The notion that people get ‘hangry’ – irritable and short-tempered when they’re hungry – is such an established part of modern folklore that the word has even been added to the Oxford English Dictionary. Although experimental studies in the past have shown that low blood glucose levels increase impulsivity, anger, and aggression, there has been little solid evidence that this translates to real-life settings.

Now new research has confirmed that the phenomenon does really exist in everyday life. The study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, is the first to investigate how hunger affects people’s emotions on a day-to-day level. Lead author Viren Swami, professor of social psychology at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England, said: “Many of us are aware that being hungry can influence our emotions, but surprisingly little scientific research has focused on being ‘hangry’.”

He and coauthors from Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences in Krems an der Donau, Austria, recruited 64 participants from Central Europe who completed a 21-day experience sampling phase, in which they were prompted to report their feelings on a smartphone app five times a day. At each prompt, they reported their levels of hunger, anger, irritability, pleasure, and arousal on a visual analog scale.

Participants were on average 29.9 years old (range = 18-60), predominantly (81.3%) women, and had a mean body mass index of 23.8 kg/m² (range 15.8-36.5 kg/m²).

Anger was rated on a 5-point scale but the team explained that the effects of hunger are unlikely to be unique to anger per se, so they also asked about experiences of irritability and, in order to obtain a more holistic view of emotionality, also about pleasure and arousal, as indexed using Russell’s affect grid.

They also asked about eating behaviors over the previous 3 weeks, including frequency of main meals, snacking behavior, healthy eating, feeling hungry, and sense of satiety, and about dietary behaviors including restrictive eating, emotionally induced eating, and externally determined eating behavior.

Analysis of the resulting total of 9,142 responses showed that higher levels of self-reported hunger were associated with greater feelings of anger and irritability, and with lower levels of pleasure. These findings remained significant after accounting for participants’ sex, age, body mass index, dietary behaviors, and trait anger. However, associations with arousal were not significant.

The authors commented that the use of the app allowed data collection to take place in subjects’ everyday environments, such as their workplace and at home. “These results provide evidence that everyday levels of hunger are associated with negative emotionality and supports the notion of being ‘hangry.’ ”
 

‘Substantial’ effects

“The effects were substantial,” the team said, “even after taking into account demographic factors” such as age and sex, body mass index, dietary behavior, and individual personality traits. Hunger was associated with 37% of the variance in irritability, 34% of the variance in anger, and 38% of the variance in pleasure recorded by the participants.

The research also showed that the negative emotions – irritability, anger, and unpleasantness – were caused by both day-to-day fluctuations in hunger and residual levels of hunger measured by averages over the 3-week period.

The authors said their findings “suggest that the experience of being hangry is real, insofar as hunger was associated with greater anger and irritability, and lower pleasure, in our sample over a period of 3 weeks.

“These results may have important implications for understanding everyday experiences of emotions, and may also assist practitioners to more effectively ensure productive individual behaviors and interpersonal relationships (for example, by ensuring that no one goes hungry).”

Although the majority of participants (55%) said they paid attention to hunger pangs, only 23% said that they knew when they were full and then stopped eating, whereas 63% said they could tell when they were full but sometimes continued to eat. Few (4.7%) people said they could not tell when they were full and therefore oriented their eating based on the size of the meal, but 9% described frequent overeating because of not feeling satiated, and 13% stated they ate when they were stressed, upset, angry, or bored.

Professor Swami said: “Ours is the first study to examine being ‘hangry’ outside of a lab. By following people in their day-to-day lives, we found that hunger was related to levels of anger, irritability, and pleasure.

“Although our study doesn’t present ways to mitigate negative hunger-induced emotions, research suggests that being able to label an emotion can help people to regulate it, such as by recognizing that we feel angry simply because we are hungry. Therefore, greater awareness of being ‘hangry’ could reduce the likelihood that hunger results in negative emotions and behaviors in individuals.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape UK.

The notion that people get ‘hangry’ – irritable and short-tempered when they’re hungry – is such an established part of modern folklore that the word has even been added to the Oxford English Dictionary. Although experimental studies in the past have shown that low blood glucose levels increase impulsivity, anger, and aggression, there has been little solid evidence that this translates to real-life settings.

Now new research has confirmed that the phenomenon does really exist in everyday life. The study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, is the first to investigate how hunger affects people’s emotions on a day-to-day level. Lead author Viren Swami, professor of social psychology at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England, said: “Many of us are aware that being hungry can influence our emotions, but surprisingly little scientific research has focused on being ‘hangry’.”

He and coauthors from Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences in Krems an der Donau, Austria, recruited 64 participants from Central Europe who completed a 21-day experience sampling phase, in which they were prompted to report their feelings on a smartphone app five times a day. At each prompt, they reported their levels of hunger, anger, irritability, pleasure, and arousal on a visual analog scale.

Participants were on average 29.9 years old (range = 18-60), predominantly (81.3%) women, and had a mean body mass index of 23.8 kg/m² (range 15.8-36.5 kg/m²).

Anger was rated on a 5-point scale but the team explained that the effects of hunger are unlikely to be unique to anger per se, so they also asked about experiences of irritability and, in order to obtain a more holistic view of emotionality, also about pleasure and arousal, as indexed using Russell’s affect grid.

They also asked about eating behaviors over the previous 3 weeks, including frequency of main meals, snacking behavior, healthy eating, feeling hungry, and sense of satiety, and about dietary behaviors including restrictive eating, emotionally induced eating, and externally determined eating behavior.

Analysis of the resulting total of 9,142 responses showed that higher levels of self-reported hunger were associated with greater feelings of anger and irritability, and with lower levels of pleasure. These findings remained significant after accounting for participants’ sex, age, body mass index, dietary behaviors, and trait anger. However, associations with arousal were not significant.

The authors commented that the use of the app allowed data collection to take place in subjects’ everyday environments, such as their workplace and at home. “These results provide evidence that everyday levels of hunger are associated with negative emotionality and supports the notion of being ‘hangry.’ ”
 

‘Substantial’ effects

“The effects were substantial,” the team said, “even after taking into account demographic factors” such as age and sex, body mass index, dietary behavior, and individual personality traits. Hunger was associated with 37% of the variance in irritability, 34% of the variance in anger, and 38% of the variance in pleasure recorded by the participants.

The research also showed that the negative emotions – irritability, anger, and unpleasantness – were caused by both day-to-day fluctuations in hunger and residual levels of hunger measured by averages over the 3-week period.

The authors said their findings “suggest that the experience of being hangry is real, insofar as hunger was associated with greater anger and irritability, and lower pleasure, in our sample over a period of 3 weeks.

“These results may have important implications for understanding everyday experiences of emotions, and may also assist practitioners to more effectively ensure productive individual behaviors and interpersonal relationships (for example, by ensuring that no one goes hungry).”

Although the majority of participants (55%) said they paid attention to hunger pangs, only 23% said that they knew when they were full and then stopped eating, whereas 63% said they could tell when they were full but sometimes continued to eat. Few (4.7%) people said they could not tell when they were full and therefore oriented their eating based on the size of the meal, but 9% described frequent overeating because of not feeling satiated, and 13% stated they ate when they were stressed, upset, angry, or bored.

Professor Swami said: “Ours is the first study to examine being ‘hangry’ outside of a lab. By following people in their day-to-day lives, we found that hunger was related to levels of anger, irritability, and pleasure.

“Although our study doesn’t present ways to mitigate negative hunger-induced emotions, research suggests that being able to label an emotion can help people to regulate it, such as by recognizing that we feel angry simply because we are hungry. Therefore, greater awareness of being ‘hangry’ could reduce the likelihood that hunger results in negative emotions and behaviors in individuals.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape UK.

The notion that people get ‘hangry’ – irritable and short-tempered when they’re hungry – is such an established part of modern folklore that the word has even been added to the Oxford English Dictionary. Although experimental studies in the past have shown that low blood glucose levels increase impulsivity, anger, and aggression, there has been little solid evidence that this translates to real-life settings.

Now new research has confirmed that the phenomenon does really exist in everyday life. The study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, is the first to investigate how hunger affects people’s emotions on a day-to-day level. Lead author Viren Swami, professor of social psychology at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England, said: “Many of us are aware that being hungry can influence our emotions, but surprisingly little scientific research has focused on being ‘hangry’.”

He and coauthors from Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences in Krems an der Donau, Austria, recruited 64 participants from Central Europe who completed a 21-day experience sampling phase, in which they were prompted to report their feelings on a smartphone app five times a day. At each prompt, they reported their levels of hunger, anger, irritability, pleasure, and arousal on a visual analog scale.

Participants were on average 29.9 years old (range = 18-60), predominantly (81.3%) women, and had a mean body mass index of 23.8 kg/m² (range 15.8-36.5 kg/m²).

Anger was rated on a 5-point scale but the team explained that the effects of hunger are unlikely to be unique to anger per se, so they also asked about experiences of irritability and, in order to obtain a more holistic view of emotionality, also about pleasure and arousal, as indexed using Russell’s affect grid.

They also asked about eating behaviors over the previous 3 weeks, including frequency of main meals, snacking behavior, healthy eating, feeling hungry, and sense of satiety, and about dietary behaviors including restrictive eating, emotionally induced eating, and externally determined eating behavior.

Analysis of the resulting total of 9,142 responses showed that higher levels of self-reported hunger were associated with greater feelings of anger and irritability, and with lower levels of pleasure. These findings remained significant after accounting for participants’ sex, age, body mass index, dietary behaviors, and trait anger. However, associations with arousal were not significant.

The authors commented that the use of the app allowed data collection to take place in subjects’ everyday environments, such as their workplace and at home. “These results provide evidence that everyday levels of hunger are associated with negative emotionality and supports the notion of being ‘hangry.’ ”
 

‘Substantial’ effects

“The effects were substantial,” the team said, “even after taking into account demographic factors” such as age and sex, body mass index, dietary behavior, and individual personality traits. Hunger was associated with 37% of the variance in irritability, 34% of the variance in anger, and 38% of the variance in pleasure recorded by the participants.

The research also showed that the negative emotions – irritability, anger, and unpleasantness – were caused by both day-to-day fluctuations in hunger and residual levels of hunger measured by averages over the 3-week period.

The authors said their findings “suggest that the experience of being hangry is real, insofar as hunger was associated with greater anger and irritability, and lower pleasure, in our sample over a period of 3 weeks.

“These results may have important implications for understanding everyday experiences of emotions, and may also assist practitioners to more effectively ensure productive individual behaviors and interpersonal relationships (for example, by ensuring that no one goes hungry).”

Although the majority of participants (55%) said they paid attention to hunger pangs, only 23% said that they knew when they were full and then stopped eating, whereas 63% said they could tell when they were full but sometimes continued to eat. Few (4.7%) people said they could not tell when they were full and therefore oriented their eating based on the size of the meal, but 9% described frequent overeating because of not feeling satiated, and 13% stated they ate when they were stressed, upset, angry, or bored.

Professor Swami said: “Ours is the first study to examine being ‘hangry’ outside of a lab. By following people in their day-to-day lives, we found that hunger was related to levels of anger, irritability, and pleasure.

“Although our study doesn’t present ways to mitigate negative hunger-induced emotions, research suggests that being able to label an emotion can help people to regulate it, such as by recognizing that we feel angry simply because we are hungry. Therefore, greater awareness of being ‘hangry’ could reduce the likelihood that hunger results in negative emotions and behaviors in individuals.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape UK.

Many women who got a COVID-19 vaccine have reported heavier bleeding during their periods since they had the shots.

A team of researchers investigated the trend and set out to find out who among the vaccinated were more likely to experience the menstruation changes.

The researchers were led by Katharine M.N. Lee, PhD, MS, of the division of public health sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. Their findings were published ahead of print in Science Advances.

The investigators analyzed more than 139,000 responses from an online survey from both currently and formerly menstruating women.

They found that, among people who have regular periods, about the same percentage had heavier bleeding after they got a COVID vaccine as had no change in bleeding after the vaccine (44% vs. 42%, respectively).

“A much smaller portion had lighter periods,” they write.

The phenomenon has been difficult to study because questions about changes in menstruation are not a standard part of vaccine trials.

Date of last period is often tracked in clinical trials to make sure a participant is not pregnant, but the questions about periods often stop there.

Additionally, periods are different for everyone and can be influenced by all sorts of environmental factors, so making associations regarding exposures is problematic.
 

No changes found to fertility

The authors emphasized that, generally, changes to menstrual bleeding are not uncommon nor dangerous. They also emphasized that the changes in bleeding don’t mean changes to fertility.

The uterine reproductive system is flexible when the body is under stress, they note.

“We know that running a marathon may influence hormone concentrations in the short term while not rendering that person infertile,” the authors write.

However, they acknowledge that investigating these reports is critical in building trust in medicine.

This report includes information that hasn’t been available through the clinical trial follow-up process.

For instance, the authors write, “To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to examine breakthrough bleeding after vaccination in either pre- or postmenopausal people.”

Reports of changes to periods after vaccination started emerging in 2021. But without data, reports were largely dismissed, fueling criticism from those waging campaigns against COVID vaccines.

Dr. Lee and colleagues gathered data from those who responded to the online survey and detailed some trends.

People who were bleeding more heavily after vaccination were more likely to be older, Hispanic, had vaccine side effects of fever and fatigue, had been pregnant at some point, or had given birth.

People with regular periods who had endometriosis, prolonged bleeding during their periods, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or fibroids were also more likely to have increased bleeding after a COVID vaccine.
 

Breakthrough bleeding

For people who don’t menstruate, but have not reached menopause, breakthrough bleeding happened more often in women who had been pregnant and/or had given birth.

Among respondents who were postmenopausal, breakthrough bleeding happened more often in younger people and/or those who are Hispanic.

More than a third of the respondents (39%) who use gender-affirming hormones that eliminate menstruation reported breakthrough bleeding after vaccination.

The majority of premenopausal people on long-acting, reversible contraception (71%) and the majority of postmenopausal respondents (66%) had breakthrough bleeding as well.

The authors note that you can’t compare the percentages who report these experiences in the survey with the incidence of those who would experience changes in menstrual bleeding in the general population.

The nature of the online survey means it may be naturally biased because the people who responded may be more often those who noted some change in their own menstrual experiences, particularly if that involved discomfort, pain, or fear.

Researchers also acknowledge that Black, Indigenous, Latinx, and other respondents of color are underrepresented in this research and that represents a limitation in the work.

Alison Edelman, MD, MPH, with the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, was not involved with Dr. Lee and associates’ study but has also studied the relationship between COVID vaccines and menstruation.

Her team’s study found that COVID vaccination is associated with a small change in time between periods but not length of periods.

She said about the work by Dr. Lee and colleagues, “This work really elevates the voices of the public and what they’re experiencing.”

The association makes sense, Dr. Edelman says, in that the reproductive system and the immune system talk to each other and inflammation in the immune system is going to be noticed by the system governing periods.

Lack of data on the relationship between exposures and menstruation didn’t start with COVID. “There has been a signal in the population before with other vaccines that’s been dismissed,” she said.

Tracking menstruation information in clinical trials can help physicians counsel women on what may be coming with any vaccine and alleviate fears and vaccine hesitancy, Dr. Edelman explained. It can also help vaccine developers know what to include in information about their product.

“When you are counseled about what to expect, it’s not as scary. That provides trust in the system,” she said. She likened it to original lack of data on whether COVID-19 vaccines would affect pregnancy.

“We have great science now that COVID vaccine does not affect fertility and [vaccine] does not impact pregnancy.”

Another important aspect of this paper is that it included subgroups not studied before regarding menstruation and breakthrough bleeding, such as those taking gender-affirming hormones, she added.

Menstruation has been often overlooked as important in clinical trial exposures but Dr. Edelman hopes this recent attention and question will escalate and prompt more research.

“I’m hoping with the immense outpouring from the public about how important this is, that future studies will look at this a little bit better,” she says.

She said when the National Institutes of Health opened up funding for trials on COVID-19 vaccines and menstruation, researchers got flooded with requests from women to share their stories.

“As a researcher – I’ve been doing research for over 20 years – that’s not something that usually happens. I would love to have that happen for every research project.”

The authors and Dr. Edelman declare that they have no competing interests. This research was supported in part by the University of Illinois Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Illinois Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital, and the Siteman Cancer Center.

Many women who got a COVID-19 vaccine have reported heavier bleeding during their periods since they had the shots.

A team of researchers investigated the trend and set out to find out who among the vaccinated were more likely to experience the menstruation changes.

The researchers were led by Katharine M.N. Lee, PhD, MS, of the division of public health sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. Their findings were published ahead of print in Science Advances.

The investigators analyzed more than 139,000 responses from an online survey from both currently and formerly menstruating women.

They found that, among people who have regular periods, about the same percentage had heavier bleeding after they got a COVID vaccine as had no change in bleeding after the vaccine (44% vs. 42%, respectively).

“A much smaller portion had lighter periods,” they write.

The phenomenon has been difficult to study because questions about changes in menstruation are not a standard part of vaccine trials.

Date of last period is often tracked in clinical trials to make sure a participant is not pregnant, but the questions about periods often stop there.

Additionally, periods are different for everyone and can be influenced by all sorts of environmental factors, so making associations regarding exposures is problematic.
 

No changes found to fertility

The authors emphasized that, generally, changes to menstrual bleeding are not uncommon nor dangerous. They also emphasized that the changes in bleeding don’t mean changes to fertility.

The uterine reproductive system is flexible when the body is under stress, they note.

“We know that running a marathon may influence hormone concentrations in the short term while not rendering that person infertile,” the authors write.

However, they acknowledge that investigating these reports is critical in building trust in medicine.

This report includes information that hasn’t been available through the clinical trial follow-up process.

For instance, the authors write, “To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to examine breakthrough bleeding after vaccination in either pre- or postmenopausal people.”

Reports of changes to periods after vaccination started emerging in 2021. But without data, reports were largely dismissed, fueling criticism from those waging campaigns against COVID vaccines.

Dr. Lee and colleagues gathered data from those who responded to the online survey and detailed some trends.

People who were bleeding more heavily after vaccination were more likely to be older, Hispanic, had vaccine side effects of fever and fatigue, had been pregnant at some point, or had given birth.

People with regular periods who had endometriosis, prolonged bleeding during their periods, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or fibroids were also more likely to have increased bleeding after a COVID vaccine.
 

Breakthrough bleeding

For people who don’t menstruate, but have not reached menopause, breakthrough bleeding happened more often in women who had been pregnant and/or had given birth.

Among respondents who were postmenopausal, breakthrough bleeding happened more often in younger people and/or those who are Hispanic.

More than a third of the respondents (39%) who use gender-affirming hormones that eliminate menstruation reported breakthrough bleeding after vaccination.

The majority of premenopausal people on long-acting, reversible contraception (71%) and the majority of postmenopausal respondents (66%) had breakthrough bleeding as well.

The authors note that you can’t compare the percentages who report these experiences in the survey with the incidence of those who would experience changes in menstrual bleeding in the general population.

