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FDA Removes Harmful Chemicals From Food Packaging
Issued on February 28, 2024, “this means the major source of dietary exposure to PFAS from food packaging like fast-food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, take-out paperboard containers, and pet food bags is being eliminated,” the FDA said in a statement.
In 2020, the FDA had secured commitments from manufacturers to stop selling products containing PFAS used in the food packaging for grease-proofing. “Today’s announcement marks the fulfillment of these voluntary commitments,” according to the agency.
PFAS, a class of thousands of chemicals also called “forever chemicals” are widely used in consumer and industrial products. People may be exposed via contaminated food packaging (although perhaps no longer in the United States) or occupationally. Studies have found that some PFAS disrupt hormones including estrogen and testosterone, whereas others may impair thyroid function.
Endocrine Society Report Sounds the Alarm About PFAS and Others
The FDA’s announcement came just 2 days after the Endocrine Society issued a new alarm about the human health dangers from environmental EDCs including PFAS in a report covering the latest science.
“Endocrine disrupting chemicals” are individual substances or mixtures that can interfere with natural hormonal function, leading to disease or even death. Many are ubiquitous in the modern environment and contribute to a wide range of human diseases.
The new report Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Threats to Human Health was issued jointly with the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), a global advocacy organization. It’s an update to the Endocrine Society’s 2015 report, providing new data on the endocrine-disrupting substances previously covered and adding four EDCs not discussed in that document: Pesticides, plastics, PFAS, and children’s products containing arsenic.
At a briefing held during the United Nations Environment Assembly meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, last week, the new report’s lead author Andrea C. Gore, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin, noted, “A well-established body of scientific research indicates that endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are part of our daily lives are making us more susceptible to reproductive disorders, cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and other serious health conditions.”
Added Dr. Gore, who is also a member of the Endocrine Society’s Board of Directors, “These chemicals pose particularly serious risks to pregnant women and children. Now is the time for the UN Environment Assembly and other global policymakers to take action to address this threat to public health.”
While the science has been emerging rapidly, global and national chemical control policies haven’t kept up, the authors said. Of particular concern is that EDCs behave differently from other chemicals in many ways, including that even very low-dose exposures can pose health threats, but policies thus far haven’t dealt with that aspect.
Moreover, “the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. This means there may be no safe dose for exposure to EDCs,” according to the report.
Exposures can come from household products, including furniture, toys, and food packages, as well as electronics building materials and cosmetics. These chemicals are also in the outdoor environment, via pesticides, air pollution, and industrial waste.
“IPEN and the Endocrine Society call for chemical regulations based on the most modern scientific understanding of how hormones act and how EDCs can perturb these actions. We work to educate policy makers in global, regional, and national government assemblies and help ensure that regulations correlate with current scientific understanding,” they said in the report.
New Data on Four Classes of EDCs
Chapters of the report summarized the latest information about the science of EDCs and their links to endocrine disease and real-world exposure. It included a special section about “EDCs throughout the plastics life cycle” and a summary of the links between EDCs and climate change.
The report reviewed three pesticides, including the world’s most heavily applied herbicide, glycophosphate. Exposures can occur directly from the air, water, dust, and food residues. Recent data linked glycophosphate to adverse reproductive health outcomes.
Two toxic plastic chemicals, phthalates and bisphenols, are present in personal care products, among others. Emerging evidence links them with impaired neurodevelopment, leading to impaired cognitive function, learning, attention, and impulsivity.
Arsenic has long been linked to human health conditions including cancer, but more recent evidence finds it can disrupt multiple endocrine systems and lead to metabolic conditions including diabetes, reproductive dysfunction, and cardiovascular and neurocognitive conditions.
The special section about plastics noted that they are made from fossil fuels and chemicals, including many toxic substances that are known or suspected EDCs. People who live near plastic production facilities or waste dumps may be at greatest risk, but anyone can be exposed using any plastic product. Plastic waste disposal is increasingly problematic and often foisted on lower- and middle-income countries.
‘Additional Education and Awareness-Raising Among Stakeholders Remain Necessary’
Policies aimed at reducing human health risks from EDCs have included the 2022 Plastics Treaty, a resolution adopted by 175 countries at the United Nations Environmental Assembly that “may be a significant step toward global control of plastics and elimination of threats from exposures to EDCs in plastics,” the report said.
The authors added, “While significant progress has been made in recent years connecting scientific advances on EDCs with health-protective policies, additional education and awareness-raising among stakeholders remain necessary to achieve a safer and more sustainable environment that minimizes exposure to these harmful chemicals.”
The document was produced with financial contributions from the Government of Sweden, the Tides Foundation, Passport Foundation, and other donors.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Issued on February 28, 2024, “this means the major source of dietary exposure to PFAS from food packaging like fast-food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, take-out paperboard containers, and pet food bags is being eliminated,” the FDA said in a statement.
In 2020, the FDA had secured commitments from manufacturers to stop selling products containing PFAS used in the food packaging for grease-proofing. “Today’s announcement marks the fulfillment of these voluntary commitments,” according to the agency.
PFAS, a class of thousands of chemicals also called “forever chemicals” are widely used in consumer and industrial products. People may be exposed via contaminated food packaging (although perhaps no longer in the United States) or occupationally. Studies have found that some PFAS disrupt hormones including estrogen and testosterone, whereas others may impair thyroid function.
Endocrine Society Report Sounds the Alarm About PFAS and Others
The FDA’s announcement came just 2 days after the Endocrine Society issued a new alarm about the human health dangers from environmental EDCs including PFAS in a report covering the latest science.
“Endocrine disrupting chemicals” are individual substances or mixtures that can interfere with natural hormonal function, leading to disease or even death. Many are ubiquitous in the modern environment and contribute to a wide range of human diseases.
The new report Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Threats to Human Health was issued jointly with the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), a global advocacy organization. It’s an update to the Endocrine Society’s 2015 report, providing new data on the endocrine-disrupting substances previously covered and adding four EDCs not discussed in that document: Pesticides, plastics, PFAS, and children’s products containing arsenic.
At a briefing held during the United Nations Environment Assembly meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, last week, the new report’s lead author Andrea C. Gore, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin, noted, “A well-established body of scientific research indicates that endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are part of our daily lives are making us more susceptible to reproductive disorders, cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and other serious health conditions.”
Added Dr. Gore, who is also a member of the Endocrine Society’s Board of Directors, “These chemicals pose particularly serious risks to pregnant women and children. Now is the time for the UN Environment Assembly and other global policymakers to take action to address this threat to public health.”
While the science has been emerging rapidly, global and national chemical control policies haven’t kept up, the authors said. Of particular concern is that EDCs behave differently from other chemicals in many ways, including that even very low-dose exposures can pose health threats, but policies thus far haven’t dealt with that aspect.
Moreover, “the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. This means there may be no safe dose for exposure to EDCs,” according to the report.
Exposures can come from household products, including furniture, toys, and food packages, as well as electronics building materials and cosmetics. These chemicals are also in the outdoor environment, via pesticides, air pollution, and industrial waste.
“IPEN and the Endocrine Society call for chemical regulations based on the most modern scientific understanding of how hormones act and how EDCs can perturb these actions. We work to educate policy makers in global, regional, and national government assemblies and help ensure that regulations correlate with current scientific understanding,” they said in the report.
New Data on Four Classes of EDCs
Chapters of the report summarized the latest information about the science of EDCs and their links to endocrine disease and real-world exposure. It included a special section about “EDCs throughout the plastics life cycle” and a summary of the links between EDCs and climate change.
The report reviewed three pesticides, including the world’s most heavily applied herbicide, glycophosphate. Exposures can occur directly from the air, water, dust, and food residues. Recent data linked glycophosphate to adverse reproductive health outcomes.
Two toxic plastic chemicals, phthalates and bisphenols, are present in personal care products, among others. Emerging evidence links them with impaired neurodevelopment, leading to impaired cognitive function, learning, attention, and impulsivity.
Arsenic has long been linked to human health conditions including cancer, but more recent evidence finds it can disrupt multiple endocrine systems and lead to metabolic conditions including diabetes, reproductive dysfunction, and cardiovascular and neurocognitive conditions.
The special section about plastics noted that they are made from fossil fuels and chemicals, including many toxic substances that are known or suspected EDCs. People who live near plastic production facilities or waste dumps may be at greatest risk, but anyone can be exposed using any plastic product. Plastic waste disposal is increasingly problematic and often foisted on lower- and middle-income countries.
‘Additional Education and Awareness-Raising Among Stakeholders Remain Necessary’
Policies aimed at reducing human health risks from EDCs have included the 2022 Plastics Treaty, a resolution adopted by 175 countries at the United Nations Environmental Assembly that “may be a significant step toward global control of plastics and elimination of threats from exposures to EDCs in plastics,” the report said.
The authors added, “While significant progress has been made in recent years connecting scientific advances on EDCs with health-protective policies, additional education and awareness-raising among stakeholders remain necessary to achieve a safer and more sustainable environment that minimizes exposure to these harmful chemicals.”
The document was produced with financial contributions from the Government of Sweden, the Tides Foundation, Passport Foundation, and other donors.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Issued on February 28, 2024, “this means the major source of dietary exposure to PFAS from food packaging like fast-food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, take-out paperboard containers, and pet food bags is being eliminated,” the FDA said in a statement.
In 2020, the FDA had secured commitments from manufacturers to stop selling products containing PFAS used in the food packaging for grease-proofing. “Today’s announcement marks the fulfillment of these voluntary commitments,” according to the agency.
PFAS, a class of thousands of chemicals also called “forever chemicals” are widely used in consumer and industrial products. People may be exposed via contaminated food packaging (although perhaps no longer in the United States) or occupationally. Studies have found that some PFAS disrupt hormones including estrogen and testosterone, whereas others may impair thyroid function.
Endocrine Society Report Sounds the Alarm About PFAS and Others
The FDA’s announcement came just 2 days after the Endocrine Society issued a new alarm about the human health dangers from environmental EDCs including PFAS in a report covering the latest science.
“Endocrine disrupting chemicals” are individual substances or mixtures that can interfere with natural hormonal function, leading to disease or even death. Many are ubiquitous in the modern environment and contribute to a wide range of human diseases.
The new report Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Threats to Human Health was issued jointly with the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), a global advocacy organization. It’s an update to the Endocrine Society’s 2015 report, providing new data on the endocrine-disrupting substances previously covered and adding four EDCs not discussed in that document: Pesticides, plastics, PFAS, and children’s products containing arsenic.
At a briefing held during the United Nations Environment Assembly meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, last week, the new report’s lead author Andrea C. Gore, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin, noted, “A well-established body of scientific research indicates that endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are part of our daily lives are making us more susceptible to reproductive disorders, cancer, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and other serious health conditions.”
Added Dr. Gore, who is also a member of the Endocrine Society’s Board of Directors, “These chemicals pose particularly serious risks to pregnant women and children. Now is the time for the UN Environment Assembly and other global policymakers to take action to address this threat to public health.”
While the science has been emerging rapidly, global and national chemical control policies haven’t kept up, the authors said. Of particular concern is that EDCs behave differently from other chemicals in many ways, including that even very low-dose exposures can pose health threats, but policies thus far haven’t dealt with that aspect.
Moreover, “the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. This means there may be no safe dose for exposure to EDCs,” according to the report.
Exposures can come from household products, including furniture, toys, and food packages, as well as electronics building materials and cosmetics. These chemicals are also in the outdoor environment, via pesticides, air pollution, and industrial waste.
“IPEN and the Endocrine Society call for chemical regulations based on the most modern scientific understanding of how hormones act and how EDCs can perturb these actions. We work to educate policy makers in global, regional, and national government assemblies and help ensure that regulations correlate with current scientific understanding,” they said in the report.
New Data on Four Classes of EDCs
Chapters of the report summarized the latest information about the science of EDCs and their links to endocrine disease and real-world exposure. It included a special section about “EDCs throughout the plastics life cycle” and a summary of the links between EDCs and climate change.
The report reviewed three pesticides, including the world’s most heavily applied herbicide, glycophosphate. Exposures can occur directly from the air, water, dust, and food residues. Recent data linked glycophosphate to adverse reproductive health outcomes.
Two toxic plastic chemicals, phthalates and bisphenols, are present in personal care products, among others. Emerging evidence links them with impaired neurodevelopment, leading to impaired cognitive function, learning, attention, and impulsivity.
