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Increased risk of meningioma with cyproterone acetate use
.
Cyproterone acetate is a synthetic progestogen and potent antiandrogen that has been used in the treatment of hirsutism, alopecia, early puberty, amenorrhea, acne, and prostate cancer, and has also been combined with an estrogen in hormone replacement therapy.
The new findings were published online in the BMJ. The primary analysis showed that, among women using cyproterone acetate, the rate of meningiomas was 23.8 per 100,000 person years vs. 4.5 per 100,000 in the control group. After adjusting for confounders, cyproterone acetate was associated with a sevenfold increased risk of meningioma.
These were young women – the mean age of participants was 29.4 years, and more than 40% of the cohort were younger than 25 years. The initial prescriber was a gynecologist for more than half (56.7%) of the participants, and 31.6% of prescriptions could correspond to the treatment of acne without hirsutism; 13.1% of prescriptions were compatible with management of hirsutism.
“Our study provides confirmation of the risk but also the measurement of the dose-effect relationship, the decrease in the risk after stopping use, and the preferential anatomical localization of meningiomas,” said lead author Alain Weill, MD, EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group, Saint-Denis, France.
“A large proportion of meningiomas involve the skull base, which is of considerable importance because skull base meningioma surgery is one of the most challenging forms of surgery and is associated with a much higher risk than surgery for convexity meningiomas,” he said in an interview.
Cyproterone acetate products have been available in Europe since the 1970s under various trade names and dose strengths (1, 2, 10, 50, and 100 mg), and marketed for various indications. These products are also marketed in many other industrialized nations, but not in the United States or Japan.
The link between cyproterone acetate and an increased risk of meningioma has been known for the past decade, and information on the risk of meningioma is already included in the prescribing information for cyproterone products.
Last year, the European Medicines Agency strengthened the warnings that were already in place and recommended that cyproterone products with daily doses of 10 mg or more be restricted because of the risk of developing meningioma.
“The recommendation from the EMA is a direct consequence of our study, that was sent to the EMA in summary form in 2018 and followed up with a very detailed with a report in summer 2019,” said Dr. Weill. “In light of this report, the European Medicines Agency recommended in February 2020 that drugs containing 10 mg or more of cyproterone acetate should only be used for hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, and acne and seborrhea once other treatment options have failed, including treatment with lower doses.”
Dr. Weill pointed out that two other epidemiologic studies have assessed the link between cyproterone acetate use and meningioma and showed an association. “Those studies and our own study are complementary and provide a coherent set of epidemiological evidence,” he said in the interview. “They show a documented risk for high-dose cyproterone acetate in men, women, and transgender people, and the absence of any observed risk for low-dose cyproterone acetate use in women.”
Strong dose-effect relationship
For their study, Dr. Weill and colleagues used data from the French administrative health care database. Between 2007 and 2014, 253,777 girls and women aged 7-70 years had begun using cyproterone acetate during that time period.
All participants had received at least one prescription for high-dose cyproterone acetate and did not have a history of meningioma, benign brain tumors, or long-term disease. They were considered to be exposed if they had received a cumulative dose of at least 3 g during the first 6 months (139,222 participants) and very slightly exposed (control group) when they had received a cumulative dose of less than 3 g (114,555 participants).
Overall, a total of 69 meningiomas were diagnosed in the exposed group (during 289,544 person years of follow-up) and 20 meningiomas in the control group (during 439,949 person years of follow-up). All were treated by surgery or radiotherapy.
When the analysis was done according to the cumulative dose, it showed a dose-effect relation, with a higher risk associated with a higher cumulative dose. The hazard ratio was not significant for exposure to less than 12 g of cyproterone acetate, but it jumped rapidly jumped as the dose climbed: The hazard ratio was 11.3 for 36-60 g and was 21.7 for 60 g or higher.
In a secondary analysis, the authors looked at the cohort who were already using cyproterone acetate in 2006 (n = 123,997). Women with long-term exposure were also taking estrogens more often (55.5% vs. 31.9%), and the incidence of meningioma in the exposed group was 141 per 100,000 person years, which was a risk greater than 20-fold (adjusted hazard ratio 21.2.) They also observed a strong dose-effect relationship, with adjusted hazard ratio ranging from 5.0 to 31.1.
However, the risk of meningioma decreased noticeably after treatment was stopped. At 1 year after discontinuing treatment, the risk of meningioma in the exposed group was 1.8-fold higher (1.0 to 3.2) than in the control group.
Dr. Weill noted the clinical implications of these findings: clinicians need to inform patients who have used high-dose cyproterone acetate for at least 3-5 years about the increased risk of intracranial meningioma, he said.
“The indication of cyproterone acetate should be clearly defined and the lowest possible daily dose used,” he said. “In the context of prolonged use of high-dose cyproterone acetate, magnetic resonance imaging screening for meningioma should be considered.”
“In patients with a documented meningioma, cyproterone acetate should be discontinued because the meningioma might regress in response to treatment discontinuation and invasive treatment could be avoided,” Dr. Weill added.
Use only when necessary
Weighing in on the research, Adilia Hormigo, MD, PhD, director of neuro-oncology at The Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai Health System in New York, noted that, “it is well known that there are sex differences in the incidence of meningiomas, as they are more frequent in women than men, and there is an association between breast cancer and the occurrence of meningiomas.”
Progesterone and androgen receptors have been found in meningiomas, she said in an interview, and there is no consensus regarding estrogen receptors. “In addition, hormonal therapy to inhibit estrogen or progesterone receptors has not produced any decrease in meningiomas’ growth,” she said.
The current study revealed an association between prolonged use of cyproterone acetate with an increased incidence of meningiomas, and the sphenoid-orbital meningioma location was specific for the drug use. “It is unclear from the study if all the meningiomas were benign,” she said. “Even if they are benign, they can cause severe morbidity, including seizures.”
Dr. Hormigo recommended that an MRI be performed on any patient who is taking a long course of cyproterone acetate in order to evaluate the development of meningiomas or meningioma progression. “And the drug should only be used when necessary,” she added.
This research was funded by the French National Health Insurance Fund and the Health Product Epidemiology Scientific Interest Group. Dr. Weill is an employee of the French National Health Insurance Fund, as are several other coauthors. The other authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Hormigo has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
.
Cyproterone acetate is a synthetic progestogen and potent antiandrogen that has been used in the treatment of hirsutism, alopecia, early puberty, amenorrhea, acne, and prostate cancer, and has also been combined with an estrogen in hormone replacement therapy.
The new findings were published online in the BMJ. The primary analysis showed that, among women using cyproterone acetate, the rate of meningiomas was 23.8 per 100,000 person years vs. 4.5 per 100,000 in the control group. After adjusting for confounders, cyproterone acetate was associated with a sevenfold increased risk of meningioma.
These were young women – the mean age of participants was 29.4 years, and more than 40% of the cohort were younger than 25 years. The initial prescriber was a gynecologist for more than half (56.7%) of the participants, and 31.6% of prescriptions could correspond to the treatment of acne without hirsutism; 13.1% of prescriptions were compatible with management of hirsutism.
“Our study provides confirmation of the risk but also the measurement of the dose-effect relationship, the decrease in the risk after stopping use, and the preferential anatomical localization of meningiomas,” said lead author Alain Weill, MD, EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group, Saint-Denis, France.
“A large proportion of meningiomas involve the skull base, which is of considerable importance because skull base meningioma surgery is one of the most challenging forms of surgery and is associated with a much higher risk than surgery for convexity meningiomas,” he said in an interview.
Cyproterone acetate products have been available in Europe since the 1970s under various trade names and dose strengths (1, 2, 10, 50, and 100 mg), and marketed for various indications. These products are also marketed in many other industrialized nations, but not in the United States or Japan.
The link between cyproterone acetate and an increased risk of meningioma has been known for the past decade, and information on the risk of meningioma is already included in the prescribing information for cyproterone products.
Last year, the European Medicines Agency strengthened the warnings that were already in place and recommended that cyproterone products with daily doses of 10 mg or more be restricted because of the risk of developing meningioma.
“The recommendation from the EMA is a direct consequence of our study, that was sent to the EMA in summary form in 2018 and followed up with a very detailed with a report in summer 2019,” said Dr. Weill. “In light of this report, the European Medicines Agency recommended in February 2020 that drugs containing 10 mg or more of cyproterone acetate should only be used for hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, and acne and seborrhea once other treatment options have failed, including treatment with lower doses.”
Dr. Weill pointed out that two other epidemiologic studies have assessed the link between cyproterone acetate use and meningioma and showed an association. “Those studies and our own study are complementary and provide a coherent set of epidemiological evidence,” he said in the interview. “They show a documented risk for high-dose cyproterone acetate in men, women, and transgender people, and the absence of any observed risk for low-dose cyproterone acetate use in women.”
Strong dose-effect relationship
For their study, Dr. Weill and colleagues used data from the French administrative health care database. Between 2007 and 2014, 253,777 girls and women aged 7-70 years had begun using cyproterone acetate during that time period.
All participants had received at least one prescription for high-dose cyproterone acetate and did not have a history of meningioma, benign brain tumors, or long-term disease. They were considered to be exposed if they had received a cumulative dose of at least 3 g during the first 6 months (139,222 participants) and very slightly exposed (control group) when they had received a cumulative dose of less than 3 g (114,555 participants).
Overall, a total of 69 meningiomas were diagnosed in the exposed group (during 289,544 person years of follow-up) and 20 meningiomas in the control group (during 439,949 person years of follow-up). All were treated by surgery or radiotherapy.
When the analysis was done according to the cumulative dose, it showed a dose-effect relation, with a higher risk associated with a higher cumulative dose. The hazard ratio was not significant for exposure to less than 12 g of cyproterone acetate, but it jumped rapidly jumped as the dose climbed: The hazard ratio was 11.3 for 36-60 g and was 21.7 for 60 g or higher.
In a secondary analysis, the authors looked at the cohort who were already using cyproterone acetate in 2006 (n = 123,997). Women with long-term exposure were also taking estrogens more often (55.5% vs. 31.9%), and the incidence of meningioma in the exposed group was 141 per 100,000 person years, which was a risk greater than 20-fold (adjusted hazard ratio 21.2.) They also observed a strong dose-effect relationship, with adjusted hazard ratio ranging from 5.0 to 31.1.
However, the risk of meningioma decreased noticeably after treatment was stopped. At 1 year after discontinuing treatment, the risk of meningioma in the exposed group was 1.8-fold higher (1.0 to 3.2) than in the control group.
Dr. Weill noted the clinical implications of these findings: clinicians need to inform patients who have used high-dose cyproterone acetate for at least 3-5 years about the increased risk of intracranial meningioma, he said.
“The indication of cyproterone acetate should be clearly defined and the lowest possible daily dose used,” he said. “In the context of prolonged use of high-dose cyproterone acetate, magnetic resonance imaging screening for meningioma should be considered.”
“In patients with a documented meningioma, cyproterone acetate should be discontinued because the meningioma might regress in response to treatment discontinuation and invasive treatment could be avoided,” Dr. Weill added.
Use only when necessary
Weighing in on the research, Adilia Hormigo, MD, PhD, director of neuro-oncology at The Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai Health System in New York, noted that, “it is well known that there are sex differences in the incidence of meningiomas, as they are more frequent in women than men, and there is an association between breast cancer and the occurrence of meningiomas.”
Progesterone and androgen receptors have been found in meningiomas, she said in an interview, and there is no consensus regarding estrogen receptors. “In addition, hormonal therapy to inhibit estrogen or progesterone receptors has not produced any decrease in meningiomas’ growth,” she said.
The current study revealed an association between prolonged use of cyproterone acetate with an increased incidence of meningiomas, and the sphenoid-orbital meningioma location was specific for the drug use. “It is unclear from the study if all the meningiomas were benign,” she said. “Even if they are benign, they can cause severe morbidity, including seizures.”
Dr. Hormigo recommended that an MRI be performed on any patient who is taking a long course of cyproterone acetate in order to evaluate the development of meningiomas or meningioma progression. “And the drug should only be used when necessary,” she added.
This research was funded by the French National Health Insurance Fund and the Health Product Epidemiology Scientific Interest Group. Dr. Weill is an employee of the French National Health Insurance Fund, as are several other coauthors. The other authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Hormigo has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
.
Cyproterone acetate is a synthetic progestogen and potent antiandrogen that has been used in the treatment of hirsutism, alopecia, early puberty, amenorrhea, acne, and prostate cancer, and has also been combined with an estrogen in hormone replacement therapy.
The new findings were published online in the BMJ. The primary analysis showed that, among women using cyproterone acetate, the rate of meningiomas was 23.8 per 100,000 person years vs. 4.5 per 100,000 in the control group. After adjusting for confounders, cyproterone acetate was associated with a sevenfold increased risk of meningioma.
These were young women – the mean age of participants was 29.4 years, and more than 40% of the cohort were younger than 25 years. The initial prescriber was a gynecologist for more than half (56.7%) of the participants, and 31.6% of prescriptions could correspond to the treatment of acne without hirsutism; 13.1% of prescriptions were compatible with management of hirsutism.
“Our study provides confirmation of the risk but also the measurement of the dose-effect relationship, the decrease in the risk after stopping use, and the preferential anatomical localization of meningiomas,” said lead author Alain Weill, MD, EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group, Saint-Denis, France.
“A large proportion of meningiomas involve the skull base, which is of considerable importance because skull base meningioma surgery is one of the most challenging forms of surgery and is associated with a much higher risk than surgery for convexity meningiomas,” he said in an interview.
Cyproterone acetate products have been available in Europe since the 1970s under various trade names and dose strengths (1, 2, 10, 50, and 100 mg), and marketed for various indications. These products are also marketed in many other industrialized nations, but not in the United States or Japan.
The link between cyproterone acetate and an increased risk of meningioma has been known for the past decade, and information on the risk of meningioma is already included in the prescribing information for cyproterone products.
Last year, the European Medicines Agency strengthened the warnings that were already in place and recommended that cyproterone products with daily doses of 10 mg or more be restricted because of the risk of developing meningioma.
“The recommendation from the EMA is a direct consequence of our study, that was sent to the EMA in summary form in 2018 and followed up with a very detailed with a report in summer 2019,” said Dr. Weill. “In light of this report, the European Medicines Agency recommended in February 2020 that drugs containing 10 mg or more of cyproterone acetate should only be used for hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, and acne and seborrhea once other treatment options have failed, including treatment with lower doses.”
Dr. Weill pointed out that two other epidemiologic studies have assessed the link between cyproterone acetate use and meningioma and showed an association. “Those studies and our own study are complementary and provide a coherent set of epidemiological evidence,” he said in the interview. “They show a documented risk for high-dose cyproterone acetate in men, women, and transgender people, and the absence of any observed risk for low-dose cyproterone acetate use in women.”
Strong dose-effect relationship
For their study, Dr. Weill and colleagues used data from the French administrative health care database. Between 2007 and 2014, 253,777 girls and women aged 7-70 years had begun using cyproterone acetate during that time period.
All participants had received at least one prescription for high-dose cyproterone acetate and did not have a history of meningioma, benign brain tumors, or long-term disease. They were considered to be exposed if they had received a cumulative dose of at least 3 g during the first 6 months (139,222 participants) and very slightly exposed (control group) when they had received a cumulative dose of less than 3 g (114,555 participants).
Overall, a total of 69 meningiomas were diagnosed in the exposed group (during 289,544 person years of follow-up) and 20 meningiomas in the control group (during 439,949 person years of follow-up). All were treated by surgery or radiotherapy.
When the analysis was done according to the cumulative dose, it showed a dose-effect relation, with a higher risk associated with a higher cumulative dose. The hazard ratio was not significant for exposure to less than 12 g of cyproterone acetate, but it jumped rapidly jumped as the dose climbed: The hazard ratio was 11.3 for 36-60 g and was 21.7 for 60 g or higher.
In a secondary analysis, the authors looked at the cohort who were already using cyproterone acetate in 2006 (n = 123,997). Women with long-term exposure were also taking estrogens more often (55.5% vs. 31.9%), and the incidence of meningioma in the exposed group was 141 per 100,000 person years, which was a risk greater than 20-fold (adjusted hazard ratio 21.2.) They also observed a strong dose-effect relationship, with adjusted hazard ratio ranging from 5.0 to 31.1.
However, the risk of meningioma decreased noticeably after treatment was stopped. At 1 year after discontinuing treatment, the risk of meningioma in the exposed group was 1.8-fold higher (1.0 to 3.2) than in the control group.
Dr. Weill noted the clinical implications of these findings: clinicians need to inform patients who have used high-dose cyproterone acetate for at least 3-5 years about the increased risk of intracranial meningioma, he said.
“The indication of cyproterone acetate should be clearly defined and the lowest possible daily dose used,” he said. “In the context of prolonged use of high-dose cyproterone acetate, magnetic resonance imaging screening for meningioma should be considered.”
“In patients with a documented meningioma, cyproterone acetate should be discontinued because the meningioma might regress in response to treatment discontinuation and invasive treatment could be avoided,” Dr. Weill added.
Use only when necessary
Weighing in on the research, Adilia Hormigo, MD, PhD, director of neuro-oncology at The Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai Health System in New York, noted that, “it is well known that there are sex differences in the incidence of meningiomas, as they are more frequent in women than men, and there is an association between breast cancer and the occurrence of meningiomas.”