The nature of the online survey means it may be naturally biased because the people who responded may be more often those who noted some change in their own menstrual experiences, particularly if that involved discomfort, pain, or fear.

Researchers also acknowledge that Black, Indigenous, Latinx, and other respondents of color are underrepresented in this research and that represents a limitation in the work.

Alison Edelman, MD, MPH, with the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, was not involved with Dr. Lee and associates’ study but has also studied the relationship between COVID vaccines and menstruation.

Her team’s study found that COVID vaccination is associated with a small change in time between periods but not length of periods.

She said about the work by Dr. Lee and colleagues, “This work really elevates the voices of the public and what they’re experiencing.”

The association makes sense, Dr. Edelman says, in that the reproductive system and the immune system talk to each other and inflammation in the immune system is going to be noticed by the system governing periods.

Lack of data on the relationship between exposures and menstruation didn’t start with COVID. “There has been a signal in the population before with other vaccines that’s been dismissed,” she said.

Tracking menstruation information in clinical trials can help physicians counsel women on what may be coming with any vaccine and alleviate fears and vaccine hesitancy, Dr. Edelman explained. It can also help vaccine developers know what to include in information about their product.

“When you are counseled about what to expect, it’s not as scary. That provides trust in the system,” she said. She likened it to original lack of data on whether COVID-19 vaccines would affect pregnancy.

“We have great science now that COVID vaccine does not affect fertility and [vaccine] does not impact pregnancy.”

Another important aspect of this paper is that it included subgroups not studied before regarding menstruation and breakthrough bleeding, such as those taking gender-affirming hormones, she added.

Menstruation has been often overlooked as important in clinical trial exposures but Dr. Edelman hopes this recent attention and question will escalate and prompt more research.

“I’m hoping with the immense outpouring from the public about how important this is, that future studies will look at this a little bit better,” she says.

She said when the National Institutes of Health opened up funding for trials on COVID-19 vaccines and menstruation, researchers got flooded with requests from women to share their stories.

“As a researcher – I’ve been doing research for over 20 years – that’s not something that usually happens. I would love to have that happen for every research project.”

The authors and Dr. Edelman declare that they have no competing interests. This research was supported in part by the University of Illinois Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Illinois Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital, and the Siteman Cancer Center.

Many women who got a COVID-19 vaccine have reported heavier bleeding during their periods since they had the shots.

A team of researchers investigated the trend and set out to find out who among the vaccinated were more likely to experience the menstruation changes.

The researchers were led by Katharine M.N. Lee, PhD, MS, of the division of public health sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. Their findings were published ahead of print in Science Advances.

The investigators analyzed more than 139,000 responses from an online survey from both currently and formerly menstruating women.

They found that, among people who have regular periods, about the same percentage had heavier bleeding after they got a COVID vaccine as had no change in bleeding after the vaccine (44% vs. 42%, respectively).

“A much smaller portion had lighter periods,” they write.

The phenomenon has been difficult to study because questions about changes in menstruation are not a standard part of vaccine trials.

Date of last period is often tracked in clinical trials to make sure a participant is not pregnant, but the questions about periods often stop there.

Additionally, periods are different for everyone and can be influenced by all sorts of environmental factors, so making associations regarding exposures is problematic.
 

No changes found to fertility

The authors emphasized that, generally, changes to menstrual bleeding are not uncommon nor dangerous. They also emphasized that the changes in bleeding don’t mean changes to fertility.

The uterine reproductive system is flexible when the body is under stress, they note.

“We know that running a marathon may influence hormone concentrations in the short term while not rendering that person infertile,” the authors write.

However, they acknowledge that investigating these reports is critical in building trust in medicine.

This report includes information that hasn’t been available through the clinical trial follow-up process.

For instance, the authors write, “To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to examine breakthrough bleeding after vaccination in either pre- or postmenopausal people.”

Reports of changes to periods after vaccination started emerging in 2021. But without data, reports were largely dismissed, fueling criticism from those waging campaigns against COVID vaccines.

Dr. Lee and colleagues gathered data from those who responded to the online survey and detailed some trends.

People who were bleeding more heavily after vaccination were more likely to be older, Hispanic, had vaccine side effects of fever and fatigue, had been pregnant at some point, or had given birth.

People with regular periods who had endometriosis, prolonged bleeding during their periods, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or fibroids were also more likely to have increased bleeding after a COVID vaccine.
 

Breakthrough bleeding

For people who don’t menstruate, but have not reached menopause, breakthrough bleeding happened more often in women who had been pregnant and/or had given birth.

Among respondents who were postmenopausal, breakthrough bleeding happened more often in younger people and/or those who are Hispanic.

More than a third of the respondents (39%) who use gender-affirming hormones that eliminate menstruation reported breakthrough bleeding after vaccination.

The majority of premenopausal people on long-acting, reversible contraception (71%) and the majority of postmenopausal respondents (66%) had breakthrough bleeding as well.

The authors note that you can’t compare the percentages who report these experiences in the survey with the incidence of those who would experience changes in menstrual bleeding in the general population.

The nature of the online survey means it may be naturally biased because the people who responded may be more often those who noted some change in their own menstrual experiences, particularly if that involved discomfort, pain, or fear.

Researchers also acknowledge that Black, Indigenous, Latinx, and other respondents of color are underrepresented in this research and that represents a limitation in the work.

Alison Edelman, MD, MPH, with the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, was not involved with Dr. Lee and associates’ study but has also studied the relationship between COVID vaccines and menstruation.

Her team’s study found that COVID vaccination is associated with a small change in time between periods but not length of periods.

She said about the work by Dr. Lee and colleagues, “This work really elevates the voices of the public and what they’re experiencing.”

The association makes sense, Dr. Edelman says, in that the reproductive system and the immune system talk to each other and inflammation in the immune system is going to be noticed by the system governing periods.

Lack of data on the relationship between exposures and menstruation didn’t start with COVID. “There has been a signal in the population before with other vaccines that’s been dismissed,” she said.

Tracking menstruation information in clinical trials can help physicians counsel women on what may be coming with any vaccine and alleviate fears and vaccine hesitancy, Dr. Edelman explained. It can also help vaccine developers know what to include in information about their product.

“When you are counseled about what to expect, it’s not as scary. That provides trust in the system,” she said. She likened it to original lack of data on whether COVID-19 vaccines would affect pregnancy.

“We have great science now that COVID vaccine does not affect fertility and [vaccine] does not impact pregnancy.”

Another important aspect of this paper is that it included subgroups not studied before regarding menstruation and breakthrough bleeding, such as those taking gender-affirming hormones, she added.

Menstruation has been often overlooked as important in clinical trial exposures but Dr. Edelman hopes this recent attention and question will escalate and prompt more research.

“I’m hoping with the immense outpouring from the public about how important this is, that future studies will look at this a little bit better,” she says.

She said when the National Institutes of Health opened up funding for trials on COVID-19 vaccines and menstruation, researchers got flooded with requests from women to share their stories.

“As a researcher – I’ve been doing research for over 20 years – that’s not something that usually happens. I would love to have that happen for every research project.”

The authors and Dr. Edelman declare that they have no competing interests. This research was supported in part by the University of Illinois Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Illinois Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital, and the Siteman Cancer Center.

Non-Hispanic Black young adults in a large, ethnically diverse underserved neighborhood in New York City have about twice the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis as Hispanic young adults, according to a new cross-sectional study. It was noteworthy for identifying subclinical cardiovascular (CV) disease in the cohorts using 3D intravascular ultrasound (3D IVUS).
 

The study’s 436 Black and Hispanic adults, 82% of them women, completed questionnaires regarding nutrition, lifestyle, medical history, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other metrics.

The Black participants, compared with the Hispanic cohort, showed almost triple the rate of hypertension (30.6% vs. 11.1%) and more than twice the rate of current smoking (24.5% vs. 9.3%). Overall Framingham scores for 10-year risk for CV events were not statistically different, at 4.6 and 3.6, respectively.

The presence of atherosclerosis in either the carotid or femoral arteries was identified with 3D IVUS in 8.7% of participants. But its prevalence was about twofold greater in Black than in Hispanic participants (12.9% vs. 6.6%), a finding that persisted after multivariable adjustment and appeared driven by a greater prevalence of carotid disease among Black participants (12.9% vs. 4.8%).

“For the same predicted CV risk, non-Hispanic Black individuals appear to be more vulnerable than people of Hispanic origin to early subclinical atherosclerosis, particularly in the carotid arteries, potentially placing them at increased risk of clinical CV disease,” concludes the report published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, with lead author Josep Iglesies-Grau, MD, Montreal Heart Institute.
 

International program

The current analysis from the FAMILIA study is part of a large international project called Science, Health, and Education (SHE), which is designed to promote early intervention in the lives of children, their caretakers, and teachers so they can develop lifelong heart-healthy habits, senior author Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, physician-in chief, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, said in an interview.

The SHE program has been presented to more than 50,000 children worldwide, and FAMILIA has delivered successful interventions to more than 500 preschoolers, caretakers, and educators at Head Start schools in the Harlem neighborhood of New York, where the current study was conducted.

‘Expected and unexpected’ findings

Black participants were considerably more likely than their Hispanic counterparts to be hypertensive, to be active smokers, and to have higher BMIs. The Black cohort reported higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (P < .001).

There were no between-group differences in the prevalence of diabetes or in mean fasting glucose or total cholesterol levels.

The mean 10-year Framingham CV risk score across the entire study population was 4.0%, with no significant differences between the two groups. In fact, 89% of participants were classified as low risk on the basis of the score.

The overall prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 8.7%, with a mean global plaque burden of 5.0 mm³. But there were dramatic differences in atherosclerotic burden. Across all 10-year Framingham risk categories, Black participants had twice the odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis as Hispanic participants (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.08; P = .026).

Black participants also had a greater atherosclerotic disease burden (9.0 mm3 vs. 2.9 mm3), mean total plaque volume (P = .028), and a higher prevalence of disease in both the carotid and femoral arteries (8.2% vs. 3.8%; P = .026).

“Our findings were both expected and completely unexpected,” Dr. Fuster commented. “It was expected that the non-Hispanic Black population would have more hypertension, obesity, and smoking, and might therefore have more [atherosclerotic] disease. But what was unexpected was when we adjusted for the seven risk factors and socioeconomic status, the Black population had three times the amount of disease,” he said.

“We need to take better care of the risk factors already known in the Black population, which is critical.” However, “our challenge today is to identify these new risk factors, which might be genetic or socioeconomic.” Dr. Fuster said his group is “already working with artificial intelligence to identify risk factors beyond the traditional risk factors that are already established.”

Socioeconomic differences?

“The fact that we’re uncovering and demonstrating that this is an issue – especially for African American women at a young age – and we could make a significant interdiction in terms of risk reduction if we have tools and invest the necessary time and effort, that is the important part of this paper,” Keith Churchwell, MD, Yale New Haven Hospital, and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., said in an interview.

“If you’re going to evaluate African Americans in Harlem who are socially disadvantaged, I would want to know if there is a difference between them and other African Americans who have a different socioeconomic status, in terms of atherosclerotic disease,” added Dr. Churchwell, who was not involved with the study.

The Framingham 10-year risk score is “inadequate in assessing CV disease risk in all populations and is not generalizable to non-Whites,” contend Ramdas G. Pai, MD, and Vrinda Vyas, MBBS, of the University of California, Riverside, in an accompanying editorial.

“New data are emerging in favor of imaging-based classification of CV disease risk and has been shown to improve patient adherence to and compliance with risk-modifying interventions,” they write. “Subclinical atherosclerosis may help better stratify CV disease risk so that preventive measures can be instituted to reduce cardiovascular events at a population level.”

Dr. Fuster and coauthors, Dr. Ramdas and Dr. Pai, and Dr. Churchwell report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Non-Hispanic Black young adults in a large, ethnically diverse underserved neighborhood in New York City have about twice the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis as Hispanic young adults, according to a new cross-sectional study. It was noteworthy for identifying subclinical cardiovascular (CV) disease in the cohorts using 3D intravascular ultrasound (3D IVUS).
 

The study’s 436 Black and Hispanic adults, 82% of them women, completed questionnaires regarding nutrition, lifestyle, medical history, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other metrics.

The Black participants, compared with the Hispanic cohort, showed almost triple the rate of hypertension (30.6% vs. 11.1%) and more than twice the rate of current smoking (24.5% vs. 9.3%). Overall Framingham scores for 10-year risk for CV events were not statistically different, at 4.6 and 3.6, respectively.

The presence of atherosclerosis in either the carotid or femoral arteries was identified with 3D IVUS in 8.7% of participants. But its prevalence was about twofold greater in Black than in Hispanic participants (12.9% vs. 6.6%), a finding that persisted after multivariable adjustment and appeared driven by a greater prevalence of carotid disease among Black participants (12.9% vs. 4.8%).

“For the same predicted CV risk, non-Hispanic Black individuals appear to be more vulnerable than people of Hispanic origin to early subclinical atherosclerosis, particularly in the carotid arteries, potentially placing them at increased risk of clinical CV disease,” concludes the report published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, with lead author Josep Iglesies-Grau, MD, Montreal Heart Institute.
 

International program

The current analysis from the FAMILIA study is part of a large international project called Science, Health, and Education (SHE), which is designed to promote early intervention in the lives of children, their caretakers, and teachers so they can develop lifelong heart-healthy habits, senior author Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, physician-in chief, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, said in an interview.

The SHE program has been presented to more than 50,000 children worldwide, and FAMILIA has delivered successful interventions to more than 500 preschoolers, caretakers, and educators at Head Start schools in the Harlem neighborhood of New York, where the current study was conducted.

‘Expected and unexpected’ findings

Black participants were considerably more likely than their Hispanic counterparts to be hypertensive, to be active smokers, and to have higher BMIs. The Black cohort reported higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (P < .001).

There were no between-group differences in the prevalence of diabetes or in mean fasting glucose or total cholesterol levels.

The mean 10-year Framingham CV risk score across the entire study population was 4.0%, with no significant differences between the two groups. In fact, 89% of participants were classified as low risk on the basis of the score.

The overall prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 8.7%, with a mean global plaque burden of 5.0 mm³. But there were dramatic differences in atherosclerotic burden. Across all 10-year Framingham risk categories, Black participants had twice the odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis as Hispanic participants (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.08; P = .026).

Black participants also had a greater atherosclerotic disease burden (9.0 mm3 vs. 2.9 mm3), mean total plaque volume (P = .028), and a higher prevalence of disease in both the carotid and femoral arteries (8.2% vs. 3.8%; P = .026).

“Our findings were both expected and completely unexpected,” Dr. Fuster commented. “It was expected that the non-Hispanic Black population would have more hypertension, obesity, and smoking, and might therefore have more [atherosclerotic] disease. But what was unexpected was when we adjusted for the seven risk factors and socioeconomic status, the Black population had three times the amount of disease,” he said.

“We need to take better care of the risk factors already known in the Black population, which is critical.” However, “our challenge today is to identify these new risk factors, which might be genetic or socioeconomic.” Dr. Fuster said his group is “already working with artificial intelligence to identify risk factors beyond the traditional risk factors that are already established.”

Socioeconomic differences?

“The fact that we’re uncovering and demonstrating that this is an issue – especially for African American women at a young age – and we could make a significant interdiction in terms of risk reduction if we have tools and invest the necessary time and effort, that is the important part of this paper,” Keith Churchwell, MD, Yale New Haven Hospital, and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., said in an interview.

“If you’re going to evaluate African Americans in Harlem who are socially disadvantaged, I would want to know if there is a difference between them and other African Americans who have a different socioeconomic status, in terms of atherosclerotic disease,” added Dr. Churchwell, who was not involved with the study.

The Framingham 10-year risk score is “inadequate in assessing CV disease risk in all populations and is not generalizable to non-Whites,” contend Ramdas G. Pai, MD, and Vrinda Vyas, MBBS, of the University of California, Riverside, in an accompanying editorial.

“New data are emerging in favor of imaging-based classification of CV disease risk and has been shown to improve patient adherence to and compliance with risk-modifying interventions,” they write. “Subclinical atherosclerosis may help better stratify CV disease risk so that preventive measures can be instituted to reduce cardiovascular events at a population level.”

Dr. Fuster and coauthors, Dr. Ramdas and Dr. Pai, and Dr. Churchwell report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Non-Hispanic Black young adults in a large, ethnically diverse underserved neighborhood in New York City have about twice the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis as Hispanic young adults, according to a new cross-sectional study. It was noteworthy for identifying subclinical cardiovascular (CV) disease in the cohorts using 3D intravascular ultrasound (3D IVUS).
 

The study’s 436 Black and Hispanic adults, 82% of them women, completed questionnaires regarding nutrition, lifestyle, medical history, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other metrics.

The Black participants, compared with the Hispanic cohort, showed almost triple the rate of hypertension (30.6% vs. 11.1%) and more than twice the rate of current smoking (24.5% vs. 9.3%). Overall Framingham scores for 10-year risk for CV events were not statistically different, at 4.6 and 3.6, respectively.

The presence of atherosclerosis in either the carotid or femoral arteries was identified with 3D IVUS in 8.7% of participants. But its prevalence was about twofold greater in Black than in Hispanic participants (12.9% vs. 6.6%), a finding that persisted after multivariable adjustment and appeared driven by a greater prevalence of carotid disease among Black participants (12.9% vs. 4.8%).

“For the same predicted CV risk, non-Hispanic Black individuals appear to be more vulnerable than people of Hispanic origin to early subclinical atherosclerosis, particularly in the carotid arteries, potentially placing them at increased risk of clinical CV disease,” concludes the report published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, with lead author Josep Iglesies-Grau, MD, Montreal Heart Institute.
 

International program

The current analysis from the FAMILIA study is part of a large international project called Science, Health, and Education (SHE), which is designed to promote early intervention in the lives of children, their caretakers, and teachers so they can develop lifelong heart-healthy habits, senior author Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, physician-in chief, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, said in an interview.

The SHE program has been presented to more than 50,000 children worldwide, and FAMILIA has delivered successful interventions to more than 500 preschoolers, caretakers, and educators at Head Start schools in the Harlem neighborhood of New York, where the current study was conducted.

‘Expected and unexpected’ findings

Black participants were considerably more likely than their Hispanic counterparts to be hypertensive, to be active smokers, and to have higher BMIs. The Black cohort reported higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (P < .001).

There were no between-group differences in the prevalence of diabetes or in mean fasting glucose or total cholesterol levels.

The mean 10-year Framingham CV risk score across the entire study population was 4.0%, with no significant differences between the two groups. In fact, 89% of participants were classified as low risk on the basis of the score.

The overall prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 8.7%, with a mean global plaque burden of 5.0 mm³. But there were dramatic differences in atherosclerotic burden. Across all 10-year Framingham risk categories, Black participants had twice the odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis as Hispanic participants (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.08; P = .026).

