Video

HM19 attendees explain why they became hospitalists.

Vidyard Video

HM19 attendees explain why they became hospitalists.

Vidyard Video

HM19 attendees explain why they became hospitalists.

Vidyard Video

NEW ORLEANS – It is not too late to enroll your patients or yourself into the largest longitudinal cohort study ever initiated, according to Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, who is director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Since May 2018, when it was initiated, the NIH-funded All of Us Research Program has already enrolled 200,000 of the planned goal of one million participants in the United States. Of these, approximately half have already provided baseline demographics and health information as well as their consent to use the slew of health data that is being collected.

“The only way to do this kind of thing is to have data – a lot of it,” said Dr. Collins, explaining the premise of the All of Us Research Program in an interview conducted at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

The data are not limited to medical records: Blood samples, whole genome sequencing, wearable activity monitors, and subject-completed questionnaires are among a long list of sources of information to be collected from participants, who are expected to be followed indefinitely.

According to Dr. Collins, who delivered a plenary address at the meeting, these data will become more valuable over time, one of the most important goals of this study is to prepare the way for precision medicine. As opposed to the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to treating disease, he believes that this large dataset will allow researchers to understand differences in common diseases at the individual level.

In relation to endocrinology, Dr. Collins said that a cohort of one million participants would be expected to have close to 100,000 individuals with diabetes mellitus.

“This is going to be transformative,” said Dr. Collins, who emphasized that the enrollment is specifically designed to capture participants from diverse ethnic and racial groups.

All of the data collected will be made broadly available to research initiatives of all kinds, many of which have not yet even been envisioned.

Information on enrollment is available on line: joinallofus.org.

NEW ORLEANS – It is not too late to enroll your patients or yourself into the largest longitudinal cohort study ever initiated, according to Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, who is director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Since May 2018, when it was initiated, the NIH-funded All of Us Research Program has already enrolled 200,000 of the planned goal of one million participants in the United States. Of these, approximately half have already provided baseline demographics and health information as well as their consent to use the slew of health data that is being collected.

“The only way to do this kind of thing is to have data – a lot of it,” said Dr. Collins, explaining the premise of the All of Us Research Program in an interview conducted at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

The data are not limited to medical records: Blood samples, whole genome sequencing, wearable activity monitors, and subject-completed questionnaires are among a long list of sources of information to be collected from participants, who are expected to be followed indefinitely.

According to Dr. Collins, who delivered a plenary address at the meeting, these data will become more valuable over time, one of the most important goals of this study is to prepare the way for precision medicine. As opposed to the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to treating disease, he believes that this large dataset will allow researchers to understand differences in common diseases at the individual level.

In relation to endocrinology, Dr. Collins said that a cohort of one million participants would be expected to have close to 100,000 individuals with diabetes mellitus.

“This is going to be transformative,” said Dr. Collins, who emphasized that the enrollment is specifically designed to capture participants from diverse ethnic and racial groups.

All of the data collected will be made broadly available to research initiatives of all kinds, many of which have not yet even been envisioned.

Information on enrollment is available on line: joinallofus.org.

NEW ORLEANS – It is not too late to enroll your patients or yourself into the largest longitudinal cohort study ever initiated, according to Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, who is director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Since May 2018, when it was initiated, the NIH-funded All of Us Research Program has already enrolled 200,000 of the planned goal of one million participants in the United States. Of these, approximately half have already provided baseline demographics and health information as well as their consent to use the slew of health data that is being collected.

“The only way to do this kind of thing is to have data – a lot of it,” said Dr. Collins, explaining the premise of the All of Us Research Program in an interview conducted at the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society.

The data are not limited to medical records: Blood samples, whole genome sequencing, wearable activity monitors, and subject-completed questionnaires are among a long list of sources of information to be collected from participants, who are expected to be followed indefinitely.

According to Dr. Collins, who delivered a plenary address at the meeting, these data will become more valuable over time, one of the most important goals of this study is to prepare the way for precision medicine. As opposed to the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to treating disease, he believes that this large dataset will allow researchers to understand differences in common diseases at the individual level.

In relation to endocrinology, Dr. Collins said that a cohort of one million participants would be expected to have close to 100,000 individuals with diabetes mellitus.

“This is going to be transformative,” said Dr. Collins, who emphasized that the enrollment is specifically designed to capture participants from diverse ethnic and racial groups.

All of the data collected will be made broadly available to research initiatives of all kinds, many of which have not yet even been envisioned.

Information on enrollment is available on line: joinallofus.org.

WAIKOLOA, HAWAII – It’s easy to misdiagnose scabies in infants because it doesn’t present with the usual signs and symptoms in this age group.

“It’s really important to think of scabies in any widespread rash that a baby presents with,” said Andrea Zaenglein, MD, professor of dermatology and pediatric dermatology at Penn State University, Hershey. It’s often missed in the ED because it’s not recognized.

While lesions might be limited to the webbing of the hands in older patients, infants generally have a widespread rash with many different lesion types involving the armpits, trunk, and even the scalp. “In older kids, we always think of itch as our primary criteria, but for infants with scabies, that’s not always the case. The younger the kid, the less able they’re to manifest the itch in a way that we recognize,” she said in an interview at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar provided by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Standard treatment for infants with scabies is permethrin cream, which, Dr. Zaenglein advises, should be applied from head to toe. “And make sure to treat all family members, even if they’re not demonstrating any symptoms. It’s really important, because that baby had to get scabies from somebody,” she said. Although permethrin isn’t approved for use under 2 months old, she said she has no problem with it in younger, otherwise healthy infants, but cases below 2 months are uncommon. Even if infants are exposed at birth, it takes several weeks for scabies to manifest.

Topical corticosteroids are useful as well to speed healing and help with itch. Ivermectin is held in reserve for older patients, especially in institutional settings where many people have to be treated at a time, or when permethrin cream is not effective.

SDEF/Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAIKOLOA, HAWAII – It’s easy to misdiagnose scabies in infants because it doesn’t present with the usual signs and symptoms in this age group.