Progesterone and androgen receptors have been found in meningiomas, she said in an interview, and there is no consensus regarding estrogen receptors. “In addition, hormonal therapy to inhibit estrogen or progesterone receptors has not produced any decrease in meningiomas’ growth,” she said.
The current study revealed an association between prolonged use of cyproterone acetate with an increased incidence of meningiomas, and the sphenoid-orbital meningioma location was specific for the drug use. “It is unclear from the study if all the meningiomas were benign,” she said. “Even if they are benign, they can cause severe morbidity, including seizures.”
Dr. Hormigo recommended that an MRI be performed on any patient who is taking a long course of cyproterone acetate in order to evaluate the development of meningiomas or meningioma progression. “And the drug should only be used when necessary,” she added.
This research was funded by the French National Health Insurance Fund and the Health Product Epidemiology Scientific Interest Group. Dr. Weill is an employee of the French National Health Insurance Fund, as are several other coauthors. The other authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Dr. Hormigo has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Expert panel addresses gaps in acne guidelines
A distinguished .
“The challenge with acne guidelines is they mainly focus on facial acne and they’re informed by randomized controlled trials which are conducted over a relatively short period of time. Given that acne is a chronic disease, this actually produces a lack of clarity on multiple issues, including things like truncal acne, treatment escalation and de-escalation, maintenance therapy, patient perspective, and longitudinal management,” Alison Layton, MBChB, said in presenting the findings of the Personalizing Acne: Consensus of Experts (PACE) panel at the virtual annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
The PACE panel highlighted two key unmet needs in acne care as the dearth of guidance on how to implement patient-centered management in clinical practice, and the absence of high-quality evidence on how best to handle long-term maintenance therapy: When to initiate it, the best regimens, and when to escalate, switch, or de-escalate it, added Dr. Layton, a dermatologist at Hull York Medical School, Heslington, England, and associate medical director for research and development at Harrogate and District National Health Service Foundation Trust.
Most of the 13 dermatologists on the PACE panel were coauthors of the current U.S., European, or Canadian acne guidelines, so they are closely familiar with the guidelines’ strengths and shortcomings. For example, the American contingent includes Linda Stein Gold, MD, Detroit; Hilary E. Baldwin, MD, New Brunswick, NJ; Julie C. Harper, MD, Birmingham, Ala.; and Jonathan S. Weiss, MD, of Georgia, all members of the work group that created the current American Academy of Dermatology guidelines.
Strong points of the current guidelines are the high-quality, evidence-based recommendations on initial treatment of facial acne. However, a major weakness of existing guidelines is reflected in the fact that well over 40% of patients relapse after acne therapy, and these relapses can significantly impair quality of life and productivity, said Dr. Layton, one of several PACE panelists who coauthored the current European Dermatology Forum acne guidelines.
The PACE panel utilized a modified Delphi approach to reach consensus on their recommendations. Ten panelists rated current practice guidelines as “somewhat useful” for informing long-term management, two dermatologists deemed existing guidelines “not at all useful” in this regard, and one declined to answer the question.
“None of us felt the guidelines were very useful,” Dr. Layton noted.
It will take time, money, and research commitment to generate compelling data on best practices for long-term maintenance therapy for acne. Other areas in sore need of high-quality studies to improve the evidence-based care of acne include the appropriate length of antibiotic therapy for acne and how to effectively combine topical agents with oral antibiotics to support appropriate use of antimicrobials. In the meantime, the PACE group plans to issue interim practical consensus recommendations to beef up existing guidelines.
With regard to practical recommendations to improve patient-centered care, there was strong consensus among the panelists that acne management in certain patient subgroups requires special attention. These subgroups include patients with darker skin phototypes, heavy exercisers, transgender patients and patients with hormonal conditions, pregnant or breast-feeding women, patients with psychiatric issues, and children under age 10.
PACE panelists agreed that a physician-patient discussion about long-term treatment expectations is “paramount” to effective patient-centered management.
“To ensure a positive consultation experience, physicians should prioritize discussion of efficacy expectations, including timelines and treatment duration,” Dr. Layton continued.
Other key topics to address in promoting patient-centered management of acne include discussion of medication adverse effects and tolerability, application technique for topical treatments, the importance of adherence, and recommendations regarding a daily skin care routine, according to the PACE group.
Dr. Layton reported serving as a consultant to Galderma, which funded the PACE project, as well as half a dozen other pharmaceutical companies.
A distinguished .
“The challenge with acne guidelines is they mainly focus on facial acne and they’re informed by randomized controlled trials which are conducted over a relatively short period of time. Given that acne is a chronic disease, this actually produces a lack of clarity on multiple issues, including things like truncal acne, treatment escalation and de-escalation, maintenance therapy, patient perspective, and longitudinal management,” Alison Layton, MBChB, said in presenting the findings of the Personalizing Acne: Consensus of Experts (PACE) panel at the virtual annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
The PACE panel highlighted two key unmet needs in acne care as the dearth of guidance on how to implement patient-centered management in clinical practice, and the absence of high-quality evidence on how best to handle long-term maintenance therapy: When to initiate it, the best regimens, and when to escalate, switch, or de-escalate it, added Dr. Layton, a dermatologist at Hull York Medical School, Heslington, England, and associate medical director for research and development at Harrogate and District National Health Service Foundation Trust.
Most of the 13 dermatologists on the PACE panel were coauthors of the current U.S., European, or Canadian acne guidelines, so they are closely familiar with the guidelines’ strengths and shortcomings. For example, the American contingent includes Linda Stein Gold, MD, Detroit; Hilary E. Baldwin, MD, New Brunswick, NJ; Julie C. Harper, MD, Birmingham, Ala.; and Jonathan S. Weiss, MD, of Georgia, all members of the work group that created the current American Academy of Dermatology guidelines.
Strong points of the current guidelines are the high-quality, evidence-based recommendations on initial treatment of facial acne. However, a major weakness of existing guidelines is reflected in the fact that well over 40% of patients relapse after acne therapy, and these relapses can significantly impair quality of life and productivity, said Dr. Layton, one of several PACE panelists who coauthored the current European Dermatology Forum acne guidelines.
The PACE panel utilized a modified Delphi approach to reach consensus on their recommendations. Ten panelists rated current practice guidelines as “somewhat useful” for informing long-term management, two dermatologists deemed existing guidelines “not at all useful” in this regard, and one declined to answer the question.
“None of us felt the guidelines were very useful,” Dr. Layton noted.
It will take time, money, and research commitment to generate compelling data on best practices for long-term maintenance therapy for acne. Other areas in sore need of high-quality studies to improve the evidence-based care of acne include the appropriate length of antibiotic therapy for acne and how to effectively combine topical agents with oral antibiotics to support appropriate use of antimicrobials. In the meantime, the PACE group plans to issue interim practical consensus recommendations to beef up existing guidelines.
With regard to practical recommendations to improve patient-centered care, there was strong consensus among the panelists that acne management in certain patient subgroups requires special attention. These subgroups include patients with darker skin phototypes, heavy exercisers, transgender patients and patients with hormonal conditions, pregnant or breast-feeding women, patients with psychiatric issues, and children under age 10.
PACE panelists agreed that a physician-patient discussion about long-term treatment expectations is “paramount” to effective patient-centered management.
“To ensure a positive consultation experience, physicians should prioritize discussion of efficacy expectations, including timelines and treatment duration,” Dr. Layton continued.
Other key topics to address in promoting patient-centered management of acne include discussion of medication adverse effects and tolerability, application technique for topical treatments, the importance of adherence, and recommendations regarding a daily skin care routine, according to the PACE group.
Dr. Layton reported serving as a consultant to Galderma, which funded the PACE project, as well as half a dozen other pharmaceutical companies.
A distinguished .
“The challenge with acne guidelines is they mainly focus on facial acne and they’re informed by randomized controlled trials which are conducted over a relatively short period of time. Given that acne is a chronic disease, this actually produces a lack of clarity on multiple issues, including things like truncal acne, treatment escalation and de-escalation, maintenance therapy, patient perspective, and longitudinal management,” Alison Layton, MBChB, said in presenting the findings of the Personalizing Acne: Consensus of Experts (PACE) panel at the virtual annual congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
The PACE panel highlighted two key unmet needs in acne care as the dearth of guidance on how to implement patient-centered management in clinical practice, and the absence of high-quality evidence on how best to handle long-term maintenance therapy: When to initiate it, the best regimens, and when to escalate, switch, or de-escalate it, added Dr. Layton, a dermatologist at Hull York Medical School, Heslington, England, and associate medical director for research and development at Harrogate and District National Health Service Foundation Trust.
Most of the 13 dermatologists on the PACE panel were coauthors of the current U.S., European, or Canadian acne guidelines, so they are closely familiar with the guidelines’ strengths and shortcomings. For example, the American contingent includes Linda Stein Gold, MD, Detroit; Hilary E. Baldwin, MD, New Brunswick, NJ; Julie C. Harper, MD, Birmingham, Ala.; and Jonathan S. Weiss, MD, of Georgia, all members of the work group that created the current American Academy of Dermatology guidelines.
Strong points of the current guidelines are the high-quality, evidence-based recommendations on initial treatment of facial acne. However, a major weakness of existing guidelines is reflected in the fact that well over 40% of patients relapse after acne therapy, and these relapses can significantly impair quality of life and productivity, said Dr. Layton, one of several PACE panelists who coauthored the current European Dermatology Forum acne guidelines.
The PACE panel utilized a modified Delphi approach to reach consensus on their recommendations. Ten panelists rated current practice guidelines as “somewhat useful” for informing long-term management, two dermatologists deemed existing guidelines “not at all useful” in this regard, and one declined to answer the question.
“None of us felt the guidelines were very useful,” Dr. Layton noted.
It will take time, money, and research commitment to generate compelling data on best practices for long-term maintenance therapy for acne. Other areas in sore need of high-quality studies to improve the evidence-based care of acne include the appropriate length of antibiotic therapy for acne and how to effectively combine topical agents with oral antibiotics to support appropriate use of antimicrobials. In the meantime, the PACE group plans to issue interim practical consensus recommendations to beef up existing guidelines.
With regard to practical recommendations to improve patient-centered care, there was strong consensus among the panelists that acne management in certain patient subgroups requires special attention. These subgroups include patients with darker skin phototypes, heavy exercisers, transgender patients and patients with hormonal conditions, pregnant or breast-feeding women, patients with psychiatric issues, and children under age 10.
PACE panelists agreed that a physician-patient discussion about long-term treatment expectations is “paramount” to effective patient-centered management.
“To ensure a positive consultation experience, physicians should prioritize discussion of efficacy expectations, including timelines and treatment duration,” Dr. Layton continued.
Other key topics to address in promoting patient-centered management of acne include discussion of medication adverse effects and tolerability, application technique for topical treatments, the importance of adherence, and recommendations regarding a daily skin care routine, according to the PACE group.
Dr. Layton reported serving as a consultant to Galderma, which funded the PACE project, as well as half a dozen other pharmaceutical companies.
FROM THE EADV CONGRESS
Light-based technologies emerging as promising acne treatments
such as Fernanda H. Sakamoto, MD, PhD.
“I love treating acne, because it can have a huge impact on our patients’ lives,” Dr. Sakamoto, a dermatologist at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, said during a virtual course on laser and aesthetic skin therapy. “Acne is the most common disease in dermatology, affecting about 80% of our patients. Eleven percent of these patients have difficult-to-treat acne, and it is also the No. 1 cause of depression and suicide among teenagers and young adults. And, even though there’s no strong evidence that optical treatments work better than conventional acne treatments, people still spend a lot on those treatments: more than 220 million in 2019.”
Early results from a pilot study suggest that use of a novel laser system known as Accure in patients with mild to moderate acne resulted in an 80% reduction in acne lesions at 12 weeks. The laser prototype, which uses a 1,726 nm wavelength and is being developed by researchers at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, features a built-in thermal camera in the handpiece that allows the user to monitor the skin’s temperature during treatment.
In initial pilot studies of the device, Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues observed consistent damage of the sebaceous glands, with no damage to the epidermis, surrounding dermis, or other follicular structures. “But because the contrast of absorption of lipids and water is not very high, we needed to create a laser with features that we have never seen before,” she said. “One of them is a robust cooling system. The second prototype features a built-in thermal camera within the handpiece that allows us to see the temperature while we’re treating the patient. It also has built-in software that would shut down the laser if the temperature is too high. “This is the first laser with some safety features that will give the user direct feedback while treating the patient,” she said, noting that its “unique cooling system and real-time monitoring ... makes it different from any of the lasers we see on the market right now.”
Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues (Emil Tanghetti, MD, in San Diego, Roy Geronemus, MD, in New York, and Joel L. Cohen, MD, in Colorado) are conducting a clinical trial of the device, to evaluate whether Accure can selectively target sebaceous glands. As of Oct. 23, 2020, the study enrolled more than 50 patients, who are followed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks post treatment, she said.
To date, 16 patients have completed the study, and the researchers have observed an average lesion reduction of 80% at 12 weeks post treatment, after four treatment sessions. This amounted to more than 12,000 trigger pulls of the device, with no unexpected adverse events. Average visual analogue scale pain scores immediately after treatment have been 1.09 out of 10.
Histologic assessment of skin samples collected from the study participants have revealed selective damage of the sebaceous glands with a normal epidermis and surrounding dermis. “Because this laser is near infrared, it is not absorbed by melanin, making it possible for a safe treatment in darker skin tones,” Dr. Sakamoto said during the meeting, which was sponsored by Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine.
“We have shown that it is possible to create a selective laser for acne treatment at 1,726 nm. We have proven it mathematically as well as with histological samples,” she said. “Now we are moving on to a larger clinical trial for the FDA clearance.”
Another strategy being developed for acne treatment is to make nonselective lasers selective by adding gold microparticles into the hair follicle and sebaceous glands, to allow the lasers to be absorbed. In a study that used a free electron laser, Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues demonstrated that these microparticles can stay within the sebaceous glands for selective damage of the sebaceous glands. In a subsequent pilot clinical trial they showed that the addition of the gold microparticles followed by a diode laser treatment made it possible to reduce both inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions.
More recently, an open-label European study of acne treatment with light absorbing gold microparticles and optical pulses demonstrated that the treatment led to an 80%-90% reduction of inflammatory lesions at 12 weeks, with a reduction of Investigator’s Global Assessment scale from 2 to 4.
The Food and Drug Administration cleared the treatment, Sebacia Microparticles, for the treatment of mild to moderate acne in September of 2018, but according to Dr. Sakamoto, “the company has struggled, as they were only commercializing the device in California and Washington, DC.”
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is also being studied as an acne treatment. “PDT uses a photosensitizer that needs to be activated by a light source,” she noted. “The combination of red light and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl ester ALA has been shown to damage the sebaceous glands”.
In a recent randomized controlled trial that compared PDT to adapalene gel plus oral doxycycline, PDT showed superiority. “Because PDT induces apoptosis of the sebaceous glands, it causes a lot of pain and side effects after treatment,” Dr. Sakamoto said. “However, it can clear 80%-90% of acne in 80%-90% of patients. But because of the side effects, PDT should be limited to those patients who cannot take conventional treatments.”
Dr. Sakamoto reported having received research funding and/or consulting fees from numerous device and pharmaceutical companies.
such as Fernanda H. Sakamoto, MD, PhD.
“I love treating acne, because it can have a huge impact on our patients’ lives,” Dr. Sakamoto, a dermatologist at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, said during a virtual course on laser and aesthetic skin therapy. “Acne is the most common disease in dermatology, affecting about 80% of our patients. Eleven percent of these patients have difficult-to-treat acne, and it is also the No. 1 cause of depression and suicide among teenagers and young adults. And, even though there’s no strong evidence that optical treatments work better than conventional acne treatments, people still spend a lot on those treatments: more than 220 million in 2019.”
Early results from a pilot study suggest that use of a novel laser system known as Accure in patients with mild to moderate acne resulted in an 80% reduction in acne lesions at 12 weeks. The laser prototype, which uses a 1,726 nm wavelength and is being developed by researchers at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, features a built-in thermal camera in the handpiece that allows the user to monitor the skin’s temperature during treatment.
In initial pilot studies of the device, Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues observed consistent damage of the sebaceous glands, with no damage to the epidermis, surrounding dermis, or other follicular structures. “But because the contrast of absorption of lipids and water is not very high, we needed to create a laser with features that we have never seen before,” she said. “One of them is a robust cooling system. The second prototype features a built-in thermal camera within the handpiece that allows us to see the temperature while we’re treating the patient. It also has built-in software that would shut down the laser if the temperature is too high. “This is the first laser with some safety features that will give the user direct feedback while treating the patient,” she said, noting that its “unique cooling system and real-time monitoring ... makes it different from any of the lasers we see on the market right now.”
Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues (Emil Tanghetti, MD, in San Diego, Roy Geronemus, MD, in New York, and Joel L. Cohen, MD, in Colorado) are conducting a clinical trial of the device, to evaluate whether Accure can selectively target sebaceous glands. As of Oct. 23, 2020, the study enrolled more than 50 patients, who are followed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks post treatment, she said.
To date, 16 patients have completed the study, and the researchers have observed an average lesion reduction of 80% at 12 weeks post treatment, after four treatment sessions. This amounted to more than 12,000 trigger pulls of the device, with no unexpected adverse events. Average visual analogue scale pain scores immediately after treatment have been 1.09 out of 10.
