.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

SAN DIEGO — Although it has been known for several years that more than 1000 species of bacteria from 19 different phyla inhabit the human skin — mainly the superficial epidermis and upper parts of the hair follicles — published studies specifically focusing on the skin microbiome remain limited. 

In one review of the topic, researchers from the National Institutes of Health wrote that the skin is composed of 1.8 million diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations, and specialized niches that support a wide range of microorganisms. “Many of these microorganisms are harmless and, in some cases, provide vital functions for us to live and they have not evolved over time,” Jill S. Waibel, MD, medical director of the Miami Dermatology and Laser Institute, said at the annual Masters of Aesthetics Symposium. 

“This is complex ecosystem that we don’t really talk about,” she said. “There is wide topographical distribution of bacteria on skin sites. The bacteria we have on our head and neck area is different from that on our feet. There is also a lot of interpersonal variation of the skin microbiome, so one person may have a lot of one type of bacteria and not as much of another.” 
 

A Shield From Foreign Pathogens

At its core, Dr. Waibel continued, the skin microbiome functions as an interface between the human body and the environment, a physical barrier that prevents the invasion of foreign pathogens. The skin also provides a home to commensal microbiota. She likened the skin’s landscape to that of the tundra: “It’s desiccated, has poor nutrients, and it’s very acidic, thus pathogens have a hard time living on it,” she said. “However, our skin microorganisms have adapted to utilize the sparse nutrients available on the skin. That’s why I tell my patients, ‘don’t use a sugar scrub because you’re potentially feeding these bad bacteria.’ ” 

According to more recent research, the skin microbiota in healthy adults remains stable over time, despite environmental perturbations, and they have important roles in educating the innate and adaptive arms of the cutaneous immune system. “Some skin diseases are associated with an altered microbial state: dysbiosis,” said Dr. Waibel, subsection chief of dermatology at Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach. “Reversion of this may help prevent or treat the disease.” 

Daryl Leja, National Human Genome Research Institute

• Genetics affects the skin microbiome considerably. Individuals with autoimmune predispositions have different microbiota compared with those who don’t.
• Climate, pollution, and hygiene practices the other influencing factors. “Even clothing can impact the microbiome, by causing the transfer of microorganisms,” she said.
• Age and hormonal changes (particularly during puberty) and senescence alter the microbial landscape.
• Systemic health conditions such as diabetes mellitus and irritable bowel disease, as well as cutaneous conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis can also disrupt the skin microbiome.

Ingredients contained in soaps, antibiotics, and cosmetics can also cause skin dysbiosis, Dr. Waibel said. However, the integrity of the skin’s microbiome following dermatological procedures such as excisions, dermabrasion, laser therapy, and other physical procedures is less understood, according to a recent review of the topic. Phototherapy appears to be the most extensively studied, “and shows an increase in microbial diversity post-treatment,” she said. “Light treatments have been found to kill bacteria by inducing DNA damage. More studies need to be performed on specific wavelengths of light used, conditions being treated and individual patient differences.” 

According to the review’s authors, no change in the microbiome was observed in studies of debridement. “That was surprising, as it is a method to remove unhealthy tissue that often contains pathogenic bacteria,” Dr. Waibel said. “The big take-home message is that we need more research.” 

Dr. Waibel disclosed that she has conducted clinical trials for several device and pharmaceutical companies.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

SAN DIEGO — Although it has been known for several years that more than 1000 species of bacteria from 19 different phyla inhabit the human skin — mainly the superficial epidermis and upper parts of the hair follicles — published studies specifically focusing on the skin microbiome remain limited. 

In one review of the topic, researchers from the National Institutes of Health wrote that the skin is composed of 1.8 million diverse habitats with an abundance of folds, invaginations, and specialized niches that support a wide range of microorganisms. “Many of these microorganisms are harmless and, in some cases, provide vital functions for us to live and they have not evolved over time,” Jill S. Waibel, MD, medical director of the Miami Dermatology and Laser Institute, said at the annual Masters of Aesthetics Symposium. 