“It’s really important to think of scabies in any widespread rash that a baby presents with,” said Andrea Zaenglein, MD, professor of dermatology and pediatric dermatology at Penn State University, Hershey. It’s often missed in the ED because it’s not recognized.

While lesions might be limited to the webbing of the hands in older patients, infants generally have a widespread rash with many different lesion types involving the armpits, trunk, and even the scalp. “In older kids, we always think of itch as our primary criteria, but for infants with scabies, that’s not always the case. The younger the kid, the less able they’re to manifest the itch in a way that we recognize,” she said in an interview at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar provided by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Standard treatment for infants with scabies is permethrin cream, which, Dr. Zaenglein advises, should be applied from head to toe. “And make sure to treat all family members, even if they’re not demonstrating any symptoms. It’s really important, because that baby had to get scabies from somebody,” she said. Although permethrin isn’t approved for use under 2 months old, she said she has no problem with it in younger, otherwise healthy infants, but cases below 2 months are uncommon. Even if infants are exposed at birth, it takes several weeks for scabies to manifest.

Topical corticosteroids are useful as well to speed healing and help with itch. Ivermectin is held in reserve for older patients, especially in institutional settings where many people have to be treated at a time, or when permethrin cream is not effective.

SDEF/Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAIKOLOA, HAWAII – It’s easy to misdiagnose scabies in infants because it doesn’t present with the usual signs and symptoms in this age group.

“It’s really important to think of scabies in any widespread rash that a baby presents with,” said Andrea Zaenglein, MD, professor of dermatology and pediatric dermatology at Penn State University, Hershey. It’s often missed in the ED because it’s not recognized.

While lesions might be limited to the webbing of the hands in older patients, infants generally have a widespread rash with many different lesion types involving the armpits, trunk, and even the scalp. “In older kids, we always think of itch as our primary criteria, but for infants with scabies, that’s not always the case. The younger the kid, the less able they’re to manifest the itch in a way that we recognize,” she said in an interview at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar provided by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

Standard treatment for infants with scabies is permethrin cream, which, Dr. Zaenglein advises, should be applied from head to toe. “And make sure to treat all family members, even if they’re not demonstrating any symptoms. It’s really important, because that baby had to get scabies from somebody,” she said. Although permethrin isn’t approved for use under 2 months old, she said she has no problem with it in younger, otherwise healthy infants, but cases below 2 months are uncommon. Even if infants are exposed at birth, it takes several weeks for scabies to manifest.

Topical corticosteroids are useful as well to speed healing and help with itch. Ivermectin is held in reserve for older patients, especially in institutional settings where many people have to be treated at a time, or when permethrin cream is not effective.

SDEF/Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

NEW ORLEANS – Hypertensive elderly patients treated to maintain an ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg had significantly slower progression of white matter lesions in their brains than did control hypertensive patients maintained at an ambulatory systolic pressure of about 145 mm Hg during 3 years of follow-up in a randomized, single-center study with 199 patients.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

The results also showed similar rates of death, syncope episodes, and falls in the intensively and less rigorously treated subgroups, and the patients treated to a systolic of 130 mm Hg also had significantly fewer nonfatal cardiovascular disease events, further documenting the safety and efficacy in elderly patients of a more aggressive blood pressure goal like the one promoted in current guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association, William B. White, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology.

The study’s findings also showed that in one measure of cognitive function, the serial reaction time task, the patients treated to a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg had an average 23 millisecond improvement in their reaction time from baseline to their 3-year follow-up, while patients in the control group treated to a systolic pressure of 145 mm Hg had a 33 millisecond increase in their average reaction time during follow-up. This 56 millisecond between-group difference from baseline in average change in reaction time over 3 years was both statistically significant and represents a clinically meaningful difference for a measure of both processing speed and executive function, said Dr. White, professor of medicine at the University of Connecticut in Farmington. However, the participants also underwent assessment by five other clinical measures of cognitive function and in none of the other five tests did more intensive blood pressure control link with an improvement, compared with the results in control patients.

The study had two primary endpoints. One was progression of white matter hyperintensity on brain MR images, which is a measure of neuron necrosis in the brain, and this analysis showed that the growth of white matter occurred at a 40% reduced rate among 99 patients treated to an average ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg, compared with the average progression among 100 controls treated to an average ambulatory systolic of 145 mm Hg. The second measure was improvement during 3 years, compared with controls, in any of six different measures of mobility, including gait speed. The results showed no significant differences between the treatment arms in any of these measures. The average progression of white matter disease among control patients after 3 years was of a magnitude that would trigger concern in a neurologist who saw these scans, said Dr. White. The researchers could already begin to see a between-group difference in the accumulation of white matter hyperintensity on the MR scans of patients at 18 months in the study, he added.

During his presentation, Dr. White suggested that the absence of discerned improvements in mobility from more aggressive blood pressure control despite the observed slowed progression of white matter disease may have resulted from the study’s relatively brief follow-up.


The INFINITY (Intensive versus Standard Ambulatory Blood Pressure Lowering to Prevent Functional Decline in the Elderly) study enrolled hypertensive patients at least 75 years old who already showed visible evidence of white matter hypertrophy on their brain MR scan at baseline but also had normal mobility and mental function (their baseline score on the mini mental state examination had to be within the normal range, with an average score of 28 among enrolled patients), and they had no history of any chronic neurological condition (Am Heart J. 2013 Mar;165[3]:258-65). The median age of enrolled patients was 80 years. They had an average of 15 years of education, indicating a study cohort with a high level of education and function, Dr. White noted. The inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a study population that was substantially older but without as much comorbidity as patients enrolled in the SPRINT MIND study (JAMA. 2019 Jan 28;321[6]:553-61), he said. The study exclusively used 24-hour ambulatory monitoring for baseline and follow-up blood pressure measurements.