Histologic assessment of skin samples collected from the study participants have revealed selective damage of the sebaceous glands with a normal epidermis and surrounding dermis. “Because this laser is near infrared, it is not absorbed by melanin, making it possible for a safe treatment in darker skin tones,” Dr. Sakamoto said during the meeting, which was sponsored by Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine.
“We have shown that it is possible to create a selective laser for acne treatment at 1,726 nm. We have proven it mathematically as well as with histological samples,” she said. “Now we are moving on to a larger clinical trial for the FDA clearance.”
Another strategy being developed for acne treatment is to make nonselective lasers selective by adding gold microparticles into the hair follicle and sebaceous glands, to allow the lasers to be absorbed. In a study that used a free electron laser, Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues demonstrated that these microparticles can stay within the sebaceous glands for selective damage of the sebaceous glands. In a subsequent pilot clinical trial they showed that the addition of the gold microparticles followed by a diode laser treatment made it possible to reduce both inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions.
More recently, an open-label European study of acne treatment with light absorbing gold microparticles and optical pulses demonstrated that the treatment led to an 80%-90% reduction of inflammatory lesions at 12 weeks, with a reduction of Investigator’s Global Assessment scale from 2 to 4.
The Food and Drug Administration cleared the treatment, Sebacia Microparticles, for the treatment of mild to moderate acne in September of 2018, but according to Dr. Sakamoto, “the company has struggled, as they were only commercializing the device in California and Washington, DC.”
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is also being studied as an acne treatment. “PDT uses a photosensitizer that needs to be activated by a light source,” she noted. “The combination of red light and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl ester ALA has been shown to damage the sebaceous glands”.
In a recent randomized controlled trial that compared PDT to adapalene gel plus oral doxycycline, PDT showed superiority. “Because PDT induces apoptosis of the sebaceous glands, it causes a lot of pain and side effects after treatment,” Dr. Sakamoto said. “However, it can clear 80%-90% of acne in 80%-90% of patients. But because of the side effects, PDT should be limited to those patients who cannot take conventional treatments.”
Dr. Sakamoto reported having received research funding and/or consulting fees from numerous device and pharmaceutical companies.
such as Fernanda H. Sakamoto, MD, PhD.
“I love treating acne, because it can have a huge impact on our patients’ lives,” Dr. Sakamoto, a dermatologist at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, said during a virtual course on laser and aesthetic skin therapy. “Acne is the most common disease in dermatology, affecting about 80% of our patients. Eleven percent of these patients have difficult-to-treat acne, and it is also the No. 1 cause of depression and suicide among teenagers and young adults. And, even though there’s no strong evidence that optical treatments work better than conventional acne treatments, people still spend a lot on those treatments: more than 220 million in 2019.”
Early results from a pilot study suggest that use of a novel laser system known as Accure in patients with mild to moderate acne resulted in an 80% reduction in acne lesions at 12 weeks. The laser prototype, which uses a 1,726 nm wavelength and is being developed by researchers at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, features a built-in thermal camera in the handpiece that allows the user to monitor the skin’s temperature during treatment.
In initial pilot studies of the device, Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues observed consistent damage of the sebaceous glands, with no damage to the epidermis, surrounding dermis, or other follicular structures. “But because the contrast of absorption of lipids and water is not very high, we needed to create a laser with features that we have never seen before,” she said. “One of them is a robust cooling system. The second prototype features a built-in thermal camera within the handpiece that allows us to see the temperature while we’re treating the patient. It also has built-in software that would shut down the laser if the temperature is too high. “This is the first laser with some safety features that will give the user direct feedback while treating the patient,” she said, noting that its “unique cooling system and real-time monitoring ... makes it different from any of the lasers we see on the market right now.”
Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues (Emil Tanghetti, MD, in San Diego, Roy Geronemus, MD, in New York, and Joel L. Cohen, MD, in Colorado) are conducting a clinical trial of the device, to evaluate whether Accure can selectively target sebaceous glands. As of Oct. 23, 2020, the study enrolled more than 50 patients, who are followed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks post treatment, she said.
To date, 16 patients have completed the study, and the researchers have observed an average lesion reduction of 80% at 12 weeks post treatment, after four treatment sessions. This amounted to more than 12,000 trigger pulls of the device, with no unexpected adverse events. Average visual analogue scale pain scores immediately after treatment have been 1.09 out of 10.
Histologic assessment of skin samples collected from the study participants have revealed selective damage of the sebaceous glands with a normal epidermis and surrounding dermis. “Because this laser is near infrared, it is not absorbed by melanin, making it possible for a safe treatment in darker skin tones,” Dr. Sakamoto said during the meeting, which was sponsored by Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Wellman Center for Photomedicine.
“We have shown that it is possible to create a selective laser for acne treatment at 1,726 nm. We have proven it mathematically as well as with histological samples,” she said. “Now we are moving on to a larger clinical trial for the FDA clearance.”
Another strategy being developed for acne treatment is to make nonselective lasers selective by adding gold microparticles into the hair follicle and sebaceous glands, to allow the lasers to be absorbed. In a study that used a free electron laser, Dr. Sakamoto and colleagues demonstrated that these microparticles can stay within the sebaceous glands for selective damage of the sebaceous glands. In a subsequent pilot clinical trial they showed that the addition of the gold microparticles followed by a diode laser treatment made it possible to reduce both inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions.
More recently, an open-label European study of acne treatment with light absorbing gold microparticles and optical pulses demonstrated that the treatment led to an 80%-90% reduction of inflammatory lesions at 12 weeks, with a reduction of Investigator’s Global Assessment scale from 2 to 4.
The Food and Drug Administration cleared the treatment, Sebacia Microparticles, for the treatment of mild to moderate acne in September of 2018, but according to Dr. Sakamoto, “the company has struggled, as they were only commercializing the device in California and Washington, DC.”
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is also being studied as an acne treatment. “PDT uses a photosensitizer that needs to be activated by a light source,” she noted. “The combination of red light and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or methyl ester ALA has been shown to damage the sebaceous glands”.
In a recent randomized controlled trial that compared PDT to adapalene gel plus oral doxycycline, PDT showed superiority. “Because PDT induces apoptosis of the sebaceous glands, it causes a lot of pain and side effects after treatment,” Dr. Sakamoto said. “However, it can clear 80%-90% of acne in 80%-90% of patients. But because of the side effects, PDT should be limited to those patients who cannot take conventional treatments.”
Dr. Sakamoto reported having received research funding and/or consulting fees from numerous device and pharmaceutical companies.
EXPERT ANALYSIS FROM A LASER & AESTHETIC SKIN THERAPY COURSE
Shortcomings identified in study of acne videos on TikTok
, according to an analysis of the top 100 videos using a consumer health validation tool.
The popularity of TikTok among adolescents in particular has implications for the dissemination of acne information, as some teens become “skinfluencers” and receive sponsorship from skin care brands in exchange for social media promotion, wrote David X. Zheng, BA, of the department of dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, and colleagues.
“However, the quality of dermatologic information found on TikTok is largely unknown,” they said.
In a brief report published in Pediatric Dermatology, the researchers identified the top 100 videos on TikTok on May 1, 2020, that were tagged with “#acne.” The information on each video included date of upload, type and gender of the individual uploading the video, physician specialty if applicable, and video category. These top 100 videos had 13,470,501 likes and 64,775 comments over a 7.6-month time period.
The researchers used the DISCERN criteria, a validated 1-5 scale designed to assess consumer health information, to evaluate the video content, with 1 (having “serious” or “extensive shortcomings”) and 5 (having “minimal shortcomings.”)
Overall, the average quality rating of the TikTok acne videos was 2.03. A total of 9 videos were produced by board-certified physicians in the United States, with an average DISCERN score of 2.41.
“Analysis of the DISCERN criteria dimensions suggested that major shortcomings common to both physician and nonphysician uploaders included failure to cite information sources, discuss treatment risks, and provide support for shared decision-making,” the researchers said.
Approximately one-third (34%) of the videos fell into the treatment-product advertisement category, while 26% were personal anecdotes, 20% presented information related to acne, 13% featured home remedy treatments, and 7% were classified as “other.” The researchers also identified the top 200 “#acne” videos on TikTok once a week from May 8, 2020 to June 5, 2020, to determine the evolution of acne content on the app and found a turnover rate of 10.9% per week.
Based on the high turnover and low quality based on DISCERN ratings, the authors suggested that patients seeking acne information should “view acne-related TikTok videos with caution and consult evidence-based resources whenever possible.”
The study findings were limited by several factors including the small sample size of physicians uploading videos, lack of information about the number of nonphysician medical professionals who uploaded videos, and lack of information about the number of video views and country of origin, the researchers noted. However, the results highlight the need for dermatologists to be aware that patients, especially teens, may be using TikTok for acne information that may be of poor quality, they said.
“Conversely, we understand that social media can be a powerful tool for advancing health literacy,” the researchers noted. “Therefore, we also recommend that health care professionals engaging on TikTok create thorough and perhaps standardized educational videos regarding acne, as well as correct any acne-related misinformation that may be present,” they concluded.
The other authors of the study were from the departments of dermatology at Case Western Reserve, University Hospitals Cleveland, and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
The study received no outside funding. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.
SOURCE: Zheng DX et al. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020 Nov 28. doi: 10.1111/pde.14471.
, according to an analysis of the top 100 videos using a consumer health validation tool.
The popularity of TikTok among adolescents in particular has implications for the dissemination of acne information, as some teens become “skinfluencers” and receive sponsorship from skin care brands in exchange for social media promotion, wrote David X. Zheng, BA, of the department of dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, and colleagues.
“However, the quality of dermatologic information found on TikTok is largely unknown,” they said.
In a brief report published in Pediatric Dermatology, the researchers identified the top 100 videos on TikTok on May 1, 2020, that were tagged with “#acne.” The information on each video included date of upload, type and gender of the individual uploading the video, physician specialty if applicable, and video category. These top 100 videos had 13,470,501 likes and 64,775 comments over a 7.6-month time period.
The researchers used the DISCERN criteria, a validated 1-5 scale designed to assess consumer health information, to evaluate the video content, with 1 (having “serious” or “extensive shortcomings”) and 5 (having “minimal shortcomings.”)
Overall, the average quality rating of the TikTok acne videos was 2.03. A total of 9 videos were produced by board-certified physicians in the United States, with an average DISCERN score of 2.41.
“Analysis of the DISCERN criteria dimensions suggested that major shortcomings common to both physician and nonphysician uploaders included failure to cite information sources, discuss treatment risks, and provide support for shared decision-making,” the researchers said.
Approximately one-third (34%) of the videos fell into the treatment-product advertisement category, while 26% were personal anecdotes, 20% presented information related to acne, 13% featured home remedy treatments, and 7% were classified as “other.” The researchers also identified the top 200 “#acne” videos on TikTok once a week from May 8, 2020 to June 5, 2020, to determine the evolution of acne content on the app and found a turnover rate of 10.9% per week.
Based on the high turnover and low quality based on DISCERN ratings, the authors suggested that patients seeking acne information should “view acne-related TikTok videos with caution and consult evidence-based resources whenever possible.”
The study findings were limited by several factors including the small sample size of physicians uploading videos, lack of information about the number of nonphysician medical professionals who uploaded videos, and lack of information about the number of video views and country of origin, the researchers noted. However, the results highlight the need for dermatologists to be aware that patients, especially teens, may be using TikTok for acne information that may be of poor quality, they said.
“Conversely, we understand that social media can be a powerful tool for advancing health literacy,” the researchers noted. “Therefore, we also recommend that health care professionals engaging on TikTok create thorough and perhaps standardized educational videos regarding acne, as well as correct any acne-related misinformation that may be present,” they concluded.
The other authors of the study were from the departments of dermatology at Case Western Reserve, University Hospitals Cleveland, and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
The study received no outside funding. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.
SOURCE: Zheng DX et al. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020 Nov 28. doi: 10.1111/pde.14471.
, according to an analysis of the top 100 videos using a consumer health validation tool.
The popularity of TikTok among adolescents in particular has implications for the dissemination of acne information, as some teens become “skinfluencers” and receive sponsorship from skin care brands in exchange for social media promotion, wrote David X. Zheng, BA, of the department of dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, and colleagues.
“However, the quality of dermatologic information found on TikTok is largely unknown,” they said.
In a brief report published in Pediatric Dermatology, the researchers identified the top 100 videos on TikTok on May 1, 2020, that were tagged with “#acne.” The information on each video included date of upload, type and gender of the individual uploading the video, physician specialty if applicable, and video category. These top 100 videos had 13,470,501 likes and 64,775 comments over a 7.6-month time period.
The researchers used the DISCERN criteria, a validated 1-5 scale designed to assess consumer health information, to evaluate the video content, with 1 (having “serious” or “extensive shortcomings”) and 5 (having “minimal shortcomings.”)
Overall, the average quality rating of the TikTok acne videos was 2.03. A total of 9 videos were produced by board-certified physicians in the United States, with an average DISCERN score of 2.41.
“Analysis of the DISCERN criteria dimensions suggested that major shortcomings common to both physician and nonphysician uploaders included failure to cite information sources, discuss treatment risks, and provide support for shared decision-making,” the researchers said.
Approximately one-third (34%) of the videos fell into the treatment-product advertisement category, while 26% were personal anecdotes, 20% presented information related to acne, 13% featured home remedy treatments, and 7% were classified as “other.” The researchers also identified the top 200 “#acne” videos on TikTok once a week from May 8, 2020 to June 5, 2020, to determine the evolution of acne content on the app and found a turnover rate of 10.9% per week.
Based on the high turnover and low quality based on DISCERN ratings, the authors suggested that patients seeking acne information should “view acne-related TikTok videos with caution and consult evidence-based resources whenever possible.”
The study findings were limited by several factors including the small sample size of physicians uploading videos, lack of information about the number of nonphysician medical professionals who uploaded videos, and lack of information about the number of video views and country of origin, the researchers noted. However, the results highlight the need for dermatologists to be aware that patients, especially teens, may be using TikTok for acne information that may be of poor quality, they said.
“Conversely, we understand that social media can be a powerful tool for advancing health literacy,” the researchers noted. “Therefore, we also recommend that health care professionals engaging on TikTok create thorough and perhaps standardized educational videos regarding acne, as well as correct any acne-related misinformation that may be present,” they concluded.
The other authors of the study were from the departments of dermatology at Case Western Reserve, University Hospitals Cleveland, and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
The study received no outside funding. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.
SOURCE: Zheng DX et al. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020 Nov 28. doi: 10.1111/pde.14471.
FROM PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY
Preadolescent acne: Management from birth requires increasing vigilance
No treatment may be necessary for acne in the first few months of life, but the condition can leave scars in children as young as ages 3-6 months, said Andrea L. Zaenglein, MD, professor of dermatology and pediatric dermatology, Penn State University, Hershey, Penn., said in a presentation at MedscapeLive’s virtual Women’s & Pediatric Dermatology Seminar.
Neonatal acne occurs in more than 20% of newborns aged 2 weeks to 3 months. “Typically we don’t need to treat it. But if you do, you could use a topical antifungal like clotrimazole cream twice a day,” but in most babies, “this will just improve over time and resolve without any scarring or sequelae,” she said.
Infantile acne begins about 3-6 months of age typically, or a little bit older, and lasts up to 2 years of age, Dr. Zaenglein said. “You will see comedones in infantile acne, so this is actually a true form of acne. It’s due to increased adrenal production of androgens.”
She added: “The scarring can be permanent. It’s important that you recognize infantile acne and treat it, even though it seems pretty mild.”
For infantile acne, she recommends performing a full-skin exam to rule out hyperandrogenic disorders such as Cushing syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, premature adrenarche, a gonadal/adrenal tumor and precocious puberty.
Treatments are similar to those in teenagers, she said, “but make sure you use baby-friendly formulations,” with lower concentrations of active ingredients – and avoid tetracyclines and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) washes. BPO can be used in leave-on formulations/creams at lower strengths (2.5%-5%).
One possible combination option is tretinoin 0.025% cream or adapalene 0.1% gel plus BPO 2.5% cream or clindamycin/BPO gel. Another combination is adapalene/BPO 2.5% gel.
Erythromycin can be appropriate at 30-50 mg/kg per day divided in two or three doses a day, but beware of possible gastrointestinal upset. Azithromycin at 5 mg/kg per day is another option.
“Rarely do we have to go to isotretinoin,” Dr. Zaenglein said. “I think in all my years, I’ve only treated one baby with isotretinoin for infantile acne. But severe forms can occur.”
Midchildhood and preadolescent acne conditions occur in children starting at ages 1 up to 10 years, Dr. Zaenglein said. In this population, she also recommends ruling out hyperandrogenism by looking for secondary sexual characteristics with full-body skin exams. “The workup can be broad and includes looking at adrenal androgens and total and free testosterone, as well as looking at growth charts and bone age. Typically, you’ll refer these kids to pediatric endocrinology.”
Keep in mind, she said, that early adrenarche starts at ages 6-7 years in girls and 7-8 years in boys. “That’s when we expect to start seeing that very early acne. You can see it even earlier in patients with elevated BMI, and it’s more common in Hispanic and Black children as well.”