“This is complex ecosystem that we don’t really talk about,” she said. “There is wide topographical distribution of bacteria on skin sites. The bacteria we have on our head and neck area is different from that on our feet. There is also a lot of interpersonal variation of the skin microbiome, so one person may have a lot of one type of bacteria and not as much of another.” 
 

A Shield From Foreign Pathogens

At its core, Dr. Waibel continued, the skin microbiome functions as an interface between the human body and the environment, a physical barrier that prevents the invasion of foreign pathogens. The skin also provides a home to commensal microbiota. She likened the skin’s landscape to that of the tundra: “It’s desiccated, has poor nutrients, and it’s very acidic, thus pathogens have a hard time living on it,” she said. “However, our skin microorganisms have adapted to utilize the sparse nutrients available on the skin. That’s why I tell my patients, ‘don’t use a sugar scrub because you’re potentially feeding these bad bacteria.’ ” 

According to more recent research, the skin microbiota in healthy adults remains stable over time, despite environmental perturbations, and they have important roles in educating the innate and adaptive arms of the cutaneous immune system. “Some skin diseases are associated with an altered microbial state: dysbiosis,” said Dr. Waibel, subsection chief of dermatology at Baptist Health South Florida, Miami Beach. “Reversion of this may help prevent or treat the disease.” 

Daryl Leja, National Human Genome Research Institute

• Genetics affects the skin microbiome considerably. Individuals with autoimmune predispositions have different microbiota compared with those who don’t.
• Climate, pollution, and hygiene practices the other influencing factors. “Even clothing can impact the microbiome, by causing the transfer of microorganisms,” she said.
• Age and hormonal changes (particularly during puberty) and senescence alter the microbial landscape.
• Systemic health conditions such as diabetes mellitus and irritable bowel disease, as well as cutaneous conditions like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis can also disrupt the skin microbiome.

Ingredients contained in soaps, antibiotics, and cosmetics can also cause skin dysbiosis, Dr. Waibel said. However, the integrity of the skin’s microbiome following dermatological procedures such as excisions, dermabrasion, laser therapy, and other physical procedures is less understood, according to a recent review of the topic. Phototherapy appears to be the most extensively studied, “and shows an increase in microbial diversity post-treatment,” she said. “Light treatments have been found to kill bacteria by inducing DNA damage. More studies need to be performed on specific wavelengths of light used, conditions being treated and individual patient differences.” 

According to the review’s authors, no change in the microbiome was observed in studies of debridement. “That was surprising, as it is a method to remove unhealthy tissue that often contains pathogenic bacteria,” Dr. Waibel said. “The big take-home message is that we need more research.” 

Dr. Waibel disclosed that she has conducted clinical trials for several device and pharmaceutical companies.
 

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Over the last few decades the patient encounter has changed dramatically. Most recently fueled by the COVID pandemic, face-to-face events between patients and providers have become less frequent. The shift began years before with the slow acceptance of telemedicine by third-party payers.

As more practices have opened portals, the encounters between providers and patients via the internet have become more common, but received mixed reviews, often leaving both providers and patients with more questions than answers. Even more recently, the explosive arrival of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has promised, some might say threatened, to add a whole new complexity and uncertainty to patient encounters regardless of the venue or platform.

Still, among the growing collection of options, I think it is fair to say that a live face-to-face encounter remains the gold standard in the opinions of both patients and providers. Patients may have become increasingly critical and vocal when they feel their provider appears rushed or is over focused on the desktop computer screen. However, given all of the options, I suspect that for the moment patients feel a face-to-face meeting continues to offer them the best chance of being heard and their concerns answered.

Even when the image on the video screen is sharp and the intelligibility of the audio feed is crystal clear, I bet most providers feel they can learn more about the patient during a live face-to-face encounter than a Zoom-style encounter.

Nonetheless, there are hints that face-to-face visits maybe losing their place in the pantheon of patient-provider encounters. A recent study from England found that there were a significant number of patients who were more forthcoming in reporting their preferences for social care-related quality of life when they were surveyed by internet rather than face-to-face. It is unclear what was behind this observation, however it may be that patients were embarrassed and viewed these questions about their social neediness as too sensitive to share face-to-face.