Black participants also had a greater atherosclerotic disease burden (9.0 mm3 vs. 2.9 mm3), mean total plaque volume (P = .028), and a higher prevalence of disease in both the carotid and femoral arteries (8.2% vs. 3.8%; P = .026).

“Our findings were both expected and completely unexpected,” Dr. Fuster commented. “It was expected that the non-Hispanic Black population would have more hypertension, obesity, and smoking, and might therefore have more [atherosclerotic] disease. But what was unexpected was when we adjusted for the seven risk factors and socioeconomic status, the Black population had three times the amount of disease,” he said.

“We need to take better care of the risk factors already known in the Black population, which is critical.” However, “our challenge today is to identify these new risk factors, which might be genetic or socioeconomic.” Dr. Fuster said his group is “already working with artificial intelligence to identify risk factors beyond the traditional risk factors that are already established.”

Socioeconomic differences?

“The fact that we’re uncovering and demonstrating that this is an issue – especially for African American women at a young age – and we could make a significant interdiction in terms of risk reduction if we have tools and invest the necessary time and effort, that is the important part of this paper,” Keith Churchwell, MD, Yale New Haven Hospital, and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., said in an interview.

“If you’re going to evaluate African Americans in Harlem who are socially disadvantaged, I would want to know if there is a difference between them and other African Americans who have a different socioeconomic status, in terms of atherosclerotic disease,” added Dr. Churchwell, who was not involved with the study.

The Framingham 10-year risk score is “inadequate in assessing CV disease risk in all populations and is not generalizable to non-Whites,” contend Ramdas G. Pai, MD, and Vrinda Vyas, MBBS, of the University of California, Riverside, in an accompanying editorial.

“New data are emerging in favor of imaging-based classification of CV disease risk and has been shown to improve patient adherence to and compliance with risk-modifying interventions,” they write. “Subclinical atherosclerosis may help better stratify CV disease risk so that preventive measures can be instituted to reduce cardiovascular events at a population level.”

Dr. Fuster and coauthors, Dr. Ramdas and Dr. Pai, and Dr. Churchwell report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Married for nearly 5 years, Jessica King, 34, and her wife, Sarah, agreed on some things right from the start. “We always knew kids were in the equation,” Jessica says.

Now, Jessica is nearly 20 weeks pregnant, thanks to in vitro fertilization, or IVF. They did “reciprocal” IVF, with Sarah’s egg mixed with donor sperm and the embryo transferred into Jessica. “We’re excited – and terrified,” Jessica says.

But that terror goes beyond the typical concerns of excess weight gain and long labors. They live in Missouri, one of 13 states with so-called trigger laws that went into effect after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and the constitutional right to abortion, giving states the power to regulate it. States with trigger laws either banned abortion immediately or within a specified time frame after the ruling. In all, 26 states are expected to have abortion restrictions.

Missouri now allows abortion only for medical emergencies. If her upcoming ultrasound shows serious issues, Jessica says they could easily travel to another state and pay for an abortion. She realizes not everyone can.

However, the concern about trigger laws goes well beyond abortion. Many experts worry about the “spill-over” effects the abortion laws – both the existing ones and future proposals – may have on fertility care and treatments.
 

‘Personhood’ laws drive the concern

“The current trigger laws on the books are not impacting people’s access to IVF,” says Barbara Collura, president and CEO of RESOLVE, an advocacy group for those with fertility issues. “What we are concerned about is they will come back and make them stronger.”

The chief concern for reproductive rights advocates is so-called “personhood” legislation. According to the Guttmacher Institute, at least six bills about personhood have been introduced in five states, including Iowa, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Vermont, and West Virginia. One of the two Oklahoma bills has gone the farthest, passed by one chamber.

Since the Guttmacher report, Ohio introduced its own personhood legislation July 11, recognizing the personhood of an unborn person from conception.

Personhood legislation defines a fertilized egg or embryo as a legal human entity, says Sean Tipton, chief policy and advocacy officer for the Washington-based American Society of Reproductive Medicine, a nonprofit advocacy group.

“If the legal status of fertilized eggs or early embryos is codified, in vitro fertilization procedures may become legally risky for patients, physicians and staff,” Mr. Tipton wrote in late June in Contemporary OB/GYN Journal. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine has posted a report on state abortion trigger laws and their potential implications for reproductive medicine. Of the 13 with trigger laws in effect, the report found concern about the potential effect on IVF only with Utah’s.
 

‘Safe’ states?

Even in states without trigger laws or personhood bills, IVF patients say they are anxious about how the Supreme Court ruling may ultimately affect care. Thanks to IVF, Shelly Battista and her husband Robert are expecting twins in December, little sisters to their daughter Emilia, who is 2½.

They live in Illinois, where abortion is legal. “Even though we are safe now, I think the overturning of Roe has made it clear to all of us that none of our freedoms are safe, especially reproductive rights,” Ms. Shelly says.

About one in eight U.S. couples are infertile, according to RESOLVE, In 2019, 2% of all babies born in the United States, or about 78,000 infants, were conceived with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The most common assisted reproductive technology is IVF, in which the sperm fertilizes the egg outside the body and an embryo is then transferred. The standard of practice is to transfer a single embryo, freezing others for future use.
 

Trigger state doctors weigh in

Some fertility doctors in those “trigger” states are keeping a close eye on proposed legislation and talking to legislators for interpretation of current and proposed laws.

Eli Reshef, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and fertility specialist at Bennett Fertility Institute in Oklahoma City, notes that his state has “the strictest abortion law in the land.” The law prohibits all abortions with few exceptions, such as the removal of an ectopic pregnancy (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, such as in the fallopian tubes).

While IVF will not be affected for now, he worries that the Oklahoma law allows a private citizen to sue a health care provider that they feel is performing abortion. The Oklahoma law leaves interpretation of abortion up to the general public, who may be unfamiliar with the language of the law, House Bill 4327.

Dean Moutos, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and medical director of Arkansas Fertility and Gynecology in Little Rock, says his state’s current trigger law should not affect IVF. “When you read the bill, it says abortion means to terminate the pregnancy of a woman.” Still, he says, “we are concerned about what might happen in the future” and the possibility that some legislators may interpret that differently.
 

A minority approach

John David Gordon, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and medical director of Southeastern Fertility Center for Fertility and Reproductive Surgery in Knoxville, Tenn., is also in a trigger state. However, it’s not likely any personhood laws would affect his practice.

That’s because his center, which he acknowledges is clearly in the minority, only performs natural-cycle IVF, which usually results in a single egg, or “mini-stim IVF,” which usually results in three to eight eggs in order to limit the number that may be potentially fertilized. Often, he says, patients choose to freeze unfertilized eggs (alone) to avoid creating an excessive number of embryos. He has a “no discard” program, with any viable embryos frozen or transferred. Abandoned embryos are donated to others.

“This may work for young women,” says Marcelle Cedars, MD, director of reproductive endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, and president of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. However, she says, it will be very inefficient for older patients, since they have a higher percentage of abnormal eggs.

Overall, that approach will also drive up costs, especially for older women, Dr. Cedars says. An average cycle of IVF costs $12,400, and most Americans’ insurance plans don’t cover IVF, according to Mr. Tipton.
 

Top concerns for IVF

“Personhood” legislation has the potential to upend many common IVF practices, experts say.

Of greatest concern to fertility practices are potential restrictions on the freezing or discarding of embryos, Dr. Cedars says. “This could have a critical impact on practicing the safest, most evidence-based medicine,” she says.

Most children born in the United States as a result of IVF procedures are born from frozen embryos, according to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, an organization for reproductive specialists.

“The practice of IVF really requires that we generate more embryos than will be used in a given [IVF] cycle,” agrees Kara Goldman, MD, associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology and medical director of the fertility preservation program at Northwestern University, Chicago. She performed the embryo transfer for the Battistas.

In nature, she says, it’s known that only a small number of eggs will be competent to generate a baby. “We see the same thing in IVF.” In a single cycle, 20 eggs may be retrieved, but many fewer typically reach successful fertilization and are able to be implanted.

When patients have completed their family, unused embryos are donated to research, donated for adoption, or destroyed. If embryo destruction is outlawed, Dr. Goldman says, it will have serious ramifications for the practice of IVF.

And if personhood legislation prohibits destroying any embryos, others wonder: Would a lab technician who accidentally dropped and destroyed an embryo be subject to charges? If laws prohibit destruction of embryos, others wonder if will families be forced to pay the embryo storage fees, generally $500-$1,000 a year, in perpetuity.

If an embryo is declared a person, it could also affect a practice called preimplantation genetic testing, or PGT. In PGT, cells are retrieved from an embryo and checked for genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis, with some parents choosing to discard embryos that are found to be affected.

Some potential parents choose this testing because they know they are carriers for genetic diseases that are serious and even incompatible with life, says Art Caplan, PhD, head of the division of medical ethics at New York University. They may choose to discard embryos that show evidence of the diseases.

Also under fire could be “selective reduction,” reducing multiple fetuses to a single or twin, to reduce risks to babies and mother.

Dr. Caplan predicts if states have many restrictions, some providers will adopt the attitude that “if no one reports, it did not happen.” And those prospective parents with the means, he says, will go to court and fight restrictions. “When they do it, they are saying, ‘You say you are pro-life; I’m trying to have a child. What are you doing getting in my way?’”
 

IVF families: Tough decisions, emotional times

The Battistas, of Illinois, have had an especially rough road. Shelly was diagnosed with a fast-growing breast cancer in 2020, when Emilia was just an infant. Warned that the chemotherapy she needed would suppress her ovaries, Shelly underwent egg retrieval before starting the cancer treatment.

She opted to have a double mastectomy and her ovaries removed after learning she carried the BRCA1 genetic mutation, boosting the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.

Once she was cancer-free, she was cleared to start IVF. The first two embryo transfers failed. The third transfer, of a single embryo, was successful. But it split, a rare occurrence, producing two embryos. “It was a big shock, but in the best way,” she says about learning they were having twins. “Now we are over the moon.”

Five frozen embryos remain. At the start, the Battistas decided to discard unused embryos. She and Robert are discussing what to do next. If they decide they are done building their family after the twins’ birth, she wonders, “do we need to discard our [other] embryos before that becomes something that isn’t eligible [possible] for us any longer?” She doesn’t want to be rushed into that decision, however, especially with her medical history.

Jessica King and Sarah have 20 more embryos.

The couple had decided to donate unused embryos for research, when the time comes, and for different reasons. Her wife’s decision is based on her belief in science, while Jessica cites her faith. “As a Jew, it is part of our faith, that we should be doing everything we can to advance humanity,” she says.

In the midst of all the uncertainty, Jessica says, only half-jokingly, that she is tempted to claim the frozen embryos as dependents. “If you are truly going to claim these are precious human lives, you should be giving me all the benefits from having children,” she says.

Shelly knows that having one daughter, with two more on the way, affects her thinking about the court’s ruling. “My overall wish would be that Roe v. Wade is reinstated, and my daughters have the same rights and options that I have … or I did have until my current 36 years of life.”

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Married for nearly 5 years, Jessica King, 34, and her wife, Sarah, agreed on some things right from the start. “We always knew kids were in the equation,” Jessica says.

Now, Jessica is nearly 20 weeks pregnant, thanks to in vitro fertilization, or IVF. They did “reciprocal” IVF, with Sarah’s egg mixed with donor sperm and the embryo transferred into Jessica. “We’re excited – and terrified,” Jessica says.

But that terror goes beyond the typical concerns of excess weight gain and long labors. They live in Missouri, one of 13 states with so-called trigger laws that went into effect after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and the constitutional right to abortion, giving states the power to regulate it. States with trigger laws either banned abortion immediately or within a specified time frame after the ruling. In all, 26 states are expected to have abortion restrictions.

Missouri now allows abortion only for medical emergencies. If her upcoming ultrasound shows serious issues, Jessica says they could easily travel to another state and pay for an abortion. She realizes not everyone can.

However, the concern about trigger laws goes well beyond abortion. Many experts worry about the “spill-over” effects the abortion laws – both the existing ones and future proposals – may have on fertility care and treatments.
 

‘Personhood’ laws drive the concern

“The current trigger laws on the books are not impacting people’s access to IVF,” says Barbara Collura, president and CEO of RESOLVE, an advocacy group for those with fertility issues. “What we are concerned about is they will come back and make them stronger.”

The chief concern for reproductive rights advocates is so-called “personhood” legislation. According to the Guttmacher Institute, at least six bills about personhood have been introduced in five states, including Iowa, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Vermont, and West Virginia. One of the two Oklahoma bills has gone the farthest, passed by one chamber.

Since the Guttmacher report, Ohio introduced its own personhood legislation July 11, recognizing the personhood of an unborn person from conception.

Personhood legislation defines a fertilized egg or embryo as a legal human entity, says Sean Tipton, chief policy and advocacy officer for the Washington-based American Society of Reproductive Medicine, a nonprofit advocacy group.

“If the legal status of fertilized eggs or early embryos is codified, in vitro fertilization procedures may become legally risky for patients, physicians and staff,” Mr. Tipton wrote in late June in Contemporary OB/GYN Journal. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine has posted a report on state abortion trigger laws and their potential implications for reproductive medicine. Of the 13 with trigger laws in effect, the report found concern about the potential effect on IVF only with Utah’s.
 

‘Safe’ states?

Even in states without trigger laws or personhood bills, IVF patients say they are anxious about how the Supreme Court ruling may ultimately affect care. Thanks to IVF, Shelly Battista and her husband Robert are expecting twins in December, little sisters to their daughter Emilia, who is 2½.

They live in Illinois, where abortion is legal. “Even though we are safe now, I think the overturning of Roe has made it clear to all of us that none of our freedoms are safe, especially reproductive rights,” Ms. Shelly says.

About one in eight U.S. couples are infertile, according to RESOLVE, In 2019, 2% of all babies born in the United States, or about 78,000 infants, were conceived with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The most common assisted reproductive technology is IVF, in which the sperm fertilizes the egg outside the body and an embryo is then transferred. The standard of practice is to transfer a single embryo, freezing others for future use.
 

Trigger state doctors weigh in

Some fertility doctors in those “trigger” states are keeping a close eye on proposed legislation and talking to legislators for interpretation of current and proposed laws.

Eli Reshef, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and fertility specialist at Bennett Fertility Institute in Oklahoma City, notes that his state has “the strictest abortion law in the land.” The law prohibits all abortions with few exceptions, such as the removal of an ectopic pregnancy (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, such as in the fallopian tubes).

While IVF will not be affected for now, he worries that the Oklahoma law allows a private citizen to sue a health care provider that they feel is performing abortion. The Oklahoma law leaves interpretation of abortion up to the general public, who may be unfamiliar with the language of the law, House Bill 4327.

Dean Moutos, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and medical director of Arkansas Fertility and Gynecology in Little Rock, says his state’s current trigger law should not affect IVF. “When you read the bill, it says abortion means to terminate the pregnancy of a woman.” Still, he says, “we are concerned about what might happen in the future” and the possibility that some legislators may interpret that differently.
 

A minority approach

John David Gordon, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and medical director of Southeastern Fertility Center for Fertility and Reproductive Surgery in Knoxville, Tenn., is also in a trigger state. However, it’s not likely any personhood laws would affect his practice.

That’s because his center, which he acknowledges is clearly in the minority, only performs natural-cycle IVF, which usually results in a single egg, or “mini-stim IVF,” which usually results in three to eight eggs in order to limit the number that may be potentially fertilized. Often, he says, patients choose to freeze unfertilized eggs (alone) to avoid creating an excessive number of embryos. He has a “no discard” program, with any viable embryos frozen or transferred. Abandoned embryos are donated to others.

“This may work for young women,” says Marcelle Cedars, MD, director of reproductive endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, and president of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. However, she says, it will be very inefficient for older patients, since they have a higher percentage of abnormal eggs.

Overall, that approach will also drive up costs, especially for older women, Dr. Cedars says. An average cycle of IVF costs $12,400, and most Americans’ insurance plans don’t cover IVF, according to Mr. Tipton.
 

Top concerns for IVF

“Personhood” legislation has the potential to upend many common IVF practices, experts say.

Of greatest concern to fertility practices are potential restrictions on the freezing or discarding of embryos, Dr. Cedars says. “This could have a critical impact on practicing the safest, most evidence-based medicine,” she says.

Most children born in the United States as a result of IVF procedures are born from frozen embryos, according to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, an organization for reproductive specialists.

“The practice of IVF really requires that we generate more embryos than will be used in a given [IVF] cycle,” agrees Kara Goldman, MD, associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology and medical director of the fertility preservation program at Northwestern University, Chicago. She performed the embryo transfer for the Battistas.

In nature, she says, it’s known that only a small number of eggs will be competent to generate a baby. “We see the same thing in IVF.” In a single cycle, 20 eggs may be retrieved, but many fewer typically reach successful fertilization and are able to be implanted.

When patients have completed their family, unused embryos are donated to research, donated for adoption, or destroyed. If embryo destruction is outlawed, Dr. Goldman says, it will have serious ramifications for the practice of IVF.

And if personhood legislation prohibits destroying any embryos, others wonder: Would a lab technician who accidentally dropped and destroyed an embryo be subject to charges? If laws prohibit destruction of embryos, others wonder if will families be forced to pay the embryo storage fees, generally $500-$1,000 a year, in perpetuity.

If an embryo is declared a person, it could also affect a practice called preimplantation genetic testing, or PGT. In PGT, cells are retrieved from an embryo and checked for genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis, with some parents choosing to discard embryos that are found to be affected.

Some potential parents choose this testing because they know they are carriers for genetic diseases that are serious and even incompatible with life, says Art Caplan, PhD, head of the division of medical ethics at New York University. They may choose to discard embryos that show evidence of the diseases.

Also under fire could be “selective reduction,” reducing multiple fetuses to a single or twin, to reduce risks to babies and mother.

Dr. Caplan predicts if states have many restrictions, some providers will adopt the attitude that “if no one reports, it did not happen.” And those prospective parents with the means, he says, will go to court and fight restrictions. “When they do it, they are saying, ‘You say you are pro-life; I’m trying to have a child. What are you doing getting in my way?’”
 

IVF families: Tough decisions, emotional times

The Battistas, of Illinois, have had an especially rough road. Shelly was diagnosed with a fast-growing breast cancer in 2020, when Emilia was just an infant. Warned that the chemotherapy she needed would suppress her ovaries, Shelly underwent egg retrieval before starting the cancer treatment.

She opted to have a double mastectomy and her ovaries removed after learning she carried the BRCA1 genetic mutation, boosting the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.

Once she was cancer-free, she was cleared to start IVF. The first two embryo transfers failed. The third transfer, of a single embryo, was successful. But it split, a rare occurrence, producing two embryos. “It was a big shock, but in the best way,” she says about learning they were having twins. “Now we are over the moon.”

Five frozen embryos remain. At the start, the Battistas decided to discard unused embryos. She and Robert are discussing what to do next. If they decide they are done building their family after the twins’ birth, she wonders, “do we need to discard our [other] embryos before that becomes something that isn’t eligible [possible] for us any longer?” She doesn’t want to be rushed into that decision, however, especially with her medical history.

