Endocrinology

A new consensus statement from the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) offers recommendations for endocrinologists on the management of thyroid eye disease (TED), addressing key questions, including about important novel treatments, that transcend international borders.

The consensus statement is important as new therapies transform the treatment of TED that, notably, have even played a key role in simplifying the name of the disease, which has had numerous other, often confusing names over the years, ranging from thyrotropic exophthalmos to Graves ophthalmopathy, Terry F. Davies, MD, of the thyroid research unit, department of medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, said in an editorial published along with the statement in Thyroid.

“The emergence of novel therapies has changed the entire discussion concerning TED and not just its name,” he wrote. “These are early and exciting days in the treatment of TED, which is likely to be a much more manageable disease in the years to come.”

However, Dr. Davies stressed to this news organization that there are still a lot of unanswered questions, particularly when it comes to newer therapies. For example, teprotumumab can cost up to $300,000 for one course of treatment for one patient, the consensus statement notes.
 

When to consult an ophthalmologist

Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and affects > 1% of the U.S. population. TED is the most common complication of Graves disease that occurs outside of the thyroid gland. TED causes a variety of eye-related signs and symptoms, which can be disfiguring and negatively affect quality of life, and in rare cases, threaten vision.

Key issues covered in the consensus statement include timely diagnosis of TED, assessment of disease activity and severity, initial care and referral for specialty care, and treatment recommendations for moderate to severe TED.

In terms of disease assessment, for instance, the statement authors noted the important distinction in TED “between the two interdependent components of inflammatory activity, manifested by pain, redness, and edema, and disease severity, including proptosis, lid malposition, exposure keratopathy, impaired ocular motility, and optic neuropathy.”

“The presence of multiple features of inflammation usually signifies active disease,” they explained.

For initial care, input from endocrinologists as well as ophthalmologists with experience in TED management is urged, and “an ophthalmologist should be consulted when the diagnosis of TED is uncertain, in cases of moderate to severe TED, and when surgical intervention needs to be considered.”

Furthermore, “urgent referral is required when sight-threatening TED is suspected or confirmed,” the authors noted.
 

Debate over some treatment recommendations

In terms of therapy, for initial care, “a single course of selenium selenite 100 mcg twice daily for 6 months may be considered for patients with mild, active TED, particularly in regions of selenium insufficiency,” the consensus statement recommends.

Intravenous glucocorticoid (IVGC) therapy is meanwhile recommended as a preferred treatment for active moderate to severe TED specifically when disease activity is the prominent feature in the absence of significant proptosis or diplopia.

For patients with active moderate to severe TED who are glucocorticoid-resistant, the authors noted that rituximab and tocilizumab may be considered and that teprotumumab has not been evaluated in this setting.

Teprotumumab, if available, is a preferred therapy for patients with active moderate to severe TED who have significant proptosis.

There is, however, some debate over the issue, editorial author Dr. Davies told this news organization.

“It is still argued over how bad the eyes need to be before recommending this new treatment,” he said. “I think the answer is in the proptosis – the amount of bulging present rather than just inflammation,” Dr. Davies said.

“There is also a real clinical problem in that we have no specific biomarker for the disease, however, high levels of TSH receptor antibody are often a good indicator of eye disease.”

The authors cautioned, however, that clinical trials with medical therapies have been limited by inclusion criteria and other factors, and biologics have meanwhile increased the cost of treatment “many-fold” compared with conventional agents.

Therefore, “clinicians should balance the demonstrated efficacy of recently introduced therapies [such as teprotumumab] against the absence of experience on sustained long-term efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness,” they noted.

Importantly, “one course consisting of eight infusions of teprotumumab has a retail cost of approximately $300,000, depending on patient weight, [which is] approximately 2,000 times that of IVGC,” they noted.

“The process involved in selecting therapy with these drugs and other drugs includes a consideration of both short- and long-term efficacy, adverse effects that are both known and unknown, the likelihood of disease aggravation or relapse after a previously beneficial response, and the relative cost and availability,” said Henry B. Burch, MD, who is at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Md., and is on the consensus statement task force.

To help with those decisions, the consensus statement provides comprehensive tables that compare drug efficacy for key outcomes including inflammation, proptosis, diplopia, and quality of life, and importantly, comparisons also of drug costs and potential adverse effects for each of the current TED therapies.
 

Consensus statement not a guideline

The groups noted that the consensus statement is not meant to be a clinical practice guideline and was not written to “establish a standard of care, replace sound clinical judgment, or capture all nuances likely to be present in any particular patient,” and “specific outcomes are not guaranteed.”

What the statement is intended for is to “provide a concise and timely appraisal of a rapidly changing therapeutic arena” for practicing endocrinologists, they explained.

Overall, the authors recommend an individualized management approach, based on factors ranging from disease severity, duration, its impact on daily living, patient age, comorbidities, and importantly, the costs of therapies.

Ultimately, patient satisfaction is essential in TED management, Dr. Burch added.

“Consideration of the impact of TED on patient’s satisfaction with their appearance and visual functioning is a key component in management decisions concerning TED.”A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

A new consensus statement from the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) offers recommendations for endocrinologists on the management of thyroid eye disease (TED), addressing key questions, including about important novel treatments, that transcend international borders.

The consensus statement is important as new therapies transform the treatment of TED that, notably, have even played a key role in simplifying the name of the disease, which has had numerous other, often confusing names over the years, ranging from thyrotropic exophthalmos to Graves ophthalmopathy, Terry F. Davies, MD, of the thyroid research unit, department of medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, said in an editorial published along with the statement in Thyroid.

“The emergence of novel therapies has changed the entire discussion concerning TED and not just its name,” he wrote. “These are early and exciting days in the treatment of TED, which is likely to be a much more manageable disease in the years to come.”

However, Dr. Davies stressed to this news organization that there are still a lot of unanswered questions, particularly when it comes to newer therapies. For example, teprotumumab can cost up to $300,000 for one course of treatment for one patient, the consensus statement notes.
 

When to consult an ophthalmologist

Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and affects > 1% of the U.S. population. TED is the most common complication of Graves disease that occurs outside of the thyroid gland. TED causes a variety of eye-related signs and symptoms, which can be disfiguring and negatively affect quality of life, and in rare cases, threaten vision.

Key issues covered in the consensus statement include timely diagnosis of TED, assessment of disease activity and severity, initial care and referral for specialty care, and treatment recommendations for moderate to severe TED.

In terms of disease assessment, for instance, the statement authors noted the important distinction in TED “between the two interdependent components of inflammatory activity, manifested by pain, redness, and edema, and disease severity, including proptosis, lid malposition, exposure keratopathy, impaired ocular motility, and optic neuropathy.”

“The presence of multiple features of inflammation usually signifies active disease,” they explained.

For initial care, input from endocrinologists as well as ophthalmologists with experience in TED management is urged, and “an ophthalmologist should be consulted when the diagnosis of TED is uncertain, in cases of moderate to severe TED, and when surgical intervention needs to be considered.”

Furthermore, “urgent referral is required when sight-threatening TED is suspected or confirmed,” the authors noted.
 

Debate over some treatment recommendations

In terms of therapy, for initial care, “a single course of selenium selenite 100 mcg twice daily for 6 months may be considered for patients with mild, active TED, particularly in regions of selenium insufficiency,” the consensus statement recommends.

Intravenous glucocorticoid (IVGC) therapy is meanwhile recommended as a preferred treatment for active moderate to severe TED specifically when disease activity is the prominent feature in the absence of significant proptosis or diplopia.

For patients with active moderate to severe TED who are glucocorticoid-resistant, the authors noted that rituximab and tocilizumab may be considered and that teprotumumab has not been evaluated in this setting.

Teprotumumab, if available, is a preferred therapy for patients with active moderate to severe TED who have significant proptosis.

There is, however, some debate over the issue, editorial author Dr. Davies told this news organization.

“It is still argued over how bad the eyes need to be before recommending this new treatment,” he said. “I think the answer is in the proptosis – the amount of bulging present rather than just inflammation,” Dr. Davies said.

“There is also a real clinical problem in that we have no specific biomarker for the disease, however, high levels of TSH receptor antibody are often a good indicator of eye disease.”

The authors cautioned, however, that clinical trials with medical therapies have been limited by inclusion criteria and other factors, and biologics have meanwhile increased the cost of treatment “many-fold” compared with conventional agents.

Therefore, “clinicians should balance the demonstrated efficacy of recently introduced therapies [such as teprotumumab] against the absence of experience on sustained long-term efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness,” they noted.

Importantly, “one course consisting of eight infusions of teprotumumab has a retail cost of approximately $300,000, depending on patient weight, [which is] approximately 2,000 times that of IVGC,” they noted.

“The process involved in selecting therapy with these drugs and other drugs includes a consideration of both short- and long-term efficacy, adverse effects that are both known and unknown, the likelihood of disease aggravation or relapse after a previously beneficial response, and the relative cost and availability,” said Henry B. Burch, MD, who is at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Md., and is on the consensus statement task force.

To help with those decisions, the consensus statement provides comprehensive tables that compare drug efficacy for key outcomes including inflammation, proptosis, diplopia, and quality of life, and importantly, comparisons also of drug costs and potential adverse effects for each of the current TED therapies.
 

Consensus statement not a guideline

The groups noted that the consensus statement is not meant to be a clinical practice guideline and was not written to “establish a standard of care, replace sound clinical judgment, or capture all nuances likely to be present in any particular patient,” and “specific outcomes are not guaranteed.”

What the statement is intended for is to “provide a concise and timely appraisal of a rapidly changing therapeutic arena” for practicing endocrinologists, they explained.

Overall, the authors recommend an individualized management approach, based on factors ranging from disease severity, duration, its impact on daily living, patient age, comorbidities, and importantly, the costs of therapies.

Ultimately, patient satisfaction is essential in TED management, Dr. Burch added.