Arsenic has long been linked to human health conditions including cancer, but more recent evidence finds it can disrupt multiple endocrine systems and lead to metabolic conditions including diabetes, reproductive dysfunction, and cardiovascular and neurocognitive conditions.
The special section about plastics noted that they are made from fossil fuels and chemicals, including many toxic substances that are known or suspected EDCs. People who live near plastic production facilities or waste dumps may be at greatest risk, but anyone can be exposed using any plastic product. Plastic waste disposal is increasingly problematic and often foisted on lower- and middle-income countries.
‘Additional Education and Awareness-Raising Among Stakeholders Remain Necessary’
Policies aimed at reducing human health risks from EDCs have included the 2022 Plastics Treaty, a resolution adopted by 175 countries at the United Nations Environmental Assembly that “may be a significant step toward global control of plastics and elimination of threats from exposures to EDCs in plastics,” the report said.
The authors added, “While significant progress has been made in recent years connecting scientific advances on EDCs with health-protective policies, additional education and awareness-raising among stakeholders remain necessary to achieve a safer and more sustainable environment that minimizes exposure to these harmful chemicals.”
The document was produced with financial contributions from the Government of Sweden, the Tides Foundation, Passport Foundation, and other donors.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Galantamine Supplements Found Mislabeled, Contaminated
TOPLINE:
Galantamine purchased as a dietary supplement may be more likely to contain bacterial contaminants and an incorrect amount of the product vs when it is prescribed as a generic drug, new research showed.
METHODOLOGY:
- Galantamine, a plant alkaloid, is approved for treating mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia but is also marketed as a dietary supplement for cognitive enhancement.
- In June 2023, researchers purchased all 10 galantamine dietary supplements available on Amazon.com that had a Supplement Facts panel.
- In September 2023, they acquired all 11 generic immediate-release formulations of prescription galantamine available in the United States.
- They analyzed the content of galantamine in each product using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified any microorganisms present.
TAKEAWAY:
- Generic galantamine drugs were found to contain 97.5%-104.2% of the labeled content, with no microbial contamination.
- , according to the authors of the study.
IN PRACTICE:
“Clinicians should query patients with memory concerns about the use of dietary supplements and advise patients not to use galantamine supplements,” the researchers wrote.
SOURCE:
The corresponding author of the study was Pieter A. Cohen, MD, with Broadway Clinic, Cambridge Health Alliance, in Somerville, Massachusetts. The paper was published online as a research letter in JAMA.
LIMITATIONS:
The products were purchased at a single point in time and may not reflect current options, the researchers noted. The generalizability of the findings to other supplement ingredients or generic drugs is unknown.
DISCLOSURES:
Dr. Cohen has received grants from the Consumers Union and PEW Charitable Trust and personal fees from UpToDate and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He has been sued by a supplement company in a case where the jury found in his favor.
This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
Galantamine purchased as a dietary supplement may be more likely to contain bacterial contaminants and an incorrect amount of the product vs when it is prescribed as a generic drug, new research showed.
METHODOLOGY:
- Galantamine, a plant alkaloid, is approved for treating mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia but is also marketed as a dietary supplement for cognitive enhancement.
- In June 2023, researchers purchased all 10 galantamine dietary supplements available on Amazon.com that had a Supplement Facts panel.
- In September 2023, they acquired all 11 generic immediate-release formulations of prescription galantamine available in the United States.
- They analyzed the content of galantamine in each product using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified any microorganisms present.
TAKEAWAY:
- Generic galantamine drugs were found to contain 97.5%-104.2% of the labeled content, with no microbial contamination.
- , according to the authors of the study.
IN PRACTICE:
“Clinicians should query patients with memory concerns about the use of dietary supplements and advise patients not to use galantamine supplements,” the researchers wrote.
SOURCE:
The corresponding author of the study was Pieter A. Cohen, MD, with Broadway Clinic, Cambridge Health Alliance, in Somerville, Massachusetts. The paper was published online as a research letter in JAMA.
LIMITATIONS:
The products were purchased at a single point in time and may not reflect current options, the researchers noted. The generalizability of the findings to other supplement ingredients or generic drugs is unknown.
DISCLOSURES:
Dr. Cohen has received grants from the Consumers Union and PEW Charitable Trust and personal fees from UpToDate and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He has been sued by a supplement company in a case where the jury found in his favor.
This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
Galantamine purchased as a dietary supplement may be more likely to contain bacterial contaminants and an incorrect amount of the product vs when it is prescribed as a generic drug, new research showed.
METHODOLOGY:
- Galantamine, a plant alkaloid, is approved for treating mild to moderate Alzheimer’s dementia but is also marketed as a dietary supplement for cognitive enhancement.
- In June 2023, researchers purchased all 10 galantamine dietary supplements available on Amazon.com that had a Supplement Facts panel.
- In September 2023, they acquired all 11 generic immediate-release formulations of prescription galantamine available in the United States.
- They analyzed the content of galantamine in each product using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified any microorganisms present.
TAKEAWAY:
- Generic galantamine drugs were found to contain 97.5%-104.2% of the labeled content, with no microbial contamination.
- , according to the authors of the study.
IN PRACTICE:
“Clinicians should query patients with memory concerns about the use of dietary supplements and advise patients not to use galantamine supplements,” the researchers wrote.
SOURCE:
The corresponding author of the study was Pieter A. Cohen, MD, with Broadway Clinic, Cambridge Health Alliance, in Somerville, Massachusetts. The paper was published online as a research letter in JAMA.
LIMITATIONS:
The products were purchased at a single point in time and may not reflect current options, the researchers noted. The generalizability of the findings to other supplement ingredients or generic drugs is unknown.
DISCLOSURES:
Dr. Cohen has received grants from the Consumers Union and PEW Charitable Trust and personal fees from UpToDate and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He has been sued by a supplement company in a case where the jury found in his favor.
This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Does the Internet Protect the Elderly From Cognitive Decline?
Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (though with relatively short follow-up periods) suggest that regular Internet use helps maintain cognitive reserve, although some observers have voiced skepticism. This hypothesis is particularly relevant for older patients facing the potentially detrimental effects of brain aging. According to some studies, memory, cognitive performance, and verbal reasoning tend to be better preserved among Internet users.
Several factors come into play, including socioeconomic disparities, socio-educational level, and generational differences, since Internet usage varies qualitatively and quantitatively with age. Older patients theoretically have more limited Internet usage. Under these conditions, the effect on cognitive functions would likely be modest compared with generations who were immersed in digital technology early on and tend to overuse it. After a certain age, accelerated brain aging would weigh much more heavily than any potential positive effects of the Internet. It is worth noting that the negative effects of Internet use have mainly been studied in young subjects, thus there is a lack of data concerning older patients.
Nearly 20,000 Participants
These considerations highlight the significance of a longitudinal cohort study that included 18,154 adults aged 50-64.9 years who were free from any dementia at baseline. These adults were participating in the Health and Retirement Study. The median follow-up period was 7.9 years, and follow-up extended to 17.1 years in some cases. Given that adults with better cognitive health are likely to self-select as regular users, the propensity score method was employed to control for this nonrandom factor using inverse probability weighting.
The risk for dementia based on initial Internet use was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model, incorporating potentially late entry into the workforce and several covariables. Interactions with education level, gender, generation, and ethnic origin were also considered. Cumulative Internet exposure in terms of regular periodic use throughout life was included in the statistical analysis, as well as the hours spent on this activity each day. The analyses were conducted from September 2021 to November 2022.
Risk Nearly Halved
Regular Internet use was associated with a reduced risk for dementia, compared with irregular use. The hazard ratio (HR) for dementia was estimated at 0.57. After adjustment for the nonrandom factor of self-selection, this association persisted, and the HR decreased to 0.54. Accounting for baseline cognitive decline did not substantially change these results and yielded an HR of 0.62. The difference in risk between regular and irregular users was not altered by considering potential confounding factors such as education level, ethnic origin, gender, or generation. The longer the cumulative exposure over life, the lower the risk for dementia during follow-up.
The relationship between dementia risk and daily Internet usage hours seems to follow a U-shaped curve, with the lowest risk observed for durations between 0.1 and 2 hours. However, these estimates did not reach statistical significance because of the small sample size analyzed.
The risk for dementia appears to be approximately twice as low among regular Internet users compared with nonusers. This hypothesis deserves serious consideration because of the large sample size and long follow-up duration, as well as careful consideration of as many potential confounding factors as possible. Potential negative effects remain to be clarified as the study was not designed to detect them. The results of previous studies suggest that Internet usage should be moderate for optimal benefit, with approximately 2 hours per day being the most suitable duration, regardless of age, until proven otherwise.
This story was translated from JIM, which is part of the Medscape professional network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (though with relatively short follow-up periods) suggest that regular Internet use helps maintain cognitive reserve, although some observers have voiced skepticism. This hypothesis is particularly relevant for older patients facing the potentially detrimental effects of brain aging. According to some studies, memory, cognitive performance, and verbal reasoning tend to be better preserved among Internet users.
Several factors come into play, including socioeconomic disparities, socio-educational level, and generational differences, since Internet usage varies qualitatively and quantitatively with age. Older patients theoretically have more limited Internet usage. Under these conditions, the effect on cognitive functions would likely be modest compared with generations who were immersed in digital technology early on and tend to overuse it. After a certain age, accelerated brain aging would weigh much more heavily than any potential positive effects of the Internet. It is worth noting that the negative effects of Internet use have mainly been studied in young subjects, thus there is a lack of data concerning older patients.
Nearly 20,000 Participants
These considerations highlight the significance of a longitudinal cohort study that included 18,154 adults aged 50-64.9 years who were free from any dementia at baseline. These adults were participating in the Health and Retirement Study. The median follow-up period was 7.9 years, and follow-up extended to 17.1 years in some cases. Given that adults with better cognitive health are likely to self-select as regular users, the propensity score method was employed to control for this nonrandom factor using inverse probability weighting.
The risk for dementia based on initial Internet use was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model, incorporating potentially late entry into the workforce and several covariables. Interactions with education level, gender, generation, and ethnic origin were also considered. Cumulative Internet exposure in terms of regular periodic use throughout life was included in the statistical analysis, as well as the hours spent on this activity each day. The analyses were conducted from September 2021 to November 2022.
Risk Nearly Halved
Regular Internet use was associated with a reduced risk for dementia, compared with irregular use. The hazard ratio (HR) for dementia was estimated at 0.57. After adjustment for the nonrandom factor of self-selection, this association persisted, and the HR decreased to 0.54. Accounting for baseline cognitive decline did not substantially change these results and yielded an HR of 0.62. The difference in risk between regular and irregular users was not altered by considering potential confounding factors such as education level, ethnic origin, gender, or generation. The longer the cumulative exposure over life, the lower the risk for dementia during follow-up.
The relationship between dementia risk and daily Internet usage hours seems to follow a U-shaped curve, with the lowest risk observed for durations between 0.1 and 2 hours. However, these estimates did not reach statistical significance because of the small sample size analyzed.
The risk for dementia appears to be approximately twice as low among regular Internet users compared with nonusers. This hypothesis deserves serious consideration because of the large sample size and long follow-up duration, as well as careful consideration of as many potential confounding factors as possible. Potential negative effects remain to be clarified as the study was not designed to detect them. The results of previous studies suggest that Internet usage should be moderate for optimal benefit, with approximately 2 hours per day being the most suitable duration, regardless of age, until proven otherwise.
This story was translated from JIM, which is part of the Medscape professional network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (though with relatively short follow-up periods) suggest that regular Internet use helps maintain cognitive reserve, although some observers have voiced skepticism. This hypothesis is particularly relevant for older patients facing the potentially detrimental effects of brain aging. According to some studies, memory, cognitive performance, and verbal reasoning tend to be better preserved among Internet users.
Several factors come into play, including socioeconomic disparities, socio-educational level, and generational differences, since Internet usage varies qualitatively and quantitatively with age. Older patients theoretically have more limited Internet usage. Under these conditions, the effect on cognitive functions would likely be modest compared with generations who were immersed in digital technology early on and tend to overuse it. After a certain age, accelerated brain aging would weigh much more heavily than any potential positive effects of the Internet. It is worth noting that the negative effects of Internet use have mainly been studied in young subjects, thus there is a lack of data concerning older patients.
Nearly 20,000 Participants
These considerations highlight the significance of a longitudinal cohort study that included 18,154 adults aged 50-64.9 years who were free from any dementia at baseline. These adults were participating in the Health and Retirement Study. The median follow-up period was 7.9 years, and follow-up extended to 17.1 years in some cases. Given that adults with better cognitive health are likely to self-select as regular users, the propensity score method was employed to control for this nonrandom factor using inverse probability weighting.