There is ample evidence of situations in which the internet can provide a level of anonymity that emboldens the user to say things that are cruel and hurtful, using words they might be afraid to voice in a live setting. This license to act in an uncivil manner is behind much of the harm generated by chat rooms and other social media sites. While in these cases the ability to hide behind the video screen is a negative, this study from England suggests that we should be looking for more opportunities to use this emboldening feature with certain individuals and populations who may be intimidated during a face-to-face encounter. It is likely a hybrid approach may be the most beneficial strategy tailored to the individual patient.

One advantage of a face-to-face visit is that each participant can read the body language of the other. This, of course, can be a disadvantage for the provider who has failed to master the art of disguising his “I’m running behind” stress level, when he should be replacing it with an “I’m ready to listen” posture.

Portals have opened up a whole other can of worms, particularly when the provider has failed to clearly delineate what sort of questions are appropriate for an online forum, not informed the patient who will be providing the answer, and a rough idea of when this will happen. It may take several trips up the learning curve for patients and providers to develop a style of writing that make optimal use of the portal format and make it fit the needs of the practice and the patients.

Regardless of what kind of visit platform we are talking about, a lot hinges on the providers choice of words. I recently reviewed some of the work of Jeffrey D. Robinson, PhD, a professor of communication at the Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. He offers the example of the difference between “some” and “any.” When the patient was asked “Is there something else you would like to address today” almost 80% of the patient’s unmet questions were addressed. However, when the question was “Is there anything else ...” very few of the patient’s unmet questions were addressed. Dr. Robinson has also found that when the question is posed early in the visit rather than at the end, it improves the chances of having the patient’s unmet concerns addressed.

I suspect that the face-to-face patient encounter will survive, but it will continue to lose its market share as other platforms emerge. We can be sure there will be change. We need look no further than generative AI to look for the next step. A well-crafted question could help the patient and the provider choose the most appropriate patient encounter format given the patient’s demographic, chief complaint, and prior history, and match this with the provider’s background and strengths.
 

Dr. Wilkoff practiced primary care pediatrics in Brunswick, Maine, for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on behavioral pediatrics, including “How to Say No to Your Toddler.” Other than a Littman stethoscope he accepted as a first-year medical student in 1966, Dr. Wilkoff reports having nothing to disclose. Email him at [email protected].

Over the last few decades the patient encounter has changed dramatically. Most recently fueled by the COVID pandemic, face-to-face events between patients and providers have become less frequent. The shift began years before with the slow acceptance of telemedicine by third-party payers.

As more practices have opened portals, the encounters between providers and patients via the internet have become more common, but received mixed reviews, often leaving both providers and patients with more questions than answers. Even more recently, the explosive arrival of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has promised, some might say threatened, to add a whole new complexity and uncertainty to patient encounters regardless of the venue or platform.

Still, among the growing collection of options, I think it is fair to say that a live face-to-face encounter remains the gold standard in the opinions of both patients and providers. Patients may have become increasingly critical and vocal when they feel their provider appears rushed or is over focused on the desktop computer screen. However, given all of the options, I suspect that for the moment patients feel a face-to-face meeting continues to offer them the best chance of being heard and their concerns answered.

Even when the image on the video screen is sharp and the intelligibility of the audio feed is crystal clear, I bet most providers feel they can learn more about the patient during a live face-to-face encounter than a Zoom-style encounter.

Nonetheless, there are hints that face-to-face visits maybe losing their place in the pantheon of patient-provider encounters. A recent study from England found that there were a significant number of patients who were more forthcoming in reporting their preferences for social care-related quality of life when they were surveyed by internet rather than face-to-face. It is unclear what was behind this observation, however it may be that patients were embarrassed and viewed these questions about their social neediness as too sensitive to share face-to-face.