“Consideration of the impact of TED on patient’s satisfaction with their appearance and visual functioning is a key component in management decisions concerning TED.”A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

A new consensus statement from the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) offers recommendations for endocrinologists on the management of thyroid eye disease (TED), addressing key questions, including about important novel treatments, that transcend international borders.

The consensus statement is important as new therapies transform the treatment of TED that, notably, have even played a key role in simplifying the name of the disease, which has had numerous other, often confusing names over the years, ranging from thyrotropic exophthalmos to Graves ophthalmopathy, Terry F. Davies, MD, of the thyroid research unit, department of medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, said in an editorial published along with the statement in Thyroid.

“The emergence of novel therapies has changed the entire discussion concerning TED and not just its name,” he wrote. “These are early and exciting days in the treatment of TED, which is likely to be a much more manageable disease in the years to come.”

However, Dr. Davies stressed to this news organization that there are still a lot of unanswered questions, particularly when it comes to newer therapies. For example, teprotumumab can cost up to $300,000 for one course of treatment for one patient, the consensus statement notes.
 

When to consult an ophthalmologist

Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and affects > 1% of the U.S. population. TED is the most common complication of Graves disease that occurs outside of the thyroid gland. TED causes a variety of eye-related signs and symptoms, which can be disfiguring and negatively affect quality of life, and in rare cases, threaten vision.

Key issues covered in the consensus statement include timely diagnosis of TED, assessment of disease activity and severity, initial care and referral for specialty care, and treatment recommendations for moderate to severe TED.

In terms of disease assessment, for instance, the statement authors noted the important distinction in TED “between the two interdependent components of inflammatory activity, manifested by pain, redness, and edema, and disease severity, including proptosis, lid malposition, exposure keratopathy, impaired ocular motility, and optic neuropathy.”

“The presence of multiple features of inflammation usually signifies active disease,” they explained.

For initial care, input from endocrinologists as well as ophthalmologists with experience in TED management is urged, and “an ophthalmologist should be consulted when the diagnosis of TED is uncertain, in cases of moderate to severe TED, and when surgical intervention needs to be considered.”

Furthermore, “urgent referral is required when sight-threatening TED is suspected or confirmed,” the authors noted.
 

Debate over some treatment recommendations

In terms of therapy, for initial care, “a single course of selenium selenite 100 mcg twice daily for 6 months may be considered for patients with mild, active TED, particularly in regions of selenium insufficiency,” the consensus statement recommends.

Intravenous glucocorticoid (IVGC) therapy is meanwhile recommended as a preferred treatment for active moderate to severe TED specifically when disease activity is the prominent feature in the absence of significant proptosis or diplopia.

For patients with active moderate to severe TED who are glucocorticoid-resistant, the authors noted that rituximab and tocilizumab may be considered and that teprotumumab has not been evaluated in this setting.

Teprotumumab, if available, is a preferred therapy for patients with active moderate to severe TED who have significant proptosis.

There is, however, some debate over the issue, editorial author Dr. Davies told this news organization.

“It is still argued over how bad the eyes need to be before recommending this new treatment,” he said. “I think the answer is in the proptosis – the amount of bulging present rather than just inflammation,” Dr. Davies said.

“There is also a real clinical problem in that we have no specific biomarker for the disease, however, high levels of TSH receptor antibody are often a good indicator of eye disease.”

The authors cautioned, however, that clinical trials with medical therapies have been limited by inclusion criteria and other factors, and biologics have meanwhile increased the cost of treatment “many-fold” compared with conventional agents.

Therefore, “clinicians should balance the demonstrated efficacy of recently introduced therapies [such as teprotumumab] against the absence of experience on sustained long-term efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness,” they noted.

Importantly, “one course consisting of eight infusions of teprotumumab has a retail cost of approximately $300,000, depending on patient weight, [which is] approximately 2,000 times that of IVGC,” they noted.

“The process involved in selecting therapy with these drugs and other drugs includes a consideration of both short- and long-term efficacy, adverse effects that are both known and unknown, the likelihood of disease aggravation or relapse after a previously beneficial response, and the relative cost and availability,” said Henry B. Burch, MD, who is at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Md., and is on the consensus statement task force.

To help with those decisions, the consensus statement provides comprehensive tables that compare drug efficacy for key outcomes including inflammation, proptosis, diplopia, and quality of life, and importantly, comparisons also of drug costs and potential adverse effects for each of the current TED therapies.
 

Consensus statement not a guideline

The groups noted that the consensus statement is not meant to be a clinical practice guideline and was not written to “establish a standard of care, replace sound clinical judgment, or capture all nuances likely to be present in any particular patient,” and “specific outcomes are not guaranteed.”

What the statement is intended for is to “provide a concise and timely appraisal of a rapidly changing therapeutic arena” for practicing endocrinologists, they explained.

Overall, the authors recommend an individualized management approach, based on factors ranging from disease severity, duration, its impact on daily living, patient age, comorbidities, and importantly, the costs of therapies.

Ultimately, patient satisfaction is essential in TED management, Dr. Burch added.

“Consideration of the impact of TED on patient’s satisfaction with their appearance and visual functioning is a key component in management decisions concerning TED.”A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Medicare beneficiaries will pay no more than $35 a month for insulin in 2023, while ongoing work will be needed to ensure that everyone in the United States with diabetes who needs insulin can afford it.

As of Jan. 1, 2023, the new provision tucked into the Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law by President Biden in August 2022, means that beneficiaries who take insulin via pen or syringe, covered under Medicare part D (prescription drugs), fall under the $35/month co-pay cap.

On July 1, 2023, the same out-of-pocket limit will also apply to those who take insulin via pump, which falls under Medicare part B (durable medical equipment).  

The bill originally included the co-pay cap for people with private insurance as well, but that was stripped out as part of the reconciliation process and didn’t garner the necessary 60 Senate votes to keep it in prior to passage.  

However, since 2019, 22 U.S. states have passed their own co-pay caps for people with state-regulated private insurance, ranging from $25 to $100 for a 30-day supply. A few states also cap the cost of diabetes devices as well.

Moreover, federal legislation could still address co-pay caps for people with private insurance, as well as include provisions to help those without insurance to afford insulin, Niels Knutson, director of government relations for the type 1 diabetes advocacy organization JDRF, told this news organization.

“There’s a whole menu of ideas on how to address the issue of insulin affordability. Most pathways to solving this on the federal level will require 60 votes in the Senate. There is universal recognition that this is a problem. The challenge becomes: is everybody on the same page for how to fix it,” Mr. Knutson said.

JDRF is supporting the bipartisan Improving Needed Safeguards for Users of Lifesaving Insulin Now (INSULIN) Act, introduced in June 2022 by U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) and Susan Collins (R-ME), who co-chair the Senate Diabetes Caucus. The bill includes a co-pay cap and also provisions to encourage insulin manufacturers to reduce their list prices.

“The bill is unique in that it adds a pathway to reduce the cost of insulin for everybody, regardless of whether they have insurance or not ... We see the Insulin Act as being the best path forward and the most viable path to have the biggest impact for the most people,” Mr. Knutson explained.

At the same time, JDRF is also supporting a nonprofit pharmaceutical company called Civica, which plans to bring biosimilar versions of the insulin analogs glargine, lispro, and aspart to the U.S. market by 2024 at a cost of no more than $30 for a vial and $50 for a box of prefilled pens. The state of California is expected to partner with Civica as well.

“This is just another access point for insulin, especially for folks who are uninsured, that would make a big impact,” Mr. Knutson said.

Other entities that have announced intentions to bring lower-cost insulin to the United States market include the Korean firm Undbio and billionaire entrepreneur Mark Cuban, through his company Cost Plus Drugs.

“Insulin is such a clear and present crisis that we need to address,” Mr. Knutson said. “You’re seeing this problem being recognized and solutions from all different angles coming at it.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Medicare beneficiaries will pay no more than $35 a month for insulin in 2023, while ongoing work will be needed to ensure that everyone in the United States with diabetes who needs insulin can afford it.

As of Jan. 1, 2023, the new provision tucked into the Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law by President Biden in August 2022, means that beneficiaries who take insulin via pen or syringe, covered under Medicare part D (prescription drugs), fall under the $35/month co-pay cap.

On July 1, 2023, the same out-of-pocket limit will also apply to those who take insulin via pump, which falls under Medicare part B (durable medical equipment).  

The bill originally included the co-pay cap for people with private insurance as well, but that was stripped out as part of the reconciliation process and didn’t garner the necessary 60 Senate votes to keep it in prior to passage.  

However, since 2019, 22 U.S. states have passed their own co-pay caps for people with state-regulated private insurance, ranging from $25 to $100 for a 30-day supply. A few states also cap the cost of diabetes devices as well.

Moreover, federal legislation could still address co-pay caps for people with private insurance, as well as include provisions to help those without insurance to afford insulin, Niels Knutson, director of government relations for the type 1 diabetes advocacy organization JDRF, told this news organization.

“There’s a whole menu of ideas on how to address the issue of insulin affordability. Most pathways to solving this on the federal level will require 60 votes in the Senate. There is universal recognition that this is a problem. The challenge becomes: is everybody on the same page for how to fix it,” Mr. Knutson said.

JDRF is supporting the bipartisan Improving Needed Safeguards for Users of Lifesaving Insulin Now (INSULIN) Act, introduced in June 2022 by U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) and Susan Collins (R-ME), who co-chair the Senate Diabetes Caucus. The bill includes a co-pay cap and also provisions to encourage insulin manufacturers to reduce their list prices.

“The bill is unique in that it adds a pathway to reduce the cost of insulin for everybody, regardless of whether they have insurance or not ... We see the Insulin Act as being the best path forward and the most viable path to have the biggest impact for the most people,” Mr. Knutson explained.

At the same time, JDRF is also supporting a nonprofit pharmaceutical company called Civica, which plans to bring biosimilar versions of the insulin analogs glargine, lispro, and aspart to the U.S. market by 2024 at a cost of no more than $30 for a vial and $50 for a box of prefilled pens. The state of California is expected to partner with Civica as well.