Jessica King and Sarah have 20 more embryos.

The couple had decided to donate unused embryos for research, when the time comes, and for different reasons. Her wife’s decision is based on her belief in science, while Jessica cites her faith. “As a Jew, it is part of our faith, that we should be doing everything we can to advance humanity,” she says.

In the midst of all the uncertainty, Jessica says, only half-jokingly, that she is tempted to claim the frozen embryos as dependents. “If you are truly going to claim these are precious human lives, you should be giving me all the benefits from having children,” she says.

Shelly knows that having one daughter, with two more on the way, affects her thinking about the court’s ruling. “My overall wish would be that Roe v. Wade is reinstated, and my daughters have the same rights and options that I have … or I did have until my current 36 years of life.”

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

Married for nearly 5 years, Jessica King, 34, and her wife, Sarah, agreed on some things right from the start. “We always knew kids were in the equation,” Jessica says.

Now, Jessica is nearly 20 weeks pregnant, thanks to in vitro fertilization, or IVF. They did “reciprocal” IVF, with Sarah’s egg mixed with donor sperm and the embryo transferred into Jessica. “We’re excited – and terrified,” Jessica says.

But that terror goes beyond the typical concerns of excess weight gain and long labors. They live in Missouri, one of 13 states with so-called trigger laws that went into effect after the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade and the constitutional right to abortion, giving states the power to regulate it. States with trigger laws either banned abortion immediately or within a specified time frame after the ruling. In all, 26 states are expected to have abortion restrictions.

Missouri now allows abortion only for medical emergencies. If her upcoming ultrasound shows serious issues, Jessica says they could easily travel to another state and pay for an abortion. She realizes not everyone can.

However, the concern about trigger laws goes well beyond abortion. Many experts worry about the “spill-over” effects the abortion laws – both the existing ones and future proposals – may have on fertility care and treatments.
 

‘Personhood’ laws drive the concern

“The current trigger laws on the books are not impacting people’s access to IVF,” says Barbara Collura, president and CEO of RESOLVE, an advocacy group for those with fertility issues. “What we are concerned about is they will come back and make them stronger.”

The chief concern for reproductive rights advocates is so-called “personhood” legislation. According to the Guttmacher Institute, at least six bills about personhood have been introduced in five states, including Iowa, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Vermont, and West Virginia. One of the two Oklahoma bills has gone the farthest, passed by one chamber.

Since the Guttmacher report, Ohio introduced its own personhood legislation July 11, recognizing the personhood of an unborn person from conception.

Personhood legislation defines a fertilized egg or embryo as a legal human entity, says Sean Tipton, chief policy and advocacy officer for the Washington-based American Society of Reproductive Medicine, a nonprofit advocacy group.

“If the legal status of fertilized eggs or early embryos is codified, in vitro fertilization procedures may become legally risky for patients, physicians and staff,” Mr. Tipton wrote in late June in Contemporary OB/GYN Journal. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine has posted a report on state abortion trigger laws and their potential implications for reproductive medicine. Of the 13 with trigger laws in effect, the report found concern about the potential effect on IVF only with Utah’s.
 

‘Safe’ states?

Even in states without trigger laws or personhood bills, IVF patients say they are anxious about how the Supreme Court ruling may ultimately affect care. Thanks to IVF, Shelly Battista and her husband Robert are expecting twins in December, little sisters to their daughter Emilia, who is 2½.

They live in Illinois, where abortion is legal. “Even though we are safe now, I think the overturning of Roe has made it clear to all of us that none of our freedoms are safe, especially reproductive rights,” Ms. Shelly says.

About one in eight U.S. couples are infertile, according to RESOLVE, In 2019, 2% of all babies born in the United States, or about 78,000 infants, were conceived with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The most common assisted reproductive technology is IVF, in which the sperm fertilizes the egg outside the body and an embryo is then transferred. The standard of practice is to transfer a single embryo, freezing others for future use.
 

Trigger state doctors weigh in

Some fertility doctors in those “trigger” states are keeping a close eye on proposed legislation and talking to legislators for interpretation of current and proposed laws.

Eli Reshef, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and fertility specialist at Bennett Fertility Institute in Oklahoma City, notes that his state has “the strictest abortion law in the land.” The law prohibits all abortions with few exceptions, such as the removal of an ectopic pregnancy (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, such as in the fallopian tubes).

While IVF will not be affected for now, he worries that the Oklahoma law allows a private citizen to sue a health care provider that they feel is performing abortion. The Oklahoma law leaves interpretation of abortion up to the general public, who may be unfamiliar with the language of the law, House Bill 4327.

Dean Moutos, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and medical director of Arkansas Fertility and Gynecology in Little Rock, says his state’s current trigger law should not affect IVF. “When you read the bill, it says abortion means to terminate the pregnancy of a woman.” Still, he says, “we are concerned about what might happen in the future” and the possibility that some legislators may interpret that differently.
 

A minority approach

John David Gordon, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist and medical director of Southeastern Fertility Center for Fertility and Reproductive Surgery in Knoxville, Tenn., is also in a trigger state. However, it’s not likely any personhood laws would affect his practice.

That’s because his center, which he acknowledges is clearly in the minority, only performs natural-cycle IVF, which usually results in a single egg, or “mini-stim IVF,” which usually results in three to eight eggs in order to limit the number that may be potentially fertilized. Often, he says, patients choose to freeze unfertilized eggs (alone) to avoid creating an excessive number of embryos. He has a “no discard” program, with any viable embryos frozen or transferred. Abandoned embryos are donated to others.

“This may work for young women,” says Marcelle Cedars, MD, director of reproductive endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, and president of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. However, she says, it will be very inefficient for older patients, since they have a higher percentage of abnormal eggs.

Overall, that approach will also drive up costs, especially for older women, Dr. Cedars says. An average cycle of IVF costs $12,400, and most Americans’ insurance plans don’t cover IVF, according to Mr. Tipton.
 

Top concerns for IVF

“Personhood” legislation has the potential to upend many common IVF practices, experts say.

Of greatest concern to fertility practices are potential restrictions on the freezing or discarding of embryos, Dr. Cedars says. “This could have a critical impact on practicing the safest, most evidence-based medicine,” she says.

Most children born in the United States as a result of IVF procedures are born from frozen embryos, according to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, an organization for reproductive specialists.

“The practice of IVF really requires that we generate more embryos than will be used in a given [IVF] cycle,” agrees Kara Goldman, MD, associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology and medical director of the fertility preservation program at Northwestern University, Chicago. She performed the embryo transfer for the Battistas.

In nature, she says, it’s known that only a small number of eggs will be competent to generate a baby. “We see the same thing in IVF.” In a single cycle, 20 eggs may be retrieved, but many fewer typically reach successful fertilization and are able to be implanted.

When patients have completed their family, unused embryos are donated to research, donated for adoption, or destroyed. If embryo destruction is outlawed, Dr. Goldman says, it will have serious ramifications for the practice of IVF.

And if personhood legislation prohibits destroying any embryos, others wonder: Would a lab technician who accidentally dropped and destroyed an embryo be subject to charges? If laws prohibit destruction of embryos, others wonder if will families be forced to pay the embryo storage fees, generally $500-$1,000 a year, in perpetuity.

If an embryo is declared a person, it could also affect a practice called preimplantation genetic testing, or PGT. In PGT, cells are retrieved from an embryo and checked for genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis, with some parents choosing to discard embryos that are found to be affected.

Some potential parents choose this testing because they know they are carriers for genetic diseases that are serious and even incompatible with life, says Art Caplan, PhD, head of the division of medical ethics at New York University. They may choose to discard embryos that show evidence of the diseases.

Also under fire could be “selective reduction,” reducing multiple fetuses to a single or twin, to reduce risks to babies and mother.

Dr. Caplan predicts if states have many restrictions, some providers will adopt the attitude that “if no one reports, it did not happen.” And those prospective parents with the means, he says, will go to court and fight restrictions. “When they do it, they are saying, ‘You say you are pro-life; I’m trying to have a child. What are you doing getting in my way?’”
 

IVF families: Tough decisions, emotional times

The Battistas, of Illinois, have had an especially rough road. Shelly was diagnosed with a fast-growing breast cancer in 2020, when Emilia was just an infant. Warned that the chemotherapy she needed would suppress her ovaries, Shelly underwent egg retrieval before starting the cancer treatment.

She opted to have a double mastectomy and her ovaries removed after learning she carried the BRCA1 genetic mutation, boosting the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.

Once she was cancer-free, she was cleared to start IVF. The first two embryo transfers failed. The third transfer, of a single embryo, was successful. But it split, a rare occurrence, producing two embryos. “It was a big shock, but in the best way,” she says about learning they were having twins. “Now we are over the moon.”

Five frozen embryos remain. At the start, the Battistas decided to discard unused embryos. She and Robert are discussing what to do next. If they decide they are done building their family after the twins’ birth, she wonders, “do we need to discard our [other] embryos before that becomes something that isn’t eligible [possible] for us any longer?” She doesn’t want to be rushed into that decision, however, especially with her medical history.

Jessica King and Sarah have 20 more embryos.

The couple had decided to donate unused embryos for research, when the time comes, and for different reasons. Her wife’s decision is based on her belief in science, while Jessica cites her faith. “As a Jew, it is part of our faith, that we should be doing everything we can to advance humanity,” she says.

In the midst of all the uncertainty, Jessica says, only half-jokingly, that she is tempted to claim the frozen embryos as dependents. “If you are truly going to claim these are precious human lives, you should be giving me all the benefits from having children,” she says.

Shelly knows that having one daughter, with two more on the way, affects her thinking about the court’s ruling. “My overall wish would be that Roe v. Wade is reinstated, and my daughters have the same rights and options that I have … or I did have until my current 36 years of life.”

A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.

As pediatricians, almost all of our clinic visits include some anticipatory guidance and recommendations on ways to promote well-being and prevent illness and injury for our patients. Because of minority stress, discrimination, and increased exposure to adverse childhood experiences, LGBTQ+ patients are disproportionately affected by certain health conditions including depression, anxiety, substance use, homelessness, as well as HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).¹ While LGBTQ+ youth could benefit from additional guidance, counseling, and interventions related to these health disparities and have expressed interest in talking about these topics with their providers, sexual and gender minority youth also stress that they want to be treated as any other youth.² Extending counseling for preventive care measures such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV to all sexually active youth could help to destigmatize LGBTQ+ youth as being “different” from other youth and also help to increase overall access to HIV prevention services.³

Described by some as the “birth control” for HIV infection, PrEP is taken on an ongoing basis by those who are HIV negative before potential exposures to HIV in order to prevent new HIV infections. PrEP was first approved as a daily pill for adults in 2015 by the Food and Drug Administration with extension in 2018 to all individuals at risk for HIV weighing at least 35 kg after safety and efficacy data showed it could be used routinely for adolescents.⁴ When taken daily, oral PrEP can decrease the risk of HIV from sexual contact by more than 90% and from injection drug use by around 70%. As PrEP is highly effective with low risk for side effects, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) gave PrEP a “Grade A” recommendation for use in those at high risk for HIV infection in 2019.⁵ Since efficacy is closely tied to adherence, the first injectable PrEP (given at 0, 1, and 2 months with dosing then every 2 months) was also recently FDA approved in late 2021.⁶

Since HIV infection disproportionately affects LBGTQ+ individuals, and particularly LBGTQ+ youth of color, counseling related to PrEP has been largely targeted to these groups.⁷ Insurance and financial barriers to PrEP have been greatly reduced over the past several years through changes in insurance coverage (strengthened by the USPSTF recommendation), supplemental insurance programs, and pharmaceutical copay programs. Many states (but not all) also include HIV in the definition of STIs and allow minors to consent to PrEP services without a parent or guardian. Unfortunately, despite the high efficacy of PrEP and efforts to decrease barriers, rates of PrEP use continue to be extremely low, especially in youth, with only 15.6% of those aged 16-24 who are at risk for HIV in the United States actually taking PrEP in 2019.⁸ Many barriers to PrEP continue to exist including lack of awareness of PrEP, stigma surrounding HIV and PrEP, and lack of PrEP providers.

In order to address these low rates of PrEP uptake, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that medical providers discuss PrEP with all sexually active patients.⁶ PrEP should not be seen or discussed as something only relevant to LBGTQ+ populations, but rather as another tool in everyone’s “sexual health toolbox” that can allow us to experience human connection and pleasure through sexual activity while also having more control over what happens to our bodies. Not only will this allow more patients to access PrEP directly, it will also decrease the stigma of talking about HIV and PrEP and strengthen youths’ sense of autonomy and control over their own sexual health.

Since PrEP is a relatively new medical service, many providers will need to learn more about PrEP to at least have initial discussions with patients and to feel comfortable prescribing this themselves (See Resources). Below are also some suggestions to incorporate into your practice in order to advocate for the health and well-being of all your patients, including LGBTQ+ youth.

• Once your patients are 13 years and older, spend time with them alone to confidentially discuss more sensitive topics such as sexual health, mental health, and substance use.
• For all patients who are sexually active or considering sexual activity in the near future, discuss topics to help them control what happens to their bodies including consent, condoms, birth control, PrEP, and routine STI screening.
• Recommend PrEP to anyone who is sexually active and may be at increased risk for HIV infection or who is interested in taking PrEP for HIV prevention.
• Learn more about PrEP and start prescribing it to your own patients or become familiar with providers in your area to whom you could refer patients who are interested. While no certification is needed to prescribe PrEP, programs exist to help providers become more familiar with how to prescribe PrEP.

Dr. Warus is an adolescent medicine physician who specializes in care for transgender and gender-nonconforming youth, HIV prevention for adolescents and young adults, and LGBTQ health for youth at Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles. He is an assistant professor of clinical pediatrics and a University of Southern California faculty member.

Resources

CDC PrEP resources for clinicians: www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/prevention/prep.html.Health HIV’s HIV Prevention Certified Provider Certification Program: https://healthhiv.org/programs/hpcp/.PrEP providers in the United States: https://preplocator.org/.Adolescent Health Working Group’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Toolkit for Adolescent Providers: https://ahwg.org/download/sexual-and-reproductive-health-toolkit-for-adolescent-providers/.

References

1. Lund EM and Burgess CM. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2021:48:179-89.

2. Hoffman ND et al. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:222-9.

3. Mayer KH et al. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-811.

4. Hosek SG et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(11):1063-71.

5. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; Owens DK et al. JAMA. 2019;321(22):2203-13.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: U.S. Public Health Service: Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in the United States – 2021 Update: A Clinical Practice Guideline. Published 2021. Accessed July 10, 2022.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015-2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(1). Published May 2021. Accessed July 10, 2022.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring Selected National HIV Prevention and Care Objectives by Using HIV Surveillance Data–United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2022;27(3).

As pediatricians, almost all of our clinic visits include some anticipatory guidance and recommendations on ways to promote well-being and prevent illness and injury for our patients. Because of minority stress, discrimination, and increased exposure to adverse childhood experiences, LGBTQ+ patients are disproportionately affected by certain health conditions including depression, anxiety, substance use, homelessness, as well as HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).¹ While LGBTQ+ youth could benefit from additional guidance, counseling, and interventions related to these health disparities and have expressed interest in talking about these topics with their providers, sexual and gender minority youth also stress that they want to be treated as any other youth.² Extending counseling for preventive care measures such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV to all sexually active youth could help to destigmatize LGBTQ+ youth as being “different” from other youth and also help to increase overall access to HIV prevention services.³

Described by some as the “birth control” for HIV infection, PrEP is taken on an ongoing basis by those who are HIV negative before potential exposures to HIV in order to prevent new HIV infections. PrEP was first approved as a daily pill for adults in 2015 by the Food and Drug Administration with extension in 2018 to all individuals at risk for HIV weighing at least 35 kg after safety and efficacy data showed it could be used routinely for adolescents.⁴ When taken daily, oral PrEP can decrease the risk of HIV from sexual contact by more than 90% and from injection drug use by around 70%. As PrEP is highly effective with low risk for side effects, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) gave PrEP a “Grade A” recommendation for use in those at high risk for HIV infection in 2019.⁵ Since efficacy is closely tied to adherence, the first injectable PrEP (given at 0, 1, and 2 months with dosing then every 2 months) was also recently FDA approved in late 2021.⁶

Since HIV infection disproportionately affects LBGTQ+ individuals, and particularly LBGTQ+ youth of color, counseling related to PrEP has been largely targeted to these groups.⁷ Insurance and financial barriers to PrEP have been greatly reduced over the past several years through changes in insurance coverage (strengthened by the USPSTF recommendation), supplemental insurance programs, and pharmaceutical copay programs. Many states (but not all) also include HIV in the definition of STIs and allow minors to consent to PrEP services without a parent or guardian. Unfortunately, despite the high efficacy of PrEP and efforts to decrease barriers, rates of PrEP use continue to be extremely low, especially in youth, with only 15.6% of those aged 16-24 who are at risk for HIV in the United States actually taking PrEP in 2019.⁸ Many barriers to PrEP continue to exist including lack of awareness of PrEP, stigma surrounding HIV and PrEP, and lack of PrEP providers.

In order to address these low rates of PrEP uptake, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that medical providers discuss PrEP with all sexually active patients.⁶ PrEP should not be seen or discussed as something only relevant to LBGTQ+ populations, but rather as another tool in everyone’s “sexual health toolbox” that can allow us to experience human connection and pleasure through sexual activity while also having more control over what happens to our bodies. Not only will this allow more patients to access PrEP directly, it will also decrease the stigma of talking about HIV and PrEP and strengthen youths’ sense of autonomy and control over their own sexual health.

Since PrEP is a relatively new medical service, many providers will need to learn more about PrEP to at least have initial discussions with patients and to feel comfortable prescribing this themselves (See Resources). Below are also some suggestions to incorporate into your practice in order to advocate for the health and well-being of all your patients, including LGBTQ+ youth.

• Once your patients are 13 years and older, spend time with them alone to confidentially discuss more sensitive topics such as sexual health, mental health, and substance use.
• For all patients who are sexually active or considering sexual activity in the near future, discuss topics to help them control what happens to their bodies including consent, condoms, birth control, PrEP, and routine STI screening.
• Recommend PrEP to anyone who is sexually active and may be at increased risk for HIV infection or who is interested in taking PrEP for HIV prevention.
• Learn more about PrEP and start prescribing it to your own patients or become familiar with providers in your area to whom you could refer patients who are interested. While no certification is needed to prescribe PrEP, programs exist to help providers become more familiar with how to prescribe PrEP.

Dr. Warus is an adolescent medicine physician who specializes in care for transgender and gender-nonconforming youth, HIV prevention for adolescents and young adults, and LGBTQ health for youth at Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles. He is an assistant professor of clinical pediatrics and a University of Southern California faculty member.