The risk for dementia based on initial Internet use was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model, incorporating potentially late entry into the workforce and several covariables. Interactions with education level, gender, generation, and ethnic origin were also considered. Cumulative Internet exposure in terms of regular periodic use throughout life was included in the statistical analysis, as well as the hours spent on this activity each day. The analyses were conducted from September 2021 to November 2022.
Risk Nearly Halved
Regular Internet use was associated with a reduced risk for dementia, compared with irregular use. The hazard ratio (HR) for dementia was estimated at 0.57. After adjustment for the nonrandom factor of self-selection, this association persisted, and the HR decreased to 0.54. Accounting for baseline cognitive decline did not substantially change these results and yielded an HR of 0.62. The difference in risk between regular and irregular users was not altered by considering potential confounding factors such as education level, ethnic origin, gender, or generation. The longer the cumulative exposure over life, the lower the risk for dementia during follow-up.
The relationship between dementia risk and daily Internet usage hours seems to follow a U-shaped curve, with the lowest risk observed for durations between 0.1 and 2 hours. However, these estimates did not reach statistical significance because of the small sample size analyzed.
The risk for dementia appears to be approximately twice as low among regular Internet users compared with nonusers. This hypothesis deserves serious consideration because of the large sample size and long follow-up duration, as well as careful consideration of as many potential confounding factors as possible. Potential negative effects remain to be clarified as the study was not designed to detect them. The results of previous studies suggest that Internet usage should be moderate for optimal benefit, with approximately 2 hours per day being the most suitable duration, regardless of age, until proven otherwise.
This story was translated from JIM, which is part of the Medscape professional network, using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication. A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Bariatric Surgery Yields Significant Cognitive Benefits
Bariatric surgery is associated with long-term improvements in cognition and brain structure in addition to general health benefits and expected weight loss, a large study found.
Among 133 adults with severe obesity who underwent bariatric surgery, roughly two in five showed > 20% improvement in global cognitive function at 24 months following the surgery.
“Notably, the temporal cortex exhibited not only higher cortical thickness but also higher vascular efficiency after surgery,” reported Amanda Kiliaan, PhD, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and colleagues.
“These results highlight beneficial vascular responses occurring in conjunction with bariatric surgery,” the researchers wrote.
They also suggested that weight-loss surgery may represent a treatment option for patients with obesity and dementia.
The study was published online on February 9, 2024, in JAMA Network Open.
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss has been associated with improvements in brain function and structure in some small cohort studies with short follow-up periods. However, long-term neurological outcomes associated with bariatric surgery are unclear.
To investigate, Dr. Kiliaan and colleagues studied 133 adults with severe obesity (mean age, 46 years; 84% women) who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The researchers collected relevant data from laboratory tests, cognitive tests, and MRI brain scans before surgery and at 6 and 24 months after surgery.
Overall, mean body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were significantly lower at 6 and 24 months after surgery. At 24 months, significantly fewer patients were taking antihypertensive medication (17% vs 36% before surgery).
Improvements in inflammatory markers, depressive symptoms, and physical activity were also evident after surgery.
Cognitive Improvements
Several cognitive domains showed significant improvement at 6 and 24 months after bariatric surgery. Based on the 20% change index, improvements in working memory, episodic memory, and verbal fluency were seen in 11%, 32%, and 24% of participants, respectively.
Forty percent of patients showed improvement in their able to shift their attention, and 43% showed improvements in global cognition after surgery.
Several changes in brain parameters were also noted. Despite lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) in several regions, volumes of hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, white matter, and white matter hyperintensity remained stable after surgery.
The temporal cortex showed a greater thickness (mean, 2.724 mm vs 2.761 mm; P = .007) and lower spatial coefficient of variation (sCOV; median, 4.41% vs 3.97%; P = .02) after surgery.
Overall, the results suggest that cognitive improvements “begin shortly after bariatric surgery and are long lasting,” the authors wrote.
Various factors may be involved including remission of comorbidities, higher physical activity, lower depressive symptoms, and lower inflammatory factors, they suggest. Stabilization of volume, CBF, and sCOV in brain regions, coupled with gains in cortical thickness and vascular efficiency in the temporal cortex could also play a role.
‘Remarkable’ Results
“Taken together, the research intimates bariatric surgery’s potential protective effects against dementia manifest through both weight-related brain changes and reducing cardiovascular risk factors,” Shaheen Lakhan, MD, a neurologist and researcher based in Miami, who wasn’t involved in the study, told this news organization.
“These remarkable neurological transformations intimate this surgery represents a pivotal opportunity to combat the parallel public health crises of obesity and dementia threatening society,” he said.
“In demonstrating a durable cognitive and brain boost out years beyond surgery, patients now have an emphatic answer — these aren’t short-lived benefits but rather profound improvements propelling them positively for the rest of life,” he added.
This opens up questions on whether the new class of obesity medications targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide pathways, that can achieve weight loss approaching that of bariatric surgery, could have similar benefits.
The use of GLP-1 drugs have also shown neuroprotective effects such as improvement in motor and cognitive deficits, reduction of neuroinflammation, prevention of neuronal loss, and possibly slowing of neurodegeneration across animal models of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke, said Dr. Lakhan. However, the exact mechanisms and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier require further confirmation, especially in humans.
Large, long-term, randomized controlled trials looking into potential effects of semaglutide on early Alzheimer›s disease, including the EVOKE Plus trial, are currently underway, he noted.
“These game-changing obesity drugs may hand us medicine’s holy grail — a pill to rival surgery’s brain benefits without the scalpel, allowing patients a more accessible path to protecting their brain,” Dr. Lakhan said.
The study had no funding from industry. Dr. Kiliaan and Dr. Lakhan had no relevant disclosures.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Bariatric surgery is associated with long-term improvements in cognition and brain structure in addition to general health benefits and expected weight loss, a large study found.
Among 133 adults with severe obesity who underwent bariatric surgery, roughly two in five showed > 20% improvement in global cognitive function at 24 months following the surgery.
“Notably, the temporal cortex exhibited not only higher cortical thickness but also higher vascular efficiency after surgery,” reported Amanda Kiliaan, PhD, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and colleagues.
“These results highlight beneficial vascular responses occurring in conjunction with bariatric surgery,” the researchers wrote.
They also suggested that weight-loss surgery may represent a treatment option for patients with obesity and dementia.
The study was published online on February 9, 2024, in JAMA Network Open.
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss has been associated with improvements in brain function and structure in some small cohort studies with short follow-up periods. However, long-term neurological outcomes associated with bariatric surgery are unclear.
To investigate, Dr. Kiliaan and colleagues studied 133 adults with severe obesity (mean age, 46 years; 84% women) who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The researchers collected relevant data from laboratory tests, cognitive tests, and MRI brain scans before surgery and at 6 and 24 months after surgery.
Overall, mean body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were significantly lower at 6 and 24 months after surgery. At 24 months, significantly fewer patients were taking antihypertensive medication (17% vs 36% before surgery).
Improvements in inflammatory markers, depressive symptoms, and physical activity were also evident after surgery.
Cognitive Improvements
Several cognitive domains showed significant improvement at 6 and 24 months after bariatric surgery. Based on the 20% change index, improvements in working memory, episodic memory, and verbal fluency were seen in 11%, 32%, and 24% of participants, respectively.
Forty percent of patients showed improvement in their able to shift their attention, and 43% showed improvements in global cognition after surgery.
Several changes in brain parameters were also noted. Despite lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) in several regions, volumes of hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, white matter, and white matter hyperintensity remained stable after surgery.
The temporal cortex showed a greater thickness (mean, 2.724 mm vs 2.761 mm; P = .007) and lower spatial coefficient of variation (sCOV; median, 4.41% vs 3.97%; P = .02) after surgery.
Overall, the results suggest that cognitive improvements “begin shortly after bariatric surgery and are long lasting,” the authors wrote.
Various factors may be involved including remission of comorbidities, higher physical activity, lower depressive symptoms, and lower inflammatory factors, they suggest. Stabilization of volume, CBF, and sCOV in brain regions, coupled with gains in cortical thickness and vascular efficiency in the temporal cortex could also play a role.
‘Remarkable’ Results
“Taken together, the research intimates bariatric surgery’s potential protective effects against dementia manifest through both weight-related brain changes and reducing cardiovascular risk factors,” Shaheen Lakhan, MD, a neurologist and researcher based in Miami, who wasn’t involved in the study, told this news organization.
“These remarkable neurological transformations intimate this surgery represents a pivotal opportunity to combat the parallel public health crises of obesity and dementia threatening society,” he said.
“In demonstrating a durable cognitive and brain boost out years beyond surgery, patients now have an emphatic answer — these aren’t short-lived benefits but rather profound improvements propelling them positively for the rest of life,” he added.
This opens up questions on whether the new class of obesity medications targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide pathways, that can achieve weight loss approaching that of bariatric surgery, could have similar benefits.
The use of GLP-1 drugs have also shown neuroprotective effects such as improvement in motor and cognitive deficits, reduction of neuroinflammation, prevention of neuronal loss, and possibly slowing of neurodegeneration across animal models of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke, said Dr. Lakhan. However, the exact mechanisms and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier require further confirmation, especially in humans.
Large, long-term, randomized controlled trials looking into potential effects of semaglutide on early Alzheimer›s disease, including the EVOKE Plus trial, are currently underway, he noted.
“These game-changing obesity drugs may hand us medicine’s holy grail — a pill to rival surgery’s brain benefits without the scalpel, allowing patients a more accessible path to protecting their brain,” Dr. Lakhan said.
The study had no funding from industry. Dr. Kiliaan and Dr. Lakhan had no relevant disclosures.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Bariatric surgery is associated with long-term improvements in cognition and brain structure in addition to general health benefits and expected weight loss, a large study found.
Among 133 adults with severe obesity who underwent bariatric surgery, roughly two in five showed > 20% improvement in global cognitive function at 24 months following the surgery.
“Notably, the temporal cortex exhibited not only higher cortical thickness but also higher vascular efficiency after surgery,” reported Amanda Kiliaan, PhD, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and colleagues.
“These results highlight beneficial vascular responses occurring in conjunction with bariatric surgery,” the researchers wrote.
They also suggested that weight-loss surgery may represent a treatment option for patients with obesity and dementia.
The study was published online on February 9, 2024, in JAMA Network Open.
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss has been associated with improvements in brain function and structure in some small cohort studies with short follow-up periods. However, long-term neurological outcomes associated with bariatric surgery are unclear.
To investigate, Dr. Kiliaan and colleagues studied 133 adults with severe obesity (mean age, 46 years; 84% women) who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The researchers collected relevant data from laboratory tests, cognitive tests, and MRI brain scans before surgery and at 6 and 24 months after surgery.
Overall, mean body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were significantly lower at 6 and 24 months after surgery. At 24 months, significantly fewer patients were taking antihypertensive medication (17% vs 36% before surgery).
Improvements in inflammatory markers, depressive symptoms, and physical activity were also evident after surgery.
Cognitive Improvements
Several cognitive domains showed significant improvement at 6 and 24 months after bariatric surgery. Based on the 20% change index, improvements in working memory, episodic memory, and verbal fluency were seen in 11%, 32%, and 24% of participants, respectively.
Forty percent of patients showed improvement in their able to shift their attention, and 43% showed improvements in global cognition after surgery.
Several changes in brain parameters were also noted. Despite lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) in several regions, volumes of hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, white matter, and white matter hyperintensity remained stable after surgery.
The temporal cortex showed a greater thickness (mean, 2.724 mm vs 2.761 mm; P = .007) and lower spatial coefficient of variation (sCOV; median, 4.41% vs 3.97%; P = .02) after surgery.
Overall, the results suggest that cognitive improvements “begin shortly after bariatric surgery and are long lasting,” the authors wrote.
Various factors may be involved including remission of comorbidities, higher physical activity, lower depressive symptoms, and lower inflammatory factors, they suggest. Stabilization of volume, CBF, and sCOV in brain regions, coupled with gains in cortical thickness and vascular efficiency in the temporal cortex could also play a role.
‘Remarkable’ Results
“Taken together, the research intimates bariatric surgery’s potential protective effects against dementia manifest through both weight-related brain changes and reducing cardiovascular risk factors,” Shaheen Lakhan, MD, a neurologist and researcher based in Miami, who wasn’t involved in the study, told this news organization.