“This is just another access point for insulin, especially for folks who are uninsured, that would make a big impact,” Mr. Knutson said.

Other entities that have announced intentions to bring lower-cost insulin to the United States market include the Korean firm Undbio and billionaire entrepreneur Mark Cuban, through his company Cost Plus Drugs.

“Insulin is such a clear and present crisis that we need to address,” Mr. Knutson said. “You’re seeing this problem being recognized and solutions from all different angles coming at it.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Medicare beneficiaries will pay no more than $35 a month for insulin in 2023, while ongoing work will be needed to ensure that everyone in the United States with diabetes who needs insulin can afford it.

As of Jan. 1, 2023, the new provision tucked into the Inflation Reduction Act, signed into law by President Biden in August 2022, means that beneficiaries who take insulin via pen or syringe, covered under Medicare part D (prescription drugs), fall under the $35/month co-pay cap.

On July 1, 2023, the same out-of-pocket limit will also apply to those who take insulin via pump, which falls under Medicare part B (durable medical equipment).  

The bill originally included the co-pay cap for people with private insurance as well, but that was stripped out as part of the reconciliation process and didn’t garner the necessary 60 Senate votes to keep it in prior to passage.  

However, since 2019, 22 U.S. states have passed their own co-pay caps for people with state-regulated private insurance, ranging from $25 to $100 for a 30-day supply. A few states also cap the cost of diabetes devices as well.

Moreover, federal legislation could still address co-pay caps for people with private insurance, as well as include provisions to help those without insurance to afford insulin, Niels Knutson, director of government relations for the type 1 diabetes advocacy organization JDRF, told this news organization.

“There’s a whole menu of ideas on how to address the issue of insulin affordability. Most pathways to solving this on the federal level will require 60 votes in the Senate. There is universal recognition that this is a problem. The challenge becomes: is everybody on the same page for how to fix it,” Mr. Knutson said.

JDRF is supporting the bipartisan Improving Needed Safeguards for Users of Lifesaving Insulin Now (INSULIN) Act, introduced in June 2022 by U.S. Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) and Susan Collins (R-ME), who co-chair the Senate Diabetes Caucus. The bill includes a co-pay cap and also provisions to encourage insulin manufacturers to reduce their list prices.

“The bill is unique in that it adds a pathway to reduce the cost of insulin for everybody, regardless of whether they have insurance or not ... We see the Insulin Act as being the best path forward and the most viable path to have the biggest impact for the most people,” Mr. Knutson explained.

At the same time, JDRF is also supporting a nonprofit pharmaceutical company called Civica, which plans to bring biosimilar versions of the insulin analogs glargine, lispro, and aspart to the U.S. market by 2024 at a cost of no more than $30 for a vial and $50 for a box of prefilled pens. The state of California is expected to partner with Civica as well.

“This is just another access point for insulin, especially for folks who are uninsured, that would make a big impact,” Mr. Knutson said.

Other entities that have announced intentions to bring lower-cost insulin to the United States market include the Korean firm Undbio and billionaire entrepreneur Mark Cuban, through his company Cost Plus Drugs.

“Insulin is such a clear and present crisis that we need to address,” Mr. Knutson said. “You’re seeing this problem being recognized and solutions from all different angles coming at it.”

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The American College of Physicians has updated their guideline for pharmacotherapy to reduce fracture risk in adults with primary osteoporosis or osteopenia (low bone mass) based on a systematic review of the evidence.

This is the first update for 5 years since the previous guidance was published in 2017.

It strongly recommends initial therapy with bisphosphonates for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, as well as men with osteoporosis, among other recommendations.

However, the author of an accompanying editorial, Susan M. Ott, MD, says: “The decision to start a bisphosphonate is actually not that easy.”

She also queries some of the other recommendations in the guidance.

Her editorial, along with the guideline by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MPH, and colleagues, and systematic review by Chelsea Ayers, MPH, and colleagues, were published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.

Ryan D. Mire, MD, MACP, president of the ACP, gave a brief overview of the new guidance in a video.
 

Systematic review

The ACP commissioned a review of the evidence because it says new data have emerged on the efficacy of newer medications for osteoporosis and low bone mass, as well as treatment comparisons, and treatment in men.

The review authors identified 34 randomized controlled trials (in 100 publications) and 36 observational studies, which evaluated the following pharmacologic interventions:

• Antiresorptive drugs: four bisphosphonates (alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, zoledronate) and a RANK ligand inhibitor (denosumab).
• Anabolic drugs: an analog of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)–related protein (abaloparatide), recombinant human PTH (teriparatide), and a sclerostin inhibitor (romosozumab).
• Estrogen agonists: selective estrogen receptor modulators (bazedoxifene, raloxifene).

The authors focused on effectiveness and harms of active drugs compared with placebo or bisphosphonates.
 

Major changes from 2017 guidelines, some questions

“Though there are many nuanced changes in this [2023 guideline] version, perhaps the major change is the explicit hierarchy of pharmacologic recommendations: bisphosphonates first, then denosumab,” Thomas G. Cooney, MD, senior author of the clinical guideline, explained in an interview.

“Bisphosphonates had the most favorable balance among benefits, harms, patient values and preferences, and cost among the examined drugs in postmenopausal females with primary osteoporosis,” Dr. Cooney, professor of medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, noted, as is stated in the guideline.

“Denosumab also had a favorable long-term net benefit, but bisphosphonates are much cheaper than other pharmacologic treatments and available in generic formulations,” the document states.

The new guideline suggests use of denosumab as second-line pharmacotherapy in adults who have contraindications to or experience adverse effects with bisphosphonates.

The choice among bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid) would be based on a patient-centered discussion between physician and patient, addressing costs (often related to insurance), delivery-mode preferences (oral versus intravenous), and “values,” which includes the patient’s priorities, concerns, and expectations regarding their health care, Dr. Cooney explained.

Another update in the new guideline is, “We also clarify the specific, albeit more limited, role of sclerostin inhibitors and recombinant PTH ‘to reduce the risk of fractures only in females with primary osteoporosis with very high-risk of fracture’,” Dr. Cooney noted.

In addition, the guideline now states, “treatment to reduce the risk of fractures in males rather than limiting it to ‘vertebral fracture’ in men,” as in the 2017 guideline.

It also explicitly includes denosumab as second-line therapy for men, Dr. Cooney noted, but as in 2017, the strength of evidence in men remains low.

“Finally, we also clarified that in females over the age of 65 with low bone mass or osteopenia that an individualized approach be taken to treatment (similar to last guideline), but if treatment is initiated, that a bisphosphonate be used (new content),” he said.

The use of estrogen, treatment duration, drug discontinuation, and serial bone mineral density monitoring were not addressed in this guideline, but will likely be evaluated within 2 to 3 years.
 

‘Osteoporosis treatment: Not easy’ – editorial

In her editorial, Dr. Ott writes: “The data about bisphosphonates may seem overwhelmingly positive, leading to strong recommendations for their use to treat osteoporosis, but the decision to start a bisphosphonate is actually not that easy.”

“A strong recommendation should be given only when future studies are unlikely to change it,” continues Dr. Ott, professor of medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.

“Yet, data already suggest that, in patients with serious osteoporosis, treatment should start with anabolic medications because previous treatment with either bisphosphonates or denosumab will prevent the anabolic response of newer medications.”

“Starting with bisphosphonate will change the bone so it will not respond to the newer medicines, and then a patient will lose the chance for getting the best improvement,” Dr. Ott clarified in an email to this news organization.

But, in fact, the new guidance does suggest that, to reduce the risk of fractures in females with primary osteoporosis at very high risk of fracture, one should consider use of the sclerostin inhibitor romosozumab (moderate-certainty evidence) or recombinant human parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) (low-certainty evidence) followed by a bisphosphonate (conditional recommendation).

Dr. Ott said: “If the [fracture] risk is high, then we should start with an anabolic medication for 1-2 years. If the risk is medium, then use a bisphosphonate for up to 5 years, and then stop and monitor the patient for signs that the medicine is wearing off,” based on blood and urine tests.
 

‘We need medicines that will stop bone aging’

Osteopenia is defined by an arbitrary bone density measurement, Dr. Ott explained. “About half of women over 65 will have osteopenia, and by age 85 there are hardly any ‘normal’ women left.”

“We need medicines that will stop bone aging, which might sound impossible, but we should still try,” she continued.

“In the meantime, while waiting on new discoveries,” Dr. Ott said, “I would not use bisphosphonates in patients who did not already have a fracture or whose bone density T-score was better than –2.5 because, in the major study, alendronate did not prevent fractures in this group.”

Many people are worried about bisphosphonates because of problems with the jaw or femur. These are real, but they are very rare during the first 5 years of treatment, Dr. Ott noted. Then the risk starts to rise, up to more than 1 in 1,000 after 8 years. So people can get the benefits of these drugs with very low risk for 5 years.

“An immediate [guideline] update is necessary to address the severity of bone loss and the high risk for vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab,” Dr. Ott urged.

“I don’t agree with using denosumab for osteoporosis as a second-line treatment,” she said. “I would use it only in patients who have cancer or unusually high bone resorption. You have to get a dose strictly every 6 months, and if you need to stop, it is recommended to treat with bisphosphonates. Denosumab is a poor choice for somebody who does not want to take a bisphosphonate. Many patients and even too many doctors do not realize how serious it can be to skip a dose.”

“I also think that men could be treated with anabolic medications,” Dr. Ott said. “Clinical trials show they respond the same as women. Many men have osteoporosis as a consequence of low testosterone, and then they can usually be treated with testosterone. Osteoporosis in men is a serious problem that is too often ignored – almost reverse discrimination.”

It is also unfortunate that the review and recommendations do not address estrogen, one of the most effective medications to prevent osteoporotic fractures, according to Dr. Ott.
 