She added that it’s important to remember that early adrenarche is a risk factor for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). “So ask patients about their family history and look for other signs of PCOS as they move further into adolescence.”
Milder cases of acne in this age group can be treated with “salicylic acid wipes and things that are kind of a rite of passage. But if they have any more severe acne, you’re going to want to treat it more or less like you do adolescent acne.”
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company. Dr. Zaenglein disclosed receiving consulting fees from Cassiopea, Dermata, and Regeneron and fees for contracted research support from Incyte.
No treatment may be necessary for acne in the first few months of life, but the condition can leave scars in children as young as ages 3-6 months, said Andrea L. Zaenglein, MD, professor of dermatology and pediatric dermatology, Penn State University, Hershey, Penn., said in a presentation at MedscapeLive’s virtual Women’s & Pediatric Dermatology Seminar.
Neonatal acne occurs in more than 20% of newborns aged 2 weeks to 3 months. “Typically we don’t need to treat it. But if you do, you could use a topical antifungal like clotrimazole cream twice a day,” but in most babies, “this will just improve over time and resolve without any scarring or sequelae,” she said.
Infantile acne begins about 3-6 months of age typically, or a little bit older, and lasts up to 2 years of age, Dr. Zaenglein said. “You will see comedones in infantile acne, so this is actually a true form of acne. It’s due to increased adrenal production of androgens.”
She added: “The scarring can be permanent. It’s important that you recognize infantile acne and treat it, even though it seems pretty mild.”
For infantile acne, she recommends performing a full-skin exam to rule out hyperandrogenic disorders such as Cushing syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, premature adrenarche, a gonadal/adrenal tumor and precocious puberty.
Treatments are similar to those in teenagers, she said, “but make sure you use baby-friendly formulations,” with lower concentrations of active ingredients – and avoid tetracyclines and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) washes. BPO can be used in leave-on formulations/creams at lower strengths (2.5%-5%).
One possible combination option is tretinoin 0.025% cream or adapalene 0.1% gel plus BPO 2.5% cream or clindamycin/BPO gel. Another combination is adapalene/BPO 2.5% gel.
Erythromycin can be appropriate at 30-50 mg/kg per day divided in two or three doses a day, but beware of possible gastrointestinal upset. Azithromycin at 5 mg/kg per day is another option.
“Rarely do we have to go to isotretinoin,” Dr. Zaenglein said. “I think in all my years, I’ve only treated one baby with isotretinoin for infantile acne. But severe forms can occur.”
Midchildhood and preadolescent acne conditions occur in children starting at ages 1 up to 10 years, Dr. Zaenglein said. In this population, she also recommends ruling out hyperandrogenism by looking for secondary sexual characteristics with full-body skin exams. “The workup can be broad and includes looking at adrenal androgens and total and free testosterone, as well as looking at growth charts and bone age. Typically, you’ll refer these kids to pediatric endocrinology.”
Keep in mind, she said, that early adrenarche starts at ages 6-7 years in girls and 7-8 years in boys. “That’s when we expect to start seeing that very early acne. You can see it even earlier in patients with elevated BMI, and it’s more common in Hispanic and Black children as well.”
She added that it’s important to remember that early adrenarche is a risk factor for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). “So ask patients about their family history and look for other signs of PCOS as they move further into adolescence.”
Milder cases of acne in this age group can be treated with “salicylic acid wipes and things that are kind of a rite of passage. But if they have any more severe acne, you’re going to want to treat it more or less like you do adolescent acne.”
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company. Dr. Zaenglein disclosed receiving consulting fees from Cassiopea, Dermata, and Regeneron and fees for contracted research support from Incyte.
No treatment may be necessary for acne in the first few months of life, but the condition can leave scars in children as young as ages 3-6 months, said Andrea L. Zaenglein, MD, professor of dermatology and pediatric dermatology, Penn State University, Hershey, Penn., said in a presentation at MedscapeLive’s virtual Women’s & Pediatric Dermatology Seminar.
Neonatal acne occurs in more than 20% of newborns aged 2 weeks to 3 months. “Typically we don’t need to treat it. But if you do, you could use a topical antifungal like clotrimazole cream twice a day,” but in most babies, “this will just improve over time and resolve without any scarring or sequelae,” she said.
Infantile acne begins about 3-6 months of age typically, or a little bit older, and lasts up to 2 years of age, Dr. Zaenglein said. “You will see comedones in infantile acne, so this is actually a true form of acne. It’s due to increased adrenal production of androgens.”
She added: “The scarring can be permanent. It’s important that you recognize infantile acne and treat it, even though it seems pretty mild.”
For infantile acne, she recommends performing a full-skin exam to rule out hyperandrogenic disorders such as Cushing syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, premature adrenarche, a gonadal/adrenal tumor and precocious puberty.
Treatments are similar to those in teenagers, she said, “but make sure you use baby-friendly formulations,” with lower concentrations of active ingredients – and avoid tetracyclines and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) washes. BPO can be used in leave-on formulations/creams at lower strengths (2.5%-5%).
One possible combination option is tretinoin 0.025% cream or adapalene 0.1% gel plus BPO 2.5% cream or clindamycin/BPO gel. Another combination is adapalene/BPO 2.5% gel.
Erythromycin can be appropriate at 30-50 mg/kg per day divided in two or three doses a day, but beware of possible gastrointestinal upset. Azithromycin at 5 mg/kg per day is another option.
“Rarely do we have to go to isotretinoin,” Dr. Zaenglein said. “I think in all my years, I’ve only treated one baby with isotretinoin for infantile acne. But severe forms can occur.”
Midchildhood and preadolescent acne conditions occur in children starting at ages 1 up to 10 years, Dr. Zaenglein said. In this population, she also recommends ruling out hyperandrogenism by looking for secondary sexual characteristics with full-body skin exams. “The workup can be broad and includes looking at adrenal androgens and total and free testosterone, as well as looking at growth charts and bone age. Typically, you’ll refer these kids to pediatric endocrinology.”
Keep in mind, she said, that early adrenarche starts at ages 6-7 years in girls and 7-8 years in boys. “That’s when we expect to start seeing that very early acne. You can see it even earlier in patients with elevated BMI, and it’s more common in Hispanic and Black children as well.”
She added that it’s important to remember that early adrenarche is a risk factor for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). “So ask patients about their family history and look for other signs of PCOS as they move further into adolescence.”
Milder cases of acne in this age group can be treated with “salicylic acid wipes and things that are kind of a rite of passage. But if they have any more severe acne, you’re going to want to treat it more or less like you do adolescent acne.”
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company. Dr. Zaenglein disclosed receiving consulting fees from Cassiopea, Dermata, and Regeneron and fees for contracted research support from Incyte.
FROM MEDSCAPELIVE WOMEN’S & PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY SEMINAR
Diet and Skin: A Primer
Dermatologists frequently learn about skin conditions that are directly linked to diet. For example, we know that nutritional deficiencies can impact the hair, skin, and nails, and that celiac disease manifests with dermatitis herpetiformis of the skin. Patients commonly ask their dermatologists about the impact of diet on their skin. There are many outdated myths, but research on the subject is increasingly demonstrating important associations. Dermatologists must become familiar with the data on this topic so that we can provide informed counseling for our patients. This article reviews the current literature on associations between diet and 3 common cutaneous conditions—acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis [AD]—and provides tips on how to best address our patients’ questions on this topic.
Acne
Studies increasingly support an association between a high glycemic diet (foods that lead to a spike in serum glucose) and acne; Bowe et al1 provided an excellent summary of the topic in 2010. This year, a large prospective cohort study of more than 24,000 participants demonstrated an association between adult acne and a diet high in milk, sugary beverages and foods, and fatty foods.2 In prospective cohort studies of more than 6000 adolescent girls and 4000 adolescent boys, Adebamowo et al3,4 demonstrated a correlation between skim milk consumption and acne. Whey protein supplementation also has been implicated in acne flares.5,6 The biological mechanism of the impact of high glycemic index foods and acne is believed to be mainly via activation of the insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway, which promotes androgen synthesis and increases androgen bioavailability via decreased synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin.1,2 Insulinlike growth factor 1 also stimulates its downstream target, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), leading to activation of antiapoptotic and proliferation signaling, ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation causing acne.2 Penso et al2 noted that patients with IGF-1 deficiency (Laron syndrome) never develop acne unless treated with exogenous IGF-1, further supporting its role in acne formation.7 There currently is a paucity of randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of diet on acne.
Psoriasis
The literature consistently shows that obesity is a predisposing factor for psoriasis. Additionally, weight gain may cause flares of existing psoriasis.8 Promotion of a healthy diet is an important factor in the management of obesity, alongside physical activity and, in some cases, medication and bariatric surgery.9 Patients with psoriasis who are overweight have been shown to experience improvement in their psoriasis after weight loss secondary to diet and exercise.8,10 The joint American Academy of Dermatology and National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines recommend that dermatologists advise patients to practice a healthy lifestyle including a healthy diet and communicate with a patient’s primary care provider so they can be appropriately evaluated and treated for comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.11 In the NutriNet-Santé cohort study, investigators found an inverse correlation between psoriasis severity and adherence to a Mediterranean diet, which the authors conclude supports the hypothesis that this may slow the progression of psoriasis.12 In a single meta-analysis, it was reported that patients with psoriasis have a 3-fold increased risk for celiac disease compared to the general population.13 It remains unknown if these data are generalizable to the US population. Dermatologists should consider screening patients with psoriasis for celiac disease based on reported symptoms. When suspected, it is necessary to order appropriate serologies and consider referral to gastroenterology prior to recommending a gluten-free diet, as elimination of gluten prior to testing may lead to false-negative results.
Atopic Dermatitis
Patients and parents/guardians of children with AD often ask about the impact of diet on the condition. A small minority of patients may experience flares of AD due to ongoing, non–IgE-mediated allergen exposure.14 Diet as a trigger for flares should be suspected in children with persistent, moderate to severe AD. In these patients, allergen avoidance may lead to improvement but not resolution of AD. Allergens ordered from most common to least common are the following: eggs, milk, peanuts/tree nuts, shellfish, soy, and wheat.15 Additionally, it is important to note that children with AD are at higher risk for developing life-threatening, IgE-mediated food allergies compared to the general population (37% vs 6.8%).16,17 The LEAP (Learning Early about Peanut Allergy) study led to a paradigm shift in prevention of peanut allergies in high-risk children (ie, those with severe AD and/or egg allergy), providing data to support the idea that early introduction of allergenic foods such as peanuts may prevent severe allergies.18 Further studies are necessary to clarify the population in which allergen testing and recommendations on food avoidance are warranted vs early introduction.19
Conclusion
Early data support the relationship between diet and many common dermatologic conditions, including acne, psoriasis, and AD. Dermatologists should be familiar with the evidence supporting the relationship between diet and various skin conditions to best answer patients’ questions and counsel as appropriate. It is important for dermatologists to continue to stay up-to-date on the literature on this subject as new data emerge. Knowledge about the relationship between diet and skin allows dermatologists to not only support our patients’ skin health but their overall health as well.
- Bowe WP, Joshi SS, Shalita AR. Diet and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:124-141.
- Penso L, Touvier M, Deschasaux M, et al. Association between adult acne and dietary behaviors: findings from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:854-862.
- Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787-793.
- Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12:1.
- Silverberg NB. Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes. Cutis. 2012;90:70-72.
- Cengiz FP, Cemil BC, Emiroglu N, et al. Acne located on the trunk, whey protein supplementation: is there any association? Health Promot Perspect. 2017;7:106-108.
- Ben-Amitai D, Laron Z. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency or administration on the occurrence of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:950-954.
- Jensen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and obesity [published online February 23, 2017]. Dermatology. 2016;232:633-639.
- Extreme obesity, and what you can do. American Heart Association website. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/losing-weight/extreme-obesity-and-what-you-can-do. Updated April 18, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2020.
- Naldi L, Conti A, Cazzaniga S, et al. Diet and physical exercise in psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:634-642.
- Elmets CA, Leonardi CL, Davis DMR, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with awareness and attention to comorbidities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1073-1113.
- Phan C, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. Association between Mediterranean anti-inflammatory dietary profile and severity of psoriasis: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1017-1024.
- Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Kittanamongkolchai W. Psoriasis and risk of celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Dermatol. 2017;62:41-46.
- Silverberg NB, Lee-Wong M, Yosipovitch G. Diet and atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2016;97:227-232.
- Bieber T, Bussmann C. Atopic dermatitis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. China: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:203-218.
- Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, et al. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E8.
- Age-adjusted percentages (with standard errors) of hay fever, respiratory allergies, food allergies, and skin allergies in the past 12 months for children under age 18 years, by selected characteristics: United States, 2016. CDC website. https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2016_SHS_Table_C-2.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2020.
- Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al; LEAP study team. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:803-813.
- Sugita K, Akdis CA. Recent developments and advances in atopic dermatitis and food allergy [published online October 22, 2019]. Allergol Int. 2020;69:204-214.
Dermatologists frequently learn about skin conditions that are directly linked to diet. For example, we know that nutritional deficiencies can impact the hair, skin, and nails, and that celiac disease manifests with dermatitis herpetiformis of the skin. Patients commonly ask their dermatologists about the impact of diet on their skin. There are many outdated myths, but research on the subject is increasingly demonstrating important associations. Dermatologists must become familiar with the data on this topic so that we can provide informed counseling for our patients. This article reviews the current literature on associations between diet and 3 common cutaneous conditions—acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis [AD]—and provides tips on how to best address our patients’ questions on this topic.
Acne
Studies increasingly support an association between a high glycemic diet (foods that lead to a spike in serum glucose) and acne; Bowe et al1 provided an excellent summary of the topic in 2010. This year, a large prospective cohort study of more than 24,000 participants demonstrated an association between adult acne and a diet high in milk, sugary beverages and foods, and fatty foods.2 In prospective cohort studies of more than 6000 adolescent girls and 4000 adolescent boys, Adebamowo et al3,4 demonstrated a correlation between skim milk consumption and acne. Whey protein supplementation also has been implicated in acne flares.5,6 The biological mechanism of the impact of high glycemic index foods and acne is believed to be mainly via activation of the insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway, which promotes androgen synthesis and increases androgen bioavailability via decreased synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin.1,2 Insulinlike growth factor 1 also stimulates its downstream target, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), leading to activation of antiapoptotic and proliferation signaling, ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation causing acne.2 Penso et al2 noted that patients with IGF-1 deficiency (Laron syndrome) never develop acne unless treated with exogenous IGF-1, further supporting its role in acne formation.7 There currently is a paucity of randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of diet on acne.
Psoriasis
The literature consistently shows that obesity is a predisposing factor for psoriasis. Additionally, weight gain may cause flares of existing psoriasis.8 Promotion of a healthy diet is an important factor in the management of obesity, alongside physical activity and, in some cases, medication and bariatric surgery.9 Patients with psoriasis who are overweight have been shown to experience improvement in their psoriasis after weight loss secondary to diet and exercise.8,10 The joint American Academy of Dermatology and National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines recommend that dermatologists advise patients to practice a healthy lifestyle including a healthy diet and communicate with a patient’s primary care provider so they can be appropriately evaluated and treated for comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.11 In the NutriNet-Santé cohort study, investigators found an inverse correlation between psoriasis severity and adherence to a Mediterranean diet, which the authors conclude supports the hypothesis that this may slow the progression of psoriasis.12 In a single meta-analysis, it was reported that patients with psoriasis have a 3-fold increased risk for celiac disease compared to the general population.13 It remains unknown if these data are generalizable to the US population. Dermatologists should consider screening patients with psoriasis for celiac disease based on reported symptoms. When suspected, it is necessary to order appropriate serologies and consider referral to gastroenterology prior to recommending a gluten-free diet, as elimination of gluten prior to testing may lead to false-negative results.
Atopic Dermatitis
Patients and parents/guardians of children with AD often ask about the impact of diet on the condition. A small minority of patients may experience flares of AD due to ongoing, non–IgE-mediated allergen exposure.14 Diet as a trigger for flares should be suspected in children with persistent, moderate to severe AD. In these patients, allergen avoidance may lead to improvement but not resolution of AD. Allergens ordered from most common to least common are the following: eggs, milk, peanuts/tree nuts, shellfish, soy, and wheat.15 Additionally, it is important to note that children with AD are at higher risk for developing life-threatening, IgE-mediated food allergies compared to the general population (37% vs 6.8%).16,17 The LEAP (Learning Early about Peanut Allergy) study led to a paradigm shift in prevention of peanut allergies in high-risk children (ie, those with severe AD and/or egg allergy), providing data to support the idea that early introduction of allergenic foods such as peanuts may prevent severe allergies.18 Further studies are necessary to clarify the population in which allergen testing and recommendations on food avoidance are warranted vs early introduction.19
Conclusion
Early data support the relationship between diet and many common dermatologic conditions, including acne, psoriasis, and AD. Dermatologists should be familiar with the evidence supporting the relationship between diet and various skin conditions to best answer patients’ questions and counsel as appropriate. It is important for dermatologists to continue to stay up-to-date on the literature on this subject as new data emerge. Knowledge about the relationship between diet and skin allows dermatologists to not only support our patients’ skin health but their overall health as well.