Resources

CDC PrEP resources for clinicians: www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/prevention/prep.html.Health HIV’s HIV Prevention Certified Provider Certification Program: https://healthhiv.org/programs/hpcp/.PrEP providers in the United States: https://preplocator.org/.Adolescent Health Working Group’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Toolkit for Adolescent Providers: https://ahwg.org/download/sexual-and-reproductive-health-toolkit-for-adolescent-providers/.

References

1. Lund EM and Burgess CM. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2021:48:179-89.

2. Hoffman ND et al. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:222-9.

3. Mayer KH et al. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-811.

4. Hosek SG et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(11):1063-71.

5. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; Owens DK et al. JAMA. 2019;321(22):2203-13.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: U.S. Public Health Service: Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in the United States – 2021 Update: A Clinical Practice Guideline. Published 2021. Accessed July 10, 2022.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015-2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(1). Published May 2021. Accessed July 10, 2022.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring Selected National HIV Prevention and Care Objectives by Using HIV Surveillance Data–United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2022;27(3).

As pediatricians, almost all of our clinic visits include some anticipatory guidance and recommendations on ways to promote well-being and prevent illness and injury for our patients. Because of minority stress, discrimination, and increased exposure to adverse childhood experiences, LGBTQ+ patients are disproportionately affected by certain health conditions including depression, anxiety, substance use, homelessness, as well as HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).¹ While LGBTQ+ youth could benefit from additional guidance, counseling, and interventions related to these health disparities and have expressed interest in talking about these topics with their providers, sexual and gender minority youth also stress that they want to be treated as any other youth.² Extending counseling for preventive care measures such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV to all sexually active youth could help to destigmatize LGBTQ+ youth as being “different” from other youth and also help to increase overall access to HIV prevention services.³

Described by some as the “birth control” for HIV infection, PrEP is taken on an ongoing basis by those who are HIV negative before potential exposures to HIV in order to prevent new HIV infections. PrEP was first approved as a daily pill for adults in 2015 by the Food and Drug Administration with extension in 2018 to all individuals at risk for HIV weighing at least 35 kg after safety and efficacy data showed it could be used routinely for adolescents.⁴ When taken daily, oral PrEP can decrease the risk of HIV from sexual contact by more than 90% and from injection drug use by around 70%. As PrEP is highly effective with low risk for side effects, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) gave PrEP a “Grade A” recommendation for use in those at high risk for HIV infection in 2019.⁵ Since efficacy is closely tied to adherence, the first injectable PrEP (given at 0, 1, and 2 months with dosing then every 2 months) was also recently FDA approved in late 2021.⁶

Since HIV infection disproportionately affects LBGTQ+ individuals, and particularly LBGTQ+ youth of color, counseling related to PrEP has been largely targeted to these groups.⁷ Insurance and financial barriers to PrEP have been greatly reduced over the past several years through changes in insurance coverage (strengthened by the USPSTF recommendation), supplemental insurance programs, and pharmaceutical copay programs. Many states (but not all) also include HIV in the definition of STIs and allow minors to consent to PrEP services without a parent or guardian. Unfortunately, despite the high efficacy of PrEP and efforts to decrease barriers, rates of PrEP use continue to be extremely low, especially in youth, with only 15.6% of those aged 16-24 who are at risk for HIV in the United States actually taking PrEP in 2019.⁸ Many barriers to PrEP continue to exist including lack of awareness of PrEP, stigma surrounding HIV and PrEP, and lack of PrEP providers.

In order to address these low rates of PrEP uptake, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that medical providers discuss PrEP with all sexually active patients.⁶ PrEP should not be seen or discussed as something only relevant to LBGTQ+ populations, but rather as another tool in everyone’s “sexual health toolbox” that can allow us to experience human connection and pleasure through sexual activity while also having more control over what happens to our bodies. Not only will this allow more patients to access PrEP directly, it will also decrease the stigma of talking about HIV and PrEP and strengthen youths’ sense of autonomy and control over their own sexual health.

Since PrEP is a relatively new medical service, many providers will need to learn more about PrEP to at least have initial discussions with patients and to feel comfortable prescribing this themselves (See Resources). Below are also some suggestions to incorporate into your practice in order to advocate for the health and well-being of all your patients, including LGBTQ+ youth.

• Once your patients are 13 years and older, spend time with them alone to confidentially discuss more sensitive topics such as sexual health, mental health, and substance use.
• For all patients who are sexually active or considering sexual activity in the near future, discuss topics to help them control what happens to their bodies including consent, condoms, birth control, PrEP, and routine STI screening.
• Recommend PrEP to anyone who is sexually active and may be at increased risk for HIV infection or who is interested in taking PrEP for HIV prevention.
• Learn more about PrEP and start prescribing it to your own patients or become familiar with providers in your area to whom you could refer patients who are interested. While no certification is needed to prescribe PrEP, programs exist to help providers become more familiar with how to prescribe PrEP.

Dr. Warus is an adolescent medicine physician who specializes in care for transgender and gender-nonconforming youth, HIV prevention for adolescents and young adults, and LGBTQ health for youth at Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles. He is an assistant professor of clinical pediatrics and a University of Southern California faculty member.

Resources

CDC PrEP resources for clinicians: www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/prevention/prep.html.Health HIV’s HIV Prevention Certified Provider Certification Program: https://healthhiv.org/programs/hpcp/.PrEP providers in the United States: https://preplocator.org/.Adolescent Health Working Group’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Toolkit for Adolescent Providers: https://ahwg.org/download/sexual-and-reproductive-health-toolkit-for-adolescent-providers/.

References

1. Lund EM and Burgess CM. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2021:48:179-89.

2. Hoffman ND et al. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:222-9.

3. Mayer KH et al. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778-811.

4. Hosek SG et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(11):1063-71.

5. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; Owens DK et al. JAMA. 2019;321(22):2203-13.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: U.S. Public Health Service: Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in the United States – 2021 Update: A Clinical Practice Guideline. Published 2021. Accessed July 10, 2022.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2015-2019. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2021;26(1). Published May 2021. Accessed July 10, 2022.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring Selected National HIV Prevention and Care Objectives by Using HIV Surveillance Data–United States and 6 Dependent Areas, 2020. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report. 2022;27(3).

Skin cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), which include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are usually cured with removal.¹ The incidence of NMSC increases with age and is commonly found in nursing homes and geriatric units. These cancers are not usually metastatic or fatal but can cause local destruction and disfigurement if neglected.² The current standard of care is to treat diagnosed NMSC; however, the dermatology and geriatric care literature have questioned the logic of treating asymptomatic skin cancers that will not affect a patient’s life expectancy.^2-4

Forty-seven percent of the current living veteran population is aged ≥ 65 years.⁵ Older adult patients are frequently referred to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) surgical service for the treatment of NMSC. The veteran population includes a higher percentage of individuals at an elevated risk of skin cancers (older, White, and male) compared with the general population.⁶ World War II veterans deployed in regions closer to the equator have been found to have an elevated risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin carcinomas.⁷ A retrospective study of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin) found a significantly higher risk of invasive NMSC in Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV compared with an age-matched subset of the general population.⁸ Younger veterans who were deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom worked at more equatorial latitudes than the rest of the US population and may be at increased risk of NMSC. Inadequate sunscreen access, immediate safety concerns, outdoor recreational activities, harsh weather, and insufficient emphasis on sun protection have created a multifactorial challenge for the military population. Riemenschneider and colleagues recommended targeted screening for at-risk veteran patients and prioritizing annual skin cancer screenings during medical mission physical examinations for active military.⁷

The plastic surgery service regularly receives consults from dermatology, general surgery, and primary care to remove skin cancers on the face, scalp, hands, and forearms. Skin cancer treatment can create serious hardships for older adult patients and their families with multiple appointments for the consult, procedure, and follow-up. Patients are often told to hold their anticoagulant medications when the surgery will be performed on a highly vascular region, such as the scalp or face. This can create wide swings in their laboratory test values and result in life-threatening complications from either bleeding or clotting. The appropriateness of offering surgery to patients with serious comorbidities and a limited life expectancy has been questioned.^2-4 The purpose of this study was to measure the morbidity and unrelated 5-year mortality for patients with skin cancer referred to the plastic surgery service to help patients and families make a more informed treatment decision, particularly when the patients are aged > 80 years and have significant life-threatening comorbidities.

Methods

The University of Florida and Malcom Randall VA Medical Center Institutional review board in Gainesville, approved a retrospective review of all consults completed by the plastic surgery service for the treatment of NMSC performed from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2015. Data collected included age and common life-limiting comorbidities at the time of referral. Morbidities were found on the electronic health record, including coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebral vascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease, dementia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tobacco use, diabetes mellitus (DM), liver disease, alcohol use, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Treatment, complications, and 5-year mortality were recorded. A χ² analysis with P value < .05 was used to determine statistical significance between individual risk factors and 5-year mortality. The relative risk of 5-year mortality was calculated by combining advanced age (aged > 80 years) with the individual comorbidities.

Results

Over 4 years, 800 consults for NMSC were completed by the plastic surgery service. Treatment decisions included 210 excisions (with or without reconstruction) in the operating room, 402 excisions (with or without reconstruction) under local anesthesia in clinic, 55 Mohs surgical dermatology referrals, 21 other service or hospital referrals, and 112 patient who were observed, declined intervention, or died prior to intervention. Five-year mortality was 28.6%. No patients died of NMSC. The median age at consult submission for patients deceased 5 years later was 78 years. Complication rate was 5% and included wound infection, dehiscence, bleeding, or graft loss. Two patients, both deceased within 5 years, had unplanned admissions due to bleeding from either a skin graft donor site or recipient bleeding. Aged ≥ 80 years, CAD, CHF, CVD, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, CKD, COPD, and DM were all found individually to be statistically significant predictors of 5-year mortality (Table 1). Combining aged ≥ 80 years plus CAD, CHF, or dementia all increased the 5-year mortality by a relative risk of > 3 (Table 2).

Discussion

The standard of care is to treat NMSC. Most NMSCs are treated surgically without consideration of patient age or life expectancy.^2,4,9,10 A prospective cohort study involving a university-based private practice and a VA medical center in San Francisco found a 22.6% overall 5-year mortality and a 43.3% mortality in the group defined as limited life expectancy (LLE) based on age (≥ 85 years) and medical comorbidities. None died due to the NMSC. Leading cause of death was cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory disease, lung and prostate cancer, and Alzheimer disease. The authors suggested the LLE group may be exposed to wound complications without benefiting from the treatment.⁴

Another study of 440 patients receiving excision for biopsy-proven facial NMSC at the Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, found no residual carcinoma in 35.3% of excisions, and in patients aged > 90 years, more than half of the excisions had no residual carcinoma. More than half of the patients aged > 90 years died within 1 year, not as a result of the NMSC. The authors argued for watchful waiting in select patients to maximize comfort and outcomes.¹⁰

Strengths and Limitations

A strength of this study is that the data were obtained from a closed system. Patients tend to stay long-term within the VA and their health record is accessible throughout the country as long as they are seen at a VA facility. Complications, therefore, return to the treating service or primary care, who would route the patient back to the surgeon.

One limitation of the study is that this is a retrospective review from 2011. The authors are limited to data that are recorded in the patient record. Multiple health care professionals saw the patients and notes lack consistency in detail. Size of the lesions were not consistently recorded and did not get logged into our database for that reason.

Conclusions

Treatment of NMSC in older adult patients has a low morbidity but needs to be balanced against a patient and family’s goals when the patient presents with life-limiting comorbidities. An elevated 5-year mortality in patients aged > 80 years with serious unrelated medical conditions is intuitive, but this study may help put treatment plans into perspective for families and health care professionals who want to provide an indicated service while maximizing patient quality of life.

Acknowledgments

This manuscript is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.

Skin cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), which include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are usually cured with removal.¹ The incidence of NMSC increases with age and is commonly found in nursing homes and geriatric units. These cancers are not usually metastatic or fatal but can cause local destruction and disfigurement if neglected.² The current standard of care is to treat diagnosed NMSC; however, the dermatology and geriatric care literature have questioned the logic of treating asymptomatic skin cancers that will not affect a patient’s life expectancy.^2-4

Forty-seven percent of the current living veteran population is aged ≥ 65 years.⁵ Older adult patients are frequently referred to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) surgical service for the treatment of NMSC. The veteran population includes a higher percentage of individuals at an elevated risk of skin cancers (older, White, and male) compared with the general population.⁶ World War II veterans deployed in regions closer to the equator have been found to have an elevated risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin carcinomas.⁷ A retrospective study of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin) found a significantly higher risk of invasive NMSC in Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV compared with an age-matched subset of the general population.⁸ Younger veterans who were deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom worked at more equatorial latitudes than the rest of the US population and may be at increased risk of NMSC. Inadequate sunscreen access, immediate safety concerns, outdoor recreational activities, harsh weather, and insufficient emphasis on sun protection have created a multifactorial challenge for the military population. Riemenschneider and colleagues recommended targeted screening for at-risk veteran patients and prioritizing annual skin cancer screenings during medical mission physical examinations for active military.⁷

The plastic surgery service regularly receives consults from dermatology, general surgery, and primary care to remove skin cancers on the face, scalp, hands, and forearms. Skin cancer treatment can create serious hardships for older adult patients and their families with multiple appointments for the consult, procedure, and follow-up. Patients are often told to hold their anticoagulant medications when the surgery will be performed on a highly vascular region, such as the scalp or face. This can create wide swings in their laboratory test values and result in life-threatening complications from either bleeding or clotting. The appropriateness of offering surgery to patients with serious comorbidities and a limited life expectancy has been questioned.^2-4 The purpose of this study was to measure the morbidity and unrelated 5-year mortality for patients with skin cancer referred to the plastic surgery service to help patients and families make a more informed treatment decision, particularly when the patients are aged > 80 years and have significant life-threatening comorbidities.

Methods

The University of Florida and Malcom Randall VA Medical Center Institutional review board in Gainesville, approved a retrospective review of all consults completed by the plastic surgery service for the treatment of NMSC performed from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2015. Data collected included age and common life-limiting comorbidities at the time of referral. Morbidities were found on the electronic health record, including coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebral vascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease, dementia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tobacco use, diabetes mellitus (DM), liver disease, alcohol use, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Treatment, complications, and 5-year mortality were recorded. A χ² analysis with P value < .05 was used to determine statistical significance between individual risk factors and 5-year mortality. The relative risk of 5-year mortality was calculated by combining advanced age (aged > 80 years) with the individual comorbidities.

Results

Over 4 years, 800 consults for NMSC were completed by the plastic surgery service. Treatment decisions included 210 excisions (with or without reconstruction) in the operating room, 402 excisions (with or without reconstruction) under local anesthesia in clinic, 55 Mohs surgical dermatology referrals, 21 other service or hospital referrals, and 112 patient who were observed, declined intervention, or died prior to intervention. Five-year mortality was 28.6%. No patients died of NMSC. The median age at consult submission for patients deceased 5 years later was 78 years. Complication rate was 5% and included wound infection, dehiscence, bleeding, or graft loss. Two patients, both deceased within 5 years, had unplanned admissions due to bleeding from either a skin graft donor site or recipient bleeding. Aged ≥ 80 years, CAD, CHF, CVD, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, CKD, COPD, and DM were all found individually to be statistically significant predictors of 5-year mortality (Table 1). Combining aged ≥ 80 years plus CAD, CHF, or dementia all increased the 5-year mortality by a relative risk of > 3 (Table 2).

Discussion

The standard of care is to treat NMSC. Most NMSCs are treated surgically without consideration of patient age or life expectancy.^2,4,9,10 A prospective cohort study involving a university-based private practice and a VA medical center in San Francisco found a 22.6% overall 5-year mortality and a 43.3% mortality in the group defined as limited life expectancy (LLE) based on age (≥ 85 years) and medical comorbidities. None died due to the NMSC. Leading cause of death was cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory disease, lung and prostate cancer, and Alzheimer disease. The authors suggested the LLE group may be exposed to wound complications without benefiting from the treatment.⁴

Another study of 440 patients receiving excision for biopsy-proven facial NMSC at the Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, found no residual carcinoma in 35.3% of excisions, and in patients aged > 90 years, more than half of the excisions had no residual carcinoma. More than half of the patients aged > 90 years died within 1 year, not as a result of the NMSC. The authors argued for watchful waiting in select patients to maximize comfort and outcomes.¹⁰

Strengths and Limitations

A strength of this study is that the data were obtained from a closed system. Patients tend to stay long-term within the VA and their health record is accessible throughout the country as long as they are seen at a VA facility. Complications, therefore, return to the treating service or primary care, who would route the patient back to the surgeon.

One limitation of the study is that this is a retrospective review from 2011. The authors are limited to data that are recorded in the patient record. Multiple health care professionals saw the patients and notes lack consistency in detail. Size of the lesions were not consistently recorded and did not get logged into our database for that reason.

Conclusions

Treatment of NMSC in older adult patients has a low morbidity but needs to be balanced against a patient and family’s goals when the patient presents with life-limiting comorbidities. An elevated 5-year mortality in patients aged > 80 years with serious unrelated medical conditions is intuitive, but this study may help put treatment plans into perspective for families and health care professionals who want to provide an indicated service while maximizing patient quality of life.

Acknowledgments

This manuscript is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.

Skin cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), which include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are usually cured with removal.¹ The incidence of NMSC increases with age and is commonly found in nursing homes and geriatric units. These cancers are not usually metastatic or fatal but can cause local destruction and disfigurement if neglected.² The current standard of care is to treat diagnosed NMSC; however, the dermatology and geriatric care literature have questioned the logic of treating asymptomatic skin cancers that will not affect a patient’s life expectancy.^2-4

Forty-seven percent of the current living veteran population is aged ≥ 65 years.⁵ Older adult patients are frequently referred to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) surgical service for the treatment of NMSC. The veteran population includes a higher percentage of individuals at an elevated risk of skin cancers (older, White, and male) compared with the general population.⁶ World War II veterans deployed in regions closer to the equator have been found to have an elevated risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin carcinomas.⁷ A retrospective study of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin) found a significantly higher risk of invasive NMSC in Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV compared with an age-matched subset of the general population.⁸ Younger veterans who were deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom worked at more equatorial latitudes than the rest of the US population and may be at increased risk of NMSC. Inadequate sunscreen access, immediate safety concerns, outdoor recreational activities, harsh weather, and insufficient emphasis on sun protection have created a multifactorial challenge for the military population. Riemenschneider and colleagues recommended targeted screening for at-risk veteran patients and prioritizing annual skin cancer screenings during medical mission physical examinations for active military.⁷

The plastic surgery service regularly receives consults from dermatology, general surgery, and primary care to remove skin cancers on the face, scalp, hands, and forearms. Skin cancer treatment can create serious hardships for older adult patients and their families with multiple appointments for the consult, procedure, and follow-up. Patients are often told to hold their anticoagulant medications when the surgery will be performed on a highly vascular region, such as the scalp or face. This can create wide swings in their laboratory test values and result in life-threatening complications from either bleeding or clotting. The appropriateness of offering surgery to patients with serious comorbidities and a limited life expectancy has been questioned.^2-4 The purpose of this study was to measure the morbidity and unrelated 5-year mortality for patients with skin cancer referred to the plastic surgery service to help patients and families make a more informed treatment decision, particularly when the patients are aged > 80 years and have significant life-threatening comorbidities.