Clinical considerations in addition to drug types

The new guideline also advises:

• Clinicians treating adults with osteoporosis should encourage adherence to recommended treatments and healthy lifestyle habits, including exercise, and counseling to evaluate and prevent falls.
• All adults with osteopenia or osteoporosis should have adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, as part of fracture prevention.
• Clinicians should assess baseline fracture risk based on bone density, fracture history, fracture risk factors, and response to prior osteoporosis treatments.
• Current evidence suggests that more than 3-5 years of bisphosphonate therapy reduces risk for new vertebral but not other fractures; however, it also increases risk for long-term harms. Therefore, clinicians should consider stopping bisphosphonate treatment after 5 years unless the patient has a strong indication for treatment continuation.
• The decision for a bisphosphonate holiday (temporary discontinuation) and its duration should be based on baseline fracture risk, medication half-life in bone, and benefits and harms.
• Women treated with an anabolic agent who discontinue it should be offered an antiresorptive agent to preserve gains and because of serious risk for rebound and multiple vertebral fractures.
• Adults older than 65 years with osteoporosis may be at increased risk for falls or other adverse events because of drug interactions.
• Transgender persons have variable risk for low bone mass.

The review and guideline were funded by the ACP. Dr. Ott has reported no relevant disclosures. Relevant financial disclosures for other authors are listed with the guideline and review.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The American College of Physicians has updated their guideline for pharmacotherapy to reduce fracture risk in adults with primary osteoporosis or osteopenia (low bone mass) based on a systematic review of the evidence.

This is the first update for 5 years since the previous guidance was published in 2017.

It strongly recommends initial therapy with bisphosphonates for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, as well as men with osteoporosis, among other recommendations.

However, the author of an accompanying editorial, Susan M. Ott, MD, says: “The decision to start a bisphosphonate is actually not that easy.”

She also queries some of the other recommendations in the guidance.

Her editorial, along with the guideline by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MPH, and colleagues, and systematic review by Chelsea Ayers, MPH, and colleagues, were published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.

Ryan D. Mire, MD, MACP, president of the ACP, gave a brief overview of the new guidance in a video.
 

Systematic review

The ACP commissioned a review of the evidence because it says new data have emerged on the efficacy of newer medications for osteoporosis and low bone mass, as well as treatment comparisons, and treatment in men.

The review authors identified 34 randomized controlled trials (in 100 publications) and 36 observational studies, which evaluated the following pharmacologic interventions:

• Antiresorptive drugs: four bisphosphonates (alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, zoledronate) and a RANK ligand inhibitor (denosumab).
• Anabolic drugs: an analog of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)–related protein (abaloparatide), recombinant human PTH (teriparatide), and a sclerostin inhibitor (romosozumab).
• Estrogen agonists: selective estrogen receptor modulators (bazedoxifene, raloxifene).

The authors focused on effectiveness and harms of active drugs compared with placebo or bisphosphonates.
 

Major changes from 2017 guidelines, some questions

“Though there are many nuanced changes in this [2023 guideline] version, perhaps the major change is the explicit hierarchy of pharmacologic recommendations: bisphosphonates first, then denosumab,” Thomas G. Cooney, MD, senior author of the clinical guideline, explained in an interview.

“Bisphosphonates had the most favorable balance among benefits, harms, patient values and preferences, and cost among the examined drugs in postmenopausal females with primary osteoporosis,” Dr. Cooney, professor of medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, noted, as is stated in the guideline.

“Denosumab also had a favorable long-term net benefit, but bisphosphonates are much cheaper than other pharmacologic treatments and available in generic formulations,” the document states.

The new guideline suggests use of denosumab as second-line pharmacotherapy in adults who have contraindications to or experience adverse effects with bisphosphonates.

The choice among bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid) would be based on a patient-centered discussion between physician and patient, addressing costs (often related to insurance), delivery-mode preferences (oral versus intravenous), and “values,” which includes the patient’s priorities, concerns, and expectations regarding their health care, Dr. Cooney explained.

Another update in the new guideline is, “We also clarify the specific, albeit more limited, role of sclerostin inhibitors and recombinant PTH ‘to reduce the risk of fractures only in females with primary osteoporosis with very high-risk of fracture’,” Dr. Cooney noted.

In addition, the guideline now states, “treatment to reduce the risk of fractures in males rather than limiting it to ‘vertebral fracture’ in men,” as in the 2017 guideline.

It also explicitly includes denosumab as second-line therapy for men, Dr. Cooney noted, but as in 2017, the strength of evidence in men remains low.

“Finally, we also clarified that in females over the age of 65 with low bone mass or osteopenia that an individualized approach be taken to treatment (similar to last guideline), but if treatment is initiated, that a bisphosphonate be used (new content),” he said.

The use of estrogen, treatment duration, drug discontinuation, and serial bone mineral density monitoring were not addressed in this guideline, but will likely be evaluated within 2 to 3 years.
 

‘Osteoporosis treatment: Not easy’ – editorial

In her editorial, Dr. Ott writes: “The data about bisphosphonates may seem overwhelmingly positive, leading to strong recommendations for their use to treat osteoporosis, but the decision to start a bisphosphonate is actually not that easy.”

“A strong recommendation should be given only when future studies are unlikely to change it,” continues Dr. Ott, professor of medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.

“Yet, data already suggest that, in patients with serious osteoporosis, treatment should start with anabolic medications because previous treatment with either bisphosphonates or denosumab will prevent the anabolic response of newer medications.”

“Starting with bisphosphonate will change the bone so it will not respond to the newer medicines, and then a patient will lose the chance for getting the best improvement,” Dr. Ott clarified in an email to this news organization.

But, in fact, the new guidance does suggest that, to reduce the risk of fractures in females with primary osteoporosis at very high risk of fracture, one should consider use of the sclerostin inhibitor romosozumab (moderate-certainty evidence) or recombinant human parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) (low-certainty evidence) followed by a bisphosphonate (conditional recommendation).

Dr. Ott said: “If the [fracture] risk is high, then we should start with an anabolic medication for 1-2 years. If the risk is medium, then use a bisphosphonate for up to 5 years, and then stop and monitor the patient for signs that the medicine is wearing off,” based on blood and urine tests.
 

‘We need medicines that will stop bone aging’

Osteopenia is defined by an arbitrary bone density measurement, Dr. Ott explained. “About half of women over 65 will have osteopenia, and by age 85 there are hardly any ‘normal’ women left.”

“We need medicines that will stop bone aging, which might sound impossible, but we should still try,” she continued.

“In the meantime, while waiting on new discoveries,” Dr. Ott said, “I would not use bisphosphonates in patients who did not already have a fracture or whose bone density T-score was better than –2.5 because, in the major study, alendronate did not prevent fractures in this group.”

Many people are worried about bisphosphonates because of problems with the jaw or femur. These are real, but they are very rare during the first 5 years of treatment, Dr. Ott noted. Then the risk starts to rise, up to more than 1 in 1,000 after 8 years. So people can get the benefits of these drugs with very low risk for 5 years.

“An immediate [guideline] update is necessary to address the severity of bone loss and the high risk for vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab,” Dr. Ott urged.

“I don’t agree with using denosumab for osteoporosis as a second-line treatment,” she said. “I would use it only in patients who have cancer or unusually high bone resorption. You have to get a dose strictly every 6 months, and if you need to stop, it is recommended to treat with bisphosphonates. Denosumab is a poor choice for somebody who does not want to take a bisphosphonate. Many patients and even too many doctors do not realize how serious it can be to skip a dose.”

“I also think that men could be treated with anabolic medications,” Dr. Ott said. “Clinical trials show they respond the same as women. Many men have osteoporosis as a consequence of low testosterone, and then they can usually be treated with testosterone. Osteoporosis in men is a serious problem that is too often ignored – almost reverse discrimination.”

It is also unfortunate that the review and recommendations do not address estrogen, one of the most effective medications to prevent osteoporotic fractures, according to Dr. Ott.
 

Clinical considerations in addition to drug types

The new guideline also advises:

• Clinicians treating adults with osteoporosis should encourage adherence to recommended treatments and healthy lifestyle habits, including exercise, and counseling to evaluate and prevent falls.
• All adults with osteopenia or osteoporosis should have adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, as part of fracture prevention.
• Clinicians should assess baseline fracture risk based on bone density, fracture history, fracture risk factors, and response to prior osteoporosis treatments.
• Current evidence suggests that more than 3-5 years of bisphosphonate therapy reduces risk for new vertebral but not other fractures; however, it also increases risk for long-term harms. Therefore, clinicians should consider stopping bisphosphonate treatment after 5 years unless the patient has a strong indication for treatment continuation.
• The decision for a bisphosphonate holiday (temporary discontinuation) and its duration should be based on baseline fracture risk, medication half-life in bone, and benefits and harms.
• Women treated with an anabolic agent who discontinue it should be offered an antiresorptive agent to preserve gains and because of serious risk for rebound and multiple vertebral fractures.
• Adults older than 65 years with osteoporosis may be at increased risk for falls or other adverse events because of drug interactions.
• Transgender persons have variable risk for low bone mass.

The review and guideline were funded by the ACP. Dr. Ott has reported no relevant disclosures. Relevant financial disclosures for other authors are listed with the guideline and review.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The American College of Physicians has updated their guideline for pharmacotherapy to reduce fracture risk in adults with primary osteoporosis or osteopenia (low bone mass) based on a systematic review of the evidence.

This is the first update for 5 years since the previous guidance was published in 2017.

It strongly recommends initial therapy with bisphosphonates for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, as well as men with osteoporosis, among other recommendations.

However, the author of an accompanying editorial, Susan M. Ott, MD, says: “The decision to start a bisphosphonate is actually not that easy.”

She also queries some of the other recommendations in the guidance.

Her editorial, along with the guideline by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MPH, and colleagues, and systematic review by Chelsea Ayers, MPH, and colleagues, were published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.

Ryan D. Mire, MD, MACP, president of the ACP, gave a brief overview of the new guidance in a video.
 

Systematic review

The ACP commissioned a review of the evidence because it says new data have emerged on the efficacy of newer medications for osteoporosis and low bone mass, as well as treatment comparisons, and treatment in men.