Dermatologists frequently learn about skin conditions that are directly linked to diet. For example, we know that nutritional deficiencies can impact the hair, skin, and nails, and that celiac disease manifests with dermatitis herpetiformis of the skin. Patients commonly ask their dermatologists about the impact of diet on their skin. There are many outdated myths, but research on the subject is increasingly demonstrating important associations. Dermatologists must become familiar with the data on this topic so that we can provide informed counseling for our patients. This article reviews the current literature on associations between diet and 3 common cutaneous conditions—acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis [AD]—and provides tips on how to best address our patients’ questions on this topic.
Acne
Studies increasingly support an association between a high glycemic diet (foods that lead to a spike in serum glucose) and acne; Bowe et al1 provided an excellent summary of the topic in 2010. This year, a large prospective cohort study of more than 24,000 participants demonstrated an association between adult acne and a diet high in milk, sugary beverages and foods, and fatty foods.2 In prospective cohort studies of more than 6000 adolescent girls and 4000 adolescent boys, Adebamowo et al3,4 demonstrated a correlation between skim milk consumption and acne. Whey protein supplementation also has been implicated in acne flares.5,6 The biological mechanism of the impact of high glycemic index foods and acne is believed to be mainly via activation of the insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway, which promotes androgen synthesis and increases androgen bioavailability via decreased synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin.1,2 Insulinlike growth factor 1 also stimulates its downstream target, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), leading to activation of antiapoptotic and proliferation signaling, ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation causing acne.2 Penso et al2 noted that patients with IGF-1 deficiency (Laron syndrome) never develop acne unless treated with exogenous IGF-1, further supporting its role in acne formation.7 There currently is a paucity of randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of diet on acne.
Psoriasis
The literature consistently shows that obesity is a predisposing factor for psoriasis. Additionally, weight gain may cause flares of existing psoriasis.8 Promotion of a healthy diet is an important factor in the management of obesity, alongside physical activity and, in some cases, medication and bariatric surgery.9 Patients with psoriasis who are overweight have been shown to experience improvement in their psoriasis after weight loss secondary to diet and exercise.8,10 The joint American Academy of Dermatology and National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines recommend that dermatologists advise patients to practice a healthy lifestyle including a healthy diet and communicate with a patient’s primary care provider so they can be appropriately evaluated and treated for comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.11 In the NutriNet-Santé cohort study, investigators found an inverse correlation between psoriasis severity and adherence to a Mediterranean diet, which the authors conclude supports the hypothesis that this may slow the progression of psoriasis.12 In a single meta-analysis, it was reported that patients with psoriasis have a 3-fold increased risk for celiac disease compared to the general population.13 It remains unknown if these data are generalizable to the US population. Dermatologists should consider screening patients with psoriasis for celiac disease based on reported symptoms. When suspected, it is necessary to order appropriate serologies and consider referral to gastroenterology prior to recommending a gluten-free diet, as elimination of gluten prior to testing may lead to false-negative results.
Atopic Dermatitis
Patients and parents/guardians of children with AD often ask about the impact of diet on the condition. A small minority of patients may experience flares of AD due to ongoing, non–IgE-mediated allergen exposure.14 Diet as a trigger for flares should be suspected in children with persistent, moderate to severe AD. In these patients, allergen avoidance may lead to improvement but not resolution of AD. Allergens ordered from most common to least common are the following: eggs, milk, peanuts/tree nuts, shellfish, soy, and wheat.15 Additionally, it is important to note that children with AD are at higher risk for developing life-threatening, IgE-mediated food allergies compared to the general population (37% vs 6.8%).16,17 The LEAP (Learning Early about Peanut Allergy) study led to a paradigm shift in prevention of peanut allergies in high-risk children (ie, those with severe AD and/or egg allergy), providing data to support the idea that early introduction of allergenic foods such as peanuts may prevent severe allergies.18 Further studies are necessary to clarify the population in which allergen testing and recommendations on food avoidance are warranted vs early introduction.19
Conclusion
Early data support the relationship between diet and many common dermatologic conditions, including acne, psoriasis, and AD. Dermatologists should be familiar with the evidence supporting the relationship between diet and various skin conditions to best answer patients’ questions and counsel as appropriate. It is important for dermatologists to continue to stay up-to-date on the literature on this subject as new data emerge. Knowledge about the relationship between diet and skin allows dermatologists to not only support our patients’ skin health but their overall health as well.
- Bowe WP, Joshi SS, Shalita AR. Diet and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:124-141.
- Penso L, Touvier M, Deschasaux M, et al. Association between adult acne and dietary behaviors: findings from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:854-862.
- Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787-793.
- Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12:1.
- Silverberg NB. Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes. Cutis. 2012;90:70-72.
- Cengiz FP, Cemil BC, Emiroglu N, et al. Acne located on the trunk, whey protein supplementation: is there any association? Health Promot Perspect. 2017;7:106-108.
- Ben-Amitai D, Laron Z. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency or administration on the occurrence of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:950-954.
- Jensen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and obesity [published online February 23, 2017]. Dermatology. 2016;232:633-639.
- Extreme obesity, and what you can do. American Heart Association website. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/losing-weight/extreme-obesity-and-what-you-can-do. Updated April 18, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2020.
- Naldi L, Conti A, Cazzaniga S, et al. Diet and physical exercise in psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:634-642.
- Elmets CA, Leonardi CL, Davis DMR, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with awareness and attention to comorbidities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1073-1113.
- Phan C, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. Association between Mediterranean anti-inflammatory dietary profile and severity of psoriasis: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1017-1024.
- Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Kittanamongkolchai W. Psoriasis and risk of celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Dermatol. 2017;62:41-46.
- Silverberg NB, Lee-Wong M, Yosipovitch G. Diet and atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2016;97:227-232.
- Bieber T, Bussmann C. Atopic dermatitis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. China: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:203-218.
- Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, et al. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E8.
- Age-adjusted percentages (with standard errors) of hay fever, respiratory allergies, food allergies, and skin allergies in the past 12 months for children under age 18 years, by selected characteristics: United States, 2016. CDC website. https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2016_SHS_Table_C-2.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2020.
- Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al; LEAP study team. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:803-813.
- Sugita K, Akdis CA. Recent developments and advances in atopic dermatitis and food allergy [published online October 22, 2019]. Allergol Int. 2020;69:204-214.
- Bowe WP, Joshi SS, Shalita AR. Diet and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:124-141.
- Penso L, Touvier M, Deschasaux M, et al. Association between adult acne and dietary behaviors: findings from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:854-862.
- Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787-793.
- Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12:1.
- Silverberg NB. Whey protein precipitating moderate to severe acne flares in 5 teenaged athletes. Cutis. 2012;90:70-72.
- Cengiz FP, Cemil BC, Emiroglu N, et al. Acne located on the trunk, whey protein supplementation: is there any association? Health Promot Perspect. 2017;7:106-108.
- Ben-Amitai D, Laron Z. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency or administration on the occurrence of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:950-954.
- Jensen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and obesity [published online February 23, 2017]. Dermatology. 2016;232:633-639.
- Extreme obesity, and what you can do. American Heart Association website. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/losing-weight/extreme-obesity-and-what-you-can-do. Updated April 18, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2020.
- Naldi L, Conti A, Cazzaniga S, et al. Diet and physical exercise in psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:634-642.
- Elmets CA, Leonardi CL, Davis DMR, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with awareness and attention to comorbidities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1073-1113.
- Phan C, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. Association between Mediterranean anti-inflammatory dietary profile and severity of psoriasis: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:1017-1024.
- Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Kittanamongkolchai W. Psoriasis and risk of celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Dermatol. 2017;62:41-46.
- Silverberg NB, Lee-Wong M, Yosipovitch G. Diet and atopic dermatitis. Cutis. 2016;97:227-232.
- Bieber T, Bussmann C. Atopic dermatitis. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. China: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:203-218.
- Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, et al. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E8.
- Age-adjusted percentages (with standard errors) of hay fever, respiratory allergies, food allergies, and skin allergies in the past 12 months for children under age 18 years, by selected characteristics: United States, 2016. CDC website. https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2016_SHS_Table_C-2.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2020.
- Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al; LEAP study team. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:803-813.
- Sugita K, Akdis CA. Recent developments and advances in atopic dermatitis and food allergy [published online October 22, 2019]. Allergol Int. 2020;69:204-214.
Resident Pearls
- There are strong data on the relationship between dietary patterns and skin conditions.
- High glycemic index foods (eg, skim milk, whey protein, sugary beverages, fatty foods) are associated with acne vulgaris.
- Obesity is a risk factor for psoriasis; weight loss interventions such as improved dietary patterns can improve psoriasis.
- Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) are at higher risk for food allergies (both IgE and non–IgE-mediated allergies). A small subset may experience flares in their AD in relation to non–IgE-mediated food allergies.
Racial Disparities in Dermatology Training: The Impact on Black Patients
Although physicians commit themselves to providing equitable treatment to all patients, significant disparities remain in the dermatologic care of Black patients, who constitute 13% of the US population, which continues to grow increasingly diverse.1 Despite these changes in the population, the literature demonstrates that dermatologic training does not adequately focus on unique presentations of cutaneous pathology in the Black population.2,3 Accordingly, medical students lack proper training in how skin disorders manifest in people of color. Compounding the problem, only 3% of dermatologists are Black, creating a cultural barrier that can compromise care for Black patients.2,4 Racial disparities in dermatology training can compromise treatment, patient satisfaction, and outcomes.3
Issues in Medical Education Training and Resources
Lack of diversity in the resources used for dermatology training in medical schools affects diagnosis and treatment, as skin manifestations such as hypersensitivity reactions, rashes, and cancer can appear differently on different skin tones.5 A study of medical students’ ability to diagnose common dermatologic pathologies found that when trainees were presented with photographs of dark skin, their accuracy in identifying urticaria, squamous cell carcinoma, and even atopic dermatitis was reduced, despite these diseases being more prevalent in children of African American ancestry.4,6
Dermatologic diseases also can have different distributions in different races; for example, on non–sun-exposed sites, squamous cell carcinoma in Black patients occurs at 8.5 times the frequency of White patients.7 Failure to identify diseases accurately due to insufficient training can have grave consequences for patients. Although skin cancer is less common in individuals with skin of color, it is associated with greater morbidity and mortality, in part due to delayed diagnosis.7
Inadequate research, reporting, and instruction on dermatologic findings in patients with darker complexions further compound racial disparities in dermatology. A 2006 study of the representation of darker skin in major dermatology educational resources found that only 2% of teaching events at American Academy of Dermatology annual meetings focused on skin of color. Furthermore, the study determined that many common diseases in patients with dark skin, such as acne vulgaris and pityriasis rosea, were completely absent or limited in dermatology textbooks.8
Impact on the Black Patient Experience
Patients’ therapeutic relationship with their physician also is damaged by limitations in training in diverse skin color. A study that assessed Black patients seen in a skin of color clinic (SOCC) compared to Black patients seen in a non-SOCC found that non-SOCC patients reported a lower degree of respect, dignity, understanding, and trust compared to the patients seen in a SOCC. Black patients expressed specific concerns about non-SOCC dermatologists’ knowledge of abnormalities that present in darker skin and Black hair.3 These findings are compounded by reports suggesting that, independent of care, structural racism contributes to dermatologic disease severity by influencing patient education level, household income, and degree of exposure to harmful environmental irritants.6
Racial disparities continue to be seen in the makeup of the universe of dermatologists and skin researchers. As of 2016, only 3% of dermatologists were Black, making dermatology one of the least diverse medical specialties.2 Increasing the diversity of the dermatology workforce is important to improve patient satisfaction and treatment, both for minority and nonminority patients. Compared to race-discordant medical visits, race-concordant visits were shown to have a higher rate of satisfaction and better shared decision-making.9 Also, minority physicians are more likely to practice health care in areas that are traditionally underserved and to care for patients who do not have health insurance, making their participation essential in addressing some of the baseline disparities Black patients face in securing quality dermatologic care.1
Structural Racism in Medicine
Changing dermatology training to ensure improved treatment of Black patients requires not only increased attention to differences in disease presentation but also heightened awareness of underlying genetic, environmental, and structural factors that contribute to the disease course.6 For example, there is evidence suggesting that structural racism in the form of residential segregation, lower socioeconomic status, and lower educational attainment contribute to disease severity in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. There is additional evidence suggesting that White patients are more readily offered therapeutic options than Black patients. A study of racial disparities in psoriasis treatment found that Black patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were 70% less likely to receive treatment with a biologic than White patients, independent of socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, and insurance plans.10
Moving Forward
Although research continues to underscore racial disparities in dermatology, some leaders in the field are actively combating these problems. A recent study that looked at representations of dark skin images in medical educational resources found far greater representation of dark pigmented skin in web-based resources than in traditional printed texts. Specifically, the online resource VisualDx (https://www.visualdx.com/) features 28.5% dark skin images compared to 10.3% (on average) in printed dermatology books.11 There also is increasing public awareness of these issues, with organizations such as the Skin of Color Society (http://skinofcolorsociety.org/) helping to promote interest in racial disparities in dermatology. Physicians also have created textbooks and social media accounts focused on dermatologic manifestations in skin of color.12 The Instagram account Brown Skin Matters (@brownskinmatters) has created a publicly accessible online resource where physicians and patients can see and post dermatologic diseases in skin of color.5
Final Thoughts
It is critical that physicians be trained to identify skin and hair manifestations of disease and disorders in Black patients. Training can be improved by including more images of skin manifestations in dark skin, both in medical school curricula and in new editions of dermatology textbooks. Training also must teach students about hair in Black individuals and how to properly treat it as well as related conditions of the hair and scalp.13 More research also is needed to better understand how dermatologists can improve the patient experience for Black patients. Residency programs must work to increase diversity among dermatology trainees.
Lastly, dermatology education should increasingly be supplemented with newer, web-based resources that show dermatologic manifestations across the spectrum of skin tones. Dermatology training must be adapted to better account for diverse patient populations and increase its focus on the systems that produce baseline disparities in disease morbidity and mortality.
- Pandya AG, Alexis AF, Berger TG, et al. Increasing racial and ethnic diversity in dermatology: a call to action. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:584-587.
- Gallegos A. Dermatology lacks diversity. Dermatology News. June 1, 2016. Accessed November 18, 2020. https://www.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/108920/practice-management/dermatology-lacks-diversity.
- Gorbatenko-Roth K, Prose N, Kundu RV, et al. Assessment of black patients’ perception of their dermatology care. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155:1129-1134.
- Fenton A, Elliott E, Shahbandi A, et al. Medical students’ ability to diagnose common dermatologic conditions in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:957-958.
- Prichep D. Diagnostic gaps: skin comes in many shades and so do rashes. NPR website. November 14, 2019. Accessed November 19, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/11/04/774910915/diagnostic-gaps-skin-comes-in-many-shades-and-so-do-rashes.
- Tackett KJ, Jenkins F, Morrell DS, et al. Structural racism and its influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in African American children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37:142-146.
- Gloster HM, Neal K. Skin cancer in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:741-760.
- Ebede T, Papier A. Disparities in dermatology educational resources. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:687-690.
- Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, et al. Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:907-915.
- Takeshita J, Eriksen WT, Raziano VT, et al. Racial differences in perceptions of psoriasis therapies: implications for racial disparities in psoriasis treatment. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:1672-1679.e1.
- Alvarado SM, Feng H. Representation of dark skin images of common dermatologic conditions in educational resources: a cross-sectional analysis [published online June 18, 2020]. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.041.
- Rabin RC. Dermatology has a problem with skin color. The New York Times. August 30, 2020. http://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/health/skin-diseases-black-hispanic.html. Accessed November 19, 2020.
- Bosley RE, Daveluy S. A primer to natural hair care practices in black patients. Cutis. 2015;95:78-80.