Methods

The University of Florida and Malcom Randall VA Medical Center Institutional review board in Gainesville, approved a retrospective review of all consults completed by the plastic surgery service for the treatment of NMSC performed from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2015. Data collected included age and common life-limiting comorbidities at the time of referral. Morbidities were found on the electronic health record, including coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebral vascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease, dementia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tobacco use, diabetes mellitus (DM), liver disease, alcohol use, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Treatment, complications, and 5-year mortality were recorded. A χ² analysis with P value < .05 was used to determine statistical significance between individual risk factors and 5-year mortality. The relative risk of 5-year mortality was calculated by combining advanced age (aged > 80 years) with the individual comorbidities.

Results

Over 4 years, 800 consults for NMSC were completed by the plastic surgery service. Treatment decisions included 210 excisions (with or without reconstruction) in the operating room, 402 excisions (with or without reconstruction) under local anesthesia in clinic, 55 Mohs surgical dermatology referrals, 21 other service or hospital referrals, and 112 patient who were observed, declined intervention, or died prior to intervention. Five-year mortality was 28.6%. No patients died of NMSC. The median age at consult submission for patients deceased 5 years later was 78 years. Complication rate was 5% and included wound infection, dehiscence, bleeding, or graft loss. Two patients, both deceased within 5 years, had unplanned admissions due to bleeding from either a skin graft donor site or recipient bleeding. Aged ≥ 80 years, CAD, CHF, CVD, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, CKD, COPD, and DM were all found individually to be statistically significant predictors of 5-year mortality (Table 1). Combining aged ≥ 80 years plus CAD, CHF, or dementia all increased the 5-year mortality by a relative risk of > 3 (Table 2).

Discussion

The standard of care is to treat NMSC. Most NMSCs are treated surgically without consideration of patient age or life expectancy.^2,4,9,10 A prospective cohort study involving a university-based private practice and a VA medical center in San Francisco found a 22.6% overall 5-year mortality and a 43.3% mortality in the group defined as limited life expectancy (LLE) based on age (≥ 85 years) and medical comorbidities. None died due to the NMSC. Leading cause of death was cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory disease, lung and prostate cancer, and Alzheimer disease. The authors suggested the LLE group may be exposed to wound complications without benefiting from the treatment.⁴

Another study of 440 patients receiving excision for biopsy-proven facial NMSC at the Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, found no residual carcinoma in 35.3% of excisions, and in patients aged > 90 years, more than half of the excisions had no residual carcinoma. More than half of the patients aged > 90 years died within 1 year, not as a result of the NMSC. The authors argued for watchful waiting in select patients to maximize comfort and outcomes.¹⁰

Strengths and Limitations

A strength of this study is that the data were obtained from a closed system. Patients tend to stay long-term within the VA and their health record is accessible throughout the country as long as they are seen at a VA facility. Complications, therefore, return to the treating service or primary care, who would route the patient back to the surgeon.

One limitation of the study is that this is a retrospective review from 2011. The authors are limited to data that are recorded in the patient record. Multiple health care professionals saw the patients and notes lack consistency in detail. Size of the lesions were not consistently recorded and did not get logged into our database for that reason.

Conclusions

Treatment of NMSC in older adult patients has a low morbidity but needs to be balanced against a patient and family’s goals when the patient presents with life-limiting comorbidities. An elevated 5-year mortality in patients aged > 80 years with serious unrelated medical conditions is intuitive, but this study may help put treatment plans into perspective for families and health care professionals who want to provide an indicated service while maximizing patient quality of life.

Acknowledgments

This manuscript is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.

Priapism is a disorder that occurs when the penis maintains a prolonged erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation. The disorder is typically divided into subgroups based on arterial flow: low flow (ischemic) and high flow (nonischemic). Ischemic priapism is the most common form and results from venous congestion due to obstructed outflow and inability of cavernous smooth muscle to contract, resulting in compartment syndrome, tissue hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis.¹ Conditions that result in hypercoagulable states and hyperviscosity are associated with ischemic priapism. COVID-19 is well known to cause an acute respiratory illness and systemic inflammatory response and has been increasingly associated with coagulopathy. Studies have shown that 20% to 55% of patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 show objective laboratory evidence of a hypercoagulable state.²

To date, there are 6 reported cases of priapism occurring in the setting of COVID-19 with all cases demonstrating the ischemic subtype. The onset of priapism from the beginning of infectious symptoms ranged from 2 days to more than a month. Five of the cases occurred in patients with critical COVID-19 and 1 in the setting of mild disease.^3-8 Two critically ill patients did not receive treatment for their ischemic priapism as they were transitioned to expectant management and/or comfort measures.Most were treated with cavernosal blood aspiration and intracavernosal injections of phenylephrine or ethylephrine. Some patients were managed with prophylactic doses of anticoagulation after the identification of priapism; others were transitioned to therapeutic doses. Two patients were followed postdischarge; one patient reported normal nighttime erections with sexual desire 2 weeks postdischarge, and another patient, who underwent a bilateral T-shunt procedure after unsuccessful phenylephrine injections, reported complete erectile dysfunction at 3 months postdischarge.^4,7 There was a potentially confounding variable in 2 cases in which propofol infusions were used for sedation management in the setting of mechanical ventilation.^6,8 Propofol has been linked to priapism through its blockade of sympathetic activation resulting in persistent relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle.⁹ We present a unique case of COVID-19–associated ischemic priapism as our patient had moderate rather than critical COVID-19.

Case Presentation

A 67-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department for a painful erection of 34-hour duration. The patient had been exposed to COVID-19 roughly 2 months prior. Since the exposure, he had experienced headache, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and decreased appetite with weight loss. His medical history included hypertension, thoracic aortic aneurysm, B-cell type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and obstructive sleep apnea. Daily outpatient medications included atenolol 100 mg, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, and omeprazole 20 mg. The patient stopped tobacco use about 30 years previously. He reported no alcohol consumption or illicit drug use and had no previous episodes of prolonged erection.

The patient was afebrile, hemodynamically stable, and had an oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. Physical examination revealed clear breath sounds and an erect circumcised penis without any lesions, discoloration, or skin necrosis. Laboratory data were remarkable for the following values: 125,660 cells/μL white blood cells (WBCs), 13.82 × 10³/ μL neutrophils, 110.58 × 10³/μL lymphocytes, 1.26 × 10³/μL monocytes, no blasts, 9.4 gm/dL hemoglobin, 100.3 fl mean corpuscular volume, 417,000 cells/μL platelets, 23,671 ng/mL D-dimer, 29.6 seconds activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), 16.3 seconds prothrombin time, 743 mg/dL fibrinogen, 474 U/L lactate dehydrogenase, and 202.1 mg/dL haptoglobin. A nasopharyngeal reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test resulted positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and subsequent chest X-ray revealed bilateral, hazy opacities predominantly in a peripheral distribution. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the chest did not reveal pulmonary emboli, pneumothorax, effusions, or lobar consolidation. However, it displayed bilateral ground-glass opacities with interstitial consolidation worst in the upper lobes. Corporal aspiration and blood gas analysis revealed a pH of 7.05, Pco₂ of 64 mm Hg, and Po₂ of 33 mm Hg.

Differential Diagnosis

The first consideration in the differential diagnosis of priapism is to differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic. Based on the abnormal blood gas results above, this case clearly falls within the ischemic spectrum. Ischemic priapism secondary to CLL-induced hyperleukocytosis was considered. It has been noted that up to 20% of priapism cases in adults are related to hematologic disorders.¹⁰ While it is not uncommon to see hyperleukocytosis (total WBC count > 100 × 10⁹/L) in CLL, leukostasis is rare with most reports demonstrating WBC counts > 1000 × 10⁹/L.¹¹ Hematology, vascular surgery, and urology services were consulted and agreed that ischemic priapism was due to microthrombi or pelvic vein thrombosis secondary to COVID-19–associated coagulopathy (CAC) was the most likely etiology.

Treatment

After corporal aspiration, intracorporal phenylephrine was administered. Diluted phenylephrine (100 ug/mL) was injected every 5 to 10 minutes while intermittently aspirating and irrigating multiple sites along the lateral length of the penile shaft. This initial procedure reduced the erection from 100% to 30% rigidity, with repeat blood gas analysis revealing minimal improvement. CT of the abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast revealed no evidence of pelvic thrombi. A second round of phenylephrine injections were administered, resulting in detumescence. The patient was treated with 2 to 3 L/min of oxygen supplementation via nasal cannula, a 5-day course of remdesivir and low-intensity heparin drip. Following the initial low-intensity heparin drip, the patient transitioned to therapeutic enoxaparin and subsequently was discharged on apixaban for a 3-month course. Since discharge, the patient followed up with hematology. He tolerated and completed the anticoagulation regimen without any recurrences of priapism or residual deficits.

Discussion

Recent studies have overwhelmingly analyzed the incidence and presentation of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19. CAC has been postulated to result from endotheliopathy along with immune cell activation and propagation of coagulation. While COVID-19 has been noted to create lung injury through binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors expressed on alveolar pneumocytes, it increasingly has been found to affect endothelial cells throughout the body. Recent postmortem analyses have demonstrated direct viral infection of endothelial cells with consequent diffuse endothelial inflammation, as evidenced by viral inclusions, sequestered immune cells, and endothelial apoptosis.^12,13 Manifestations of this endotheliopathy have been delineated through various studies.

An early retrospective study in Wuhan, China, illustrated that 36% of the first 99 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 demonstrated an elevated D-dimer, 6% an elevated aPTT, and 5% an elevated prothrombin time.¹⁴ Another retrospective study conducted in Wuhan found a 25% incidence of venous thromboembolic complications in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19.¹⁵ In the Netherlands, a study reported the incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic complications to be 31% in 184 critically ill patients with COVID-19, with 81% of these cases involving pulmonary emboli.¹⁶

To our knowledge, our patient is the seventh reported case of ischemic priapism occurring in the setting of a COVID-19 infection, and the first to have occurred in its moderate form. Ischemic priapism is often a consequence of penile venous outflow obstruction and resultant stasis of hypoxic blood.⁷ The prothrombotic state induced by CAC has been proposed to cause the obstruction of small emissary veins in the subtunical space and in turn lead to venous stasis, which propagates the formation of ischemic priapism.⁸ Furthermore, 4 of the previously reported cases shared laboratory data on their patients, and all demonstrated elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen levels, which strengthens this hypothesis.^3,5,7,8 CLL presents a potential confounding variable in this case; however, as we have reviewed earlier, the risk of leukostasis at WBC counts < 1000 × 10⁹/L is very low.¹¹ It is also probable that the patient had some level of immune dysregulation secondary to CLL, leading to his prolonged course and slow clearance of the virus.

Conclusions

Although only a handful of CAC cases leading to ischemic priapism have been reported, the true incidence may be much higher. While our case highlights the importance of considering COVID-19 infection in the differential diagnosis of ischemic priapism, more research is needed to understand incidence and definitively establish a causative relationship.

Priapism is a disorder that occurs when the penis maintains a prolonged erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation. The disorder is typically divided into subgroups based on arterial flow: low flow (ischemic) and high flow (nonischemic). Ischemic priapism is the most common form and results from venous congestion due to obstructed outflow and inability of cavernous smooth muscle to contract, resulting in compartment syndrome, tissue hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis.¹ Conditions that result in hypercoagulable states and hyperviscosity are associated with ischemic priapism. COVID-19 is well known to cause an acute respiratory illness and systemic inflammatory response and has been increasingly associated with coagulopathy. Studies have shown that 20% to 55% of patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 show objective laboratory evidence of a hypercoagulable state.²

To date, there are 6 reported cases of priapism occurring in the setting of COVID-19 with all cases demonstrating the ischemic subtype. The onset of priapism from the beginning of infectious symptoms ranged from 2 days to more than a month. Five of the cases occurred in patients with critical COVID-19 and 1 in the setting of mild disease.^3-8 Two critically ill patients did not receive treatment for their ischemic priapism as they were transitioned to expectant management and/or comfort measures.Most were treated with cavernosal blood aspiration and intracavernosal injections of phenylephrine or ethylephrine. Some patients were managed with prophylactic doses of anticoagulation after the identification of priapism; others were transitioned to therapeutic doses. Two patients were followed postdischarge; one patient reported normal nighttime erections with sexual desire 2 weeks postdischarge, and another patient, who underwent a bilateral T-shunt procedure after unsuccessful phenylephrine injections, reported complete erectile dysfunction at 3 months postdischarge.^4,7 There was a potentially confounding variable in 2 cases in which propofol infusions were used for sedation management in the setting of mechanical ventilation.^6,8 Propofol has been linked to priapism through its blockade of sympathetic activation resulting in persistent relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle.⁹ We present a unique case of COVID-19–associated ischemic priapism as our patient had moderate rather than critical COVID-19.

Case Presentation

A 67-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department for a painful erection of 34-hour duration. The patient had been exposed to COVID-19 roughly 2 months prior. Since the exposure, he had experienced headache, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and decreased appetite with weight loss. His medical history included hypertension, thoracic aortic aneurysm, B-cell type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and obstructive sleep apnea. Daily outpatient medications included atenolol 100 mg, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, and omeprazole 20 mg. The patient stopped tobacco use about 30 years previously. He reported no alcohol consumption or illicit drug use and had no previous episodes of prolonged erection.

The patient was afebrile, hemodynamically stable, and had an oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. Physical examination revealed clear breath sounds and an erect circumcised penis without any lesions, discoloration, or skin necrosis. Laboratory data were remarkable for the following values: 125,660 cells/μL white blood cells (WBCs), 13.82 × 10³/ μL neutrophils, 110.58 × 10³/μL lymphocytes, 1.26 × 10³/μL monocytes, no blasts, 9.4 gm/dL hemoglobin, 100.3 fl mean corpuscular volume, 417,000 cells/μL platelets, 23,671 ng/mL D-dimer, 29.6 seconds activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), 16.3 seconds prothrombin time, 743 mg/dL fibrinogen, 474 U/L lactate dehydrogenase, and 202.1 mg/dL haptoglobin. A nasopharyngeal reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test resulted positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and subsequent chest X-ray revealed bilateral, hazy opacities predominantly in a peripheral distribution. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the chest did not reveal pulmonary emboli, pneumothorax, effusions, or lobar consolidation. However, it displayed bilateral ground-glass opacities with interstitial consolidation worst in the upper lobes. Corporal aspiration and blood gas analysis revealed a pH of 7.05, Pco₂ of 64 mm Hg, and Po₂ of 33 mm Hg.

Differential Diagnosis

The first consideration in the differential diagnosis of priapism is to differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic. Based on the abnormal blood gas results above, this case clearly falls within the ischemic spectrum. Ischemic priapism secondary to CLL-induced hyperleukocytosis was considered. It has been noted that up to 20% of priapism cases in adults are related to hematologic disorders.¹⁰ While it is not uncommon to see hyperleukocytosis (total WBC count > 100 × 10⁹/L) in CLL, leukostasis is rare with most reports demonstrating WBC counts > 1000 × 10⁹/L.¹¹ Hematology, vascular surgery, and urology services were consulted and agreed that ischemic priapism was due to microthrombi or pelvic vein thrombosis secondary to COVID-19–associated coagulopathy (CAC) was the most likely etiology.

Treatment

After corporal aspiration, intracorporal phenylephrine was administered. Diluted phenylephrine (100 ug/mL) was injected every 5 to 10 minutes while intermittently aspirating and irrigating multiple sites along the lateral length of the penile shaft. This initial procedure reduced the erection from 100% to 30% rigidity, with repeat blood gas analysis revealing minimal improvement. CT of the abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast revealed no evidence of pelvic thrombi. A second round of phenylephrine injections were administered, resulting in detumescence. The patient was treated with 2 to 3 L/min of oxygen supplementation via nasal cannula, a 5-day course of remdesivir and low-intensity heparin drip. Following the initial low-intensity heparin drip, the patient transitioned to therapeutic enoxaparin and subsequently was discharged on apixaban for a 3-month course. Since discharge, the patient followed up with hematology. He tolerated and completed the anticoagulation regimen without any recurrences of priapism or residual deficits.

Discussion

Recent studies have overwhelmingly analyzed the incidence and presentation of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19. CAC has been postulated to result from endotheliopathy along with immune cell activation and propagation of coagulation. While COVID-19 has been noted to create lung injury through binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors expressed on alveolar pneumocytes, it increasingly has been found to affect endothelial cells throughout the body. Recent postmortem analyses have demonstrated direct viral infection of endothelial cells with consequent diffuse endothelial inflammation, as evidenced by viral inclusions, sequestered immune cells, and endothelial apoptosis.^12,13 Manifestations of this endotheliopathy have been delineated through various studies.

An early retrospective study in Wuhan, China, illustrated that 36% of the first 99 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 demonstrated an elevated D-dimer, 6% an elevated aPTT, and 5% an elevated prothrombin time.¹⁴ Another retrospective study conducted in Wuhan found a 25% incidence of venous thromboembolic complications in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19.¹⁵ In the Netherlands, a study reported the incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic complications to be 31% in 184 critically ill patients with COVID-19, with 81% of these cases involving pulmonary emboli.¹⁶

To our knowledge, our patient is the seventh reported case of ischemic priapism occurring in the setting of a COVID-19 infection, and the first to have occurred in its moderate form. Ischemic priapism is often a consequence of penile venous outflow obstruction and resultant stasis of hypoxic blood.⁷ The prothrombotic state induced by CAC has been proposed to cause the obstruction of small emissary veins in the subtunical space and in turn lead to venous stasis, which propagates the formation of ischemic priapism.⁸ Furthermore, 4 of the previously reported cases shared laboratory data on their patients, and all demonstrated elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen levels, which strengthens this hypothesis.^3,5,7,8 CLL presents a potential confounding variable in this case; however, as we have reviewed earlier, the risk of leukostasis at WBC counts < 1000 × 10⁹/L is very low.¹¹ It is also probable that the patient had some level of immune dysregulation secondary to CLL, leading to his prolonged course and slow clearance of the virus.

Conclusions

Although only a handful of CAC cases leading to ischemic priapism have been reported, the true incidence may be much higher. While our case highlights the importance of considering COVID-19 infection in the differential diagnosis of ischemic priapism, more research is needed to understand incidence and definitively establish a causative relationship.