The review authors identified 34 randomized controlled trials (in 100 publications) and 36 observational studies, which evaluated the following pharmacologic interventions:

• Antiresorptive drugs: four bisphosphonates (alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, zoledronate) and a RANK ligand inhibitor (denosumab).
• Anabolic drugs: an analog of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)–related protein (abaloparatide), recombinant human PTH (teriparatide), and a sclerostin inhibitor (romosozumab).
• Estrogen agonists: selective estrogen receptor modulators (bazedoxifene, raloxifene).

The authors focused on effectiveness and harms of active drugs compared with placebo or bisphosphonates.
 

Major changes from 2017 guidelines, some questions

“Though there are many nuanced changes in this [2023 guideline] version, perhaps the major change is the explicit hierarchy of pharmacologic recommendations: bisphosphonates first, then denosumab,” Thomas G. Cooney, MD, senior author of the clinical guideline, explained in an interview.

“Bisphosphonates had the most favorable balance among benefits, harms, patient values and preferences, and cost among the examined drugs in postmenopausal females with primary osteoporosis,” Dr. Cooney, professor of medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, noted, as is stated in the guideline.

“Denosumab also had a favorable long-term net benefit, but bisphosphonates are much cheaper than other pharmacologic treatments and available in generic formulations,” the document states.

The new guideline suggests use of denosumab as second-line pharmacotherapy in adults who have contraindications to or experience adverse effects with bisphosphonates.

The choice among bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid) would be based on a patient-centered discussion between physician and patient, addressing costs (often related to insurance), delivery-mode preferences (oral versus intravenous), and “values,” which includes the patient’s priorities, concerns, and expectations regarding their health care, Dr. Cooney explained.

Another update in the new guideline is, “We also clarify the specific, albeit more limited, role of sclerostin inhibitors and recombinant PTH ‘to reduce the risk of fractures only in females with primary osteoporosis with very high-risk of fracture’,” Dr. Cooney noted.

In addition, the guideline now states, “treatment to reduce the risk of fractures in males rather than limiting it to ‘vertebral fracture’ in men,” as in the 2017 guideline.

It also explicitly includes denosumab as second-line therapy for men, Dr. Cooney noted, but as in 2017, the strength of evidence in men remains low.

“Finally, we also clarified that in females over the age of 65 with low bone mass or osteopenia that an individualized approach be taken to treatment (similar to last guideline), but if treatment is initiated, that a bisphosphonate be used (new content),” he said.

The use of estrogen, treatment duration, drug discontinuation, and serial bone mineral density monitoring were not addressed in this guideline, but will likely be evaluated within 2 to 3 years.
 

‘Osteoporosis treatment: Not easy’ – editorial

In her editorial, Dr. Ott writes: “The data about bisphosphonates may seem overwhelmingly positive, leading to strong recommendations for their use to treat osteoporosis, but the decision to start a bisphosphonate is actually not that easy.”

“A strong recommendation should be given only when future studies are unlikely to change it,” continues Dr. Ott, professor of medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.

“Yet, data already suggest that, in patients with serious osteoporosis, treatment should start with anabolic medications because previous treatment with either bisphosphonates or denosumab will prevent the anabolic response of newer medications.”

“Starting with bisphosphonate will change the bone so it will not respond to the newer medicines, and then a patient will lose the chance for getting the best improvement,” Dr. Ott clarified in an email to this news organization.

But, in fact, the new guidance does suggest that, to reduce the risk of fractures in females with primary osteoporosis at very high risk of fracture, one should consider use of the sclerostin inhibitor romosozumab (moderate-certainty evidence) or recombinant human parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) (low-certainty evidence) followed by a bisphosphonate (conditional recommendation).

Dr. Ott said: “If the [fracture] risk is high, then we should start with an anabolic medication for 1-2 years. If the risk is medium, then use a bisphosphonate for up to 5 years, and then stop and monitor the patient for signs that the medicine is wearing off,” based on blood and urine tests.
 

‘We need medicines that will stop bone aging’

Osteopenia is defined by an arbitrary bone density measurement, Dr. Ott explained. “About half of women over 65 will have osteopenia, and by age 85 there are hardly any ‘normal’ women left.”

“We need medicines that will stop bone aging, which might sound impossible, but we should still try,” she continued.

“In the meantime, while waiting on new discoveries,” Dr. Ott said, “I would not use bisphosphonates in patients who did not already have a fracture or whose bone density T-score was better than –2.5 because, in the major study, alendronate did not prevent fractures in this group.”

Many people are worried about bisphosphonates because of problems with the jaw or femur. These are real, but they are very rare during the first 5 years of treatment, Dr. Ott noted. Then the risk starts to rise, up to more than 1 in 1,000 after 8 years. So people can get the benefits of these drugs with very low risk for 5 years.

“An immediate [guideline] update is necessary to address the severity of bone loss and the high risk for vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab,” Dr. Ott urged.

“I don’t agree with using denosumab for osteoporosis as a second-line treatment,” she said. “I would use it only in patients who have cancer or unusually high bone resorption. You have to get a dose strictly every 6 months, and if you need to stop, it is recommended to treat with bisphosphonates. Denosumab is a poor choice for somebody who does not want to take a bisphosphonate. Many patients and even too many doctors do not realize how serious it can be to skip a dose.”

“I also think that men could be treated with anabolic medications,” Dr. Ott said. “Clinical trials show they respond the same as women. Many men have osteoporosis as a consequence of low testosterone, and then they can usually be treated with testosterone. Osteoporosis in men is a serious problem that is too often ignored – almost reverse discrimination.”

It is also unfortunate that the review and recommendations do not address estrogen, one of the most effective medications to prevent osteoporotic fractures, according to Dr. Ott.
 

Clinical considerations in addition to drug types

The new guideline also advises:

• Clinicians treating adults with osteoporosis should encourage adherence to recommended treatments and healthy lifestyle habits, including exercise, and counseling to evaluate and prevent falls.
• All adults with osteopenia or osteoporosis should have adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, as part of fracture prevention.
• Clinicians should assess baseline fracture risk based on bone density, fracture history, fracture risk factors, and response to prior osteoporosis treatments.
• Current evidence suggests that more than 3-5 years of bisphosphonate therapy reduces risk for new vertebral but not other fractures; however, it also increases risk for long-term harms. Therefore, clinicians should consider stopping bisphosphonate treatment after 5 years unless the patient has a strong indication for treatment continuation.
• The decision for a bisphosphonate holiday (temporary discontinuation) and its duration should be based on baseline fracture risk, medication half-life in bone, and benefits and harms.
• Women treated with an anabolic agent who discontinue it should be offered an antiresorptive agent to preserve gains and because of serious risk for rebound and multiple vertebral fractures.
• Adults older than 65 years with osteoporosis may be at increased risk for falls or other adverse events because of drug interactions.
• Transgender persons have variable risk for low bone mass.

The review and guideline were funded by the ACP. Dr. Ott has reported no relevant disclosures. Relevant financial disclosures for other authors are listed with the guideline and review.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

It’s officially 2023, and if history repeats, millions of Americans are likely vowing that this year will be one when they drop those unwanted pounds for good. After all, weight loss usually lands one of the top spots on New Year’s resolution surveys. 

And just in time, there’s guidance to pick the best plan, as U.S. News & World Report’s annual rankings of the best diet plans were released on Jan. 3.

Once again, the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and fish, got the top spot, as best diet overall. It’s the sixth consecutive year for that win. But many other diets got top marks as well.

In 2023, U.S. News, with the help of more than 30 nutritionists, doctors, and epidemiologists, ranked 24 diets in several categories to help people find a plan that meets their goals, whether it’s finding the best weight loss diet, easiest one to follow, or plans for other goals, such as managing diabetes or heart disease. Two new categories were added: Best Diets for Bone & Joint Health and Best Family-Friendly Diets. 

In previous years, the publication ranked 40 diets. Even if a diet is no longer ranked, its profile with detailed information remains on the site. 

“Each year we ask ourselves what we can do better or differently next time,” said Gretel Schueller, managing editor of health for U.S. News. When the publication got feedback from their experts this year, they had requests to consider sustainability of diets and whether they meet a busy family’s needs, in addition to considering many other factors. 

This year’s report ranks plans in 11 categories.

The winners and the categories:
 

Best diets overall

After the Mediterranean diet, two others tied for second place:

• DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which fights high blood pressure and emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy.
• Flexitarian diet, which focuses on fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods but also allows occasional meat.

Best weight-loss diets

WW, formerly known as Weight Watchers, got first place. The plan emphasizes not only weight loss but healthier eating and regular activity. The Points program, which assigns specific points to foods, with a daily Points budget, is more personalized than in the past.

• DASH got second place.
• Mayo Clinic Diet and TLC diet tied for third place. The Mayo Clinic Diet focuses on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It helps people improve their eating habits. The TLC diet (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes) focuses on vegetables, fruit, lean protein, and reducing cholesterol levels. 

Best fast weight-loss diets

The keto diet got first place. It’s a high-fat, low-carb diet that aims to achieve weight loss through fat burning. Four others tied for second place:

• Atkins, a diet created by the cardiologist Robert Atkins, which begins with very few carbs and then recommends progressively eating more until the weight loss goal is achieved 
• Nutrisystem, a commercial program that includes prepackaged meals and focuses on high-protein, lower-glycemic foods to stabilize blood sugar levels
• Optavia, a plan focused on low-carb, low-calorie foods and including fortified meal replacements 
• SlimFast Diet, a plan of shakes, smoothies, and meal bars to replace two of three meals a day

Best diets for healthy eating

• Mediterranean
• DASH
• Flexitarian

Best heart-healthy diets

• DASH
• Mediterranean
• Flexitarian and Ornish tied for third. The Ornish Diet focuses on plant-based and whole foods and limiting animal products. It recommends daily exercise and stress reduction.

Best diets for diabetes

• DASH
• Mediterranean
• Flexitarian

Best diets for bone and joint health

DASH and Mediterranean are in a first-place tie, followed by the flexitarian diet.