The participating clinicians successfully maintained patients in each of the treatment groups at close to their goal systolic blood pressures. At 18 months, the actual average systolic pressures among patients in the two study groups were 132 mm Hg and 146 mm Hg, and at 36 months their pressures averaged 131 mm Hg and 146 mm Hg for 163 patients who remained in the study out to 36-months. Maintenance of the lower pressure generally required treatment with one additional antihypertensive medication, compared with the control patients’ treatment, Dr. White said.

The rates of total falls and falls causing injury were virtually identical in the two treatment groups. The incidence of nonfatal cardiovascular disease events over 3 years, including MI, strokes, and cardiovascular disease hospitalizations, was 4 cases in the intensively-treated patients and 17 among those treated to a higher systolic pressure, a statistically significant and unexpected difference, Dr. White reported.

[email protected]

NEW ORLEANS – Hypertensive elderly patients treated to maintain an ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg had significantly slower progression of white matter lesions in their brains than did control hypertensive patients maintained at an ambulatory systolic pressure of about 145 mm Hg during 3 years of follow-up in a randomized, single-center study with 199 patients.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

The results also showed similar rates of death, syncope episodes, and falls in the intensively and less rigorously treated subgroups, and the patients treated to a systolic of 130 mm Hg also had significantly fewer nonfatal cardiovascular disease events, further documenting the safety and efficacy in elderly patients of a more aggressive blood pressure goal like the one promoted in current guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association, William B. White, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology.

The study’s findings also showed that in one measure of cognitive function, the serial reaction time task, the patients treated to a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg had an average 23 millisecond improvement in their reaction time from baseline to their 3-year follow-up, while patients in the control group treated to a systolic pressure of 145 mm Hg had a 33 millisecond increase in their average reaction time during follow-up. This 56 millisecond between-group difference from baseline in average change in reaction time over 3 years was both statistically significant and represents a clinically meaningful difference for a measure of both processing speed and executive function, said Dr. White, professor of medicine at the University of Connecticut in Farmington. However, the participants also underwent assessment by five other clinical measures of cognitive function and in none of the other five tests did more intensive blood pressure control link with an improvement, compared with the results in control patients.

The study had two primary endpoints. One was progression of white matter hyperintensity on brain MR images, which is a measure of neuron necrosis in the brain, and this analysis showed that the growth of white matter occurred at a 40% reduced rate among 99 patients treated to an average ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg, compared with the average progression among 100 controls treated to an average ambulatory systolic of 145 mm Hg. The second measure was improvement during 3 years, compared with controls, in any of six different measures of mobility, including gait speed. The results showed no significant differences between the treatment arms in any of these measures. The average progression of white matter disease among control patients after 3 years was of a magnitude that would trigger concern in a neurologist who saw these scans, said Dr. White. The researchers could already begin to see a between-group difference in the accumulation of white matter hyperintensity on the MR scans of patients at 18 months in the study, he added.

During his presentation, Dr. White suggested that the absence of discerned improvements in mobility from more aggressive blood pressure control despite the observed slowed progression of white matter disease may have resulted from the study’s relatively brief follow-up.


The INFINITY (Intensive versus Standard Ambulatory Blood Pressure Lowering to Prevent Functional Decline in the Elderly) study enrolled hypertensive patients at least 75 years old who already showed visible evidence of white matter hypertrophy on their brain MR scan at baseline but also had normal mobility and mental function (their baseline score on the mini mental state examination had to be within the normal range, with an average score of 28 among enrolled patients), and they had no history of any chronic neurological condition (Am Heart J. 2013 Mar;165[3]:258-65). The median age of enrolled patients was 80 years. They had an average of 15 years of education, indicating a study cohort with a high level of education and function, Dr. White noted. The inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a study population that was substantially older but without as much comorbidity as patients enrolled in the SPRINT MIND study (JAMA. 2019 Jan 28;321[6]:553-61), he said. The study exclusively used 24-hour ambulatory monitoring for baseline and follow-up blood pressure measurements.

The participating clinicians successfully maintained patients in each of the treatment groups at close to their goal systolic blood pressures. At 18 months, the actual average systolic pressures among patients in the two study groups were 132 mm Hg and 146 mm Hg, and at 36 months their pressures averaged 131 mm Hg and 146 mm Hg for 163 patients who remained in the study out to 36-months. Maintenance of the lower pressure generally required treatment with one additional antihypertensive medication, compared with the control patients’ treatment, Dr. White said.

The rates of total falls and falls causing injury were virtually identical in the two treatment groups. The incidence of nonfatal cardiovascular disease events over 3 years, including MI, strokes, and cardiovascular disease hospitalizations, was 4 cases in the intensively-treated patients and 17 among those treated to a higher systolic pressure, a statistically significant and unexpected difference, Dr. White reported.

[email protected]

NEW ORLEANS – Hypertensive elderly patients treated to maintain an ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg had significantly slower progression of white matter lesions in their brains than did control hypertensive patients maintained at an ambulatory systolic pressure of about 145 mm Hg during 3 years of follow-up in a randomized, single-center study with 199 patients.

Mitchel L. Zoler/MDedge News

The results also showed similar rates of death, syncope episodes, and falls in the intensively and less rigorously treated subgroups, and the patients treated to a systolic of 130 mm Hg also had significantly fewer nonfatal cardiovascular disease events, further documenting the safety and efficacy in elderly patients of a more aggressive blood pressure goal like the one promoted in current guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association, William B. White, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology.

The study’s findings also showed that in one measure of cognitive function, the serial reaction time task, the patients treated to a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg had an average 23 millisecond improvement in their reaction time from baseline to their 3-year follow-up, while patients in the control group treated to a systolic pressure of 145 mm Hg had a 33 millisecond increase in their average reaction time during follow-up. This 56 millisecond between-group difference from baseline in average change in reaction time over 3 years was both statistically significant and represents a clinically meaningful difference for a measure of both processing speed and executive function, said Dr. White, professor of medicine at the University of Connecticut in Farmington. However, the participants also underwent assessment by five other clinical measures of cognitive function and in none of the other five tests did more intensive blood pressure control link with an improvement, compared with the results in control patients.