Priapism is a disorder that occurs when the penis maintains a prolonged erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation. The disorder is typically divided into subgroups based on arterial flow: low flow (ischemic) and high flow (nonischemic). Ischemic priapism is the most common form and results from venous congestion due to obstructed outflow and inability of cavernous smooth muscle to contract, resulting in compartment syndrome, tissue hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis.¹ Conditions that result in hypercoagulable states and hyperviscosity are associated with ischemic priapism. COVID-19 is well known to cause an acute respiratory illness and systemic inflammatory response and has been increasingly associated with coagulopathy. Studies have shown that 20% to 55% of patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 show objective laboratory evidence of a hypercoagulable state.²

To date, there are 6 reported cases of priapism occurring in the setting of COVID-19 with all cases demonstrating the ischemic subtype. The onset of priapism from the beginning of infectious symptoms ranged from 2 days to more than a month. Five of the cases occurred in patients with critical COVID-19 and 1 in the setting of mild disease.^3-8 Two critically ill patients did not receive treatment for their ischemic priapism as they were transitioned to expectant management and/or comfort measures.Most were treated with cavernosal blood aspiration and intracavernosal injections of phenylephrine or ethylephrine. Some patients were managed with prophylactic doses of anticoagulation after the identification of priapism; others were transitioned to therapeutic doses. Two patients were followed postdischarge; one patient reported normal nighttime erections with sexual desire 2 weeks postdischarge, and another patient, who underwent a bilateral T-shunt procedure after unsuccessful phenylephrine injections, reported complete erectile dysfunction at 3 months postdischarge.^4,7 There was a potentially confounding variable in 2 cases in which propofol infusions were used for sedation management in the setting of mechanical ventilation.^6,8 Propofol has been linked to priapism through its blockade of sympathetic activation resulting in persistent relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle.⁹ We present a unique case of COVID-19–associated ischemic priapism as our patient had moderate rather than critical COVID-19.

Case Presentation

A 67-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department for a painful erection of 34-hour duration. The patient had been exposed to COVID-19 roughly 2 months prior. Since the exposure, he had experienced headache, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and decreased appetite with weight loss. His medical history included hypertension, thoracic aortic aneurysm, B-cell type chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and obstructive sleep apnea. Daily outpatient medications included atenolol 100 mg, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, and omeprazole 20 mg. The patient stopped tobacco use about 30 years previously. He reported no alcohol consumption or illicit drug use and had no previous episodes of prolonged erection.

The patient was afebrile, hemodynamically stable, and had an oxygen saturation of 92% on room air. Physical examination revealed clear breath sounds and an erect circumcised penis without any lesions, discoloration, or skin necrosis. Laboratory data were remarkable for the following values: 125,660 cells/μL white blood cells (WBCs), 13.82 × 10³/ μL neutrophils, 110.58 × 10³/μL lymphocytes, 1.26 × 10³/μL monocytes, no blasts, 9.4 gm/dL hemoglobin, 100.3 fl mean corpuscular volume, 417,000 cells/μL platelets, 23,671 ng/mL D-dimer, 29.6 seconds activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), 16.3 seconds prothrombin time, 743 mg/dL fibrinogen, 474 U/L lactate dehydrogenase, and 202.1 mg/dL haptoglobin. A nasopharyngeal reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test resulted positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and subsequent chest X-ray revealed bilateral, hazy opacities predominantly in a peripheral distribution. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the chest did not reveal pulmonary emboli, pneumothorax, effusions, or lobar consolidation. However, it displayed bilateral ground-glass opacities with interstitial consolidation worst in the upper lobes. Corporal aspiration and blood gas analysis revealed a pH of 7.05, Pco₂ of 64 mm Hg, and Po₂ of 33 mm Hg.

Differential Diagnosis

The first consideration in the differential diagnosis of priapism is to differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic. Based on the abnormal blood gas results above, this case clearly falls within the ischemic spectrum. Ischemic priapism secondary to CLL-induced hyperleukocytosis was considered. It has been noted that up to 20% of priapism cases in adults are related to hematologic disorders.¹⁰ While it is not uncommon to see hyperleukocytosis (total WBC count > 100 × 10⁹/L) in CLL, leukostasis is rare with most reports demonstrating WBC counts > 1000 × 10⁹/L.¹¹ Hematology, vascular surgery, and urology services were consulted and agreed that ischemic priapism was due to microthrombi or pelvic vein thrombosis secondary to COVID-19–associated coagulopathy (CAC) was the most likely etiology.

Treatment

After corporal aspiration, intracorporal phenylephrine was administered. Diluted phenylephrine (100 ug/mL) was injected every 5 to 10 minutes while intermittently aspirating and irrigating multiple sites along the lateral length of the penile shaft. This initial procedure reduced the erection from 100% to 30% rigidity, with repeat blood gas analysis revealing minimal improvement. CT of the abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast revealed no evidence of pelvic thrombi. A second round of phenylephrine injections were administered, resulting in detumescence. The patient was treated with 2 to 3 L/min of oxygen supplementation via nasal cannula, a 5-day course of remdesivir and low-intensity heparin drip. Following the initial low-intensity heparin drip, the patient transitioned to therapeutic enoxaparin and subsequently was discharged on apixaban for a 3-month course. Since discharge, the patient followed up with hematology. He tolerated and completed the anticoagulation regimen without any recurrences of priapism or residual deficits.

Discussion

Recent studies have overwhelmingly analyzed the incidence and presentation of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19. CAC has been postulated to result from endotheliopathy along with immune cell activation and propagation of coagulation. While COVID-19 has been noted to create lung injury through binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors expressed on alveolar pneumocytes, it increasingly has been found to affect endothelial cells throughout the body. Recent postmortem analyses have demonstrated direct viral infection of endothelial cells with consequent diffuse endothelial inflammation, as evidenced by viral inclusions, sequestered immune cells, and endothelial apoptosis.^12,13 Manifestations of this endotheliopathy have been delineated through various studies.

An early retrospective study in Wuhan, China, illustrated that 36% of the first 99 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 demonstrated an elevated D-dimer, 6% an elevated aPTT, and 5% an elevated prothrombin time.¹⁴ Another retrospective study conducted in Wuhan found a 25% incidence of venous thromboembolic complications in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19.¹⁵ In the Netherlands, a study reported the incidence of arterial and venous thrombotic complications to be 31% in 184 critically ill patients with COVID-19, with 81% of these cases involving pulmonary emboli.¹⁶

To our knowledge, our patient is the seventh reported case of ischemic priapism occurring in the setting of a COVID-19 infection, and the first to have occurred in its moderate form. Ischemic priapism is often a consequence of penile venous outflow obstruction and resultant stasis of hypoxic blood.⁷ The prothrombotic state induced by CAC has been proposed to cause the obstruction of small emissary veins in the subtunical space and in turn lead to venous stasis, which propagates the formation of ischemic priapism.⁸ Furthermore, 4 of the previously reported cases shared laboratory data on their patients, and all demonstrated elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen levels, which strengthens this hypothesis.^3,5,7,8 CLL presents a potential confounding variable in this case; however, as we have reviewed earlier, the risk of leukostasis at WBC counts < 1000 × 10⁹/L is very low.¹¹ It is also probable that the patient had some level of immune dysregulation secondary to CLL, leading to his prolonged course and slow clearance of the virus.

Conclusions

Although only a handful of CAC cases leading to ischemic priapism have been reported, the true incidence may be much higher. While our case highlights the importance of considering COVID-19 infection in the differential diagnosis of ischemic priapism, more research is needed to understand incidence and definitively establish a causative relationship.

Paraneoplastic syndrome is a rare disorder involving manifestations of immune dysregulation triggered by malignancy. The immune system develops antibodies to the malignancy, which can cause cross reactivation with various tissues in the body, resulting in an autoimmune response. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a rare condition caused by immune-mediated damage to the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar tract. Symptoms may include gait instability, double vision, decreased fine motor skills, and ataxia, with progression to brainstem-associated symptoms, such as nystagmus, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy is critical to halt the progression of autoimmune-mediated destruction. We present a case of a young adult female patient with PCD caused by Purkinje cell cytoplasmic–Tr (PCA-Tr) antibody with Hodgkin lymphoma.

Case Presentation

A 20-year-old previously healthy active-duty female patient presented to the emergency department with acute worsening of chronic intermittent, recurrent episodes of lightheadedness and vertigo. Symptoms persisted for 9 months until acutely worsening over the 2 weeks prior to presentation. She reported left eye double vision but did not report seeing spots, photophobia, tinnitus, or headache. She felt off-balance, leaning on nearby objects to remain standing. Symptoms primarily occurred during ambulation; however, occasionally they happened at rest. Episodes lasted up to several minutes and occurred up to 15 times a day. The patient reported no fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, muscle aches, weakness, numbness or tingling, loss of bowel or bladder function, or rash. She had no recent illnesses, changes to medications, or recent travel. Oral intake to include food and water was adequate and unchanged. The patient had a remote history of mild concussions without loss of consciousness while playing sports 4 years previously. She reported no recent trauma. Nine months before, she received treatment for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with the Epley maneuver with full resolution of symptoms lasting several days. She reported no prescription or over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, or supplements. She reported no other medical or surgical history and no pertinent social or family history.

Physical examination revealed a nontoxic-appearing female patient with intermittent conversational dysarthria, saccadic pursuits, horizontal nystagmus with lateral gaze, and vertical nystagmus with vertical gaze. The patient exhibited dysdiadochokinesia, or impaired ability to perform rapid alternating hand movements with repetition. Finger-to-nose testing was impaired and heel-to-shin motion remained intact. A Romberg test was positive, and the patient had tandem gait instability. Strength testing, sensation, reflexes, and cranial nerves were otherwise intact. Initial laboratory testing was unremarkable except for mild normocytic anemia. Her infectious workup, including testing for venereal disease, HIV, COVID-19, and Coccidioidies was negative. Heavy metals analysis and urine drug screen were negative. Ophthalmology was consulted and workup revealed small amplitude downbeat nystagmus in primary gaze, sustained gaze evoked lateral beating jerk nystagmus with rebound nystagmus R>L gaze, but there was no evidence of afferent package defect and optic nerve function remained intact. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with prominence of the superior cerebellar folia. Due to concerns for autoimmune encephalitis, a lumbar puncture was performed. Antibody testing revealed PCA-Tr antibodies, which is commonly associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, prompting further evaluation for malignancy.

Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast demonstrated multiple mediastinal masses with a conglomeration of lymph nodes along the right paratracheal region. Further evaluation was performed with a positron emission tomography (PET)–CT, revealing a large conglomeration of hypermetabolic pretracheal, mediastinal, and right supraclavicular lymph that were suggestive of lymphoma. Mediastinoscopy with excisional lymph node biopsy was performed with immunohistochemical staining confirming diagnosis of a nodular sclerosing variant of Hodgkin lymphoma. The patient was treated with IV immunoglobulin at 0.4g/kg daily for 5 days. A central venous catheter was placed into the patient’s right internal jugular vein and a chemotherapy regimen of doxorubicin 46 mg, vinblastine 11 mg, bleomycin 19 units, and dacarbazine 700 mg was initiated. The patient’s symptoms improved with resolution of dysarthria; however, her visual impairment and gait instability persisted. Repeat PET-CT imaging 2 months later revealed interval improvement with decreased intensity and extent of the hypermetabolic lymph nodes and no new hypermetabolic foci.

Discussion

PCA-Tr antibodies affect the delta/notchlike epidermal growth factor–related receptor, expressed on the dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells.¹ These fibers are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and are critical to the coordination of motor movements, accounting for the ataxia experienced by patients with this subtype of PCD.² The link between Hodgkin lymphoma and PCA-Tr antibodies has been established; however, most reports involve men with a median age of 61 years with lymphoma-associated symptoms (such as lymphadenopathy) or systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, or weight loss) preceding neurologic manifestations in 80% of cases.³

Our patient was a young, previously healthy adult female who initially presented with vertigo, a common concern with frequently benign origins. Although there was temporary resolution of symptoms after Epley maneuvers, symptoms recurred and progressed over several months to include brainstem manifestations of nystagmus, diplopia, and dysarthria. Previous reports indicate that after remission of the Hodgkin lymphoma, PCA-Tr antibodies disappear and symptoms can improve or resolve.^4,5 Treatment has just begun for our patient and although there has been initial clinical improvement, given the chronicity of symptoms, it is unclear if complete resolution will be achieved.

Conclusions

PCD can result in debilitating neurologic dysfunction and may be associated with malignancy such as Hodgkin lymphoma. This case offers unique insight due to the patient’s demographics and presentation, which involved brainstem pathology typically associated with late-onset disease and preceded by constitutional symptoms. Clinical suspicion of this rare disorder should be considered in all ages, especially if symptoms are progressive or neurologic manifestations arise, as early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy are paramount to the prevention of significant disability.

Paraneoplastic syndrome is a rare disorder involving manifestations of immune dysregulation triggered by malignancy. The immune system develops antibodies to the malignancy, which can cause cross reactivation with various tissues in the body, resulting in an autoimmune response. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a rare condition caused by immune-mediated damage to the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar tract. Symptoms may include gait instability, double vision, decreased fine motor skills, and ataxia, with progression to brainstem-associated symptoms, such as nystagmus, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy is critical to halt the progression of autoimmune-mediated destruction. We present a case of a young adult female patient with PCD caused by Purkinje cell cytoplasmic–Tr (PCA-Tr) antibody with Hodgkin lymphoma.

Case Presentation

A 20-year-old previously healthy active-duty female patient presented to the emergency department with acute worsening of chronic intermittent, recurrent episodes of lightheadedness and vertigo. Symptoms persisted for 9 months until acutely worsening over the 2 weeks prior to presentation. She reported left eye double vision but did not report seeing spots, photophobia, tinnitus, or headache. She felt off-balance, leaning on nearby objects to remain standing. Symptoms primarily occurred during ambulation; however, occasionally they happened at rest. Episodes lasted up to several minutes and occurred up to 15 times a day. The patient reported no fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, muscle aches, weakness, numbness or tingling, loss of bowel or bladder function, or rash. She had no recent illnesses, changes to medications, or recent travel. Oral intake to include food and water was adequate and unchanged. The patient had a remote history of mild concussions without loss of consciousness while playing sports 4 years previously. She reported no recent trauma. Nine months before, she received treatment for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with the Epley maneuver with full resolution of symptoms lasting several days. She reported no prescription or over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, or supplements. She reported no other medical or surgical history and no pertinent social or family history.

Physical examination revealed a nontoxic-appearing female patient with intermittent conversational dysarthria, saccadic pursuits, horizontal nystagmus with lateral gaze, and vertical nystagmus with vertical gaze. The patient exhibited dysdiadochokinesia, or impaired ability to perform rapid alternating hand movements with repetition. Finger-to-nose testing was impaired and heel-to-shin motion remained intact. A Romberg test was positive, and the patient had tandem gait instability. Strength testing, sensation, reflexes, and cranial nerves were otherwise intact. Initial laboratory testing was unremarkable except for mild normocytic anemia. Her infectious workup, including testing for venereal disease, HIV, COVID-19, and Coccidioidies was negative. Heavy metals analysis and urine drug screen were negative. Ophthalmology was consulted and workup revealed small amplitude downbeat nystagmus in primary gaze, sustained gaze evoked lateral beating jerk nystagmus with rebound nystagmus R>L gaze, but there was no evidence of afferent package defect and optic nerve function remained intact. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with prominence of the superior cerebellar folia. Due to concerns for autoimmune encephalitis, a lumbar puncture was performed. Antibody testing revealed PCA-Tr antibodies, which is commonly associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, prompting further evaluation for malignancy.

Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast demonstrated multiple mediastinal masses with a conglomeration of lymph nodes along the right paratracheal region. Further evaluation was performed with a positron emission tomography (PET)–CT, revealing a large conglomeration of hypermetabolic pretracheal, mediastinal, and right supraclavicular lymph that were suggestive of lymphoma. Mediastinoscopy with excisional lymph node biopsy was performed with immunohistochemical staining confirming diagnosis of a nodular sclerosing variant of Hodgkin lymphoma. The patient was treated with IV immunoglobulin at 0.4g/kg daily for 5 days. A central venous catheter was placed into the patient’s right internal jugular vein and a chemotherapy regimen of doxorubicin 46 mg, vinblastine 11 mg, bleomycin 19 units, and dacarbazine 700 mg was initiated. The patient’s symptoms improved with resolution of dysarthria; however, her visual impairment and gait instability persisted. Repeat PET-CT imaging 2 months later revealed interval improvement with decreased intensity and extent of the hypermetabolic lymph nodes and no new hypermetabolic foci.

Discussion

PCA-Tr antibodies affect the delta/notchlike epidermal growth factor–related receptor, expressed on the dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells.¹ These fibers are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and are critical to the coordination of motor movements, accounting for the ataxia experienced by patients with this subtype of PCD.² The link between Hodgkin lymphoma and PCA-Tr antibodies has been established; however, most reports involve men with a median age of 61 years with lymphoma-associated symptoms (such as lymphadenopathy) or systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, or weight loss) preceding neurologic manifestations in 80% of cases.³

Our patient was a young, previously healthy adult female who initially presented with vertigo, a common concern with frequently benign origins. Although there was temporary resolution of symptoms after Epley maneuvers, symptoms recurred and progressed over several months to include brainstem manifestations of nystagmus, diplopia, and dysarthria. Previous reports indicate that after remission of the Hodgkin lymphoma, PCA-Tr antibodies disappear and symptoms can improve or resolve.^4,5 Treatment has just begun for our patient and although there has been initial clinical improvement, given the chronicity of symptoms, it is unclear if complete resolution will be achieved.

Conclusions

PCD can result in debilitating neurologic dysfunction and may be associated with malignancy such as Hodgkin lymphoma. This case offers unique insight due to the patient’s demographics and presentation, which involved brainstem pathology typically associated with late-onset disease and preceded by constitutional symptoms. Clinical suspicion of this rare disorder should be considered in all ages, especially if symptoms are progressive or neurologic manifestations arise, as early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy are paramount to the prevention of significant disability.

Paraneoplastic syndrome is a rare disorder involving manifestations of immune dysregulation triggered by malignancy. The immune system develops antibodies to the malignancy, which can cause cross reactivation with various tissues in the body, resulting in an autoimmune response. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a rare condition caused by immune-mediated damage to the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar tract. Symptoms may include gait instability, double vision, decreased fine motor skills, and ataxia, with progression to brainstem-associated symptoms, such as nystagmus, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy is critical to halt the progression of autoimmune-mediated destruction. We present a case of a young adult female patient with PCD caused by Purkinje cell cytoplasmic–Tr (PCA-Tr) antibody with Hodgkin lymphoma.