Best family-friendly diets

This category has a three-way tie: the flexitarian, Mediterranean, and TLC diets. 

Best plant-based diets

Mediterranean was first, then flexitarian and the MIND diet. The MIND diet combines the DASH and Mediterranean diets and focuses on “brain-healthy” foods.

Easiest diets to follow

Flexitarian and TLC tied for first, followed by a tie between DASH and Mediterranean.

Best diet programs (formerly called commercial plans)

• WW
• There was a tie for second place between Jenny Craig and Noom, the latter of which focuses on low-calorie foods, with personalized calorie ranges and coaching to help meet goals.

Methodology

A variety of factors were considered, such as whether a diet includes all food groups, how easy it is to follow, whether it can be customized to meet cultural and personal preferences, and if it has a realistic timeline for weight loss. 

Response from diet plans

Representatives from two plans that received mixed reviews in the rankings responded.

Jenny Craig was ranked second for best diet program but much lower for family friendly, landing at 22nd place of 24. 

“Our program is designed to address the needs of the individual through personalized experiences,” Jenny Craig CEO Mandy Dowson said. “We have many families that participate in our program together but are still evaluated separately to determine appropriate individual goals.”

Its high ranking for best diet program reflects feedback from satisfied members, she said. Among advances will be the new Jenny Fresh program, a line of entrées prepared fresh and delivered to customers’ doors.

Atkins got second place for best fast weight loss but ranked near the bottom for best overall, best weight loss, diabetes, healthy eating, and heart health. In response, Colette Heimowitz, vice president of nutrition and education for Simply Good Foods, which makes Atkins’s food products, said that low-carb eating approaches are a viable option for anyone today.

“There are more than 130 independent, peer-reviewed published studies that show the efficacy and safety of low-carb eating,” she said. “The studies have been conducted for several decades and counting.” 
 

Expert perspective

Samantha Cassetty, a registered dietitian, nutritionist, and wellness expert in New York and author of Sugar Shock, reviewed the report for this news organization. She was not involved in the rankings.

“I think what this shows you is, the best diet overall is also the best for various conditions,” she said. For instance, the Mediterranean, the No. 1 overall, also got high ranking for diabetes, heart health, and bone and joint health.

For consumers trying to lose weight: “If you see fast weight loss, that should be a red flag. A healthy diet for weight loss is one you can sustain,” she said. 

She’s not a fan of the programs with prepackaged foods. “It takes the guesswork out, but the portion sizes tend to be unsatisfying. They don’t teach you how to deal with some of the challenges [such as realizing an ‘ideal’ portion size].”
 

How to use the report

Ms. Schueller’s advice: “Recognize that no diet fits everyone.” When considering which plan to choose, she suggests thinking long-term. 

“Whatever we choose has to work in the long run,” she said.

Consumers should consider expenses, meal prep time, and whether the diet fits their lifestyle.

Ideally, she said, the best diet “teaches you smart food preparation and how to make healthy choices, allows the flexibility to be social and eat with groups, whether family or friends.”

Before choosing a diet to follow, consult a medical professional for input on the decision, U.S. News cautioned.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

It’s officially 2023, and if history repeats, millions of Americans are likely vowing that this year will be one when they drop those unwanted pounds for good. After all, weight loss usually lands one of the top spots on New Year’s resolution surveys. 

And just in time, there’s guidance to pick the best plan, as U.S. News & World Report’s annual rankings of the best diet plans were released on Jan. 3.

Once again, the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and fish, got the top spot, as best diet overall. It’s the sixth consecutive year for that win. But many other diets got top marks as well.

In 2023, U.S. News, with the help of more than 30 nutritionists, doctors, and epidemiologists, ranked 24 diets in several categories to help people find a plan that meets their goals, whether it’s finding the best weight loss diet, easiest one to follow, or plans for other goals, such as managing diabetes or heart disease. Two new categories were added: Best Diets for Bone & Joint Health and Best Family-Friendly Diets. 

In previous years, the publication ranked 40 diets. Even if a diet is no longer ranked, its profile with detailed information remains on the site. 

“Each year we ask ourselves what we can do better or differently next time,” said Gretel Schueller, managing editor of health for U.S. News. When the publication got feedback from their experts this year, they had requests to consider sustainability of diets and whether they meet a busy family’s needs, in addition to considering many other factors. 

This year’s report ranks plans in 11 categories.

The winners and the categories:
 

Best diets overall

After the Mediterranean diet, two others tied for second place:

• DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which fights high blood pressure and emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy.
• Flexitarian diet, which focuses on fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods but also allows occasional meat.

Best weight-loss diets

WW, formerly known as Weight Watchers, got first place. The plan emphasizes not only weight loss but healthier eating and regular activity. The Points program, which assigns specific points to foods, with a daily Points budget, is more personalized than in the past.

• DASH got second place.
• Mayo Clinic Diet and TLC diet tied for third place. The Mayo Clinic Diet focuses on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It helps people improve their eating habits. The TLC diet (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes) focuses on vegetables, fruit, lean protein, and reducing cholesterol levels. 

Best fast weight-loss diets

The keto diet got first place. It’s a high-fat, low-carb diet that aims to achieve weight loss through fat burning. Four others tied for second place:

• Atkins, a diet created by the cardiologist Robert Atkins, which begins with very few carbs and then recommends progressively eating more until the weight loss goal is achieved 
• Nutrisystem, a commercial program that includes prepackaged meals and focuses on high-protein, lower-glycemic foods to stabilize blood sugar levels
• Optavia, a plan focused on low-carb, low-calorie foods and including fortified meal replacements 
• SlimFast Diet, a plan of shakes, smoothies, and meal bars to replace two of three meals a day

Best diets for healthy eating

• Mediterranean
• DASH
• Flexitarian

Best heart-healthy diets

• DASH
• Mediterranean
• Flexitarian and Ornish tied for third. The Ornish Diet focuses on plant-based and whole foods and limiting animal products. It recommends daily exercise and stress reduction.

Best diets for diabetes

• DASH
• Mediterranean
• Flexitarian

Best diets for bone and joint health

DASH and Mediterranean are in a first-place tie, followed by the flexitarian diet.

Best family-friendly diets

This category has a three-way tie: the flexitarian, Mediterranean, and TLC diets. 

Best plant-based diets

Mediterranean was first, then flexitarian and the MIND diet. The MIND diet combines the DASH and Mediterranean diets and focuses on “brain-healthy” foods.

Easiest diets to follow

Flexitarian and TLC tied for first, followed by a tie between DASH and Mediterranean.

Best diet programs (formerly called commercial plans)

• WW
• There was a tie for second place between Jenny Craig and Noom, the latter of which focuses on low-calorie foods, with personalized calorie ranges and coaching to help meet goals.

Methodology

A variety of factors were considered, such as whether a diet includes all food groups, how easy it is to follow, whether it can be customized to meet cultural and personal preferences, and if it has a realistic timeline for weight loss. 

Response from diet plans

Representatives from two plans that received mixed reviews in the rankings responded.

Jenny Craig was ranked second for best diet program but much lower for family friendly, landing at 22nd place of 24. 

“Our program is designed to address the needs of the individual through personalized experiences,” Jenny Craig CEO Mandy Dowson said. “We have many families that participate in our program together but are still evaluated separately to determine appropriate individual goals.”

Its high ranking for best diet program reflects feedback from satisfied members, she said. Among advances will be the new Jenny Fresh program, a line of entrées prepared fresh and delivered to customers’ doors.

Atkins got second place for best fast weight loss but ranked near the bottom for best overall, best weight loss, diabetes, healthy eating, and heart health. In response, Colette Heimowitz, vice president of nutrition and education for Simply Good Foods, which makes Atkins’s food products, said that low-carb eating approaches are a viable option for anyone today.

“There are more than 130 independent, peer-reviewed published studies that show the efficacy and safety of low-carb eating,” she said. “The studies have been conducted for several decades and counting.” 
 

Expert perspective

Samantha Cassetty, a registered dietitian, nutritionist, and wellness expert in New York and author of Sugar Shock, reviewed the report for this news organization. She was not involved in the rankings.

“I think what this shows you is, the best diet overall is also the best for various conditions,” she said. For instance, the Mediterranean, the No. 1 overall, also got high ranking for diabetes, heart health, and bone and joint health.

For consumers trying to lose weight: “If you see fast weight loss, that should be a red flag. A healthy diet for weight loss is one you can sustain,” she said. 

She’s not a fan of the programs with prepackaged foods. “It takes the guesswork out, but the portion sizes tend to be unsatisfying. They don’t teach you how to deal with some of the challenges [such as realizing an ‘ideal’ portion size].”
 

How to use the report

Ms. Schueller’s advice: “Recognize that no diet fits everyone.” When considering which plan to choose, she suggests thinking long-term. 

“Whatever we choose has to work in the long run,” she said.

Consumers should consider expenses, meal prep time, and whether the diet fits their lifestyle.

Ideally, she said, the best diet “teaches you smart food preparation and how to make healthy choices, allows the flexibility to be social and eat with groups, whether family or friends.”

Before choosing a diet to follow, consult a medical professional for input on the decision, U.S. News cautioned.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

It’s officially 2023, and if history repeats, millions of Americans are likely vowing that this year will be one when they drop those unwanted pounds for good. After all, weight loss usually lands one of the top spots on New Year’s resolution surveys. 

And just in time, there’s guidance to pick the best plan, as U.S. News & World Report’s annual rankings of the best diet plans were released on Jan. 3.

Once again, the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and fish, got the top spot, as best diet overall. It’s the sixth consecutive year for that win. But many other diets got top marks as well.

In 2023, U.S. News, with the help of more than 30 nutritionists, doctors, and epidemiologists, ranked 24 diets in several categories to help people find a plan that meets their goals, whether it’s finding the best weight loss diet, easiest one to follow, or plans for other goals, such as managing diabetes or heart disease. Two new categories were added: Best Diets for Bone & Joint Health and Best Family-Friendly Diets. 