There is ample evidence of situations in which the internet can provide a level of anonymity that emboldens the user to say things that are cruel and hurtful, using words they might be afraid to voice in a live setting. This license to act in an uncivil manner is behind much of the harm generated by chat rooms and other social media sites. While in these cases the ability to hide behind the video screen is a negative, this study from England suggests that we should be looking for more opportunities to use this emboldening feature with certain individuals and populations who may be intimidated during a face-to-face encounter. It is likely a hybrid approach may be the most beneficial strategy tailored to the individual patient.

One advantage of a face-to-face visit is that each participant can read the body language of the other. This, of course, can be a disadvantage for the provider who has failed to master the art of disguising his “I’m running behind” stress level, when he should be replacing it with an “I’m ready to listen” posture.

Portals have opened up a whole other can of worms, particularly when the provider has failed to clearly delineate what sort of questions are appropriate for an online forum, not informed the patient who will be providing the answer, and a rough idea of when this will happen. It may take several trips up the learning curve for patients and providers to develop a style of writing that make optimal use of the portal format and make it fit the needs of the practice and the patients.

Regardless of what kind of visit platform we are talking about, a lot hinges on the providers choice of words. I recently reviewed some of the work of Jeffrey D. Robinson, PhD, a professor of communication at the Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. He offers the example of the difference between “some” and “any.” When the patient was asked “Is there something else you would like to address today” almost 80% of the patient’s unmet questions were addressed. However, when the question was “Is there anything else ...” very few of the patient’s unmet questions were addressed. Dr. Robinson has also found that when the question is posed early in the visit rather than at the end, it improves the chances of having the patient’s unmet concerns addressed.

I suspect that the face-to-face patient encounter will survive, but it will continue to lose its market share as other platforms emerge. We can be sure there will be change. We need look no further than generative AI to look for the next step. A well-crafted question could help the patient and the provider choose the most appropriate patient encounter format given the patient’s demographic, chief complaint, and prior history, and match this with the provider’s background and strengths.
 

Dr. Wilkoff practiced primary care pediatrics in Brunswick, Maine, for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on behavioral pediatrics, including “How to Say No to Your Toddler.” Other than a Littman stethoscope he accepted as a first-year medical student in 1966, Dr. Wilkoff reports having nothing to disclose. Email him at [email protected].

Over the last few decades the patient encounter has changed dramatically. Most recently fueled by the COVID pandemic, face-to-face events between patients and providers have become less frequent. The shift began years before with the slow acceptance of telemedicine by third-party payers.

As more practices have opened portals, the encounters between providers and patients via the internet have become more common, but received mixed reviews, often leaving both providers and patients with more questions than answers. Even more recently, the explosive arrival of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has promised, some might say threatened, to add a whole new complexity and uncertainty to patient encounters regardless of the venue or platform.

Still, among the growing collection of options, I think it is fair to say that a live face-to-face encounter remains the gold standard in the opinions of both patients and providers. Patients may have become increasingly critical and vocal when they feel their provider appears rushed or is over focused on the desktop computer screen. However, given all of the options, I suspect that for the moment patients feel a face-to-face meeting continues to offer them the best chance of being heard and their concerns answered.

Even when the image on the video screen is sharp and the intelligibility of the audio feed is crystal clear, I bet most providers feel they can learn more about the patient during a live face-to-face encounter than a Zoom-style encounter.

Nonetheless, there are hints that face-to-face visits maybe losing their place in the pantheon of patient-provider encounters. A recent study from England found that there were a significant number of patients who were more forthcoming in reporting their preferences for social care-related quality of life when they were surveyed by internet rather than face-to-face. It is unclear what was behind this observation, however it may be that patients were embarrassed and viewed these questions about their social neediness as too sensitive to share face-to-face.

There is ample evidence of situations in which the internet can provide a level of anonymity that emboldens the user to say things that are cruel and hurtful, using words they might be afraid to voice in a live setting. This license to act in an uncivil manner is behind much of the harm generated by chat rooms and other social media sites. While in these cases the ability to hide behind the video screen is a negative, this study from England suggests that we should be looking for more opportunities to use this emboldening feature with certain individuals and populations who may be intimidated during a face-to-face encounter. It is likely a hybrid approach may be the most beneficial strategy tailored to the individual patient.