“These remarkable neurological transformations intimate this surgery represents a pivotal opportunity to combat the parallel public health crises of obesity and dementia threatening society,” he said.
“In demonstrating a durable cognitive and brain boost out years beyond surgery, patients now have an emphatic answer — these aren’t short-lived benefits but rather profound improvements propelling them positively for the rest of life,” he added.
This opens up questions on whether the new class of obesity medications targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide pathways, that can achieve weight loss approaching that of bariatric surgery, could have similar benefits.
The use of GLP-1 drugs have also shown neuroprotective effects such as improvement in motor and cognitive deficits, reduction of neuroinflammation, prevention of neuronal loss, and possibly slowing of neurodegeneration across animal models of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke, said Dr. Lakhan. However, the exact mechanisms and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier require further confirmation, especially in humans.
Large, long-term, randomized controlled trials looking into potential effects of semaglutide on early Alzheimer›s disease, including the EVOKE Plus trial, are currently underway, he noted.
“These game-changing obesity drugs may hand us medicine’s holy grail — a pill to rival surgery’s brain benefits without the scalpel, allowing patients a more accessible path to protecting their brain,” Dr. Lakhan said.
The study had no funding from industry. Dr. Kiliaan and Dr. Lakhan had no relevant disclosures.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Undiagnosed Cirrhosis May Underlie Some Dementia Cases
Cognitive impairment in some US veterans may be due to treatable hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rather than dementia, new research suggested.
From 5%-10% of veterans diagnosed with dementia had possible undiagnosed cirrhosis, implicating HE as a contributor to cognitive impairment, found the study by Jasmohan S. Bajaj, MD, of Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Virginia, and colleagues.
The research was prompted, in part, by an earlier case study by Dr. Bajaj and colleagues that showed that two older men diagnosed with dementia and Parkinson’s disease actually had HE, meaning their symptoms were due to advanced but treatable liver disease.
It’s not that clinicians don’t know how to treat HE; the problem was that they did not suspect it.”
Among veterans with cirrhosis, concomitant dementia is common and is difficult to distinguish from HE, but the extent to which patients with dementia also have undiagnosed cirrhosis and HE is unknown, the authors of the current study wrote. “Undiagnosed cirrhosis among veterans with dementia could raise the possibility that part of their cognitive impairment may be due to reversible HE,” they added.
To investigate, the researchers examined the prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed cirrhosis — and therefore, possible HE — among US veterans.
The study was published online in JAMA Network Open.
Dementia or Cirrhosis?
Using the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse, researchers analyzed medical records of 177,422 US veterans diagnosed with dementia but not cirrhosis between 2009 and 2019 and with sufficient laboratory test results to calculate their Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores. The mean age was 78.35 years, 97.1% were men, and 80.7% were White individuals.
The FIB-4 score for each patient was calculated using the most recent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels or values and platelet values that were closest to the index date during the two years after the index dementia date.
Age is in the numerator of the FIB-4 score calculation; hence, higher age could lead to an erroneously high FIB-4 score, the authors noted. Therefore, for patients older than 65 years, the researchers entered 65 years as an input variable, rather than the actual age.
A FIB-4 score > 2.67 was suggestive of advanced fibrosis, whereas a score > 3.25 was suggestive of cirrhosis.
A total of 18,390 (10.3%) veterans had a FIB-4 score > 2.67, and 9373 (5.3%) had a FIB-4 score > 3.25.
In multivariable logistic regression models, a FIB-4 score > 3.25 was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.07), male sex (OR, 1.43), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.48), viral hepatitis (OR, 1.79), an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score showing problem drinking (OR, 1.56), and chronic kidney disease (OR, 1.11).
In contrast, a FIB-4 score > 3.25 was inversely associated with the White race (OR, 0.79), diabetes (OR, 0.78), hyperlipidemia (OR, 0.84), stroke (OR, 0.85), tobacco use disorder (OR, 0.78), and rural residence (OR, 0.92).
Similar findings were associated with the FIB-4 greater than 2.67 threshold.
In a follow-up validation study among 89 veterans diagnosed with dementia at a single center, the researchers found similar results: 4.4%-11.2% of participants had high FIB-4 scores, suggestive of HE.
After investigating further, they concluded that 5% of patients in that cohort had reasons other than cirrhosis for their high FIB-4 scores. The remaining patients (95%) had evidence of cirrhosis, had risk factors, and/or had no other explanation for their high FIB-4 scores.
“The combination of high FIB-4 scores and other risk factors for liver disease in patients with dementia raises the possibility that reversible HE could be a factor associated with cognitive impairment,” the authors wrote. “These findings highlight the potential to enhance cognitive function and quality of life by increasing awareness of risk factors and diagnostic indicators of advanced liver disease that may be associated with HE as a factor or as a differential diagnosis of dementia among clinicians other than liver specialists.”
FIB-4 Screening Advised
“An elderly patient with cirrhosis used to be an oxymoron, because we never used to have people who lived this long or were diagnosed this late with cirrhosis,” Dr. Bajaj told this news organization. “It’s a good problem to have because people are now living longer, but it also means that we need to have every single person who is taking care of patients with what is deemed to be dementia know that the patient could also have an element of encephalopathy.”
Increased awareness is important because, unlike dementia, encephalopathy is very easily treated, Dr. Bajaj said. “The biggest, easiest, correctable cause is to figure out if they have severe liver disease, and if that’s the case, your friendly neighborhood gastroenterologist is waiting for you,” he added.
The finding that cirrhosis was present in 95% of patients in the validation cohort is “very impressive, as they had excluded from the consideration all those with obvious cirrhosis before the FIB-4 was done,” said William Carey, MD, acting hepatology section head in the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition at Cleveland Clinic’s Digestive Disease Institute in Ohio. “This validates FIB-4 as a powerful tool for cirrhosis case-finding.”
Ordering a FIB-4 “is within the skill set of every healthcare provider,” Dr. Carey, who was not involved in the study, told this news organization. “Patients with altered mental status, including suspected or proven dementia, should be screened for possible cirrhosis, as future management will change. Those with elevated FIB-4 results should also be tested for possible HE and treated if it is present.”
The study was partly funded by VA Merit Review grants to Dr. Bajaj. Dr. Bajaj reported receiving grants from Bausch, Grifols, Sequana, and Mallinckrodt outside the submitted work. Dr. Carey reported no relevant disclosures.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Cognitive impairment in some US veterans may be due to treatable hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rather than dementia, new research suggested.
From 5%-10% of veterans diagnosed with dementia had possible undiagnosed cirrhosis, implicating HE as a contributor to cognitive impairment, found the study by Jasmohan S. Bajaj, MD, of Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Virginia, and colleagues.
The research was prompted, in part, by an earlier case study by Dr. Bajaj and colleagues that showed that two older men diagnosed with dementia and Parkinson’s disease actually had HE, meaning their symptoms were due to advanced but treatable liver disease.
It’s not that clinicians don’t know how to treat HE; the problem was that they did not suspect it.”
Among veterans with cirrhosis, concomitant dementia is common and is difficult to distinguish from HE, but the extent to which patients with dementia also have undiagnosed cirrhosis and HE is unknown, the authors of the current study wrote. “Undiagnosed cirrhosis among veterans with dementia could raise the possibility that part of their cognitive impairment may be due to reversible HE,” they added.
To investigate, the researchers examined the prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed cirrhosis — and therefore, possible HE — among US veterans.
The study was published online in JAMA Network Open.
Dementia or Cirrhosis?
Using the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse, researchers analyzed medical records of 177,422 US veterans diagnosed with dementia but not cirrhosis between 2009 and 2019 and with sufficient laboratory test results to calculate their Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores. The mean age was 78.35 years, 97.1% were men, and 80.7% were White individuals.
The FIB-4 score for each patient was calculated using the most recent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels or values and platelet values that were closest to the index date during the two years after the index dementia date.
Age is in the numerator of the FIB-4 score calculation; hence, higher age could lead to an erroneously high FIB-4 score, the authors noted. Therefore, for patients older than 65 years, the researchers entered 65 years as an input variable, rather than the actual age.
A FIB-4 score > 2.67 was suggestive of advanced fibrosis, whereas a score > 3.25 was suggestive of cirrhosis.
A total of 18,390 (10.3%) veterans had a FIB-4 score > 2.67, and 9373 (5.3%) had a FIB-4 score > 3.25.
In multivariable logistic regression models, a FIB-4 score > 3.25 was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.07), male sex (OR, 1.43), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.48), viral hepatitis (OR, 1.79), an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score showing problem drinking (OR, 1.56), and chronic kidney disease (OR, 1.11).
In contrast, a FIB-4 score > 3.25 was inversely associated with the White race (OR, 0.79), diabetes (OR, 0.78), hyperlipidemia (OR, 0.84), stroke (OR, 0.85), tobacco use disorder (OR, 0.78), and rural residence (OR, 0.92).
Similar findings were associated with the FIB-4 greater than 2.67 threshold.
In a follow-up validation study among 89 veterans diagnosed with dementia at a single center, the researchers found similar results: 4.4%-11.2% of participants had high FIB-4 scores, suggestive of HE.
After investigating further, they concluded that 5% of patients in that cohort had reasons other than cirrhosis for their high FIB-4 scores. The remaining patients (95%) had evidence of cirrhosis, had risk factors, and/or had no other explanation for their high FIB-4 scores.
“The combination of high FIB-4 scores and other risk factors for liver disease in patients with dementia raises the possibility that reversible HE could be a factor associated with cognitive impairment,” the authors wrote. “These findings highlight the potential to enhance cognitive function and quality of life by increasing awareness of risk factors and diagnostic indicators of advanced liver disease that may be associated with HE as a factor or as a differential diagnosis of dementia among clinicians other than liver specialists.”
FIB-4 Screening Advised
“An elderly patient with cirrhosis used to be an oxymoron, because we never used to have people who lived this long or were diagnosed this late with cirrhosis,” Dr. Bajaj told this news organization. “It’s a good problem to have because people are now living longer, but it also means that we need to have every single person who is taking care of patients with what is deemed to be dementia know that the patient could also have an element of encephalopathy.”
Increased awareness is important because, unlike dementia, encephalopathy is very easily treated, Dr. Bajaj said. “The biggest, easiest, correctable cause is to figure out if they have severe liver disease, and if that’s the case, your friendly neighborhood gastroenterologist is waiting for you,” he added.
The finding that cirrhosis was present in 95% of patients in the validation cohort is “very impressive, as they had excluded from the consideration all those with obvious cirrhosis before the FIB-4 was done,” said William Carey, MD, acting hepatology section head in the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition at Cleveland Clinic’s Digestive Disease Institute in Ohio. “This validates FIB-4 as a powerful tool for cirrhosis case-finding.”
Ordering a FIB-4 “is within the skill set of every healthcare provider,” Dr. Carey, who was not involved in the study, told this news organization. “Patients with altered mental status, including suspected or proven dementia, should be screened for possible cirrhosis, as future management will change. Those with elevated FIB-4 results should also be tested for possible HE and treated if it is present.”
The study was partly funded by VA Merit Review grants to Dr. Bajaj. Dr. Bajaj reported receiving grants from Bausch, Grifols, Sequana, and Mallinckrodt outside the submitted work. Dr. Carey reported no relevant disclosures.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Cognitive impairment in some US veterans may be due to treatable hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rather than dementia, new research suggested.
From 5%-10% of veterans diagnosed with dementia had possible undiagnosed cirrhosis, implicating HE as a contributor to cognitive impairment, found the study by Jasmohan S. Bajaj, MD, of Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Virginia, and colleagues.
The research was prompted, in part, by an earlier case study by Dr. Bajaj and colleagues that showed that two older men diagnosed with dementia and Parkinson’s disease actually had HE, meaning their symptoms were due to advanced but treatable liver disease.
It’s not that clinicians don’t know how to treat HE; the problem was that they did not suspect it.”
Among veterans with cirrhosis, concomitant dementia is common and is difficult to distinguish from HE, but the extent to which patients with dementia also have undiagnosed cirrhosis and HE is unknown, the authors of the current study wrote. “Undiagnosed cirrhosis among veterans with dementia could raise the possibility that part of their cognitive impairment may be due to reversible HE,” they added.
To investigate, the researchers examined the prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed cirrhosis — and therefore, possible HE — among US veterans.
The study was published online in JAMA Network Open.