In previous years, the publication ranked 40 diets. Even if a diet is no longer ranked, its profile with detailed information remains on the site. 

“Each year we ask ourselves what we can do better or differently next time,” said Gretel Schueller, managing editor of health for U.S. News. When the publication got feedback from their experts this year, they had requests to consider sustainability of diets and whether they meet a busy family’s needs, in addition to considering many other factors. 

This year’s report ranks plans in 11 categories.

The winners and the categories:
 

Best diets overall

After the Mediterranean diet, two others tied for second place:

• DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which fights high blood pressure and emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy.
• Flexitarian diet, which focuses on fruits, vegetables, and other healthy foods but also allows occasional meat.

Best weight-loss diets

WW, formerly known as Weight Watchers, got first place. The plan emphasizes not only weight loss but healthier eating and regular activity. The Points program, which assigns specific points to foods, with a daily Points budget, is more personalized than in the past.

• DASH got second place.
• Mayo Clinic Diet and TLC diet tied for third place. The Mayo Clinic Diet focuses on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It helps people improve their eating habits. The TLC diet (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes) focuses on vegetables, fruit, lean protein, and reducing cholesterol levels. 

Best fast weight-loss diets

The keto diet got first place. It’s a high-fat, low-carb diet that aims to achieve weight loss through fat burning. Four others tied for second place:

• Atkins, a diet created by the cardiologist Robert Atkins, which begins with very few carbs and then recommends progressively eating more until the weight loss goal is achieved 
• Nutrisystem, a commercial program that includes prepackaged meals and focuses on high-protein, lower-glycemic foods to stabilize blood sugar levels
• Optavia, a plan focused on low-carb, low-calorie foods and including fortified meal replacements 
• SlimFast Diet, a plan of shakes, smoothies, and meal bars to replace two of three meals a day

Best diets for healthy eating

• Mediterranean
• DASH
• Flexitarian

Best heart-healthy diets

• DASH
• Mediterranean
• Flexitarian and Ornish tied for third. The Ornish Diet focuses on plant-based and whole foods and limiting animal products. It recommends daily exercise and stress reduction.

Best diets for diabetes

• DASH
• Mediterranean
• Flexitarian

Best diets for bone and joint health

DASH and Mediterranean are in a first-place tie, followed by the flexitarian diet.

Best family-friendly diets

This category has a three-way tie: the flexitarian, Mediterranean, and TLC diets. 

Best plant-based diets

Mediterranean was first, then flexitarian and the MIND diet. The MIND diet combines the DASH and Mediterranean diets and focuses on “brain-healthy” foods.

Easiest diets to follow

Flexitarian and TLC tied for first, followed by a tie between DASH and Mediterranean.

Best diet programs (formerly called commercial plans)

• WW
• There was a tie for second place between Jenny Craig and Noom, the latter of which focuses on low-calorie foods, with personalized calorie ranges and coaching to help meet goals.

Methodology

A variety of factors were considered, such as whether a diet includes all food groups, how easy it is to follow, whether it can be customized to meet cultural and personal preferences, and if it has a realistic timeline for weight loss. 

Response from diet plans

Representatives from two plans that received mixed reviews in the rankings responded.

Jenny Craig was ranked second for best diet program but much lower for family friendly, landing at 22nd place of 24. 

“Our program is designed to address the needs of the individual through personalized experiences,” Jenny Craig CEO Mandy Dowson said. “We have many families that participate in our program together but are still evaluated separately to determine appropriate individual goals.”

Its high ranking for best diet program reflects feedback from satisfied members, she said. Among advances will be the new Jenny Fresh program, a line of entrées prepared fresh and delivered to customers’ doors.

Atkins got second place for best fast weight loss but ranked near the bottom for best overall, best weight loss, diabetes, healthy eating, and heart health. In response, Colette Heimowitz, vice president of nutrition and education for Simply Good Foods, which makes Atkins’s food products, said that low-carb eating approaches are a viable option for anyone today.

“There are more than 130 independent, peer-reviewed published studies that show the efficacy and safety of low-carb eating,” she said. “The studies have been conducted for several decades and counting.” 
 

Expert perspective

Samantha Cassetty, a registered dietitian, nutritionist, and wellness expert in New York and author of Sugar Shock, reviewed the report for this news organization. She was not involved in the rankings.

“I think what this shows you is, the best diet overall is also the best for various conditions,” she said. For instance, the Mediterranean, the No. 1 overall, also got high ranking for diabetes, heart health, and bone and joint health.

For consumers trying to lose weight: “If you see fast weight loss, that should be a red flag. A healthy diet for weight loss is one you can sustain,” she said. 

She’s not a fan of the programs with prepackaged foods. “It takes the guesswork out, but the portion sizes tend to be unsatisfying. They don’t teach you how to deal with some of the challenges [such as realizing an ‘ideal’ portion size].”
 

How to use the report

Ms. Schueller’s advice: “Recognize that no diet fits everyone.” When considering which plan to choose, she suggests thinking long-term. 

“Whatever we choose has to work in the long run,” she said.

Consumers should consider expenses, meal prep time, and whether the diet fits their lifestyle.

Ideally, she said, the best diet “teaches you smart food preparation and how to make healthy choices, allows the flexibility to be social and eat with groups, whether family or friends.”

Before choosing a diet to follow, consult a medical professional for input on the decision, U.S. News cautioned.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth could rise by nearly 700% by 2060 if recent trends for the disease continue, according to a new study published in Diabetes Care.

It is expected that as many as 526,000 people younger than 20 years in the United States will have diabetes by 2060, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. Their projections found that the number of young people with diabetes will increase 12%, from 213,000 in 2017 to 239,000 in 2060.

The estimates include a 673% rise in the number of youth with type 2 diabetes and a 65% increase in cases of type 1 diabetes over the next 4 decades.

Most of the new cases are projected to occur among non-Hispanic Blacks, exacerbating the already significant racial disparities in type 2 diabetes in particular, the study found.

“This study’s startling projections of type 2 diabetes increases show why it is crucial to advance health equity and reduce the widespread disparities that already take a toll on people’s health,” Christopher Holliday, PhD, MPH, FACHE, director of CDC’s Division of Diabetes Translation, said in a press release about the new estimates.

Even if trends remain the same in coming decades, researchers said diagnoses of type 2 diabetes will rise almost 70% and that diagnoses of type 1 diabetes will increase by 3%.

The researchers attribute the increase in diabetes cases among youth to a variety of factors, including the growing prevalence of childhood obesity and the presence of diabetes in women of childbearing age, which is linked to obesity in their offspring.

Debra Houry, MD, MPH, acting principal director of the CDC, said the focus should be on prevention.

“This new research should serve as a wake-up call for all of us. It’s vital that we focus our efforts to ensure all Americans, especially our young people, are the healthiest they can be,” she said in a press release.

The findings come from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, funded by the CDC and the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Houry and Dr. Holliday report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth could rise by nearly 700% by 2060 if recent trends for the disease continue, according to a new study published in Diabetes Care.

It is expected that as many as 526,000 people younger than 20 years in the United States will have diabetes by 2060, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. Their projections found that the number of young people with diabetes will increase 12%, from 213,000 in 2017 to 239,000 in 2060.

The estimates include a 673% rise in the number of youth with type 2 diabetes and a 65% increase in cases of type 1 diabetes over the next 4 decades.

Most of the new cases are projected to occur among non-Hispanic Blacks, exacerbating the already significant racial disparities in type 2 diabetes in particular, the study found.

“This study’s startling projections of type 2 diabetes increases show why it is crucial to advance health equity and reduce the widespread disparities that already take a toll on people’s health,” Christopher Holliday, PhD, MPH, FACHE, director of CDC’s Division of Diabetes Translation, said in a press release about the new estimates.

Even if trends remain the same in coming decades, researchers said diagnoses of type 2 diabetes will rise almost 70% and that diagnoses of type 1 diabetes will increase by 3%.

The researchers attribute the increase in diabetes cases among youth to a variety of factors, including the growing prevalence of childhood obesity and the presence of diabetes in women of childbearing age, which is linked to obesity in their offspring.

Debra Houry, MD, MPH, acting principal director of the CDC, said the focus should be on prevention.

“This new research should serve as a wake-up call for all of us. It’s vital that we focus our efforts to ensure all Americans, especially our young people, are the healthiest they can be,” she said in a press release.

The findings come from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, funded by the CDC and the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Houry and Dr. Holliday report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth could rise by nearly 700% by 2060 if recent trends for the disease continue, according to a new study published in Diabetes Care.

It is expected that as many as 526,000 people younger than 20 years in the United States will have diabetes by 2060, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report. Their projections found that the number of young people with diabetes will increase 12%, from 213,000 in 2017 to 239,000 in 2060.

The estimates include a 673% rise in the number of youth with type 2 diabetes and a 65% increase in cases of type 1 diabetes over the next 4 decades.

Most of the new cases are projected to occur among non-Hispanic Blacks, exacerbating the already significant racial disparities in type 2 diabetes in particular, the study found.

“This study’s startling projections of type 2 diabetes increases show why it is crucial to advance health equity and reduce the widespread disparities that already take a toll on people’s health,” Christopher Holliday, PhD, MPH, FACHE, director of CDC’s Division of Diabetes Translation, said in a press release about the new estimates.

Even if trends remain the same in coming decades, researchers said diagnoses of type 2 diabetes will rise almost 70% and that diagnoses of type 1 diabetes will increase by 3%.

The researchers attribute the increase in diabetes cases among youth to a variety of factors, including the growing prevalence of childhood obesity and the presence of diabetes in women of childbearing age, which is linked to obesity in their offspring.

Debra Houry, MD, MPH, acting principal director of the CDC, said the focus should be on prevention.

“This new research should serve as a wake-up call for all of us. It’s vital that we focus our efforts to ensure all Americans, especially our young people, are the healthiest they can be,” she said in a press release.