Although physicians commit themselves to providing equitable treatment to all patients, significant disparities remain in the dermatologic care of Black patients, who constitute 13% of the US population, which continues to grow increasingly diverse.1 Despite these changes in the population, the literature demonstrates that dermatologic training does not adequately focus on unique presentations of cutaneous pathology in the Black population.2,3 Accordingly, medical students lack proper training in how skin disorders manifest in people of color. Compounding the problem, only 3% of dermatologists are Black, creating a cultural barrier that can compromise care for Black patients.2,4 Racial disparities in dermatology training can compromise treatment, patient satisfaction, and outcomes.3
Issues in Medical Education Training and Resources
Lack of diversity in the resources used for dermatology training in medical schools affects diagnosis and treatment, as skin manifestations such as hypersensitivity reactions, rashes, and cancer can appear differently on different skin tones.5 A study of medical students’ ability to diagnose common dermatologic pathologies found that when trainees were presented with photographs of dark skin, their accuracy in identifying urticaria, squamous cell carcinoma, and even atopic dermatitis was reduced, despite these diseases being more prevalent in children of African American ancestry.4,6
Dermatologic diseases also can have different distributions in different races; for example, on non–sun-exposed sites, squamous cell carcinoma in Black patients occurs at 8.5 times the frequency of White patients.7 Failure to identify diseases accurately due to insufficient training can have grave consequences for patients. Although skin cancer is less common in individuals with skin of color, it is associated with greater morbidity and mortality, in part due to delayed diagnosis.7
Inadequate research, reporting, and instruction on dermatologic findings in patients with darker complexions further compound racial disparities in dermatology. A 2006 study of the representation of darker skin in major dermatology educational resources found that only 2% of teaching events at American Academy of Dermatology annual meetings focused on skin of color. Furthermore, the study determined that many common diseases in patients with dark skin, such as acne vulgaris and pityriasis rosea, were completely absent or limited in dermatology textbooks.8
Impact on the Black Patient Experience
Patients’ therapeutic relationship with their physician also is damaged by limitations in training in diverse skin color. A study that assessed Black patients seen in a skin of color clinic (SOCC) compared to Black patients seen in a non-SOCC found that non-SOCC patients reported a lower degree of respect, dignity, understanding, and trust compared to the patients seen in a SOCC. Black patients expressed specific concerns about non-SOCC dermatologists’ knowledge of abnormalities that present in darker skin and Black hair.3 These findings are compounded by reports suggesting that, independent of care, structural racism contributes to dermatologic disease severity by influencing patient education level, household income, and degree of exposure to harmful environmental irritants.6
Racial disparities continue to be seen in the makeup of the universe of dermatologists and skin researchers. As of 2016, only 3% of dermatologists were Black, making dermatology one of the least diverse medical specialties.2 Increasing the diversity of the dermatology workforce is important to improve patient satisfaction and treatment, both for minority and nonminority patients. Compared to race-discordant medical visits, race-concordant visits were shown to have a higher rate of satisfaction and better shared decision-making.9 Also, minority physicians are more likely to practice health care in areas that are traditionally underserved and to care for patients who do not have health insurance, making their participation essential in addressing some of the baseline disparities Black patients face in securing quality dermatologic care.1
Structural Racism in Medicine
Changing dermatology training to ensure improved treatment of Black patients requires not only increased attention to differences in disease presentation but also heightened awareness of underlying genetic, environmental, and structural factors that contribute to the disease course.6 For example, there is evidence suggesting that structural racism in the form of residential segregation, lower socioeconomic status, and lower educational attainment contribute to disease severity in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. There is additional evidence suggesting that White patients are more readily offered therapeutic options than Black patients. A study of racial disparities in psoriasis treatment found that Black patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were 70% less likely to receive treatment with a biologic than White patients, independent of socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, and insurance plans.10
Moving Forward
Although research continues to underscore racial disparities in dermatology, some leaders in the field are actively combating these problems. A recent study that looked at representations of dark skin images in medical educational resources found far greater representation of dark pigmented skin in web-based resources than in traditional printed texts. Specifically, the online resource VisualDx (https://www.visualdx.com/) features 28.5% dark skin images compared to 10.3% (on average) in printed dermatology books.11 There also is increasing public awareness of these issues, with organizations such as the Skin of Color Society (http://skinofcolorsociety.org/) helping to promote interest in racial disparities in dermatology. Physicians also have created textbooks and social media accounts focused on dermatologic manifestations in skin of color.12 The Instagram account Brown Skin Matters (@brownskinmatters) has created a publicly accessible online resource where physicians and patients can see and post dermatologic diseases in skin of color.5
Final Thoughts
It is critical that physicians be trained to identify skin and hair manifestations of disease and disorders in Black patients. Training can be improved by including more images of skin manifestations in dark skin, both in medical school curricula and in new editions of dermatology textbooks. Training also must teach students about hair in Black individuals and how to properly treat it as well as related conditions of the hair and scalp.13 More research also is needed to better understand how dermatologists can improve the patient experience for Black patients. Residency programs must work to increase diversity among dermatology trainees.
Lastly, dermatology education should increasingly be supplemented with newer, web-based resources that show dermatologic manifestations across the spectrum of skin tones. Dermatology training must be adapted to better account for diverse patient populations and increase its focus on the systems that produce baseline disparities in disease morbidity and mortality.
Although physicians commit themselves to providing equitable treatment to all patients, significant disparities remain in the dermatologic care of Black patients, who constitute 13% of the US population, which continues to grow increasingly diverse.1 Despite these changes in the population, the literature demonstrates that dermatologic training does not adequately focus on unique presentations of cutaneous pathology in the Black population.2,3 Accordingly, medical students lack proper training in how skin disorders manifest in people of color. Compounding the problem, only 3% of dermatologists are Black, creating a cultural barrier that can compromise care for Black patients.2,4 Racial disparities in dermatology training can compromise treatment, patient satisfaction, and outcomes.3
Issues in Medical Education Training and Resources
Lack of diversity in the resources used for dermatology training in medical schools affects diagnosis and treatment, as skin manifestations such as hypersensitivity reactions, rashes, and cancer can appear differently on different skin tones.5 A study of medical students’ ability to diagnose common dermatologic pathologies found that when trainees were presented with photographs of dark skin, their accuracy in identifying urticaria, squamous cell carcinoma, and even atopic dermatitis was reduced, despite these diseases being more prevalent in children of African American ancestry.4,6
Dermatologic diseases also can have different distributions in different races; for example, on non–sun-exposed sites, squamous cell carcinoma in Black patients occurs at 8.5 times the frequency of White patients.7 Failure to identify diseases accurately due to insufficient training can have grave consequences for patients. Although skin cancer is less common in individuals with skin of color, it is associated with greater morbidity and mortality, in part due to delayed diagnosis.7
Inadequate research, reporting, and instruction on dermatologic findings in patients with darker complexions further compound racial disparities in dermatology. A 2006 study of the representation of darker skin in major dermatology educational resources found that only 2% of teaching events at American Academy of Dermatology annual meetings focused on skin of color. Furthermore, the study determined that many common diseases in patients with dark skin, such as acne vulgaris and pityriasis rosea, were completely absent or limited in dermatology textbooks.8
Impact on the Black Patient Experience
Patients’ therapeutic relationship with their physician also is damaged by limitations in training in diverse skin color. A study that assessed Black patients seen in a skin of color clinic (SOCC) compared to Black patients seen in a non-SOCC found that non-SOCC patients reported a lower degree of respect, dignity, understanding, and trust compared to the patients seen in a SOCC. Black patients expressed specific concerns about non-SOCC dermatologists’ knowledge of abnormalities that present in darker skin and Black hair.3 These findings are compounded by reports suggesting that, independent of care, structural racism contributes to dermatologic disease severity by influencing patient education level, household income, and degree of exposure to harmful environmental irritants.6
Racial disparities continue to be seen in the makeup of the universe of dermatologists and skin researchers. As of 2016, only 3% of dermatologists were Black, making dermatology one of the least diverse medical specialties.2 Increasing the diversity of the dermatology workforce is important to improve patient satisfaction and treatment, both for minority and nonminority patients. Compared to race-discordant medical visits, race-concordant visits were shown to have a higher rate of satisfaction and better shared decision-making.9 Also, minority physicians are more likely to practice health care in areas that are traditionally underserved and to care for patients who do not have health insurance, making their participation essential in addressing some of the baseline disparities Black patients face in securing quality dermatologic care.1
Structural Racism in Medicine
Changing dermatology training to ensure improved treatment of Black patients requires not only increased attention to differences in disease presentation but also heightened awareness of underlying genetic, environmental, and structural factors that contribute to the disease course.6 For example, there is evidence suggesting that structural racism in the form of residential segregation, lower socioeconomic status, and lower educational attainment contribute to disease severity in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. There is additional evidence suggesting that White patients are more readily offered therapeutic options than Black patients. A study of racial disparities in psoriasis treatment found that Black patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were 70% less likely to receive treatment with a biologic than White patients, independent of socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, and insurance plans.10
Moving Forward
Although research continues to underscore racial disparities in dermatology, some leaders in the field are actively combating these problems. A recent study that looked at representations of dark skin images in medical educational resources found far greater representation of dark pigmented skin in web-based resources than in traditional printed texts. Specifically, the online resource VisualDx (https://www.visualdx.com/) features 28.5% dark skin images compared to 10.3% (on average) in printed dermatology books.11 There also is increasing public awareness of these issues, with organizations such as the Skin of Color Society (http://skinofcolorsociety.org/) helping to promote interest in racial disparities in dermatology. Physicians also have created textbooks and social media accounts focused on dermatologic manifestations in skin of color.12 The Instagram account Brown Skin Matters (@brownskinmatters) has created a publicly accessible online resource where physicians and patients can see and post dermatologic diseases in skin of color.5
Final Thoughts
It is critical that physicians be trained to identify skin and hair manifestations of disease and disorders in Black patients. Training can be improved by including more images of skin manifestations in dark skin, both in medical school curricula and in new editions of dermatology textbooks. Training also must teach students about hair in Black individuals and how to properly treat it as well as related conditions of the hair and scalp.13 More research also is needed to better understand how dermatologists can improve the patient experience for Black patients. Residency programs must work to increase diversity among dermatology trainees.
Lastly, dermatology education should increasingly be supplemented with newer, web-based resources that show dermatologic manifestations across the spectrum of skin tones. Dermatology training must be adapted to better account for diverse patient populations and increase its focus on the systems that produce baseline disparities in disease morbidity and mortality.
- Pandya AG, Alexis AF, Berger TG, et al. Increasing racial and ethnic diversity in dermatology: a call to action. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:584-587.
- Gallegos A. Dermatology lacks diversity. Dermatology News. June 1, 2016. Accessed November 18, 2020. https://www.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/108920/practice-management/dermatology-lacks-diversity.
- Gorbatenko-Roth K, Prose N, Kundu RV, et al. Assessment of black patients’ perception of their dermatology care. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155:1129-1134.
- Fenton A, Elliott E, Shahbandi A, et al. Medical students’ ability to diagnose common dermatologic conditions in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:957-958.
- Prichep D. Diagnostic gaps: skin comes in many shades and so do rashes. NPR website. November 14, 2019. Accessed November 19, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/11/04/774910915/diagnostic-gaps-skin-comes-in-many-shades-and-so-do-rashes.
- Tackett KJ, Jenkins F, Morrell DS, et al. Structural racism and its influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in African American children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37:142-146.
- Gloster HM, Neal K. Skin cancer in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:741-760.
- Ebede T, Papier A. Disparities in dermatology educational resources. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:687-690.
- Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, et al. Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:907-915.
- Takeshita J, Eriksen WT, Raziano VT, et al. Racial differences in perceptions of psoriasis therapies: implications for racial disparities in psoriasis treatment. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:1672-1679.e1.
- Alvarado SM, Feng H. Representation of dark skin images of common dermatologic conditions in educational resources: a cross-sectional analysis [published online June 18, 2020]. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.041.
- Rabin RC. Dermatology has a problem with skin color. The New York Times. August 30, 2020. http://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/health/skin-diseases-black-hispanic.html. Accessed November 19, 2020.
- Bosley RE, Daveluy S. A primer to natural hair care practices in black patients. Cutis. 2015;95:78-80.
- Pandya AG, Alexis AF, Berger TG, et al. Increasing racial and ethnic diversity in dermatology: a call to action. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:584-587.
- Gallegos A. Dermatology lacks diversity. Dermatology News. June 1, 2016. Accessed November 18, 2020. https://www.mdedge.com/dermatology/article/108920/practice-management/dermatology-lacks-diversity.
- Gorbatenko-Roth K, Prose N, Kundu RV, et al. Assessment of black patients’ perception of their dermatology care. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155:1129-1134.
- Fenton A, Elliott E, Shahbandi A, et al. Medical students’ ability to diagnose common dermatologic conditions in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:957-958.
- Prichep D. Diagnostic gaps: skin comes in many shades and so do rashes. NPR website. November 14, 2019. Accessed November 19, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/11/04/774910915/diagnostic-gaps-skin-comes-in-many-shades-and-so-do-rashes.
- Tackett KJ, Jenkins F, Morrell DS, et al. Structural racism and its influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in African American children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37:142-146.
- Gloster HM, Neal K. Skin cancer in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:741-760.
- Ebede T, Papier A. Disparities in dermatology educational resources. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:687-690.
- Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, et al. Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:907-915.
- Takeshita J, Eriksen WT, Raziano VT, et al. Racial differences in perceptions of psoriasis therapies: implications for racial disparities in psoriasis treatment. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:1672-1679.e1.
- Alvarado SM, Feng H. Representation of dark skin images of common dermatologic conditions in educational resources: a cross-sectional analysis [published online June 18, 2020]. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.041.
- Rabin RC. Dermatology has a problem with skin color. The New York Times. August 30, 2020. http://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/health/skin-diseases-black-hispanic.html. Accessed November 19, 2020.
- Bosley RE, Daveluy S. A primer to natural hair care practices in black patients. Cutis. 2015;95:78-80.
Practice Points
- Dermatologists should be aware of the existing health disparities in dermatology training, including lack of representation among dermatologists, treatment, patient satisfaction, and outcomes.
- Dermatologic diseases can present differently in different skin tones, and current dermatology training does not reflect these differences.
- We must continue to work toward increasing diversity of the dermatology workforce, including a diverse range of skin tones in images used in dermatology training, and teaching trainees how diseases present differently in different skin tones.
Novel topical acne combo hits marks in phase 3 trials
A novel proprietary James Del Rosso, MD, reported at MedscapeLive’s annual Las Vegas Dermatology Seminar, held virtually this year.
Sol-Gel Technologies, the Israeli company developing the fixed-dose cream, called Twyneo, has applied to the Food and Drug Administration for marketing approval.
The product combines two workhorse topical agents for the treatment of acne, which are ordinarily incompatible, since benzoyl peroxide degrades tretinoin and reduces its effectiveness. The company’s silica-based microencapsulation technology overcomes that obstacle, explained Dr. Del Rosso, a dermatologist at JDR Research in Las Vegas.
The two identical phase 3, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trials included a total of 858 patients ages 9 years and older with moderate to severe acne enrolled at 63 U.S. sites. Participants were randomized 2:1 to once-daily application of Twyneo or its vehicle cream for 12 weeks.
In one trial, the coprimary endpoint of at least a two-grade reduction and clear or almost clear skin at week 12 on a 5-point Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scale was achieved in 38.5% of patients on Twyneo and 11.5% of controls. In the other trial, the IGA success rates were 25.4% and 14.7%. In both trials, the between-group difference was statistically significant.
The other coprimary endpoints were the absolute change from baseline in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts. Inflammatory lesions were reduced by 21.6% and 16.2% in the active treatment arms of the two trials, compared with 14.8% and 14.1% reductions in the control groups. Noninflammatory lesion counts fell by 29.7% and 24.2% in patients on active treatment, versus 19.8% and 17.4% reductions in controls. The between-group differences were statistically significant.
Skin tolerability of Twyneo was “very good” and similar to vehicle, according to Dr. Del Rosso.
He reported receiving research funding from Sol-Gel, the studies’ sponsor.
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.
[email protected]
A novel proprietary James Del Rosso, MD, reported at MedscapeLive’s annual Las Vegas Dermatology Seminar, held virtually this year.
Sol-Gel Technologies, the Israeli company developing the fixed-dose cream, called Twyneo, has applied to the Food and Drug Administration for marketing approval.
The product combines two workhorse topical agents for the treatment of acne, which are ordinarily incompatible, since benzoyl peroxide degrades tretinoin and reduces its effectiveness. The company’s silica-based microencapsulation technology overcomes that obstacle, explained Dr. Del Rosso, a dermatologist at JDR Research in Las Vegas.
The two identical phase 3, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trials included a total of 858 patients ages 9 years and older with moderate to severe acne enrolled at 63 U.S. sites. Participants were randomized 2:1 to once-daily application of Twyneo or its vehicle cream for 12 weeks.
In one trial, the coprimary endpoint of at least a two-grade reduction and clear or almost clear skin at week 12 on a 5-point Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scale was achieved in 38.5% of patients on Twyneo and 11.5% of controls. In the other trial, the IGA success rates were 25.4% and 14.7%. In both trials, the between-group difference was statistically significant.
The other coprimary endpoints were the absolute change from baseline in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts. Inflammatory lesions were reduced by 21.6% and 16.2% in the active treatment arms of the two trials, compared with 14.8% and 14.1% reductions in the control groups. Noninflammatory lesion counts fell by 29.7% and 24.2% in patients on active treatment, versus 19.8% and 17.4% reductions in controls. The between-group differences were statistically significant.
Skin tolerability of Twyneo was “very good” and similar to vehicle, according to Dr. Del Rosso.
He reported receiving research funding from Sol-Gel, the studies’ sponsor.
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.
[email protected]
A novel proprietary James Del Rosso, MD, reported at MedscapeLive’s annual Las Vegas Dermatology Seminar, held virtually this year.
Sol-Gel Technologies, the Israeli company developing the fixed-dose cream, called Twyneo, has applied to the Food and Drug Administration for marketing approval.
The product combines two workhorse topical agents for the treatment of acne, which are ordinarily incompatible, since benzoyl peroxide degrades tretinoin and reduces its effectiveness. The company’s silica-based microencapsulation technology overcomes that obstacle, explained Dr. Del Rosso, a dermatologist at JDR Research in Las Vegas.
The two identical phase 3, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trials included a total of 858 patients ages 9 years and older with moderate to severe acne enrolled at 63 U.S. sites. Participants were randomized 2:1 to once-daily application of Twyneo or its vehicle cream for 12 weeks.
In one trial, the coprimary endpoint of at least a two-grade reduction and clear or almost clear skin at week 12 on a 5-point Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) scale was achieved in 38.5% of patients on Twyneo and 11.5% of controls. In the other trial, the IGA success rates were 25.4% and 14.7%. In both trials, the between-group difference was statistically significant.