Dementia or Cirrhosis?
Using the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse, researchers analyzed medical records of 177,422 US veterans diagnosed with dementia but not cirrhosis between 2009 and 2019 and with sufficient laboratory test results to calculate their Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores. The mean age was 78.35 years, 97.1% were men, and 80.7% were White individuals.
The FIB-4 score for each patient was calculated using the most recent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels or values and platelet values that were closest to the index date during the two years after the index dementia date.
Age is in the numerator of the FIB-4 score calculation; hence, higher age could lead to an erroneously high FIB-4 score, the authors noted. Therefore, for patients older than 65 years, the researchers entered 65 years as an input variable, rather than the actual age.
A FIB-4 score > 2.67 was suggestive of advanced fibrosis, whereas a score > 3.25 was suggestive of cirrhosis.
A total of 18,390 (10.3%) veterans had a FIB-4 score > 2.67, and 9373 (5.3%) had a FIB-4 score > 3.25.
In multivariable logistic regression models, a FIB-4 score > 3.25 was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.07), male sex (OR, 1.43), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.48), viral hepatitis (OR, 1.79), an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score showing problem drinking (OR, 1.56), and chronic kidney disease (OR, 1.11).
In contrast, a FIB-4 score > 3.25 was inversely associated with the White race (OR, 0.79), diabetes (OR, 0.78), hyperlipidemia (OR, 0.84), stroke (OR, 0.85), tobacco use disorder (OR, 0.78), and rural residence (OR, 0.92).
Similar findings were associated with the FIB-4 greater than 2.67 threshold.
In a follow-up validation study among 89 veterans diagnosed with dementia at a single center, the researchers found similar results: 4.4%-11.2% of participants had high FIB-4 scores, suggestive of HE.
After investigating further, they concluded that 5% of patients in that cohort had reasons other than cirrhosis for their high FIB-4 scores. The remaining patients (95%) had evidence of cirrhosis, had risk factors, and/or had no other explanation for their high FIB-4 scores.
“The combination of high FIB-4 scores and other risk factors for liver disease in patients with dementia raises the possibility that reversible HE could be a factor associated with cognitive impairment,” the authors wrote. “These findings highlight the potential to enhance cognitive function and quality of life by increasing awareness of risk factors and diagnostic indicators of advanced liver disease that may be associated with HE as a factor or as a differential diagnosis of dementia among clinicians other than liver specialists.”
FIB-4 Screening Advised
“An elderly patient with cirrhosis used to be an oxymoron, because we never used to have people who lived this long or were diagnosed this late with cirrhosis,” Dr. Bajaj told this news organization. “It’s a good problem to have because people are now living longer, but it also means that we need to have every single person who is taking care of patients with what is deemed to be dementia know that the patient could also have an element of encephalopathy.”
Increased awareness is important because, unlike dementia, encephalopathy is very easily treated, Dr. Bajaj said. “The biggest, easiest, correctable cause is to figure out if they have severe liver disease, and if that’s the case, your friendly neighborhood gastroenterologist is waiting for you,” he added.
The finding that cirrhosis was present in 95% of patients in the validation cohort is “very impressive, as they had excluded from the consideration all those with obvious cirrhosis before the FIB-4 was done,” said William Carey, MD, acting hepatology section head in the Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition at Cleveland Clinic’s Digestive Disease Institute in Ohio. “This validates FIB-4 as a powerful tool for cirrhosis case-finding.”
Ordering a FIB-4 “is within the skill set of every healthcare provider,” Dr. Carey, who was not involved in the study, told this news organization. “Patients with altered mental status, including suspected or proven dementia, should be screened for possible cirrhosis, as future management will change. Those with elevated FIB-4 results should also be tested for possible HE and treated if it is present.”
The study was partly funded by VA Merit Review grants to Dr. Bajaj. Dr. Bajaj reported receiving grants from Bausch, Grifols, Sequana, and Mallinckrodt outside the submitted work. Dr. Carey reported no relevant disclosures.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM JAMA NETWORK OPEN
Playing Music Tied to Better Cognition in Later Life
TOPLINE:
METHODOLOGY:
- This was a nested study within PROTECT-UK, a longitudinal cohort study designed to examine aging and brain health. Participants completed three tests for working memory and one for executive function up to three times a year between 2019 and 2022.
- A group of 1107 participants (83% female; mean age 68 years) completed the Edinburgh Lifetime Musical Experience Questionnaire, which posed questions about playing musical instruments, singing, listening to music, and self-reported musical ability.
- Participants were split into two groups, namely, those who reported singing or playing a musical instrument (89%) or not (11%), and compared.
TAKEAWAY:
- Participants who reported playing a musical instrument performed significantly better on working memory (P < .0001) and executive function tasks (P < .0005) than those who didn’t play an instrument.
- The effect on working memory was the most heightened in those who reported playing keyboard (P < .0001), while those who played a woodwind instrument (P < .04) and/or sang (P < .014) showed significantly better performance on the executive function task.
- Nearly 90% of the sample had experience playing a musical instrument, with 44% playing currently. The majority of participants reported playing either one (28%) or two (23%) instruments.
IN PRACTICE:
Public health interventions might promote dementia risk reduction by incorporating music into programming, the authors concluded. “There is considerable evidence for the benefit of music group activities for individuals with dementia, and this approach could be extended as part of a health aging package for healthy older adults to enable them to proactively reduce their risk and to promote brain health,” they wrote.
SOURCE:
Gaia Vetere, MD, of the University of Exeter in Exeter, England, led the study, which was published online on January 28, 2024, in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
LIMITATIONS:
The data were self-reported so may be subject to bias, and the size of the comparison group (those who didn’t play an instrument or sing) was much smaller.
DISCLOSURES:
The study was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. Disclosures were noted in the original article.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
METHODOLOGY:
- This was a nested study within PROTECT-UK, a longitudinal cohort study designed to examine aging and brain health. Participants completed three tests for working memory and one for executive function up to three times a year between 2019 and 2022.
- A group of 1107 participants (83% female; mean age 68 years) completed the Edinburgh Lifetime Musical Experience Questionnaire, which posed questions about playing musical instruments, singing, listening to music, and self-reported musical ability.
- Participants were split into two groups, namely, those who reported singing or playing a musical instrument (89%) or not (11%), and compared.
TAKEAWAY:
- Participants who reported playing a musical instrument performed significantly better on working memory (P < .0001) and executive function tasks (P < .0005) than those who didn’t play an instrument.
- The effect on working memory was the most heightened in those who reported playing keyboard (P < .0001), while those who played a woodwind instrument (P < .04) and/or sang (P < .014) showed significantly better performance on the executive function task.
- Nearly 90% of the sample had experience playing a musical instrument, with 44% playing currently. The majority of participants reported playing either one (28%) or two (23%) instruments.
IN PRACTICE:
Public health interventions might promote dementia risk reduction by incorporating music into programming, the authors concluded. “There is considerable evidence for the benefit of music group activities for individuals with dementia, and this approach could be extended as part of a health aging package for healthy older adults to enable them to proactively reduce their risk and to promote brain health,” they wrote.
SOURCE:
Gaia Vetere, MD, of the University of Exeter in Exeter, England, led the study, which was published online on January 28, 2024, in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
LIMITATIONS:
The data were self-reported so may be subject to bias, and the size of the comparison group (those who didn’t play an instrument or sing) was much smaller.
DISCLOSURES:
The study was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. Disclosures were noted in the original article.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
TOPLINE:
METHODOLOGY:
- This was a nested study within PROTECT-UK, a longitudinal cohort study designed to examine aging and brain health. Participants completed three tests for working memory and one for executive function up to three times a year between 2019 and 2022.
- A group of 1107 participants (83% female; mean age 68 years) completed the Edinburgh Lifetime Musical Experience Questionnaire, which posed questions about playing musical instruments, singing, listening to music, and self-reported musical ability.
- Participants were split into two groups, namely, those who reported singing or playing a musical instrument (89%) or not (11%), and compared.
TAKEAWAY:
- Participants who reported playing a musical instrument performed significantly better on working memory (P < .0001) and executive function tasks (P < .0005) than those who didn’t play an instrument.
- The effect on working memory was the most heightened in those who reported playing keyboard (P < .0001), while those who played a woodwind instrument (P < .04) and/or sang (P < .014) showed significantly better performance on the executive function task.
- Nearly 90% of the sample had experience playing a musical instrument, with 44% playing currently. The majority of participants reported playing either one (28%) or two (23%) instruments.
IN PRACTICE:
Public health interventions might promote dementia risk reduction by incorporating music into programming, the authors concluded. “There is considerable evidence for the benefit of music group activities for individuals with dementia, and this approach could be extended as part of a health aging package for healthy older adults to enable them to proactively reduce their risk and to promote brain health,” they wrote.
SOURCE:
Gaia Vetere, MD, of the University of Exeter in Exeter, England, led the study, which was published online on January 28, 2024, in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
LIMITATIONS:
The data were self-reported so may be subject to bias, and the size of the comparison group (those who didn’t play an instrument or sing) was much smaller.
DISCLOSURES:
The study was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. Disclosures were noted in the original article.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
High Rate of Dementia Among Attendees in Adult Day Service Centers
About one-quarter of all adult day services center (ADSC) participants have dementia, and the prevalence of dementia in ADSCs that specialize in the disorder is more than 40%, a new US National Health Statistics Report revealed.
ADSCs are a growing sector of the US home- and community-based long-term care delivery system, providing daytime services to adults with disabilities who often have multiple chronic conditions, including various types of dementia, according to report authors Priyanka Singha, MPH, and colleagues at the US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics in Bethesda, Maryland.
Dementia often leads to the transition to receiving long-term care services, such as nursing home care. Delaying institutionalization is a primary goal of ADSCs, so they also try to meet the needs of a growing population of community-dwelling adults with dementia.
Survey responses from 1800 ADSCs across the United States showed that overall, 42.2% of participants had dementia in ADSCs specializing in dementia care, while 22.7% of participants in nonspecialized ADSCs also had dementia.
Dementia was more prevalent in the Midwest and West, where nearly one half of participants in specialized centers had dementia.
Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of dementia in ADSCs was similar across US regions, with a slightly lower percentage in the West.
Positive Outcomes
The new report used data from the ADSC component of the 2020 National Post-acute and Long-term Care Study collected from January 2020 through mid-July 2021. About 1800 ADSCs from a census of 5500 ADSCs were included and weighted to be nationally representative.
The authors compared dementia prevalence among participants in ADSCs that provide specialized care for dementia with other ADSCs by census region, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status, chain affiliation, and ownership type.
MSA is a core urban area population of 50,000 or more. ADSCs that specialize in dementia care have specially trained staff, activities, and facilities. They offer social activities, including art and music therapy, dementia-appropriate games, and group exercises, as well as respite care for unpaid caregivers. The survey found that 14% of ADSCs reported specializing in dementia.
The investigators also found that the percentage of ADSC participants with dementia, regardless of center specialization, was higher in the Midwest (32.1%), Northeast (28.5%), and South (24.5%) than in the West (21.1%).
The percentage of participants with dementia in specialized centers was higher in the Midwest (49.5%) and West (48.8%) than in the Northeast (31.9%) and in nonchain centers (50.5%) than in chain-affiliated centers (30.4%).
In addition, the percentage of participants with dementia, regardless of specialization, was higher in nonchain ADSCs (25%) than in chain-affiliated centers (20.1%). In addition, the percentage of participants with dementia in nonspecialized centers was higher in nonchain centers (25%) than in chain-affiliated centers (20.1%).
Finally, the research revealed that the percentage of participants with dementia, regardless of specialization, was higher in nonprofit ADSCs (28.7%) than for-profit centers (21%).
“These findings indicate that ADSCs in MSAs, nonprofit organizations, and nonchain centers provide services to a higher proportion of participants with dementia, particularly among centers that specialize in dementia care,” the investigators wrote.
Whereas “caregivers manage prescription medications, help with activities of daily living, and offer nutritional diets, exercise, and social engagement, ADSCs play a role in providing this type of care for people with dementia while also offering respite for their unpaid caregivers,” they noted.
Overall, they concluded that ADSCs provide positive outcomes for both family caregivers and people with dementia.
They noted that the study’s limitations include the use of cross-sectional data, which cannot show effectiveness for participants receiving care in specialized centers or be used to analyze relationships between other participant-level sociodemographic or health characteristics and specialized dementia care.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
About one-quarter of all adult day services center (ADSC) participants have dementia, and the prevalence of dementia in ADSCs that specialize in the disorder is more than 40%, a new US National Health Statistics Report revealed.