The study had two primary endpoints. One was progression of white matter hyperintensity on brain MR images, which is a measure of neuron necrosis in the brain, and this analysis showed that the growth of white matter occurred at a 40% reduced rate among 99 patients treated to an average ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg, compared with the average progression among 100 controls treated to an average ambulatory systolic of 145 mm Hg. The second measure was improvement during 3 years, compared with controls, in any of six different measures of mobility, including gait speed. The results showed no significant differences between the treatment arms in any of these measures. The average progression of white matter disease among control patients after 3 years was of a magnitude that would trigger concern in a neurologist who saw these scans, said Dr. White. The researchers could already begin to see a between-group difference in the accumulation of white matter hyperintensity on the MR scans of patients at 18 months in the study, he added.

During his presentation, Dr. White suggested that the absence of discerned improvements in mobility from more aggressive blood pressure control despite the observed slowed progression of white matter disease may have resulted from the study’s relatively brief follow-up.


The INFINITY (Intensive versus Standard Ambulatory Blood Pressure Lowering to Prevent Functional Decline in the Elderly) study enrolled hypertensive patients at least 75 years old who already showed visible evidence of white matter hypertrophy on their brain MR scan at baseline but also had normal mobility and mental function (their baseline score on the mini mental state examination had to be within the normal range, with an average score of 28 among enrolled patients), and they had no history of any chronic neurological condition (Am Heart J. 2013 Mar;165[3]:258-65). The median age of enrolled patients was 80 years. They had an average of 15 years of education, indicating a study cohort with a high level of education and function, Dr. White noted. The inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a study population that was substantially older but without as much comorbidity as patients enrolled in the SPRINT MIND study (JAMA. 2019 Jan 28;321[6]:553-61), he said. The study exclusively used 24-hour ambulatory monitoring for baseline and follow-up blood pressure measurements.

The participating clinicians successfully maintained patients in each of the treatment groups at close to their goal systolic blood pressures. At 18 months, the actual average systolic pressures among patients in the two study groups were 132 mm Hg and 146 mm Hg, and at 36 months their pressures averaged 131 mm Hg and 146 mm Hg for 163 patients who remained in the study out to 36-months. Maintenance of the lower pressure generally required treatment with one additional antihypertensive medication, compared with the control patients’ treatment, Dr. White said.

The rates of total falls and falls causing injury were virtually identical in the two treatment groups. The incidence of nonfatal cardiovascular disease events over 3 years, including MI, strokes, and cardiovascular disease hospitalizations, was 4 cases in the intensively-treated patients and 17 among those treated to a higher systolic pressure, a statistically significant and unexpected difference, Dr. White reported.

[email protected]

WAIKOLOA, HAWAII – One of the most important steps in treating secondary infections in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) is bringing the eczema under control, according to Lawrence Eichenfield, MD, chief of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at the University of California, San Diego.

It’s the breach in skin integrity that gives skin flora – most commonly Staphylococcus or Streptococcus – an opening for infection.

Dr. Eichenfield shared his treatment approach in a pearl-filled interview at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar, provided by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

“Many times, anti-inflammatories are going to be the effective therapy,” whether topical steroids or systemic therapies. But with a secondary infection, systemic antibiotics are in order, too, but topical ones aren’t much use, he said.

Dr. Eichenfield gets a lot of questions about steroid-sparing options for very young children, since topical calcineurin inhibitors and the like aren’t approved in children under 2 years old, and insurance coverage can be a problem. He noted, however, that various guidelines support their use even in the very young, “so I tell my physicians to fight for them ... If you need a steroid-sparing agent, push for it, because it may be the right thing for your patient,” he said.

He’s finding in his area that infected eczema often is resistant to clindamycin, which has been used heavily because of concerns about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). But it often will “respond to what we considered to be wimpier antibiotics in the past, such as cephalosporin ... So I’ll use cephalosporin or an extended-spectrum penicillin as my first-line agent, and then I’ll culture, depending on history, to see if I have to be concerned about methicillin resistance,” he said.

Be on the lookout for cutaneous herpes and show parents pictures of what it looks like so they recognize it and know to come in right away. It is a dangerous infection, but can be shut down quickly with oral acyclovir and similar agents, Dr. Eichenfield added.

SDEF/Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAIKOLOA, HAWAII – One of the most important steps in treating secondary infections in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) is bringing the eczema under control, according to Lawrence Eichenfield, MD, chief of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at the University of California, San Diego.

It’s the breach in skin integrity that gives skin flora – most commonly Staphylococcus or Streptococcus – an opening for infection.

Dr. Eichenfield shared his treatment approach in a pearl-filled interview at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar, provided by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

“Many times, anti-inflammatories are going to be the effective therapy,” whether topical steroids or systemic therapies. But with a secondary infection, systemic antibiotics are in order, too, but topical ones aren’t much use, he said.

Dr. Eichenfield gets a lot of questions about steroid-sparing options for very young children, since topical calcineurin inhibitors and the like aren’t approved in children under 2 years old, and insurance coverage can be a problem. He noted, however, that various guidelines support their use even in the very young, “so I tell my physicians to fight for them ... If you need a steroid-sparing agent, push for it, because it may be the right thing for your patient,” he said.

He’s finding in his area that infected eczema often is resistant to clindamycin, which has been used heavily because of concerns about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). But it often will “respond to what we considered to be wimpier antibiotics in the past, such as cephalosporin ... So I’ll use cephalosporin or an extended-spectrum penicillin as my first-line agent, and then I’ll culture, depending on history, to see if I have to be concerned about methicillin resistance,” he said.

Be on the lookout for cutaneous herpes and show parents pictures of what it looks like so they recognize it and know to come in right away. It is a dangerous infection, but can be shut down quickly with oral acyclovir and similar agents, Dr. Eichenfield added.