One advantage of a face-to-face visit is that each participant can read the body language of the other. This, of course, can be a disadvantage for the provider who has failed to master the art of disguising his “I’m running behind” stress level, when he should be replacing it with an “I’m ready to listen” posture.

Portals have opened up a whole other can of worms, particularly when the provider has failed to clearly delineate what sort of questions are appropriate for an online forum, not informed the patient who will be providing the answer, and a rough idea of when this will happen. It may take several trips up the learning curve for patients and providers to develop a style of writing that make optimal use of the portal format and make it fit the needs of the practice and the patients.

Regardless of what kind of visit platform we are talking about, a lot hinges on the providers choice of words. I recently reviewed some of the work of Jeffrey D. Robinson, PhD, a professor of communication at the Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. He offers the example of the difference between “some” and “any.” When the patient was asked “Is there something else you would like to address today” almost 80% of the patient’s unmet questions were addressed. However, when the question was “Is there anything else ...” very few of the patient’s unmet questions were addressed. Dr. Robinson has also found that when the question is posed early in the visit rather than at the end, it improves the chances of having the patient’s unmet concerns addressed.

I suspect that the face-to-face patient encounter will survive, but it will continue to lose its market share as other platforms emerge. We can be sure there will be change. We need look no further than generative AI to look for the next step. A well-crafted question could help the patient and the provider choose the most appropriate patient encounter format given the patient’s demographic, chief complaint, and prior history, and match this with the provider’s background and strengths.
 

Dr. Wilkoff practiced primary care pediatrics in Brunswick, Maine, for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on behavioral pediatrics, including “How to Say No to Your Toddler.” Other than a Littman stethoscope he accepted as a first-year medical student in 1966, Dr. Wilkoff reports having nothing to disclose. Email him at [email protected].

TOPLINE:

Emapalumab (Gamifant)-containing regimens stabilize key laboratory parameters and show a high 12-month survival probability in patients with rheumatologic disease–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a retrospective medical chart review study across 33 US hospitals to assess the real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with HLH treated with emapalumab.
• They included 15 patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH (median age at diagnosis, 5 years; 73.3% women) who received at least one dose of emapalumab between November 20, 2018, and October 31, 2021.
• Most patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH had either systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 9) or adult-onset Still’s disease (n = 1).
• Patients received emapalumab for refractory, recurrent, or progressive disease, with an overall treatment duration of 63 days.
• The primary objective of this study was to describe emapalumab treatment patterns such as time to initiation, treatment duration, dosing patterns, and reasons for initiation.

TAKEAWAY:

• Most patients (60%) with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH were critically ill and were initiated on emapalumab in an intensive care unit; emapalumab was mostly initiated for treating refractory (33.3%) and recurrent (33.3%) disease.
• All patients concurrently received emapalumab with other HLH-related therapies, with glucocorticoids (100%) and anakinra (60%) used most frequently.
• Emapalumab treatment led to achievement of normal fibrinogen levels (> 360 mg/dL), according to defined laboratory criteria in all patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH, and an 80.6% reduction in the required glucocorticoid dose.
• The 12-month survival probability from the initiation of emapalumab was 86.7% in all patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH and 90.0% in the subset with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult-onset Still’s disease.