ADSCs are a growing sector of the US home- and community-based long-term care delivery system, providing daytime services to adults with disabilities who often have multiple chronic conditions, including various types of dementia, according to report authors Priyanka Singha, MPH, and colleagues at the US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics in Bethesda, Maryland.
Dementia often leads to the transition to receiving long-term care services, such as nursing home care. Delaying institutionalization is a primary goal of ADSCs, so they also try to meet the needs of a growing population of community-dwelling adults with dementia.
Survey responses from 1800 ADSCs across the United States showed that overall, 42.2% of participants had dementia in ADSCs specializing in dementia care, while 22.7% of participants in nonspecialized ADSCs also had dementia.
Dementia was more prevalent in the Midwest and West, where nearly one half of participants in specialized centers had dementia.
Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of dementia in ADSCs was similar across US regions, with a slightly lower percentage in the West.
Positive Outcomes
The new report used data from the ADSC component of the 2020 National Post-acute and Long-term Care Study collected from January 2020 through mid-July 2021. About 1800 ADSCs from a census of 5500 ADSCs were included and weighted to be nationally representative.
The authors compared dementia prevalence among participants in ADSCs that provide specialized care for dementia with other ADSCs by census region, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status, chain affiliation, and ownership type.
MSA is a core urban area population of 50,000 or more. ADSCs that specialize in dementia care have specially trained staff, activities, and facilities. They offer social activities, including art and music therapy, dementia-appropriate games, and group exercises, as well as respite care for unpaid caregivers. The survey found that 14% of ADSCs reported specializing in dementia.
The investigators also found that the percentage of ADSC participants with dementia, regardless of center specialization, was higher in the Midwest (32.1%), Northeast (28.5%), and South (24.5%) than in the West (21.1%).
The percentage of participants with dementia in specialized centers was higher in the Midwest (49.5%) and West (48.8%) than in the Northeast (31.9%) and in nonchain centers (50.5%) than in chain-affiliated centers (30.4%).
In addition, the percentage of participants with dementia, regardless of specialization, was higher in nonchain ADSCs (25%) than in chain-affiliated centers (20.1%). In addition, the percentage of participants with dementia in nonspecialized centers was higher in nonchain centers (25%) than in chain-affiliated centers (20.1%).
Finally, the research revealed that the percentage of participants with dementia, regardless of specialization, was higher in nonprofit ADSCs (28.7%) than for-profit centers (21%).
“These findings indicate that ADSCs in MSAs, nonprofit organizations, and nonchain centers provide services to a higher proportion of participants with dementia, particularly among centers that specialize in dementia care,” the investigators wrote.
Whereas “caregivers manage prescription medications, help with activities of daily living, and offer nutritional diets, exercise, and social engagement, ADSCs play a role in providing this type of care for people with dementia while also offering respite for their unpaid caregivers,” they noted.
Overall, they concluded that ADSCs provide positive outcomes for both family caregivers and people with dementia.
They noted that the study’s limitations include the use of cross-sectional data, which cannot show effectiveness for participants receiving care in specialized centers or be used to analyze relationships between other participant-level sociodemographic or health characteristics and specialized dementia care.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
About one-quarter of all adult day services center (ADSC) participants have dementia, and the prevalence of dementia in ADSCs that specialize in the disorder is more than 40%, a new US National Health Statistics Report revealed.
ADSCs are a growing sector of the US home- and community-based long-term care delivery system, providing daytime services to adults with disabilities who often have multiple chronic conditions, including various types of dementia, according to report authors Priyanka Singha, MPH, and colleagues at the US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics in Bethesda, Maryland.
Dementia often leads to the transition to receiving long-term care services, such as nursing home care. Delaying institutionalization is a primary goal of ADSCs, so they also try to meet the needs of a growing population of community-dwelling adults with dementia.
Survey responses from 1800 ADSCs across the United States showed that overall, 42.2% of participants had dementia in ADSCs specializing in dementia care, while 22.7% of participants in nonspecialized ADSCs also had dementia.
Dementia was more prevalent in the Midwest and West, where nearly one half of participants in specialized centers had dementia.
Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of dementia in ADSCs was similar across US regions, with a slightly lower percentage in the West.
Positive Outcomes
The new report used data from the ADSC component of the 2020 National Post-acute and Long-term Care Study collected from January 2020 through mid-July 2021. About 1800 ADSCs from a census of 5500 ADSCs were included and weighted to be nationally representative.
The authors compared dementia prevalence among participants in ADSCs that provide specialized care for dementia with other ADSCs by census region, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) status, chain affiliation, and ownership type.
MSA is a core urban area population of 50,000 or more. ADSCs that specialize in dementia care have specially trained staff, activities, and facilities. They offer social activities, including art and music therapy, dementia-appropriate games, and group exercises, as well as respite care for unpaid caregivers. The survey found that 14% of ADSCs reported specializing in dementia.
The investigators also found that the percentage of ADSC participants with dementia, regardless of center specialization, was higher in the Midwest (32.1%), Northeast (28.5%), and South (24.5%) than in the West (21.1%).
The percentage of participants with dementia in specialized centers was higher in the Midwest (49.5%) and West (48.8%) than in the Northeast (31.9%) and in nonchain centers (50.5%) than in chain-affiliated centers (30.4%).
In addition, the percentage of participants with dementia, regardless of specialization, was higher in nonchain ADSCs (25%) than in chain-affiliated centers (20.1%). In addition, the percentage of participants with dementia in nonspecialized centers was higher in nonchain centers (25%) than in chain-affiliated centers (20.1%).
Finally, the research revealed that the percentage of participants with dementia, regardless of specialization, was higher in nonprofit ADSCs (28.7%) than for-profit centers (21%).
“These findings indicate that ADSCs in MSAs, nonprofit organizations, and nonchain centers provide services to a higher proportion of participants with dementia, particularly among centers that specialize in dementia care,” the investigators wrote.
Whereas “caregivers manage prescription medications, help with activities of daily living, and offer nutritional diets, exercise, and social engagement, ADSCs play a role in providing this type of care for people with dementia while also offering respite for their unpaid caregivers,” they noted.
Overall, they concluded that ADSCs provide positive outcomes for both family caregivers and people with dementia.
They noted that the study’s limitations include the use of cross-sectional data, which cannot show effectiveness for participants receiving care in specialized centers or be used to analyze relationships between other participant-level sociodemographic or health characteristics and specialized dementia care.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Healthy Lifestyle Linked to Better Cognition in Later Life
Leading a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, eating fruits and vegetables, and minimal alcohol consumption, is associated with better cognitive function in older adults, new research showed.
The study, which combined longitudinal and cohort data with postmortem brain pathology reports, found that the association held even in those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, suggesting that lifestyle factors may provide cognitive reserve and improve cognitive abilities in older age.
“While we must use caution in interpreting our findings, in part due to its cross-sectional design, these results support the role of lifestyle in providing cognitive reserve to maintain cognitive function in older adults despite the accumulation of common dementia-related brain pathologies,” Klodian Dhana, MD, of the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, and colleagues wrote.
The study was published online in JAMA Neurology.
Better Cognition
The study included 586 participants (71% female) who were followed from 1997 until 2022 as part of the Rush Memory and Aging Project longitudinal cohort study.
Investigators collected information on lifestyle and demographic factors at regular intervals, as well as information on diet, alcohol intake, and time spent participating in moderate or vigorous physical activity such as gardening, walking, calisthenics, biking, or swimming. Participants also received annual cognitive tests.
In later years, participants answered questions about whether they played card games or checkers, read, visited a museum, or did other cognitively stimulating activities.
Postmortem exams allowed the researchers to assess brain pathology (mean age at death, 91 years).
Participants were categorized as living a healthy lifestyle if they scored well in five categories: They exercised moderately or vigorously for 150 minutes per week, did not smoke, consumed one to two drinks per week, regularly played card games or did puzzles, and followed the Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet.
For every one-point increase in the healthy lifestyle score, there were 0.120 fewer units of beta-amyloid load in the brain and a 0.22 standardized unit higher score in cognitive performance (P < .001).
After adjusting for the beta-amyloid load, phosphorated tau tangle, or other dementia-related brain pathologies, the healthy lifestyle score remained independently associated with cognition (P < .001).
More than 88% of a person’s global cognition score was a “direct association of lifestyle,” investigators noted, leaving slightly less than 12% affected by the presence of beta-amyloid.
“The mechanistic link between lifestyle and cognition could be attributed in part to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of each lifestyle factor (eg, nutrition and physical activity) and cognitive reserve (eg, cognitive activities) that contribute to less inflammation and oxidative stress,” the authors wrote.
Further studies are necessary, they added, especially research investigating the association of lifestyle factors with markers for inflammation to understand the mechanisms of how lifestyle is associated with better cognitive scores in old age.
Study limitations include the reliance on self-reported data because cognitive impairment could interfere with inaccurate reporting. In addition, the authors noted that cognitive abilities may affect adherence to lifestyle factors.
‘Important Evidence’
In an accompanying editorial, Yue Leng, MD, and Kristine Yaffe, MD, of the University of San Francisco in San Francisco, California, noted that the new study adds “important evidence” to the debate over modifiable risk factors and reduction of AD risk.
“These interesting results add strength to the concept that health and lifestyle factors are important strategies for prevention and suggest that several mechanisms may be at work,” they wrote, adding that the study is “one of the first to harness brain pathology to investigate these mechanisms and is a crucial step forward in addressing these important questions.”
Still, critical questions remain regarding the mechanistic pathways linking modifiable risk factors and cognitive aging, Drs. Leng and Yaffe wrote.
“There is an urgent need for more well-designed randomized controlled trials to pave the way for dementia risk reduction in the era of precision medicine,” they wrote. “These strategies should be offered in conjunction with AD medications, similar to the approach in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment in which medications along with lifestyle strategies are the standard of care.”
The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging. Dr. Dhana reported grants paid to his institution from the Alzheimer’s Association. No other disclosures were reported.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Leading a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, eating fruits and vegetables, and minimal alcohol consumption, is associated with better cognitive function in older adults, new research showed.
The study, which combined longitudinal and cohort data with postmortem brain pathology reports, found that the association held even in those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, suggesting that lifestyle factors may provide cognitive reserve and improve cognitive abilities in older age.
“While we must use caution in interpreting our findings, in part due to its cross-sectional design, these results support the role of lifestyle in providing cognitive reserve to maintain cognitive function in older adults despite the accumulation of common dementia-related brain pathologies,” Klodian Dhana, MD, of the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, and colleagues wrote.
The study was published online in JAMA Neurology.
Better Cognition
The study included 586 participants (71% female) who were followed from 1997 until 2022 as part of the Rush Memory and Aging Project longitudinal cohort study.
Investigators collected information on lifestyle and demographic factors at regular intervals, as well as information on diet, alcohol intake, and time spent participating in moderate or vigorous physical activity such as gardening, walking, calisthenics, biking, or swimming. Participants also received annual cognitive tests.
In later years, participants answered questions about whether they played card games or checkers, read, visited a museum, or did other cognitively stimulating activities.
Postmortem exams allowed the researchers to assess brain pathology (mean age at death, 91 years).
Participants were categorized as living a healthy lifestyle if they scored well in five categories: They exercised moderately or vigorously for 150 minutes per week, did not smoke, consumed one to two drinks per week, regularly played card games or did puzzles, and followed the Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet.
For every one-point increase in the healthy lifestyle score, there were 0.120 fewer units of beta-amyloid load in the brain and a 0.22 standardized unit higher score in cognitive performance (P < .001).
After adjusting for the beta-amyloid load, phosphorated tau tangle, or other dementia-related brain pathologies, the healthy lifestyle score remained independently associated with cognition (P < .001).
More than 88% of a person’s global cognition score was a “direct association of lifestyle,” investigators noted, leaving slightly less than 12% affected by the presence of beta-amyloid.
“The mechanistic link between lifestyle and cognition could be attributed in part to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of each lifestyle factor (eg, nutrition and physical activity) and cognitive reserve (eg, cognitive activities) that contribute to less inflammation and oxidative stress,” the authors wrote.
Further studies are necessary, they added, especially research investigating the association of lifestyle factors with markers for inflammation to understand the mechanisms of how lifestyle is associated with better cognitive scores in old age.