SDEF/Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WAIKOLOA, HAWAII – One of the most important steps in treating secondary infections in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) is bringing the eczema under control, according to Lawrence Eichenfield, MD, chief of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at the University of California, San Diego.

It’s the breach in skin integrity that gives skin flora – most commonly Staphylococcus or Streptococcus – an opening for infection.

Dr. Eichenfield shared his treatment approach in a pearl-filled interview at the Hawaii Dermatology Seminar, provided by Global Academy for Medical Education/Skin Disease Education Foundation.

“Many times, anti-inflammatories are going to be the effective therapy,” whether topical steroids or systemic therapies. But with a secondary infection, systemic antibiotics are in order, too, but topical ones aren’t much use, he said.

Dr. Eichenfield gets a lot of questions about steroid-sparing options for very young children, since topical calcineurin inhibitors and the like aren’t approved in children under 2 years old, and insurance coverage can be a problem. He noted, however, that various guidelines support their use even in the very young, “so I tell my physicians to fight for them ... If you need a steroid-sparing agent, push for it, because it may be the right thing for your patient,” he said.

He’s finding in his area that infected eczema often is resistant to clindamycin, which has been used heavily because of concerns about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). But it often will “respond to what we considered to be wimpier antibiotics in the past, such as cephalosporin ... So I’ll use cephalosporin or an extended-spectrum penicillin as my first-line agent, and then I’ll culture, depending on history, to see if I have to be concerned about methicillin resistance,” he said.

Be on the lookout for cutaneous herpes and show parents pictures of what it looks like so they recognize it and know to come in right away. It is a dangerous infection, but can be shut down quickly with oral acyclovir and similar agents, Dr. Eichenfield added.

SDEF/Global Academy for Medical Education and this news organization are owned by the same parent company.

[email protected]

WASHINGTON – In an interview at the close of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, dermatologists Julie Harper, MD, and Jonette Keri, MD, PhD, summed up some of the take-home messages from the meeting’s acne sessions.

Both Dr. Harper, who practices in Birmingham, Ala., and is the immediate past president of the American Acne & Rosacea Society, and Dr. Keri, of the department of dermatology at the University of Miami and the Miami VA Healthcare System, spoke during several acne sessions. Among the topics they discussed during the interview were a relatively recent meta-analysis that provides reassuring information about depression and isotretinoin, how to start patients on spironolactone, and the use of antibiotics – and benzoyl peroxide.

They emphasized the importance of not withholding treatment for patients who need it and the psychosocial impact of acne. “Patients need to get to the treatment they need ... faster,” Dr. Harper said. “We want to treat sooner, and we want to prevent scarring,” Dr. Keri added.

Dr. Keri disclosed relationships with Hoffmann–La Roche, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pierre Fabre Dermatologie. Dr. Harper has no relevant financial disclosures.

[email protected]

WASHINGTON – In an interview at the close of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, dermatologists Julie Harper, MD, and Jonette Keri, MD, PhD, summed up some of the take-home messages from the meeting’s acne sessions.

Both Dr. Harper, who practices in Birmingham, Ala., and is the immediate past president of the American Acne & Rosacea Society, and Dr. Keri, of the department of dermatology at the University of Miami and the Miami VA Healthcare System, spoke during several acne sessions. Among the topics they discussed during the interview were a relatively recent meta-analysis that provides reassuring information about depression and isotretinoin, how to start patients on spironolactone, and the use of antibiotics – and benzoyl peroxide.

They emphasized the importance of not withholding treatment for patients who need it and the psychosocial impact of acne. “Patients need to get to the treatment they need ... faster,” Dr. Harper said. “We want to treat sooner, and we want to prevent scarring,” Dr. Keri added.

Dr. Keri disclosed relationships with Hoffmann–La Roche, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pierre Fabre Dermatologie. Dr. Harper has no relevant financial disclosures.

[email protected]

WASHINGTON – In an interview at the close of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, dermatologists Julie Harper, MD, and Jonette Keri, MD, PhD, summed up some of the take-home messages from the meeting’s acne sessions.

Both Dr. Harper, who practices in Birmingham, Ala., and is the immediate past president of the American Acne & Rosacea Society, and Dr. Keri, of the department of dermatology at the University of Miami and the Miami VA Healthcare System, spoke during several acne sessions. Among the topics they discussed during the interview were a relatively recent meta-analysis that provides reassuring information about depression and isotretinoin, how to start patients on spironolactone, and the use of antibiotics – and benzoyl peroxide.

They emphasized the importance of not withholding treatment for patients who need it and the psychosocial impact of acne. “Patients need to get to the treatment they need ... faster,” Dr. Harper said. “We want to treat sooner, and we want to prevent scarring,” Dr. Keri added.

Dr. Keri disclosed relationships with Hoffmann–La Roche, Ortho Dermatologics, and Pierre Fabre Dermatologie. Dr. Harper has no relevant financial disclosures.

[email protected]

Zobair Younossi, MD, MPH, chairman of the department of medicine at Inova Fairfax (Va.) Medical Campus, discusses the progressive form of NAFLD -- NASH -- and its optimal treatment.

Vidyard Video

Zobair Younossi, MD, MPH, chairman of the department of medicine at Inova Fairfax (Va.) Medical Campus, discusses the progressive form of NAFLD -- NASH -- and its optimal treatment.

Vidyard Video

Zobair Younossi, MD, MPH, chairman of the department of medicine at Inova Fairfax (Va.) Medical Campus, discusses the progressive form of NAFLD -- NASH -- and its optimal treatment.

Vidyard Video

NEW ORLEANS – For patients with atrial fibrillation and either a recent acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention, combined treatment for 6 months with the anticoagulant apixaban and a P2Y12 inhibitor antiplatelet drug, but without aspirin, was safer than and as effective as a regimen that either also included aspirin or that substituted a vitamin K antagonist, such as warfarin, for the direct-acting oral anticoagulant, based on results from a multicenter, randomized trial with more than 4,600 patients.