The other coprimary endpoints were the absolute change from baseline in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts. Inflammatory lesions were reduced by 21.6% and 16.2% in the active treatment arms of the two trials, compared with 14.8% and 14.1% reductions in the control groups. Noninflammatory lesion counts fell by 29.7% and 24.2% in patients on active treatment, versus 19.8% and 17.4% reductions in controls. The between-group differences were statistically significant.
Skin tolerability of Twyneo was “very good” and similar to vehicle, according to Dr. Del Rosso.
He reported receiving research funding from Sol-Gel, the studies’ sponsor.
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.
[email protected]
FROM MEDSCAPELIVE LAS VEGAS DERMATOLOGY SEMINAR
Embrace new and classic acne treatments
Recognizing the ongoing value of benzoyl peroxide, educating patients about the role of antibiotics, and embracing spironolactone are among the acne treatment pearls provided by Hilary Baldwin, MD, during a virtual presentation at MedscapeLive’s annual Las Vegas Dermatology Seminar.
Benzoyl peroxide celebrates its 60th birthday and is still going strong as an acne treatment, said Dr. Baldwin, of the department of dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnston Medical Center, New Brunswick, N.J. Benzoyl peroxide can be used as a stand-alone and has the added benefit of not being associated with antimicrobial resistance. In addition, “benzoyl peroxide is the heavy lifter in combinations,” she said. In fact, benzoyl peroxide can prevent the development of resistance to topical and oral antibiotics such as clindamycin, and can reverse resistance that has occurred, she noted.
However, patient compliance can be an issue. Benzoyl peroxide often is underused because of its tendency to bleach fabric, noted Dr. Baldwin, who is also medical director of The Acne Treatment and Research Center in New York. To help combat this problem and improve compliance, she advises patients to establish a dosing schedule for benzoyl peroxide, such as using it first thing in the morning, or applying in the afternoon and using a paper towel first, or a white towel, to wash their faces at bedtime, she said. When dealing with teenagers, “it sounds like a lot of work, but it makes the mothers much happier not to have their towels bleached.”
Although clinicians want to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in acne, there is a place for antibiotics, but not as monotherapy, Dr. Baldwin said. Instead, initiate topical therapy, such as a retinoid or benzoyl peroxide, simultaneously with antibiotics and evaluate the response in 6-8 weeks, she advised. At that point, the antibiotics can be stopped, even if 100% clearing has not been achieved, and “the topicals can carry you on for months and months,” she noted.
Also, in female patients, consider oral contraceptive pills or spironolactone at the same time as oral antibiotics, then discontinue the antibiotics and continue with the hormonal therapy, she added. “Plan your exit strategy early,” she said. Explain to patients that you will stop the oral antibiotics after 2 months, so they must continue with the topicals.
“Embrace spironolactone if you haven’t already,” said Dr. Baldwin, who noted that spironolactone has been underused in recent years. Spironolactone use for acne has not been well studied, “but consensus groups and expert opinions certainly favor its use,” she added.
Spironolactone takes 3-6 months to reach its full effect, so Dr. Baldwin recommends beginning the therapy in combination with other strategies. “I begin in combination with oral antibiotics,” she said. Also, be sure to check hormone levels before initiating therapy if appropriate. Potential side effects include menstrual irregularities and breast tenderness, but they tend to decrease over time, Dr. Baldwin noted. Other side effects such as CNS symptoms (fatigue, dizziness, and headache) can be eased by paying attention to proper hydration and starting with a lower dose, she added. Studies in younger adults show no reason for concern about potassium levels, but potassium should be checked at baseline in older patients, after the first month, and after a dose increase, she said.
Dr. Baldwin was enthusiastic about the recent introduction of several new treatments for acne: Sarecycline, now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in patients as young as 9 years; trifarotene 0.005% cream, the first 4th generation retinoid, with truncal acne data; tazarotene 0.045% lotion, with improved tolerability; minocycline 4% foam, with high cutaneous levels and minimal systemic absorption; and clascoterone 1% cream, “the first topical antiandrogen and safe for use in males,” she said.
Relevant to her presentation, Dr. Baldwin disclosed relationships as an adviser, speaker, and/or investigator for Almirall, EPI Health, Foamix, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, LaRoche-Posay, Menlo Therapeutics, Ortho Dermatologics, Sol-Gel, and Sun.
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.
Recognizing the ongoing value of benzoyl peroxide, educating patients about the role of antibiotics, and embracing spironolactone are among the acne treatment pearls provided by Hilary Baldwin, MD, during a virtual presentation at MedscapeLive’s annual Las Vegas Dermatology Seminar.
Benzoyl peroxide celebrates its 60th birthday and is still going strong as an acne treatment, said Dr. Baldwin, of the department of dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnston Medical Center, New Brunswick, N.J. Benzoyl peroxide can be used as a stand-alone and has the added benefit of not being associated with antimicrobial resistance. In addition, “benzoyl peroxide is the heavy lifter in combinations,” she said. In fact, benzoyl peroxide can prevent the development of resistance to topical and oral antibiotics such as clindamycin, and can reverse resistance that has occurred, she noted.
However, patient compliance can be an issue. Benzoyl peroxide often is underused because of its tendency to bleach fabric, noted Dr. Baldwin, who is also medical director of The Acne Treatment and Research Center in New York. To help combat this problem and improve compliance, she advises patients to establish a dosing schedule for benzoyl peroxide, such as using it first thing in the morning, or applying in the afternoon and using a paper towel first, or a white towel, to wash their faces at bedtime, she said. When dealing with teenagers, “it sounds like a lot of work, but it makes the mothers much happier not to have their towels bleached.”
Although clinicians want to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in acne, there is a place for antibiotics, but not as monotherapy, Dr. Baldwin said. Instead, initiate topical therapy, such as a retinoid or benzoyl peroxide, simultaneously with antibiotics and evaluate the response in 6-8 weeks, she advised. At that point, the antibiotics can be stopped, even if 100% clearing has not been achieved, and “the topicals can carry you on for months and months,” she noted.
Also, in female patients, consider oral contraceptive pills or spironolactone at the same time as oral antibiotics, then discontinue the antibiotics and continue with the hormonal therapy, she added. “Plan your exit strategy early,” she said. Explain to patients that you will stop the oral antibiotics after 2 months, so they must continue with the topicals.
“Embrace spironolactone if you haven’t already,” said Dr. Baldwin, who noted that spironolactone has been underused in recent years. Spironolactone use for acne has not been well studied, “but consensus groups and expert opinions certainly favor its use,” she added.
Spironolactone takes 3-6 months to reach its full effect, so Dr. Baldwin recommends beginning the therapy in combination with other strategies. “I begin in combination with oral antibiotics,” she said. Also, be sure to check hormone levels before initiating therapy if appropriate. Potential side effects include menstrual irregularities and breast tenderness, but they tend to decrease over time, Dr. Baldwin noted. Other side effects such as CNS symptoms (fatigue, dizziness, and headache) can be eased by paying attention to proper hydration and starting with a lower dose, she added. Studies in younger adults show no reason for concern about potassium levels, but potassium should be checked at baseline in older patients, after the first month, and after a dose increase, she said.
Dr. Baldwin was enthusiastic about the recent introduction of several new treatments for acne: Sarecycline, now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in patients as young as 9 years; trifarotene 0.005% cream, the first 4th generation retinoid, with truncal acne data; tazarotene 0.045% lotion, with improved tolerability; minocycline 4% foam, with high cutaneous levels and minimal systemic absorption; and clascoterone 1% cream, “the first topical antiandrogen and safe for use in males,” she said.
Relevant to her presentation, Dr. Baldwin disclosed relationships as an adviser, speaker, and/or investigator for Almirall, EPI Health, Foamix, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, LaRoche-Posay, Menlo Therapeutics, Ortho Dermatologics, Sol-Gel, and Sun.
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.
Recognizing the ongoing value of benzoyl peroxide, educating patients about the role of antibiotics, and embracing spironolactone are among the acne treatment pearls provided by Hilary Baldwin, MD, during a virtual presentation at MedscapeLive’s annual Las Vegas Dermatology Seminar.
Benzoyl peroxide celebrates its 60th birthday and is still going strong as an acne treatment, said Dr. Baldwin, of the department of dermatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnston Medical Center, New Brunswick, N.J. Benzoyl peroxide can be used as a stand-alone and has the added benefit of not being associated with antimicrobial resistance. In addition, “benzoyl peroxide is the heavy lifter in combinations,” she said. In fact, benzoyl peroxide can prevent the development of resistance to topical and oral antibiotics such as clindamycin, and can reverse resistance that has occurred, she noted.
However, patient compliance can be an issue. Benzoyl peroxide often is underused because of its tendency to bleach fabric, noted Dr. Baldwin, who is also medical director of The Acne Treatment and Research Center in New York. To help combat this problem and improve compliance, she advises patients to establish a dosing schedule for benzoyl peroxide, such as using it first thing in the morning, or applying in the afternoon and using a paper towel first, or a white towel, to wash their faces at bedtime, she said. When dealing with teenagers, “it sounds like a lot of work, but it makes the mothers much happier not to have their towels bleached.”
Although clinicians want to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in acne, there is a place for antibiotics, but not as monotherapy, Dr. Baldwin said. Instead, initiate topical therapy, such as a retinoid or benzoyl peroxide, simultaneously with antibiotics and evaluate the response in 6-8 weeks, she advised. At that point, the antibiotics can be stopped, even if 100% clearing has not been achieved, and “the topicals can carry you on for months and months,” she noted.
Also, in female patients, consider oral contraceptive pills or spironolactone at the same time as oral antibiotics, then discontinue the antibiotics and continue with the hormonal therapy, she added. “Plan your exit strategy early,” she said. Explain to patients that you will stop the oral antibiotics after 2 months, so they must continue with the topicals.
“Embrace spironolactone if you haven’t already,” said Dr. Baldwin, who noted that spironolactone has been underused in recent years. Spironolactone use for acne has not been well studied, “but consensus groups and expert opinions certainly favor its use,” she added.
Spironolactone takes 3-6 months to reach its full effect, so Dr. Baldwin recommends beginning the therapy in combination with other strategies. “I begin in combination with oral antibiotics,” she said. Also, be sure to check hormone levels before initiating therapy if appropriate. Potential side effects include menstrual irregularities and breast tenderness, but they tend to decrease over time, Dr. Baldwin noted. Other side effects such as CNS symptoms (fatigue, dizziness, and headache) can be eased by paying attention to proper hydration and starting with a lower dose, she added. Studies in younger adults show no reason for concern about potassium levels, but potassium should be checked at baseline in older patients, after the first month, and after a dose increase, she said.
Dr. Baldwin was enthusiastic about the recent introduction of several new treatments for acne: Sarecycline, now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in patients as young as 9 years; trifarotene 0.005% cream, the first 4th generation retinoid, with truncal acne data; tazarotene 0.045% lotion, with improved tolerability; minocycline 4% foam, with high cutaneous levels and minimal systemic absorption; and clascoterone 1% cream, “the first topical antiandrogen and safe for use in males,” she said.
Relevant to her presentation, Dr. Baldwin disclosed relationships as an adviser, speaker, and/or investigator for Almirall, EPI Health, Foamix, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, LaRoche-Posay, Menlo Therapeutics, Ortho Dermatologics, Sol-Gel, and Sun.
MedscapeLive and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.
FROM THE MEDSCAPELIVE LAS VEGAS DERMATOLOGY SEMINAR
Dermatologists and the history of skin care and beauty devices: Part 4
In this series on the role dermatologists have played in the history of skin care, I have covered dermatologists who developed cosmeceutical ingredients, dermatologists who consulted for the skin care industry, and those who developed a novel and successful skin care line. In this column, part 4 of the series, I will continue to discuss .
Dermatologists and Stiefel Laboratories
The Stiefel Medicinal Soap Company, founded in 1847, later became Stiefel Laboratories and was sold to GlaxoSmithKline in 2009. Stiefel Laboratories made many contributions over the years to the field of dermatology as chronicled in the excellent book, “Skin Saga” written by Charles Stiefel and published in 2018. The company was first known for soaps and groundbreaking products, such as “Freckle Soap” that sped epidermal turnover, resulting in a more even toned complexion.
Many dermatologists were involved in developing products and providing advice to the company. Herman Sharlit, MD, in New York, had the idea for a moisturizing soap (Oilatum), a detergent soap (Acne Aid detergent soap), and a coal tar soap (Polytar). Eugene Farber, MD, who was professor and chairman of the department of dermatology at Stanford (Calif.) University, consulted for Stiefel Laboratories and helped them identify and develop many products over the years.1 Stiefel Labs came out with the first facial scrub called Brasivol, an abrasive cream with aluminum oxide particles – the predecessor to modern day microdermabrasion. This facial scrub was conceived by dermatologist Rose Saperstein, MD, Los Angeles, who published a report2 on this in 1960 and also received a patent for it in 1963.3 Brasivol became the company’s first million dollar product.1
Stiefel Laboratories worked with many dermatologists to help them develop their ideas. They included Cleveland White, MD, who patented a highly absorbent foot and body powder known as Zeasorb powder. William Pace, MD, was a Canadian dermatologist who patented an acne treatment containing benzoyl peroxide and sulfur that Stiefel Labs marketed as Sulfoxyl Lotion. Dr. Pace is lovingly referred to as “the father of benzoyl peroxide” because his idea led Stiefel Labs to develop more benzoyl peroxide products. Benzoyl peroxide remains the most popular OTC ingredient to treat acne.
Comedone extractors
Many dermatologists have developed ways to extract comedones. There are publications on using paper clips,4,5safety pins,6 and medicine droppers,7 but some dermatologists have developed special comedone extractors, which include the following: Jay Schamberg, MD, developed a comedone extractor with a loop at each end. He disapproved of cutting a comedone, so did not include a needle or scalpel in his extractor.8
- Leonard Savitt, MD,9 attached a scalpel to one end of the Schamberg extractor.
- Alan Shalita, MD, developed a comedone extractor with a large, keyhole-shaped extracting orifice that made the tool easier to clean.10
The Saalfield comedone extractor combines a fixed pointed blade at one end and a small spoon-shaped expressor foot at the other end. (However, I have not been able to determine if Saalfield was a dermatologist.)
Dermatologist who developed methods for lesion excisions
Robert Segal, MD, a dermatologist at the University of Arizona, Tucson, invented the Dermablade. Although this is technically not a beauty device, I am including it because it has made the removal of unsightly moles and lesions much easier. He holds six patents on this device.
Dermatologists developed dermabrasion and microneedling
Ernst Kromayer, MD,11 a dermatologist in Germany, first described microneedling in 1905 when he mounted dental burrs on motor-driven flexible cord equipment to treat scars. Abner Kurtin, MD, a New York dermatologist, learned about Dr. Kromayer’s technique and modified it using stainless wireless brushes. Dr. Kurtin is known as the “father of dermabrasion.” His work was noted by Nobel Laureate Alexis Carrel, MD, who moved to New York City and began using the technique. Dr. Carrel’s protege, New York dermatologist, Norman Orentreich, MD, began using hypodermic needles instead of wire brushes. Microneedling has gained much popularity over the last decade and has been combined with platelet rich plasma injections.
Dermatologist-developed injection to shrink fat
Adam Rotunda, MD, was a dermatology resident at the University of California, Los Angeles, when he and his professor Michael Kolodney, MD, PhD, had the idea to develop deoxycholate as an injectable to reduce fat deposits. They filed a patent in 2004, conducted clinical trials, and it worked! In 2009, the patent for deoxycholic acid (ATX-10), marketed as Kybella, was granted. The rights to the drug were purchased by Aestherx, which later became Kythera Biopharmaceuticals. Kybella received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2015, and 6 months later, Kythera was acquired by Allergan.
Development of FDA-approved drugs to improve skin appearance
In 2004, dermatologists Stuart Shanler, MD, and Andrew Ondo, MD, filed a patent for the use of topical oxymetazoline for the treatment of the erythema of rosacea. They published their observations in 2007, noting that oxymetazoline improved facial flushing and erythema.11 Dr. Shanler then teamed up with dermatologist Neal Walker, MD, to form a start-up pharmaceutical company, Vicept Therapeutics, and took this compound through phase 2 clinical trials, while Dr. Shanler filed additional patents on oxymetazoline compositions and their uses. Once they successfully demonstrated the efficacy of topical oxymetazoline for rosacea, Allergan acquired the rights of the drug, successfully completed the phase 3 clinical trials, and Rhofade was approved by the FDA in 2017. It is the only topical drug invented and developed by a dermatologist to receive FDA approval since tretinoin (Renova) was developed by Albert Kligman, MD, and approved by the FDA for the improvement in appearance of fine wrinkling, mottled hyperpigmentation and roughness associated with photodamage in 1992.
The development of lasers
The last dermatologist I will discuss in this history series is R. Rox Anderson, MD, professor of dermatology at Harvard University, and director of the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. It is impossible to list all his contributions in such a limited space. It would take a book. Building on efforts pioneered by Leon Goldman, MD, Dr. Anderson and his associates pioneered the use of lasers in dermatology and invented the idea of photothermolysis when they filed a patent on using light to remove hair in 1995.Dieter Manstein, MD, PhD,Dr. Anderson and others filed many patents that led to devices such as hair removal lasers, resurfacing lasers, and Fraxel lasers. They also made discoveries related to using cold to shrink fat. One of their inventions is known as CoolSculpting. They were so influential in the development of cosmetic dermatology that it is hard to imagine the field without their contributions.