Study limitations include the reliance on self-reported data because cognitive impairment could interfere with inaccurate reporting. In addition, the authors noted that cognitive abilities may affect adherence to lifestyle factors.
‘Important Evidence’
In an accompanying editorial, Yue Leng, MD, and Kristine Yaffe, MD, of the University of San Francisco in San Francisco, California, noted that the new study adds “important evidence” to the debate over modifiable risk factors and reduction of AD risk.
“These interesting results add strength to the concept that health and lifestyle factors are important strategies for prevention and suggest that several mechanisms may be at work,” they wrote, adding that the study is “one of the first to harness brain pathology to investigate these mechanisms and is a crucial step forward in addressing these important questions.”
Still, critical questions remain regarding the mechanistic pathways linking modifiable risk factors and cognitive aging, Drs. Leng and Yaffe wrote.
“There is an urgent need for more well-designed randomized controlled trials to pave the way for dementia risk reduction in the era of precision medicine,” they wrote. “These strategies should be offered in conjunction with AD medications, similar to the approach in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment in which medications along with lifestyle strategies are the standard of care.”
The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging. Dr. Dhana reported grants paid to his institution from the Alzheimer’s Association. No other disclosures were reported.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Leading a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, eating fruits and vegetables, and minimal alcohol consumption, is associated with better cognitive function in older adults, new research showed.
The study, which combined longitudinal and cohort data with postmortem brain pathology reports, found that the association held even in those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, suggesting that lifestyle factors may provide cognitive reserve and improve cognitive abilities in older age.
“While we must use caution in interpreting our findings, in part due to its cross-sectional design, these results support the role of lifestyle in providing cognitive reserve to maintain cognitive function in older adults despite the accumulation of common dementia-related brain pathologies,” Klodian Dhana, MD, of the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, and colleagues wrote.
The study was published online in JAMA Neurology.
Better Cognition
The study included 586 participants (71% female) who were followed from 1997 until 2022 as part of the Rush Memory and Aging Project longitudinal cohort study.
Investigators collected information on lifestyle and demographic factors at regular intervals, as well as information on diet, alcohol intake, and time spent participating in moderate or vigorous physical activity such as gardening, walking, calisthenics, biking, or swimming. Participants also received annual cognitive tests.
In later years, participants answered questions about whether they played card games or checkers, read, visited a museum, or did other cognitively stimulating activities.
Postmortem exams allowed the researchers to assess brain pathology (mean age at death, 91 years).
Participants were categorized as living a healthy lifestyle if they scored well in five categories: They exercised moderately or vigorously for 150 minutes per week, did not smoke, consumed one to two drinks per week, regularly played card games or did puzzles, and followed the Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet.
For every one-point increase in the healthy lifestyle score, there were 0.120 fewer units of beta-amyloid load in the brain and a 0.22 standardized unit higher score in cognitive performance (P < .001).
After adjusting for the beta-amyloid load, phosphorated tau tangle, or other dementia-related brain pathologies, the healthy lifestyle score remained independently associated with cognition (P < .001).
More than 88% of a person’s global cognition score was a “direct association of lifestyle,” investigators noted, leaving slightly less than 12% affected by the presence of beta-amyloid.
“The mechanistic link between lifestyle and cognition could be attributed in part to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of each lifestyle factor (eg, nutrition and physical activity) and cognitive reserve (eg, cognitive activities) that contribute to less inflammation and oxidative stress,” the authors wrote.
Further studies are necessary, they added, especially research investigating the association of lifestyle factors with markers for inflammation to understand the mechanisms of how lifestyle is associated with better cognitive scores in old age.
Study limitations include the reliance on self-reported data because cognitive impairment could interfere with inaccurate reporting. In addition, the authors noted that cognitive abilities may affect adherence to lifestyle factors.
‘Important Evidence’
In an accompanying editorial, Yue Leng, MD, and Kristine Yaffe, MD, of the University of San Francisco in San Francisco, California, noted that the new study adds “important evidence” to the debate over modifiable risk factors and reduction of AD risk.
“These interesting results add strength to the concept that health and lifestyle factors are important strategies for prevention and suggest that several mechanisms may be at work,” they wrote, adding that the study is “one of the first to harness brain pathology to investigate these mechanisms and is a crucial step forward in addressing these important questions.”
Still, critical questions remain regarding the mechanistic pathways linking modifiable risk factors and cognitive aging, Drs. Leng and Yaffe wrote.
“There is an urgent need for more well-designed randomized controlled trials to pave the way for dementia risk reduction in the era of precision medicine,” they wrote. “These strategies should be offered in conjunction with AD medications, similar to the approach in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment in which medications along with lifestyle strategies are the standard of care.”
The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging. Dr. Dhana reported grants paid to his institution from the Alzheimer’s Association. No other disclosures were reported.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM JAMA NEUROLOGY
More Data Show Erectile Dysfunction Meds May Affect Alzheimer’s Risk
Men prescribed drugs to treat newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction (ED) are 18% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during a 5-year follow-up period, new research shows.
The study is the second in recent years to suggest an association between the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) such as sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis) and AD risk. The findings contradict those in a third study, reported by this news organization, that showed no link between the two.
Although the research is interesting, outside experts noted that there is no evidence that the drugs can treat AD and urge caution when interpreting the findings.
Investigators agree but believe that the results offer a direction for future studies and underscore the importance of investigating whether existing approved therapies can be repurposed to treat AD.
“The positive findings from our large study in over 250,000 men is promising and can be used to enhance research capacity and knowledge, with a potential future impact on clinical use and public health policy,” senior author Ruth Brauer, PhD, of the University College London, told this news organization.
“However, before recommending PDE5I are used to reduce the risk of AD, more work is required to validate the findings of our work, particularly in a more generalizable population that includes women and men without erectile dysfunction,” she continued.
The findings were published online February 7 in Neurology.
Strong Association
The study drew on primary healthcare data from the United Kingdom and included 269,725 men (average age, 59 years) with newly diagnosed ED, 55% of whom had received prescriptions for PDE5Is.
Investigators accounted for a range of potential AD risk factors, including smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, depression, anxiety, and concomitant medication use.
During the study period, 749 in the PDE5I group were diagnosed with AD, corresponding to a rate of 8.1 cases per 10,000 person-years. Among those who did not take the drugs, 370 developed AD, corresponding to a rate of 9.7 cases per 10,000 person-years.
Overall, initiation of a PDE5I was associated with an 18% lower risk for AD (adjusted hazard ration [aHR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.93) compared with those with no prescriptions.
The association was stronger in people aged 70 years or older and those with a history of hypertension or diabetes. The greatest risk reduction was found in people with the most prescriptions during the study period. Those with 21-50 prescriptions had a 44% lower risk for AD (aHR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73) and those with more than 50 were 35% less likely to be diagnosed with AD (aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.87).
There was no association with AD risk in individuals who received fewer than 20 prescriptions.
Investigators also analyzed associations after introducing a 1- and 3-year lag period after cohort entry to address the latent period between AD onset and diagnosis. The primary findings held with a 1-year lag period but lost significance with the inclusion of a 3-year lag period.
In subgroup analyses, investigators found evidence of reduced AD risk in those who received prescriptions for sildenafil (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.93), but there was no evidence for reduced risk compared with nonusers in those who received tadalafil and vardenafil.
Lower AD risk was found in patients with hypertension, diabetes, and in men aged 70 years or older, but there was no association in younger men or those with no history of hypertension or diabetes.
Although investigators controlled for a wide range of potential risk factors, Dr. Brauer noted that unmeasured confounders such as physical and sexual activity, which were not tracked and may predict PDE5I exposure, may have affected the results.
Interpret With Caution
Commenting on the findings, Ozama Ismail, PhD, Alzheimer’s Association director of scientific programs, noted that in addition to the limitations cited by the study authors, AD diagnoses were not made with the “gold standard” testing that typically includes imaging biomarkers and postmortem assessments.
“While this study is interesting and adds to a potential association, there is no evidence that these drugs are able to treat Alzheimer’s disease,” said Dr. Brauer, who was not part of the current study.
“People should not use over-the-counter phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for prevention of Alzheimer’s or other dementias based on this very preliminary finding. Always consult with your physician before starting or changing your medications,” he cautioned.
However, Dr. Ismael added that the study does highlight a potential new avenue for drug repurposing.
“Repurposing of existing, already-approved treatments can be a valuable part of drug development because, through already-completed testing, we know much about their safety and side effects,” which can decrease cost and time needed for studies, he said.
“When considering repurposing an existing drug to an Alzheimer’s treatment, however, it is often important to conduct new studies over longer periods of time and in older people that reflect the diversity of individuals living with Alzheimer’s disease,” Dr. Ismael said.
Randomized Trials Needed
Dr. Brauer agreed, offering that such a trial should also include people with mild cognitive impairment and measure the effects of PDE5Is given in predefined doses plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or placebo plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
“The primary outcome would be the change in baseline cognitive function,” she said. “This approach would provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of PDE5I and AD.”
Studies are also needed to better understand the mechanisms by which these drugs might influence AD risk, Sevil Yasar, MD, PhD, and Lolita Nidadavolu, MD, PhD, from the Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, noted in an accompanying editorial.
The strong association between PDE5I use and AD risk in people with a history of hypertension or diabetes suggests “a potential neuroprotective effect through a vascular pathway,” they wrote.
In vitro studies on the role of inflammation and clearance of beta-amyloid could strengthen findings from studies like this one, and in vivo studies could help explain the mechanisms behind PDE5I use and lower AD risk, Dr. Yasar and Dr. Nidadavolu noted.
“In the end, however, further observational studies exploring mechanisms will not prove a causal association,” they wrote. “A well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed before PDE5I drugs can be prescribed for AD prevention.”
The study was unfunded. The study and editorial authors and Dr. Ismail report no relevant financial conflicts.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Men prescribed drugs to treat newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction (ED) are 18% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during a 5-year follow-up period, new research shows.
The study is the second in recent years to suggest an association between the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) such as sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis) and AD risk. The findings contradict those in a third study, reported by this news organization, that showed no link between the two.
Although the research is interesting, outside experts noted that there is no evidence that the drugs can treat AD and urge caution when interpreting the findings.
Investigators agree but believe that the results offer a direction for future studies and underscore the importance of investigating whether existing approved therapies can be repurposed to treat AD.
“The positive findings from our large study in over 250,000 men is promising and can be used to enhance research capacity and knowledge, with a potential future impact on clinical use and public health policy,” senior author Ruth Brauer, PhD, of the University College London, told this news organization.
“However, before recommending PDE5I are used to reduce the risk of AD, more work is required to validate the findings of our work, particularly in a more generalizable population that includes women and men without erectile dysfunction,” she continued.
The findings were published online February 7 in Neurology.
Strong Association
The study drew on primary healthcare data from the United Kingdom and included 269,725 men (average age, 59 years) with newly diagnosed ED, 55% of whom had received prescriptions for PDE5Is.
Investigators accounted for a range of potential AD risk factors, including smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, depression, anxiety, and concomitant medication use.
During the study period, 749 in the PDE5I group were diagnosed with AD, corresponding to a rate of 8.1 cases per 10,000 person-years. Among those who did not take the drugs, 370 developed AD, corresponding to a rate of 9.7 cases per 10,000 person-years.
Overall, initiation of a PDE5I was associated with an 18% lower risk for AD (adjusted hazard ration [aHR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.93) compared with those with no prescriptions.
The association was stronger in people aged 70 years or older and those with a history of hypertension or diabetes. The greatest risk reduction was found in people with the most prescriptions during the study period. Those with 21-50 prescriptions had a 44% lower risk for AD (aHR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73) and those with more than 50 were 35% less likely to be diagnosed with AD (aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.87).
There was no association with AD risk in individuals who received fewer than 20 prescriptions.
Investigators also analyzed associations after introducing a 1- and 3-year lag period after cohort entry to address the latent period between AD onset and diagnosis. The primary findings held with a 1-year lag period but lost significance with the inclusion of a 3-year lag period.
In subgroup analyses, investigators found evidence of reduced AD risk in those who received prescriptions for sildenafil (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.93), but there was no evidence for reduced risk compared with nonusers in those who received tadalafil and vardenafil.
Lower AD risk was found in patients with hypertension, diabetes, and in men aged 70 years or older, but there was no association in younger men or those with no history of hypertension or diabetes.
Although investigators controlled for a wide range of potential risk factors, Dr. Brauer noted that unmeasured confounders such as physical and sexual activity, which were not tracked and may predict PDE5I exposure, may have affected the results.