The apixaban plus P2Y12 inhibitor (typically, clopidogrel) combination “resulted in less bleeding and fewer hospitalizations without significant differences in ischemic events than regimens that included a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, or both,” Renato D. Lopes, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology. Concurrently, his report of the results also appeared in an online article.

This finding in the AUGUSTUS trial gives clinicians more guidance for the long-standing dilemma of how to best prevent arterial thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib). To prevent a stroke, these patients routinely receive treatment with an anticoagulant when they have an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event or undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Typically, they receive several months of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor to prevent a clot from forming in the stented or unstable region of a coronary artery.

These patients are not uncommon; this circumstance occurs for about 20% of all AFib patients, and poses the question of what is the safest and most effective way to treat them. Should they get triple therapy with an anticoagulant, aspirin, and a P2Y12 inhibitor, an option that could cause excess bleeding; or should one of the three drugs drop out with the potential for an increased rate of ischemic events? The AUGUSTUS findings suggest that one solution is treatment with a combination of the direct-acting oral anticoagulant apixaban (Eliquis) and the P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel (Plavix) but without aspirin.

For the majority of patients like the ones enrolled, “less is more.” By dropping aspirin from the treatment mix, patients did better, said Dr. Lopes, a professor of medicine at Duke University in Durham, N.C.

Dr. Lopes and his associates designed AUGUSTUS (A Study of Apixaban in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation, Not Caused by a Heart Valve Problem, Who Are at Risk for Thrombosis [Blood Clots] Due to Having Had a Recent Coronary Event, Such as a Heart Attack or a Procedure to Open the Vessels of the Heart) as a two-by-two factorial study to address two different questions: During 6 months of treatment, how did apixaban compare with a vitamin K antagonist (usually warfarin) in these patients for safety and efficacy, and how did aspirin compare with placebo in this setting for the same endpoints?

The trial enrolled 4,614 patients at 492 sites in 33 countries. All patients in the study received a P2Y12 inhibitor, with 93% treated with clopidogrel. The study had roughly as many patients as the combined total of patients enrolled in two smaller, prior studies that had looked at roughly the same questions in similar patients.

“The aspirin part is the more interesting, and probably more unique and important finding,” John H. Alexander, MD, a coinvestigator on the study, said in a video interview. Regardless of the anticoagulant used, patients who received aspirin had a 16% rate of major bleeds or clinically relevant non-major bleeds, compared with a 9% rate among those on placebo, a statistically significant result that underscored the bleeding risk posed by adding aspirin to an anticoagulant and a P2Y12 inhibitor.

The results also showed no statistically significant difference in any efficacy measure with or without aspirin, including the rate of death or hospitalization, or of any individual ischemic endpoint. However the results showed a signal of a small increase in the rates of each of three types of ischemic events – stent thrombosis, MI, and need for urgent revascularization, each of which showed a numerical increase when aspirin was dropped. But the increase was small.

Dr. Lopes calculated that, for example, to prevent one episode of stent thrombosis by treating with aspirin also would cause 15 major or clinically relevant non-major bleeds, which makes inclusion of aspirin something of a judgment call for each patient, said Dr. Alexander, a professor of medicine at Duke. An AFib patient with a high risk for thrombosis but a low risk for bleeding following PCI or an ACS event might be a reasonable patient to treat with aspirin along with apixaban and a P2Y12 inhibitor, he explained.

The rate of major or clinically relevant bleeds was 11% with apixaban and 15% with a vitamin K antagonist, a statistically significant difference. Patients treated with apixaban also had a significantly reduced rate of death or hospitalization, 24%, compared with 27% among those on the vitamin K antagonist, as well as a significantly lower rate of stroke.

Overall the lowest bleeding rate was in patients on apixaban but no aspirin, a 7% rate, while the highest rate was in patients on a vitamin K antagonist plus aspirin, a 19% rate.

Dr. Alexander said that it would be an overreach to extrapolate these findings to other direct-acting oral anticoagulants, compared with a vitamin K antagonist, but he believed that the findings the study generated about aspirin were probably relevant regardless of the anticoagulant used.
 

[email protected]

On Twitter @mitchelzoler

NEW ORLEANS – For patients with atrial fibrillation and either a recent acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention, combined treatment for 6 months with the anticoagulant apixaban and a P2Y12 inhibitor antiplatelet drug, but without aspirin, was safer than and as effective as a regimen that either also included aspirin or that substituted a vitamin K antagonist, such as warfarin, for the direct-acting oral anticoagulant, based on results from a multicenter, randomized trial with more than 4,600 patients.

The apixaban plus P2Y12 inhibitor (typically, clopidogrel) combination “resulted in less bleeding and fewer hospitalizations without significant differences in ischemic events than regimens that included a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, or both,” Renato D. Lopes, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology. Concurrently, his report of the results also appeared in an online article.

This finding in the AUGUSTUS trial gives clinicians more guidance for the long-standing dilemma of how to best prevent arterial thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib). To prevent a stroke, these patients routinely receive treatment with an anticoagulant when they have an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event or undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Typically, they receive several months of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor to prevent a clot from forming in the stented or unstable region of a coronary artery.

These patients are not uncommon; this circumstance occurs for about 20% of all AFib patients, and poses the question of what is the safest and most effective way to treat them. Should they get triple therapy with an anticoagulant, aspirin, and a P2Y12 inhibitor, an option that could cause excess bleeding; or should one of the three drugs drop out with the potential for an increased rate of ischemic events? The AUGUSTUS findings suggest that one solution is treatment with a combination of the direct-acting oral anticoagulant apixaban (Eliquis) and the P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel (Plavix) but without aspirin.

For the majority of patients like the ones enrolled, “less is more.” By dropping aspirin from the treatment mix, patients did better, said Dr. Lopes, a professor of medicine at Duke University in Durham, N.C.