This concludes my four-part series on the history of dermatologists’ role in the development of the skin care industry. I hope I have not forgotten anyone; if I did, I apologize. I have asked for ideas on Dermchat, Facebook and LinkedIn. Feel free to reach out if I missed one of your contributions. I will be giving lectures on this topic in the future and would be happy to include anyone I missed.
As the year 2020 ends, I want to say, Happy 50th Anniversary Dermatology News! I hope you enjoyed this historical series in honor of this anniversary.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author, and entrepreneur who practices in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann has written two textbooks and a New York Times Best Sellers book for consumers. Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Galderma, Revance, Evolus, and Burt’s Bees. She is the CEO of Skin Type Solutions Inc., a company that independently tests skin care products and makes recommendations to physicians on which skin care technologies are best. Write to her at [email protected].
References
1. Stiefel, CW. (n.d.). Skin Saga: How a Tiny Family Soap Business Evolved Over Six Generations Into the #1 Dermatology Company in the World. United States: Smart Business Network.
2. Saperstein, RB. Arch Dermatol. 1960 Apr;81:601.
3. Saperstein, RB, and Stiefel, WK (1963). U.S. Patent No. 3,092,111. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
4. George DE et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb;54(2):326.
5. Cvancara JL, Meffert JJ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Mar;40(3):477-8.
6. Mukhtar M., Sharma R. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Dec;43(12):967-8.
7. Shellow, H. JAMA. 1951;147(18):1777.
8. Wright CS. Arch Dermatol. 1961;84(3):515.
9. Savitt LE. Arch Dermatol. 1961 Apr;83:660-1.
10. Shalita AR, Harris H. Arch Dermatol. 1972 May;105(5):759-60.
11. Shanler SD, Ondo AL. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Nov;143(11):1369-71.
In this series on the role dermatologists have played in the history of skin care, I have covered dermatologists who developed cosmeceutical ingredients, dermatologists who consulted for the skin care industry, and those who developed a novel and successful skin care line. In this column, part 4 of the series, I will continue to discuss .
Dermatologists and Stiefel Laboratories
The Stiefel Medicinal Soap Company, founded in 1847, later became Stiefel Laboratories and was sold to GlaxoSmithKline in 2009. Stiefel Laboratories made many contributions over the years to the field of dermatology as chronicled in the excellent book, “Skin Saga” written by Charles Stiefel and published in 2018. The company was first known for soaps and groundbreaking products, such as “Freckle Soap” that sped epidermal turnover, resulting in a more even toned complexion.
Many dermatologists were involved in developing products and providing advice to the company. Herman Sharlit, MD, in New York, had the idea for a moisturizing soap (Oilatum), a detergent soap (Acne Aid detergent soap), and a coal tar soap (Polytar). Eugene Farber, MD, who was professor and chairman of the department of dermatology at Stanford (Calif.) University, consulted for Stiefel Laboratories and helped them identify and develop many products over the years.1 Stiefel Labs came out with the first facial scrub called Brasivol, an abrasive cream with aluminum oxide particles – the predecessor to modern day microdermabrasion. This facial scrub was conceived by dermatologist Rose Saperstein, MD, Los Angeles, who published a report2 on this in 1960 and also received a patent for it in 1963.3 Brasivol became the company’s first million dollar product.1
Stiefel Laboratories worked with many dermatologists to help them develop their ideas. They included Cleveland White, MD, who patented a highly absorbent foot and body powder known as Zeasorb powder. William Pace, MD, was a Canadian dermatologist who patented an acne treatment containing benzoyl peroxide and sulfur that Stiefel Labs marketed as Sulfoxyl Lotion. Dr. Pace is lovingly referred to as “the father of benzoyl peroxide” because his idea led Stiefel Labs to develop more benzoyl peroxide products. Benzoyl peroxide remains the most popular OTC ingredient to treat acne.
Comedone extractors
Many dermatologists have developed ways to extract comedones. There are publications on using paper clips,4,5safety pins,6 and medicine droppers,7 but some dermatologists have developed special comedone extractors, which include the following: Jay Schamberg, MD, developed a comedone extractor with a loop at each end. He disapproved of cutting a comedone, so did not include a needle or scalpel in his extractor.8
- Leonard Savitt, MD,9 attached a scalpel to one end of the Schamberg extractor.
- Alan Shalita, MD, developed a comedone extractor with a large, keyhole-shaped extracting orifice that made the tool easier to clean.10
The Saalfield comedone extractor combines a fixed pointed blade at one end and a small spoon-shaped expressor foot at the other end. (However, I have not been able to determine if Saalfield was a dermatologist.)
Dermatologist who developed methods for lesion excisions
Robert Segal, MD, a dermatologist at the University of Arizona, Tucson, invented the Dermablade. Although this is technically not a beauty device, I am including it because it has made the removal of unsightly moles and lesions much easier. He holds six patents on this device.
Dermatologists developed dermabrasion and microneedling
Ernst Kromayer, MD,11 a dermatologist in Germany, first described microneedling in 1905 when he mounted dental burrs on motor-driven flexible cord equipment to treat scars. Abner Kurtin, MD, a New York dermatologist, learned about Dr. Kromayer’s technique and modified it using stainless wireless brushes. Dr. Kurtin is known as the “father of dermabrasion.” His work was noted by Nobel Laureate Alexis Carrel, MD, who moved to New York City and began using the technique. Dr. Carrel’s protege, New York dermatologist, Norman Orentreich, MD, began using hypodermic needles instead of wire brushes. Microneedling has gained much popularity over the last decade and has been combined with platelet rich plasma injections.
Dermatologist-developed injection to shrink fat
Adam Rotunda, MD, was a dermatology resident at the University of California, Los Angeles, when he and his professor Michael Kolodney, MD, PhD, had the idea to develop deoxycholate as an injectable to reduce fat deposits. They filed a patent in 2004, conducted clinical trials, and it worked! In 2009, the patent for deoxycholic acid (ATX-10), marketed as Kybella, was granted. The rights to the drug were purchased by Aestherx, which later became Kythera Biopharmaceuticals. Kybella received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2015, and 6 months later, Kythera was acquired by Allergan.
Development of FDA-approved drugs to improve skin appearance
In 2004, dermatologists Stuart Shanler, MD, and Andrew Ondo, MD, filed a patent for the use of topical oxymetazoline for the treatment of the erythema of rosacea. They published their observations in 2007, noting that oxymetazoline improved facial flushing and erythema.11 Dr. Shanler then teamed up with dermatologist Neal Walker, MD, to form a start-up pharmaceutical company, Vicept Therapeutics, and took this compound through phase 2 clinical trials, while Dr. Shanler filed additional patents on oxymetazoline compositions and their uses. Once they successfully demonstrated the efficacy of topical oxymetazoline for rosacea, Allergan acquired the rights of the drug, successfully completed the phase 3 clinical trials, and Rhofade was approved by the FDA in 2017. It is the only topical drug invented and developed by a dermatologist to receive FDA approval since tretinoin (Renova) was developed by Albert Kligman, MD, and approved by the FDA for the improvement in appearance of fine wrinkling, mottled hyperpigmentation and roughness associated with photodamage in 1992.
The development of lasers
The last dermatologist I will discuss in this history series is R. Rox Anderson, MD, professor of dermatology at Harvard University, and director of the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. It is impossible to list all his contributions in such a limited space. It would take a book. Building on efforts pioneered by Leon Goldman, MD, Dr. Anderson and his associates pioneered the use of lasers in dermatology and invented the idea of photothermolysis when they filed a patent on using light to remove hair in 1995.Dieter Manstein, MD, PhD,Dr. Anderson and others filed many patents that led to devices such as hair removal lasers, resurfacing lasers, and Fraxel lasers. They also made discoveries related to using cold to shrink fat. One of their inventions is known as CoolSculpting. They were so influential in the development of cosmetic dermatology that it is hard to imagine the field without their contributions.
This concludes my four-part series on the history of dermatologists’ role in the development of the skin care industry. I hope I have not forgotten anyone; if I did, I apologize. I have asked for ideas on Dermchat, Facebook and LinkedIn. Feel free to reach out if I missed one of your contributions. I will be giving lectures on this topic in the future and would be happy to include anyone I missed.
As the year 2020 ends, I want to say, Happy 50th Anniversary Dermatology News! I hope you enjoyed this historical series in honor of this anniversary.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author, and entrepreneur who practices in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann has written two textbooks and a New York Times Best Sellers book for consumers. Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Galderma, Revance, Evolus, and Burt’s Bees. She is the CEO of Skin Type Solutions Inc., a company that independently tests skin care products and makes recommendations to physicians on which skin care technologies are best. Write to her at [email protected].
References
1. Stiefel, CW. (n.d.). Skin Saga: How a Tiny Family Soap Business Evolved Over Six Generations Into the #1 Dermatology Company in the World. United States: Smart Business Network.
2. Saperstein, RB. Arch Dermatol. 1960 Apr;81:601.
3. Saperstein, RB, and Stiefel, WK (1963). U.S. Patent No. 3,092,111. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
4. George DE et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb;54(2):326.
5. Cvancara JL, Meffert JJ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Mar;40(3):477-8.
6. Mukhtar M., Sharma R. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Dec;43(12):967-8.
7. Shellow, H. JAMA. 1951;147(18):1777.
8. Wright CS. Arch Dermatol. 1961;84(3):515.
9. Savitt LE. Arch Dermatol. 1961 Apr;83:660-1.
10. Shalita AR, Harris H. Arch Dermatol. 1972 May;105(5):759-60.
11. Shanler SD, Ondo AL. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Nov;143(11):1369-71.
In this series on the role dermatologists have played in the history of skin care, I have covered dermatologists who developed cosmeceutical ingredients, dermatologists who consulted for the skin care industry, and those who developed a novel and successful skin care line. In this column, part 4 of the series, I will continue to discuss .
Dermatologists and Stiefel Laboratories
The Stiefel Medicinal Soap Company, founded in 1847, later became Stiefel Laboratories and was sold to GlaxoSmithKline in 2009. Stiefel Laboratories made many contributions over the years to the field of dermatology as chronicled in the excellent book, “Skin Saga” written by Charles Stiefel and published in 2018. The company was first known for soaps and groundbreaking products, such as “Freckle Soap” that sped epidermal turnover, resulting in a more even toned complexion.
Many dermatologists were involved in developing products and providing advice to the company. Herman Sharlit, MD, in New York, had the idea for a moisturizing soap (Oilatum), a detergent soap (Acne Aid detergent soap), and a coal tar soap (Polytar). Eugene Farber, MD, who was professor and chairman of the department of dermatology at Stanford (Calif.) University, consulted for Stiefel Laboratories and helped them identify and develop many products over the years.1 Stiefel Labs came out with the first facial scrub called Brasivol, an abrasive cream with aluminum oxide particles – the predecessor to modern day microdermabrasion. This facial scrub was conceived by dermatologist Rose Saperstein, MD, Los Angeles, who published a report2 on this in 1960 and also received a patent for it in 1963.3 Brasivol became the company’s first million dollar product.1
Stiefel Laboratories worked with many dermatologists to help them develop their ideas. They included Cleveland White, MD, who patented a highly absorbent foot and body powder known as Zeasorb powder. William Pace, MD, was a Canadian dermatologist who patented an acne treatment containing benzoyl peroxide and sulfur that Stiefel Labs marketed as Sulfoxyl Lotion. Dr. Pace is lovingly referred to as “the father of benzoyl peroxide” because his idea led Stiefel Labs to develop more benzoyl peroxide products. Benzoyl peroxide remains the most popular OTC ingredient to treat acne.
Comedone extractors
Many dermatologists have developed ways to extract comedones. There are publications on using paper clips,4,5safety pins,6 and medicine droppers,7 but some dermatologists have developed special comedone extractors, which include the following: Jay Schamberg, MD, developed a comedone extractor with a loop at each end. He disapproved of cutting a comedone, so did not include a needle or scalpel in his extractor.8
- Leonard Savitt, MD,9 attached a scalpel to one end of the Schamberg extractor.
- Alan Shalita, MD, developed a comedone extractor with a large, keyhole-shaped extracting orifice that made the tool easier to clean.10
The Saalfield comedone extractor combines a fixed pointed blade at one end and a small spoon-shaped expressor foot at the other end. (However, I have not been able to determine if Saalfield was a dermatologist.)
Dermatologist who developed methods for lesion excisions
Robert Segal, MD, a dermatologist at the University of Arizona, Tucson, invented the Dermablade. Although this is technically not a beauty device, I am including it because it has made the removal of unsightly moles and lesions much easier. He holds six patents on this device.
Dermatologists developed dermabrasion and microneedling
Ernst Kromayer, MD,11 a dermatologist in Germany, first described microneedling in 1905 when he mounted dental burrs on motor-driven flexible cord equipment to treat scars. Abner Kurtin, MD, a New York dermatologist, learned about Dr. Kromayer’s technique and modified it using stainless wireless brushes. Dr. Kurtin is known as the “father of dermabrasion.” His work was noted by Nobel Laureate Alexis Carrel, MD, who moved to New York City and began using the technique. Dr. Carrel’s protege, New York dermatologist, Norman Orentreich, MD, began using hypodermic needles instead of wire brushes. Microneedling has gained much popularity over the last decade and has been combined with platelet rich plasma injections.
Dermatologist-developed injection to shrink fat
Adam Rotunda, MD, was a dermatology resident at the University of California, Los Angeles, when he and his professor Michael Kolodney, MD, PhD, had the idea to develop deoxycholate as an injectable to reduce fat deposits. They filed a patent in 2004, conducted clinical trials, and it worked! In 2009, the patent for deoxycholic acid (ATX-10), marketed as Kybella, was granted. The rights to the drug were purchased by Aestherx, which later became Kythera Biopharmaceuticals. Kybella received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2015, and 6 months later, Kythera was acquired by Allergan.
Development of FDA-approved drugs to improve skin appearance
In 2004, dermatologists Stuart Shanler, MD, and Andrew Ondo, MD, filed a patent for the use of topical oxymetazoline for the treatment of the erythema of rosacea. They published their observations in 2007, noting that oxymetazoline improved facial flushing and erythema.11 Dr. Shanler then teamed up with dermatologist Neal Walker, MD, to form a start-up pharmaceutical company, Vicept Therapeutics, and took this compound through phase 2 clinical trials, while Dr. Shanler filed additional patents on oxymetazoline compositions and their uses. Once they successfully demonstrated the efficacy of topical oxymetazoline for rosacea, Allergan acquired the rights of the drug, successfully completed the phase 3 clinical trials, and Rhofade was approved by the FDA in 2017. It is the only topical drug invented and developed by a dermatologist to receive FDA approval since tretinoin (Renova) was developed by Albert Kligman, MD, and approved by the FDA for the improvement in appearance of fine wrinkling, mottled hyperpigmentation and roughness associated with photodamage in 1992.
The development of lasers
The last dermatologist I will discuss in this history series is R. Rox Anderson, MD, professor of dermatology at Harvard University, and director of the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. It is impossible to list all his contributions in such a limited space. It would take a book. Building on efforts pioneered by Leon Goldman, MD, Dr. Anderson and his associates pioneered the use of lasers in dermatology and invented the idea of photothermolysis when they filed a patent on using light to remove hair in 1995.Dieter Manstein, MD, PhD,Dr. Anderson and others filed many patents that led to devices such as hair removal lasers, resurfacing lasers, and Fraxel lasers. They also made discoveries related to using cold to shrink fat. One of their inventions is known as CoolSculpting. They were so influential in the development of cosmetic dermatology that it is hard to imagine the field without their contributions.
This concludes my four-part series on the history of dermatologists’ role in the development of the skin care industry. I hope I have not forgotten anyone; if I did, I apologize. I have asked for ideas on Dermchat, Facebook and LinkedIn. Feel free to reach out if I missed one of your contributions. I will be giving lectures on this topic in the future and would be happy to include anyone I missed.
As the year 2020 ends, I want to say, Happy 50th Anniversary Dermatology News! I hope you enjoyed this historical series in honor of this anniversary.
Dr. Baumann is a private practice dermatologist, researcher, author, and entrepreneur who practices in Miami. She founded the Cosmetic Dermatology Center at the University of Miami in 1997. Dr. Baumann has written two textbooks and a New York Times Best Sellers book for consumers. Dr. Baumann has received funding for advisory boards and/or clinical research trials from Allergan, Galderma, Revance, Evolus, and Burt’s Bees. She is the CEO of Skin Type Solutions Inc., a company that independently tests skin care products and makes recommendations to physicians on which skin care technologies are best. Write to her at [email protected].
References
1. Stiefel, CW. (n.d.). Skin Saga: How a Tiny Family Soap Business Evolved Over Six Generations Into the #1 Dermatology Company in the World. United States: Smart Business Network.
2. Saperstein, RB. Arch Dermatol. 1960 Apr;81:601.
3. Saperstein, RB, and Stiefel, WK (1963). U.S. Patent No. 3,092,111. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
4. George DE et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Feb;54(2):326.
5. Cvancara JL, Meffert JJ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Mar;40(3):477-8.
6. Mukhtar M., Sharma R. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Dec;43(12):967-8.
7. Shellow, H. JAMA. 1951;147(18):1777.
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