Interpret With Caution
Commenting on the findings, Ozama Ismail, PhD, Alzheimer’s Association director of scientific programs, noted that in addition to the limitations cited by the study authors, AD diagnoses were not made with the “gold standard” testing that typically includes imaging biomarkers and postmortem assessments.
“While this study is interesting and adds to a potential association, there is no evidence that these drugs are able to treat Alzheimer’s disease,” said Dr. Brauer, who was not part of the current study.
“People should not use over-the-counter phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for prevention of Alzheimer’s or other dementias based on this very preliminary finding. Always consult with your physician before starting or changing your medications,” he cautioned.
However, Dr. Ismael added that the study does highlight a potential new avenue for drug repurposing.
“Repurposing of existing, already-approved treatments can be a valuable part of drug development because, through already-completed testing, we know much about their safety and side effects,” which can decrease cost and time needed for studies, he said.
“When considering repurposing an existing drug to an Alzheimer’s treatment, however, it is often important to conduct new studies over longer periods of time and in older people that reflect the diversity of individuals living with Alzheimer’s disease,” Dr. Ismael said.
Randomized Trials Needed
Dr. Brauer agreed, offering that such a trial should also include people with mild cognitive impairment and measure the effects of PDE5Is given in predefined doses plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or placebo plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
“The primary outcome would be the change in baseline cognitive function,” she said. “This approach would provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of PDE5I and AD.”
Studies are also needed to better understand the mechanisms by which these drugs might influence AD risk, Sevil Yasar, MD, PhD, and Lolita Nidadavolu, MD, PhD, from the Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, noted in an accompanying editorial.
The strong association between PDE5I use and AD risk in people with a history of hypertension or diabetes suggests “a potential neuroprotective effect through a vascular pathway,” they wrote.
In vitro studies on the role of inflammation and clearance of beta-amyloid could strengthen findings from studies like this one, and in vivo studies could help explain the mechanisms behind PDE5I use and lower AD risk, Dr. Yasar and Dr. Nidadavolu noted.
“In the end, however, further observational studies exploring mechanisms will not prove a causal association,” they wrote. “A well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed before PDE5I drugs can be prescribed for AD prevention.”
The study was unfunded. The study and editorial authors and Dr. Ismail report no relevant financial conflicts.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Men prescribed drugs to treat newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction (ED) are 18% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during a 5-year follow-up period, new research shows.
The study is the second in recent years to suggest an association between the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) such as sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis) and AD risk. The findings contradict those in a third study, reported by this news organization, that showed no link between the two.
Although the research is interesting, outside experts noted that there is no evidence that the drugs can treat AD and urge caution when interpreting the findings.
Investigators agree but believe that the results offer a direction for future studies and underscore the importance of investigating whether existing approved therapies can be repurposed to treat AD.
“The positive findings from our large study in over 250,000 men is promising and can be used to enhance research capacity and knowledge, with a potential future impact on clinical use and public health policy,” senior author Ruth Brauer, PhD, of the University College London, told this news organization.
“However, before recommending PDE5I are used to reduce the risk of AD, more work is required to validate the findings of our work, particularly in a more generalizable population that includes women and men without erectile dysfunction,” she continued.
The findings were published online February 7 in Neurology.
Strong Association
The study drew on primary healthcare data from the United Kingdom and included 269,725 men (average age, 59 years) with newly diagnosed ED, 55% of whom had received prescriptions for PDE5Is.
Investigators accounted for a range of potential AD risk factors, including smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, depression, anxiety, and concomitant medication use.
During the study period, 749 in the PDE5I group were diagnosed with AD, corresponding to a rate of 8.1 cases per 10,000 person-years. Among those who did not take the drugs, 370 developed AD, corresponding to a rate of 9.7 cases per 10,000 person-years.
Overall, initiation of a PDE5I was associated with an 18% lower risk for AD (adjusted hazard ration [aHR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.93) compared with those with no prescriptions.
The association was stronger in people aged 70 years or older and those with a history of hypertension or diabetes. The greatest risk reduction was found in people with the most prescriptions during the study period. Those with 21-50 prescriptions had a 44% lower risk for AD (aHR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73) and those with more than 50 were 35% less likely to be diagnosed with AD (aHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.87).
There was no association with AD risk in individuals who received fewer than 20 prescriptions.
Investigators also analyzed associations after introducing a 1- and 3-year lag period after cohort entry to address the latent period between AD onset and diagnosis. The primary findings held with a 1-year lag period but lost significance with the inclusion of a 3-year lag period.
In subgroup analyses, investigators found evidence of reduced AD risk in those who received prescriptions for sildenafil (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.93), but there was no evidence for reduced risk compared with nonusers in those who received tadalafil and vardenafil.
Lower AD risk was found in patients with hypertension, diabetes, and in men aged 70 years or older, but there was no association in younger men or those with no history of hypertension or diabetes.
Although investigators controlled for a wide range of potential risk factors, Dr. Brauer noted that unmeasured confounders such as physical and sexual activity, which were not tracked and may predict PDE5I exposure, may have affected the results.
Interpret With Caution
Commenting on the findings, Ozama Ismail, PhD, Alzheimer’s Association director of scientific programs, noted that in addition to the limitations cited by the study authors, AD diagnoses were not made with the “gold standard” testing that typically includes imaging biomarkers and postmortem assessments.
“While this study is interesting and adds to a potential association, there is no evidence that these drugs are able to treat Alzheimer’s disease,” said Dr. Brauer, who was not part of the current study.
“People should not use over-the-counter phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for prevention of Alzheimer’s or other dementias based on this very preliminary finding. Always consult with your physician before starting or changing your medications,” he cautioned.
However, Dr. Ismael added that the study does highlight a potential new avenue for drug repurposing.
“Repurposing of existing, already-approved treatments can be a valuable part of drug development because, through already-completed testing, we know much about their safety and side effects,” which can decrease cost and time needed for studies, he said.
“When considering repurposing an existing drug to an Alzheimer’s treatment, however, it is often important to conduct new studies over longer periods of time and in older people that reflect the diversity of individuals living with Alzheimer’s disease,” Dr. Ismael said.
Randomized Trials Needed
Dr. Brauer agreed, offering that such a trial should also include people with mild cognitive impairment and measure the effects of PDE5Is given in predefined doses plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or placebo plus an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
“The primary outcome would be the change in baseline cognitive function,” she said. “This approach would provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of PDE5I and AD.”
Studies are also needed to better understand the mechanisms by which these drugs might influence AD risk, Sevil Yasar, MD, PhD, and Lolita Nidadavolu, MD, PhD, from the Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, noted in an accompanying editorial.
The strong association between PDE5I use and AD risk in people with a history of hypertension or diabetes suggests “a potential neuroprotective effect through a vascular pathway,” they wrote.
In vitro studies on the role of inflammation and clearance of beta-amyloid could strengthen findings from studies like this one, and in vivo studies could help explain the mechanisms behind PDE5I use and lower AD risk, Dr. Yasar and Dr. Nidadavolu noted.
“In the end, however, further observational studies exploring mechanisms will not prove a causal association,” they wrote. “A well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed before PDE5I drugs can be prescribed for AD prevention.”
The study was unfunded. The study and editorial authors and Dr. Ismail report no relevant financial conflicts.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
FDA OKs Neuroimaging Tool to Aid Diagnosis of Degenerative Brain Diseases
Research has suggested that neuromelanin is a potential biomarker for neurologic disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.
A recent meta-analysis of 12 neuromelanin MRI studies with 403 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 298 control participants found that neuromelanin MRI had “favorable” diagnostic performance in discriminating patients with Parkinson’s disease from healthy controls.
Until now, there were no FDA-approved devices capable of providing clinicians with analysis of neuromelanin MRI due to a lack of automation and standardization. NM-101 contains algorithms that enable fully automated analysis and the cross-scanner harmonization of neuromelanin MRI scans, the company explains in a news release.
NM-101 is designed to “seamlessly” integrate into existing workflows at hospitals and imaging centers, the company says.
The platform allows clinicians to send neuromelanin MRI images to Terran directly through the hospital picture archiving and communication system and receive results in less than 1 hour.
When interpreted by a neuroradiologist, NM-101 could provide information that may be helpful in determining neuromelanin association as an adjunct to diagnosis.
“We believe this technology could become very important in the clinical workflow of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders,” Terran Biosciences Founder and CEO Sam Clark, MD, PhD, said in the release.
Neuromelanin MRI has the potential to become “part of the standard of care for the workup of all patients suspected of Parkinson’s and related diseases,” David Sulzer, PhD, professor of neurobiology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and co-author of multiple studies using neuromelanin MRI, commented in the news release.
“It’s great to see neuromelanin MRI become more accessible in clinical settings. We hope this opens the door for the adoption of neuromelanin MRI into the clinical workflow for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders,” added Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Terran Biosciences has an exclusive license to the CNS biomarker software platform and related patents co-owned by Columbia University and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene. Dr. Horga will receive a portion of the royalties paid to Columbia University for sales of the product.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Research has suggested that neuromelanin is a potential biomarker for neurologic disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.
A recent meta-analysis of 12 neuromelanin MRI studies with 403 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 298 control participants found that neuromelanin MRI had “favorable” diagnostic performance in discriminating patients with Parkinson’s disease from healthy controls.
Until now, there were no FDA-approved devices capable of providing clinicians with analysis of neuromelanin MRI due to a lack of automation and standardization. NM-101 contains algorithms that enable fully automated analysis and the cross-scanner harmonization of neuromelanin MRI scans, the company explains in a news release.
NM-101 is designed to “seamlessly” integrate into existing workflows at hospitals and imaging centers, the company says.
The platform allows clinicians to send neuromelanin MRI images to Terran directly through the hospital picture archiving and communication system and receive results in less than 1 hour.
When interpreted by a neuroradiologist, NM-101 could provide information that may be helpful in determining neuromelanin association as an adjunct to diagnosis.
“We believe this technology could become very important in the clinical workflow of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders,” Terran Biosciences Founder and CEO Sam Clark, MD, PhD, said in the release.
Neuromelanin MRI has the potential to become “part of the standard of care for the workup of all patients suspected of Parkinson’s and related diseases,” David Sulzer, PhD, professor of neurobiology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and co-author of multiple studies using neuromelanin MRI, commented in the news release.
“It’s great to see neuromelanin MRI become more accessible in clinical settings. We hope this opens the door for the adoption of neuromelanin MRI into the clinical workflow for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders,” added Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Terran Biosciences has an exclusive license to the CNS biomarker software platform and related patents co-owned by Columbia University and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene. Dr. Horga will receive a portion of the royalties paid to Columbia University for sales of the product.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.
Research has suggested that neuromelanin is a potential biomarker for neurologic disorders such as Parkinson’s disease.
A recent meta-analysis of 12 neuromelanin MRI studies with 403 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 298 control participants found that neuromelanin MRI had “favorable” diagnostic performance in discriminating patients with Parkinson’s disease from healthy controls.
Until now, there were no FDA-approved devices capable of providing clinicians with analysis of neuromelanin MRI due to a lack of automation and standardization. NM-101 contains algorithms that enable fully automated analysis and the cross-scanner harmonization of neuromelanin MRI scans, the company explains in a news release.
NM-101 is designed to “seamlessly” integrate into existing workflows at hospitals and imaging centers, the company says.
The platform allows clinicians to send neuromelanin MRI images to Terran directly through the hospital picture archiving and communication system and receive results in less than 1 hour.
When interpreted by a neuroradiologist, NM-101 could provide information that may be helpful in determining neuromelanin association as an adjunct to diagnosis.
“We believe this technology could become very important in the clinical workflow of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders,” Terran Biosciences Founder and CEO Sam Clark, MD, PhD, said in the release.
Neuromelanin MRI has the potential to become “part of the standard of care for the workup of all patients suspected of Parkinson’s and related diseases,” David Sulzer, PhD, professor of neurobiology at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and co-author of multiple studies using neuromelanin MRI, commented in the news release.
“It’s great to see neuromelanin MRI become more accessible in clinical settings. We hope this opens the door for the adoption of neuromelanin MRI into the clinical workflow for patients with neuropsychiatric disorders,” added Guillermo Horga, MD, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Terran Biosciences has an exclusive license to the CNS biomarker software platform and related patents co-owned by Columbia University and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene. Dr. Horga will receive a portion of the royalties paid to Columbia University for sales of the product.
A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.