IN PRACTICE:

“In this study, emapalumab-containing regimens normalized rheumatologic disease–associated laboratory parameters, substantially reduced glucocorticoid dose, and were associated with low mortality,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan, MD, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and was published online on September 8, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Chart data required for analyses were missing or incomplete in this retrospective study. The sample size of patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH was small. No safety data were collected.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by Sobi, which markets emapalumab. Some authors declared receiving grants, consulting fees, or payments or having financial and nonfinancial interests and other ties with several pharmaceutical companies, including Sobi.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Emapalumab (Gamifant)-containing regimens stabilize key laboratory parameters and show a high 12-month survival probability in patients with rheumatologic disease–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a retrospective medical chart review study across 33 US hospitals to assess the real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with HLH treated with emapalumab.
• They included 15 patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH (median age at diagnosis, 5 years; 73.3% women) who received at least one dose of emapalumab between November 20, 2018, and October 31, 2021.
• Most patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH had either systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 9) or adult-onset Still’s disease (n = 1).
• Patients received emapalumab for refractory, recurrent, or progressive disease, with an overall treatment duration of 63 days.
• The primary objective of this study was to describe emapalumab treatment patterns such as time to initiation, treatment duration, dosing patterns, and reasons for initiation.

TAKEAWAY:

• Most patients (60%) with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH were critically ill and were initiated on emapalumab in an intensive care unit; emapalumab was mostly initiated for treating refractory (33.3%) and recurrent (33.3%) disease.
• All patients concurrently received emapalumab with other HLH-related therapies, with glucocorticoids (100%) and anakinra (60%) used most frequently.
• Emapalumab treatment led to achievement of normal fibrinogen levels (> 360 mg/dL), according to defined laboratory criteria in all patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH, and an 80.6% reduction in the required glucocorticoid dose.
• The 12-month survival probability from the initiation of emapalumab was 86.7% in all patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH and 90.0% in the subset with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult-onset Still’s disease.

IN PRACTICE:

“In this study, emapalumab-containing regimens normalized rheumatologic disease–associated laboratory parameters, substantially reduced glucocorticoid dose, and were associated with low mortality,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan, MD, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and was published online on September 8, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Chart data required for analyses were missing or incomplete in this retrospective study. The sample size of patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH was small. No safety data were collected.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by Sobi, which markets emapalumab. Some authors declared receiving grants, consulting fees, or payments or having financial and nonfinancial interests and other ties with several pharmaceutical companies, including Sobi.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Emapalumab (Gamifant)-containing regimens stabilize key laboratory parameters and show a high 12-month survival probability in patients with rheumatologic disease–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

METHODOLOGY:

• Researchers conducted a retrospective medical chart review study across 33 US hospitals to assess the real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with HLH treated with emapalumab.
• They included 15 patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH (median age at diagnosis, 5 years; 73.3% women) who received at least one dose of emapalumab between November 20, 2018, and October 31, 2021.
• Most patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH had either systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 9) or adult-onset Still’s disease (n = 1).
• Patients received emapalumab for refractory, recurrent, or progressive disease, with an overall treatment duration of 63 days.
• The primary objective of this study was to describe emapalumab treatment patterns such as time to initiation, treatment duration, dosing patterns, and reasons for initiation.

TAKEAWAY:

• Most patients (60%) with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH were critically ill and were initiated on emapalumab in an intensive care unit; emapalumab was mostly initiated for treating refractory (33.3%) and recurrent (33.3%) disease.
• All patients concurrently received emapalumab with other HLH-related therapies, with glucocorticoids (100%) and anakinra (60%) used most frequently.
• Emapalumab treatment led to achievement of normal fibrinogen levels (> 360 mg/dL), according to defined laboratory criteria in all patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH, and an 80.6% reduction in the required glucocorticoid dose.
• The 12-month survival probability from the initiation of emapalumab was 86.7% in all patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH and 90.0% in the subset with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult-onset Still’s disease.

IN PRACTICE:

“In this study, emapalumab-containing regimens normalized rheumatologic disease–associated laboratory parameters, substantially reduced glucocorticoid dose, and were associated with low mortality,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan, MD, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and was published online on September 8, 2024, in Arthritis & Rheumatology.

LIMITATIONS:

Chart data required for analyses were missing or incomplete in this retrospective study. The sample size of patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH was small. No safety data were collected.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by Sobi, which markets emapalumab. Some authors declared receiving grants, consulting fees, or payments or having financial and nonfinancial interests and other ties with several pharmaceutical companies, including Sobi.

This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.