Dr. Lopes and his associates designed AUGUSTUS (A Study of Apixaban in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation, Not Caused by a Heart Valve Problem, Who Are at Risk for Thrombosis [Blood Clots] Due to Having Had a Recent Coronary Event, Such as a Heart Attack or a Procedure to Open the Vessels of the Heart) as a two-by-two factorial study to address two different questions: During 6 months of treatment, how did apixaban compare with a vitamin K antagonist (usually warfarin) in these patients for safety and efficacy, and how did aspirin compare with placebo in this setting for the same endpoints?

The trial enrolled 4,614 patients at 492 sites in 33 countries. All patients in the study received a P2Y12 inhibitor, with 93% treated with clopidogrel. The study had roughly as many patients as the combined total of patients enrolled in two smaller, prior studies that had looked at roughly the same questions in similar patients.

“The aspirin part is the more interesting, and probably more unique and important finding,” John H. Alexander, MD, a coinvestigator on the study, said in a video interview. Regardless of the anticoagulant used, patients who received aspirin had a 16% rate of major bleeds or clinically relevant non-major bleeds, compared with a 9% rate among those on placebo, a statistically significant result that underscored the bleeding risk posed by adding aspirin to an anticoagulant and a P2Y12 inhibitor.

The results also showed no statistically significant difference in any efficacy measure with or without aspirin, including the rate of death or hospitalization, or of any individual ischemic endpoint. However the results showed a signal of a small increase in the rates of each of three types of ischemic events – stent thrombosis, MI, and need for urgent revascularization, each of which showed a numerical increase when aspirin was dropped. But the increase was small.

Dr. Lopes calculated that, for example, to prevent one episode of stent thrombosis by treating with aspirin also would cause 15 major or clinically relevant non-major bleeds, which makes inclusion of aspirin something of a judgment call for each patient, said Dr. Alexander, a professor of medicine at Duke. An AFib patient with a high risk for thrombosis but a low risk for bleeding following PCI or an ACS event might be a reasonable patient to treat with aspirin along with apixaban and a P2Y12 inhibitor, he explained.

The rate of major or clinically relevant bleeds was 11% with apixaban and 15% with a vitamin K antagonist, a statistically significant difference. Patients treated with apixaban also had a significantly reduced rate of death or hospitalization, 24%, compared with 27% among those on the vitamin K antagonist, as well as a significantly lower rate of stroke.

Overall the lowest bleeding rate was in patients on apixaban but no aspirin, a 7% rate, while the highest rate was in patients on a vitamin K antagonist plus aspirin, a 19% rate.

Dr. Alexander said that it would be an overreach to extrapolate these findings to other direct-acting oral anticoagulants, compared with a vitamin K antagonist, but he believed that the findings the study generated about aspirin were probably relevant regardless of the anticoagulant used.
 

[email protected]

On Twitter @mitchelzoler

NEW ORLEANS – For patients with atrial fibrillation and either a recent acute coronary syndrome or percutaneous coronary intervention, combined treatment for 6 months with the anticoagulant apixaban and a P2Y12 inhibitor antiplatelet drug, but without aspirin, was safer than and as effective as a regimen that either also included aspirin or that substituted a vitamin K antagonist, such as warfarin, for the direct-acting oral anticoagulant, based on results from a multicenter, randomized trial with more than 4,600 patients.

The apixaban plus P2Y12 inhibitor (typically, clopidogrel) combination “resulted in less bleeding and fewer hospitalizations without significant differences in ischemic events than regimens that included a vitamin K antagonist, aspirin, or both,” Renato D. Lopes, MD, said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology. Concurrently, his report of the results also appeared in an online article.

This finding in the AUGUSTUS trial gives clinicians more guidance for the long-standing dilemma of how to best prevent arterial thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib). To prevent a stroke, these patients routinely receive treatment with an anticoagulant when they have an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event or undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Typically, they receive several months of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor to prevent a clot from forming in the stented or unstable region of a coronary artery.

These patients are not uncommon; this circumstance occurs for about 20% of all AFib patients, and poses the question of what is the safest and most effective way to treat them. Should they get triple therapy with an anticoagulant, aspirin, and a P2Y12 inhibitor, an option that could cause excess bleeding; or should one of the three drugs drop out with the potential for an increased rate of ischemic events? The AUGUSTUS findings suggest that one solution is treatment with a combination of the direct-acting oral anticoagulant apixaban (Eliquis) and the P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel (Plavix) but without aspirin.

For the majority of patients like the ones enrolled, “less is more.” By dropping aspirin from the treatment mix, patients did better, said Dr. Lopes, a professor of medicine at Duke University in Durham, N.C.

Dr. Lopes and his associates designed AUGUSTUS (A Study of Apixaban in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation, Not Caused by a Heart Valve Problem, Who Are at Risk for Thrombosis [Blood Clots] Due to Having Had a Recent Coronary Event, Such as a Heart Attack or a Procedure to Open the Vessels of the Heart) as a two-by-two factorial study to address two different questions: During 6 months of treatment, how did apixaban compare with a vitamin K antagonist (usually warfarin) in these patients for safety and efficacy, and how did aspirin compare with placebo in this setting for the same endpoints?

The trial enrolled 4,614 patients at 492 sites in 33 countries. All patients in the study received a P2Y12 inhibitor, with 93% treated with clopidogrel. The study had roughly as many patients as the combined total of patients enrolled in two smaller, prior studies that had looked at roughly the same questions in similar patients.

“The aspirin part is the more interesting, and probably more unique and important finding,” John H. Alexander, MD, a coinvestigator on the study, said in a video interview. Regardless of the anticoagulant used, patients who received aspirin had a 16% rate of major bleeds or clinically relevant non-major bleeds, compared with a 9% rate among those on placebo, a statistically significant result that underscored the bleeding risk posed by adding aspirin to an anticoagulant and a P2Y12 inhibitor.