Case Presentation

A 20-year-old previously healthy active-duty female patient presented to the emergency department with acute worsening of chronic intermittent, recurrent episodes of lightheadedness and vertigo. Symptoms persisted for 9 months until acutely worsening over the 2 weeks prior to presentation. She reported left eye double vision but did not report seeing spots, photophobia, tinnitus, or headache. She felt off-balance, leaning on nearby objects to remain standing. Symptoms primarily occurred during ambulation; however, occasionally they happened at rest. Episodes lasted up to several minutes and occurred up to 15 times a day. The patient reported no fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, muscle aches, weakness, numbness or tingling, loss of bowel or bladder function, or rash. She had no recent illnesses, changes to medications, or recent travel. Oral intake to include food and water was adequate and unchanged. The patient had a remote history of mild concussions without loss of consciousness while playing sports 4 years previously. She reported no recent trauma. Nine months before, she received treatment for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with the Epley maneuver with full resolution of symptoms lasting several days. She reported no prescription or over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, or supplements. She reported no other medical or surgical history and no pertinent social or family history.

Physical examination revealed a nontoxic-appearing female patient with intermittent conversational dysarthria, saccadic pursuits, horizontal nystagmus with lateral gaze, and vertical nystagmus with vertical gaze. The patient exhibited dysdiadochokinesia, or impaired ability to perform rapid alternating hand movements with repetition. Finger-to-nose testing was impaired and heel-to-shin motion remained intact. A Romberg test was positive, and the patient had tandem gait instability. Strength testing, sensation, reflexes, and cranial nerves were otherwise intact. Initial laboratory testing was unremarkable except for mild normocytic anemia. Her infectious workup, including testing for venereal disease, HIV, COVID-19, and Coccidioidies was negative. Heavy metals analysis and urine drug screen were negative. Ophthalmology was consulted and workup revealed small amplitude downbeat nystagmus in primary gaze, sustained gaze evoked lateral beating jerk nystagmus with rebound nystagmus R>L gaze, but there was no evidence of afferent package defect and optic nerve function remained intact. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with prominence of the superior cerebellar folia. Due to concerns for autoimmune encephalitis, a lumbar puncture was performed. Antibody testing revealed PCA-Tr antibodies, which is commonly associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, prompting further evaluation for malignancy.

Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with contrast demonstrated multiple mediastinal masses with a conglomeration of lymph nodes along the right paratracheal region. Further evaluation was performed with a positron emission tomography (PET)–CT, revealing a large conglomeration of hypermetabolic pretracheal, mediastinal, and right supraclavicular lymph that were suggestive of lymphoma. Mediastinoscopy with excisional lymph node biopsy was performed with immunohistochemical staining confirming diagnosis of a nodular sclerosing variant of Hodgkin lymphoma. The patient was treated with IV immunoglobulin at 0.4g/kg daily for 5 days. A central venous catheter was placed into the patient’s right internal jugular vein and a chemotherapy regimen of doxorubicin 46 mg, vinblastine 11 mg, bleomycin 19 units, and dacarbazine 700 mg was initiated. The patient’s symptoms improved with resolution of dysarthria; however, her visual impairment and gait instability persisted. Repeat PET-CT imaging 2 months later revealed interval improvement with decreased intensity and extent of the hypermetabolic lymph nodes and no new hypermetabolic foci.

Discussion

PCA-Tr antibodies affect the delta/notchlike epidermal growth factor–related receptor, expressed on the dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells.¹ These fibers are the only output neurons of the cerebellar cortex and are critical to the coordination of motor movements, accounting for the ataxia experienced by patients with this subtype of PCD.² The link between Hodgkin lymphoma and PCA-Tr antibodies has been established; however, most reports involve men with a median age of 61 years with lymphoma-associated symptoms (such as lymphadenopathy) or systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, or weight loss) preceding neurologic manifestations in 80% of cases.³

Our patient was a young, previously healthy adult female who initially presented with vertigo, a common concern with frequently benign origins. Although there was temporary resolution of symptoms after Epley maneuvers, symptoms recurred and progressed over several months to include brainstem manifestations of nystagmus, diplopia, and dysarthria. Previous reports indicate that after remission of the Hodgkin lymphoma, PCA-Tr antibodies disappear and symptoms can improve or resolve.^4,5 Treatment has just begun for our patient and although there has been initial clinical improvement, given the chronicity of symptoms, it is unclear if complete resolution will be achieved.

Conclusions

PCD can result in debilitating neurologic dysfunction and may be associated with malignancy such as Hodgkin lymphoma. This case offers unique insight due to the patient’s demographics and presentation, which involved brainstem pathology typically associated with late-onset disease and preceded by constitutional symptoms. Clinical suspicion of this rare disorder should be considered in all ages, especially if symptoms are progressive or neurologic manifestations arise, as early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy are paramount to the prevention of significant disability.

Two GOP congressmen have introduced legislation aimed at holding doctors who perform gender transition procedures on minors liable for their actions, says a story reported on KATV.com, among other news sites.

The two GOP lawmakers – Rep. Jim Banks (IN) and Sen. Tom Cotton (AR) – introduced the Protecting Minors from Medical Malpractice Act in their respective chambers.

If passed, the House and Senate bills would make doctors liable for any gender transition surgery on a minor that results in injury, whether physical, psychological, emotional, or physiological. Minors who believe they’ve been harmed would have up to 30 years from when they turn 18 to file a claim.

The House proposal would also strip federal funding from states that require health care professionals to provide gender transition procedures, including puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and gender reassignment surgeries.

A companion House bill, also sponsored by Banks, targets another issue related to gender transitioning for minors: parental consent.

If passed, the Empower Parents to Protect Their Kids Act of 2022 would deny federal funding to any elementary and secondary schools that initiate a minor’s gender transition without first securing parental consent. (Last October, Sen. Cotton released a similar bill in the Senate.)

The content contained in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reliance on any information provided in this article is solely at your own risk.      

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Two GOP congressmen have introduced legislation aimed at holding doctors who perform gender transition procedures on minors liable for their actions, says a story reported on KATV.com, among other news sites.

The two GOP lawmakers – Rep. Jim Banks (IN) and Sen. Tom Cotton (AR) – introduced the Protecting Minors from Medical Malpractice Act in their respective chambers.

If passed, the House and Senate bills would make doctors liable for any gender transition surgery on a minor that results in injury, whether physical, psychological, emotional, or physiological. Minors who believe they’ve been harmed would have up to 30 years from when they turn 18 to file a claim.

The House proposal would also strip federal funding from states that require health care professionals to provide gender transition procedures, including puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and gender reassignment surgeries.

A companion House bill, also sponsored by Banks, targets another issue related to gender transitioning for minors: parental consent.

If passed, the Empower Parents to Protect Their Kids Act of 2022 would deny federal funding to any elementary and secondary schools that initiate a minor’s gender transition without first securing parental consent. (Last October, Sen. Cotton released a similar bill in the Senate.)

The content contained in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reliance on any information provided in this article is solely at your own risk.      

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Two GOP congressmen have introduced legislation aimed at holding doctors who perform gender transition procedures on minors liable for their actions, says a story reported on KATV.com, among other news sites.

The two GOP lawmakers – Rep. Jim Banks (IN) and Sen. Tom Cotton (AR) – introduced the Protecting Minors from Medical Malpractice Act in their respective chambers.

If passed, the House and Senate bills would make doctors liable for any gender transition surgery on a minor that results in injury, whether physical, psychological, emotional, or physiological. Minors who believe they’ve been harmed would have up to 30 years from when they turn 18 to file a claim.

The House proposal would also strip federal funding from states that require health care professionals to provide gender transition procedures, including puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and gender reassignment surgeries.

A companion House bill, also sponsored by Banks, targets another issue related to gender transitioning for minors: parental consent.

If passed, the Empower Parents to Protect Their Kids Act of 2022 would deny federal funding to any elementary and secondary schools that initiate a minor’s gender transition without first securing parental consent. (Last October, Sen. Cotton released a similar bill in the Senate.)

The content contained in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reliance on any information provided in this article is solely at your own risk.      

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

While two new studies reiterate a possible relationship between adenovirus 41 and acute hepatitis of unknown cause in children, whether these infections are significant or merely bystanders remains unclear.

In both studies – one conducted in Alabama and the other conducted in the United Kingdom – researchers found that 90% of children with acute hepatitis of unknown cause tested positive for adenovirus 41. The virus subtype is not an uncommon infection, but it usually causes gastroenteritis in children.

“Across the world, adenovirus continues to be a common signal” in these pediatric hepatitis cases, said Helena Gutierrez, MD, the medical director of the Pediatric Liver Transplant Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, in an interview. She led one of the studies. More data are necessary to understand what role this virus may play in these cases, she said.

In November, the Alabama Department of Public Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began investigating a cluster of severe pediatric hepatitis cases at the Children’s of Alabama hospital in Birmingham. These children also tested positive for adenovirus. In April, the United Kingdom announced they were investigating similar cases, and the CDC expanded their search nationally. As of July 8, 1,010 cases in 35 countries have been reported to the World Health Organization. There are 263 confirmed cases in the United Kingdom and 332 cases under investigation by the CDC in the United States, according to the most recent counts.

The two studies, both published in the New England Journal of Medicine, provide additional clinical data on a number of these mysterious hepatitis cases. Dr. Gutierrez’s study looked at nine children admitted for hepatitis of unknown origin between October 1 and February 28. Patients had a median age of 2 years 11 months and two required liver transplants, and there were no deaths.

Eight out of nine patients (89%) tested positive for adenovirus, and all five of the samples that were of sufficient quality for gene sequencing tested positive for adenovirus 41. None of the six liver biopsies performed found signs of adenovirus infection, but the liver tissue samples of three patients tested positive for adenovirus via PCR.

The second study involved 44 children referred to a liver transplantation center in the United Kingdom between January 1 and April 11, 2022. The median age for patients was 4 years. Six children required liver transplants, and there were no deaths. Of the 30 patients who underwent molecular adenovirus testing, 27 (90%) were positive for adenovirus 41. Liver samples of nine children (3 from biopsies and 6 from explanted livers) all tested negative for adenovirus antibodies.

In both studies, however, the median adenovirus viral load of patients needing a transplant was much higher than the viral loads in children who did not require liver transplants.

Although most of the clinical features and test results of these cases suggest that adenovirus may be involved, the negative results in histology are “intriguing,” Chayarani Kelgeri, MD, a consultant pediatric hepatologist at the Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, U.K., said in an email. She is the lead author of the U.K. study. “Whether this is because the liver injury we see is an aftermath of the viral infection, the mechanism of injury is immune mediated, and if other cofactors are involved is being explored,” she added. “Further investigations being undertaken by UK Health Security Agency will add to our understanding of this illness.”

Although there is a high adenovirus positivity rate amongst these cases, there is not enough evidence yet to say adenovirus 41 is a new cause of pediatric hepatitis in previously healthy children, said Saul Karpen, MD, PhD, the division chief of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. He wrote an editorial accompanying the two NEJM studies.

The CDC has not yet found an increase in pediatric hepatitis cases, according to a recent analysis, though the United Kingdom has found an uptick in cases this year, he told this news organization. Also, the cases highlighted in both articles showed no histological evidence of adenovirus in liver biopsies. “That’s completely opposite of what we generally see in adenoviral hepatitis that can be quite severe,” he said, adding that in general, there are detectable viral particles and antigens in affected livers.

“These two important reports indicate to those inside and outside the field of pediatric hepatology that registries and clinical studies of acute hepatitis in children are sorely needed,” Dr. Karpen writes in the editorial; “It is likely that with greater attention to collecting data on cases and biospecimens from children with acute hepatitis, we will be able to determine whether this one virus, human adenovirus 41, is of relevance to this important and serious condition in children.”

Dr. Gutierrez, Dr. Kelgeri, and Dr. Karpen report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

While two new studies reiterate a possible relationship between adenovirus 41 and acute hepatitis of unknown cause in children, whether these infections are significant or merely bystanders remains unclear.

In both studies – one conducted in Alabama and the other conducted in the United Kingdom – researchers found that 90% of children with acute hepatitis of unknown cause tested positive for adenovirus 41. The virus subtype is not an uncommon infection, but it usually causes gastroenteritis in children.

“Across the world, adenovirus continues to be a common signal” in these pediatric hepatitis cases, said Helena Gutierrez, MD, the medical director of the Pediatric Liver Transplant Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, in an interview. She led one of the studies. More data are necessary to understand what role this virus may play in these cases, she said.

In November, the Alabama Department of Public Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began investigating a cluster of severe pediatric hepatitis cases at the Children’s of Alabama hospital in Birmingham. These children also tested positive for adenovirus. In April, the United Kingdom announced they were investigating similar cases, and the CDC expanded their search nationally. As of July 8, 1,010 cases in 35 countries have been reported to the World Health Organization. There are 263 confirmed cases in the United Kingdom and 332 cases under investigation by the CDC in the United States, according to the most recent counts.

The two studies, both published in the New England Journal of Medicine, provide additional clinical data on a number of these mysterious hepatitis cases. Dr. Gutierrez’s study looked at nine children admitted for hepatitis of unknown origin between October 1 and February 28. Patients had a median age of 2 years 11 months and two required liver transplants, and there were no deaths.

Eight out of nine patients (89%) tested positive for adenovirus, and all five of the samples that were of sufficient quality for gene sequencing tested positive for adenovirus 41. None of the six liver biopsies performed found signs of adenovirus infection, but the liver tissue samples of three patients tested positive for adenovirus via PCR.

The second study involved 44 children referred to a liver transplantation center in the United Kingdom between January 1 and April 11, 2022. The median age for patients was 4 years. Six children required liver transplants, and there were no deaths. Of the 30 patients who underwent molecular adenovirus testing, 27 (90%) were positive for adenovirus 41. Liver samples of nine children (3 from biopsies and 6 from explanted livers) all tested negative for adenovirus antibodies.

In both studies, however, the median adenovirus viral load of patients needing a transplant was much higher than the viral loads in children who did not require liver transplants.

Although most of the clinical features and test results of these cases suggest that adenovirus may be involved, the negative results in histology are “intriguing,” Chayarani Kelgeri, MD, a consultant pediatric hepatologist at the Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, U.K., said in an email. She is the lead author of the U.K. study. “Whether this is because the liver injury we see is an aftermath of the viral infection, the mechanism of injury is immune mediated, and if other cofactors are involved is being explored,” she added. “Further investigations being undertaken by UK Health Security Agency will add to our understanding of this illness.”

Although there is a high adenovirus positivity rate amongst these cases, there is not enough evidence yet to say adenovirus 41 is a new cause of pediatric hepatitis in previously healthy children, said Saul Karpen, MD, PhD, the division chief of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. He wrote an editorial accompanying the two NEJM studies.

The CDC has not yet found an increase in pediatric hepatitis cases, according to a recent analysis, though the United Kingdom has found an uptick in cases this year, he told this news organization. Also, the cases highlighted in both articles showed no histological evidence of adenovirus in liver biopsies. “That’s completely opposite of what we generally see in adenoviral hepatitis that can be quite severe,” he said, adding that in general, there are detectable viral particles and antigens in affected livers.

“These two important reports indicate to those inside and outside the field of pediatric hepatology that registries and clinical studies of acute hepatitis in children are sorely needed,” Dr. Karpen writes in the editorial; “It is likely that with greater attention to collecting data on cases and biospecimens from children with acute hepatitis, we will be able to determine whether this one virus, human adenovirus 41, is of relevance to this important and serious condition in children.”

Dr. Gutierrez, Dr. Kelgeri, and Dr. Karpen report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

While two new studies reiterate a possible relationship between adenovirus 41 and acute hepatitis of unknown cause in children, whether these infections are significant or merely bystanders remains unclear.

In both studies – one conducted in Alabama and the other conducted in the United Kingdom – researchers found that 90% of children with acute hepatitis of unknown cause tested positive for adenovirus 41. The virus subtype is not an uncommon infection, but it usually causes gastroenteritis in children.

“Across the world, adenovirus continues to be a common signal” in these pediatric hepatitis cases, said Helena Gutierrez, MD, the medical director of the Pediatric Liver Transplant Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, in an interview. She led one of the studies. More data are necessary to understand what role this virus may play in these cases, she said.

In November, the Alabama Department of Public Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began investigating a cluster of severe pediatric hepatitis cases at the Children’s of Alabama hospital in Birmingham. These children also tested positive for adenovirus. In April, the United Kingdom announced they were investigating similar cases, and the CDC expanded their search nationally. As of July 8, 1,010 cases in 35 countries have been reported to the World Health Organization. There are 263 confirmed cases in the United Kingdom and 332 cases under investigation by the CDC in the United States, according to the most recent counts.

The two studies, both published in the New England Journal of Medicine, provide additional clinical data on a number of these mysterious hepatitis cases. Dr. Gutierrez’s study looked at nine children admitted for hepatitis of unknown origin between October 1 and February 28. Patients had a median age of 2 years 11 months and two required liver transplants, and there were no deaths.

Eight out of nine patients (89%) tested positive for adenovirus, and all five of the samples that were of sufficient quality for gene sequencing tested positive for adenovirus 41. None of the six liver biopsies performed found signs of adenovirus infection, but the liver tissue samples of three patients tested positive for adenovirus via PCR.

The second study involved 44 children referred to a liver transplantation center in the United Kingdom between January 1 and April 11, 2022. The median age for patients was 4 years. Six children required liver transplants, and there were no deaths. Of the 30 patients who underwent molecular adenovirus testing, 27 (90%) were positive for adenovirus 41. Liver samples of nine children (3 from biopsies and 6 from explanted livers) all tested negative for adenovirus antibodies.

In both studies, however, the median adenovirus viral load of patients needing a transplant was much higher than the viral loads in children who did not require liver transplants.

Although most of the clinical features and test results of these cases suggest that adenovirus may be involved, the negative results in histology are “intriguing,” Chayarani Kelgeri, MD, a consultant pediatric hepatologist at the Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, U.K., said in an email. She is the lead author of the U.K. study. “Whether this is because the liver injury we see is an aftermath of the viral infection, the mechanism of injury is immune mediated, and if other cofactors are involved is being explored,” she added. “Further investigations being undertaken by UK Health Security Agency will add to our understanding of this illness.”

Although there is a high adenovirus positivity rate amongst these cases, there is not enough evidence yet to say adenovirus 41 is a new cause of pediatric hepatitis in previously healthy children, said Saul Karpen, MD, PhD, the division chief of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. He wrote an editorial accompanying the two NEJM studies.

The CDC has not yet found an increase in pediatric hepatitis cases, according to a recent analysis, though the United Kingdom has found an uptick in cases this year, he told this news organization. Also, the cases highlighted in both articles showed no histological evidence of adenovirus in liver biopsies. “That’s completely opposite of what we generally see in adenoviral hepatitis that can be quite severe,” he said, adding that in general, there are detectable viral particles and antigens in affected livers.

“These two important reports indicate to those inside and outside the field of pediatric hepatology that registries and clinical studies of acute hepatitis in children are sorely needed,” Dr. Karpen writes in the editorial; “It is likely that with greater attention to collecting data on cases and biospecimens from children with acute hepatitis, we will be able to determine whether this one virus, human adenovirus 41, is of relevance to this important and serious condition in children.”

Dr. Gutierrez, Dr. Kelgeri, and Dr. Karpen report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.