The results also showed no statistically significant difference in any efficacy measure with or without aspirin, including the rate of death or hospitalization, or of any individual ischemic endpoint. However the results showed a signal of a small increase in the rates of each of three types of ischemic events – stent thrombosis, MI, and need for urgent revascularization, each of which showed a numerical increase when aspirin was dropped. But the increase was small.

Dr. Lopes calculated that, for example, to prevent one episode of stent thrombosis by treating with aspirin also would cause 15 major or clinically relevant non-major bleeds, which makes inclusion of aspirin something of a judgment call for each patient, said Dr. Alexander, a professor of medicine at Duke. An AFib patient with a high risk for thrombosis but a low risk for bleeding following PCI or an ACS event might be a reasonable patient to treat with aspirin along with apixaban and a P2Y12 inhibitor, he explained.

The rate of major or clinically relevant bleeds was 11% with apixaban and 15% with a vitamin K antagonist, a statistically significant difference. Patients treated with apixaban also had a significantly reduced rate of death or hospitalization, 24%, compared with 27% among those on the vitamin K antagonist, as well as a significantly lower rate of stroke.

Overall the lowest bleeding rate was in patients on apixaban but no aspirin, a 7% rate, while the highest rate was in patients on a vitamin K antagonist plus aspirin, a 19% rate.

Dr. Alexander said that it would be an overreach to extrapolate these findings to other direct-acting oral anticoagulants, compared with a vitamin K antagonist, but he believed that the findings the study generated about aspirin were probably relevant regardless of the anticoagulant used.
 

[email protected]

On Twitter @mitchelzoler

DALLAS – Hormonal differences are not the only reason that multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression and severity differ between the sexes, according to Rhonda Voskuhl, MD, who delivered the Kenneth P. Johnson Memorial Lecture at a meeting of the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

“Sex differences in disease are widely prevalent across immunological and neurological diseases. For example, lupus affects women 9:1 more frequently, rheumatoid arthritis is about 3:1, and MS is 3:1,” said Dr. Voskuhl, director of the MS program and Jack H. Skirball Chair of Multiple Sclerosis Research at the University of California, Los Angeles.

However, although women are more likely to experience these diseases, men are often more severely affected by them, Dr. Voskuhl said. “Sometimes in neurodegenerative diseases like MS, we’re seeing that the men, although they get it less frequently, they do worse. ... So these are actually two very important sex differences in disease, one affecting susceptibility and frequency, and the other affecting how they do over the long run with respect to their progression and severity.”

This clinically apparent observation, known for decades, prompted Dr. Voskuhl and others to parse why sex differences exist in this gamut of diseases.

A novel animal model – the four-core genotype mouse model – has allowed Dr. Voskuhl and others to discern the contributions of hormonal versus chromosomal influences on disease susceptibility and progression. The model separates the sex chromosome complement (XX or XY) from gonadal influences, and it’s been extremely helpful in revealing the surprising influence that sex chromosomes play in MS and similar diseases, said Dr. Voskuhl in an interview.

Dr. Voskuhl is also the president-elect of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences.

[email protected]

DALLAS – Hormonal differences are not the only reason that multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression and severity differ between the sexes, according to Rhonda Voskuhl, MD, who delivered the Kenneth P. Johnson Memorial Lecture at a meeting of the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

“Sex differences in disease are widely prevalent across immunological and neurological diseases. For example, lupus affects women 9:1 more frequently, rheumatoid arthritis is about 3:1, and MS is 3:1,” said Dr. Voskuhl, director of the MS program and Jack H. Skirball Chair of Multiple Sclerosis Research at the University of California, Los Angeles.

However, although women are more likely to experience these diseases, men are often more severely affected by them, Dr. Voskuhl said. “Sometimes in neurodegenerative diseases like MS, we’re seeing that the men, although they get it less frequently, they do worse. ... So these are actually two very important sex differences in disease, one affecting susceptibility and frequency, and the other affecting how they do over the long run with respect to their progression and severity.”

This clinically apparent observation, known for decades, prompted Dr. Voskuhl and others to parse why sex differences exist in this gamut of diseases.

A novel animal model – the four-core genotype mouse model – has allowed Dr. Voskuhl and others to discern the contributions of hormonal versus chromosomal influences on disease susceptibility and progression. The model separates the sex chromosome complement (XX or XY) from gonadal influences, and it’s been extremely helpful in revealing the surprising influence that sex chromosomes play in MS and similar diseases, said Dr. Voskuhl in an interview.

Dr. Voskuhl is also the president-elect of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences.

[email protected]

DALLAS – Hormonal differences are not the only reason that multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression and severity differ between the sexes, according to Rhonda Voskuhl, MD, who delivered the Kenneth P. Johnson Memorial Lecture at a meeting of the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

“Sex differences in disease are widely prevalent across immunological and neurological diseases. For example, lupus affects women 9:1 more frequently, rheumatoid arthritis is about 3:1, and MS is 3:1,” said Dr. Voskuhl, director of the MS program and Jack H. Skirball Chair of Multiple Sclerosis Research at the University of California, Los Angeles.

However, although women are more likely to experience these diseases, men are often more severely affected by them, Dr. Voskuhl said. “Sometimes in neurodegenerative diseases like MS, we’re seeing that the men, although they get it less frequently, they do worse. ... So these are actually two very important sex differences in disease, one affecting susceptibility and frequency, and the other affecting how they do over the long run with respect to their progression and severity.”

This clinically apparent observation, known for decades, prompted Dr. Voskuhl and others to parse why sex differences exist in this gamut of diseases.

A novel animal model – the four-core genotype mouse model – has allowed Dr. Voskuhl and others to discern the contributions of hormonal versus chromosomal influences on disease susceptibility and progression. The model separates the sex chromosome complement (XX or XY) from gonadal influences, and it’s been extremely helpful in revealing the surprising influence that sex chromosomes play in MS and similar diseases, said Dr. Voskuhl in an interview.

Dr. Voskuhl is also the president-elect of the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences.

[email protected]