The findings come from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, funded by the CDC and the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Houry and Dr. Holliday report no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Irregular and especially long menstrual cycles, particularly in early and mid adulthood, are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This finding is demonstrated in a new analysis of the Nurses’ Health Study II.

“To date, several studies have reported increased risks of cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular disease in connection with cycle disorders,” Yi-Xin Wang, MD, PhD, a research fellow in nutrition, and associates from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, wrote in an article published in JAMA Network Open.

Ute Seeland, MD, speaker of the Gender Medicine in Cardiology Working Group of the German Cardiology Society, said in an interview“We know that women who have indicated in their medical history that they have irregular menstrual cycles, invariably in connection with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), more commonly develop diabetes and other metabolic disorders, as well as cardiovascular diseases.”
 

Cycle disorders’ role

However, the role that irregular or especially long cycles play at different points of a woman’s reproductive life span was unclear. Therefore, the research group investigated the associations in the Nurses’ Health Study II between cycle irregularity and cycle length in women of different age groups who later experienced cardiovascular events.

At the end of this study in 1989, the participants also provided information regarding the length and irregularity of their menstrual cycle from ages 14 to 17 years and again from ages 18 to 22 years. The information was updated in 1993 when the participants were aged 29-46 years. The data from 2019 to 2022 were analyzed.

“This kind of long-term cohort study is extremely rare and therefore something special,” said Dr. Seeland, who conducts research at the Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics at the Charité – University Hospital Berlin.

The investigators used the following cycle classifications: very regular (no more than 3 or 4 days before or after the expected date), regular (within 5-7 days), usually irregular, always irregular, or no periods.

The cycle lengths were divided into the following categories: less than 21 days, 21-25 days, 26-31 days, 32-39 days, 40-50 days, more than 50 days, and too irregular to estimate the length.

The onset of cardiovascular diseases was determined using information from the participants and was confirmed by reviewing the medical files. Relevant to the study were lethal and nonlethal coronary heart diseases (such as myocardial infarction or coronary artery revascularization), as well as strokes.
 

Significant in adulthood

The data from 80,630 study participants were included in the analysis. At study inclusion, the average age of the participants was 37.7 years, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 25.1. “Since it was predominantly White nurses who took part in the study, the data are not transferable to other, more diverse populations,” said Dr. Seeland.

Over 24 years, 1,816 women (2.4%) had a cardiovascular event. “We observed an increased rate of cardiovascular events in women with an irregular cycle and longer cycle, both in early an in mid-adulthood,” wrote Dr. Wang and associates. “Similar trends were also observed for cycle disorders when younger, but this association was weaker than in adulthood.”

Compared with women with very regular cycles, women with irregular cycles or without periods who were aged 14-17 years, 18-22 years, or 29-49 years exhibited a 15%, 36%, and 40% higher risk of a cardiovascular event, respectively.

Similarly, women aged 18-22 years or 29-46 years with long cycles of 40 days or more had a 44% or 30% higher risk of cardiovascular disease, respectively, compared with women with cycle lengths of 26-31 days.

“The coronary heart diseases were decisive for the increase, and less so, the strokes,” wrote the researchers.
 

Classic risk factors?

Dr. Seeland praised the fact that the study authors tried to determine the role that classic cardiovascular risk factors played. “Compared with women with a regular cycle, women with an irregular cycle had a higher BMI, more frequently increased cholesterol levels, and an elevated blood pressure,” she said. Women with a long cycle displayed a similar pattern.

It can be assumed from this that over a woman’s life span, BMI affects the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Dr. Wang and coauthors adjusted the results on the basis of BMI, which varies over time.

Regarding other classic risk factors that may have played a role, “hypercholesterolemia, chronic high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes were only responsible in 5.4%-13.5% of the associations,” wrote the researchers.

“Our results suggest that certain characteristics of the menstrual cycle across a woman’s reproductive lifespan may constitute additional risk markers for cardiovascular disease,” according to the authors.

The highest rates of cardiovascular disease were among women with permanently irregular or long cycles in early to mid adulthood, as well as women who had regular cycles when younger but had irregular cycles in mid adulthood. “This indicates that the change from one cycle phenotype to another could be a surrogate marker for metabolic changes, which in turn contribute to the formation of cardiovascular diseases,” wrote the authors.

The study was observational and so conclusions cannot be drawn regarding causal relationships. But Dr. Wang and associates indicate that the most common cause of an irregular menstrual cycle may be PCOS. “Roughly 90% of women with cycle disorders or oligomenorrhea have signs of PCOS. And it was shown that women with PCOS have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.”

They concluded that “the associations observed between irregular and long cycles in early to mid-adulthood and cardiovascular diseases are likely attributable to underlying PCOS.”

For Dr. Seeland, however, this conclusion is “too monocausal. At no point in time did there seem to be any direct information regarding the frequency of PCOS during the data collection by the respondents.”

For now, we can only speculate about the mechanisms. “The association between a very irregular and long cycle and the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases has now only been described. More research should be done on the causes,” said Dr. Seeland.

This article was translated from the Medscape German edition. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Irregular and especially long menstrual cycles, particularly in early and mid adulthood, are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This finding is demonstrated in a new analysis of the Nurses’ Health Study II.

“To date, several studies have reported increased risks of cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular disease in connection with cycle disorders,” Yi-Xin Wang, MD, PhD, a research fellow in nutrition, and associates from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, wrote in an article published in JAMA Network Open.

Ute Seeland, MD, speaker of the Gender Medicine in Cardiology Working Group of the German Cardiology Society, said in an interview“We know that women who have indicated in their medical history that they have irregular menstrual cycles, invariably in connection with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), more commonly develop diabetes and other metabolic disorders, as well as cardiovascular diseases.”
 

Cycle disorders’ role

However, the role that irregular or especially long cycles play at different points of a woman’s reproductive life span was unclear. Therefore, the research group investigated the associations in the Nurses’ Health Study II between cycle irregularity and cycle length in women of different age groups who later experienced cardiovascular events.

At the end of this study in 1989, the participants also provided information regarding the length and irregularity of their menstrual cycle from ages 14 to 17 years and again from ages 18 to 22 years. The information was updated in 1993 when the participants were aged 29-46 years. The data from 2019 to 2022 were analyzed.

“This kind of long-term cohort study is extremely rare and therefore something special,” said Dr. Seeland, who conducts research at the Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics at the Charité – University Hospital Berlin.

The investigators used the following cycle classifications: very regular (no more than 3 or 4 days before or after the expected date), regular (within 5-7 days), usually irregular, always irregular, or no periods.

The cycle lengths were divided into the following categories: less than 21 days, 21-25 days, 26-31 days, 32-39 days, 40-50 days, more than 50 days, and too irregular to estimate the length.

The onset of cardiovascular diseases was determined using information from the participants and was confirmed by reviewing the medical files. Relevant to the study were lethal and nonlethal coronary heart diseases (such as myocardial infarction or coronary artery revascularization), as well as strokes.
 

Significant in adulthood

The data from 80,630 study participants were included in the analysis. At study inclusion, the average age of the participants was 37.7 years, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 25.1. “Since it was predominantly White nurses who took part in the study, the data are not transferable to other, more diverse populations,” said Dr. Seeland.

Over 24 years, 1,816 women (2.4%) had a cardiovascular event. “We observed an increased rate of cardiovascular events in women with an irregular cycle and longer cycle, both in early an in mid-adulthood,” wrote Dr. Wang and associates. “Similar trends were also observed for cycle disorders when younger, but this association was weaker than in adulthood.”

Compared with women with very regular cycles, women with irregular cycles or without periods who were aged 14-17 years, 18-22 years, or 29-49 years exhibited a 15%, 36%, and 40% higher risk of a cardiovascular event, respectively.

Similarly, women aged 18-22 years or 29-46 years with long cycles of 40 days or more had a 44% or 30% higher risk of cardiovascular disease, respectively, compared with women with cycle lengths of 26-31 days.

“The coronary heart diseases were decisive for the increase, and less so, the strokes,” wrote the researchers.
 

Classic risk factors?

Dr. Seeland praised the fact that the study authors tried to determine the role that classic cardiovascular risk factors played. “Compared with women with a regular cycle, women with an irregular cycle had a higher BMI, more frequently increased cholesterol levels, and an elevated blood pressure,” she said. Women with a long cycle displayed a similar pattern.

It can be assumed from this that over a woman’s life span, BMI affects the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Dr. Wang and coauthors adjusted the results on the basis of BMI, which varies over time.

Regarding other classic risk factors that may have played a role, “hypercholesterolemia, chronic high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes were only responsible in 5.4%-13.5% of the associations,” wrote the researchers.

“Our results suggest that certain characteristics of the menstrual cycle across a woman’s reproductive lifespan may constitute additional risk markers for cardiovascular disease,” according to the authors.

The highest rates of cardiovascular disease were among women with permanently irregular or long cycles in early to mid adulthood, as well as women who had regular cycles when younger but had irregular cycles in mid adulthood. “This indicates that the change from one cycle phenotype to another could be a surrogate marker for metabolic changes, which in turn contribute to the formation of cardiovascular diseases,” wrote the authors.

The study was observational and so conclusions cannot be drawn regarding causal relationships. But Dr. Wang and associates indicate that the most common cause of an irregular menstrual cycle may be PCOS. “Roughly 90% of women with cycle disorders or oligomenorrhea have signs of PCOS. And it was shown that women with PCOS have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.”

They concluded that “the associations observed between irregular and long cycles in early to mid-adulthood and cardiovascular diseases are likely attributable to underlying PCOS.”

For Dr. Seeland, however, this conclusion is “too monocausal. At no point in time did there seem to be any direct information regarding the frequency of PCOS during the data collection by the respondents.”

For now, we can only speculate about the mechanisms. “The association between a very irregular and long cycle and the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases has now only been described. More research should be done on the causes,” said Dr. Seeland.

This article was translated from the Medscape German edition. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

Irregular and especially long menstrual cycles, particularly in early and mid adulthood, are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This finding is demonstrated in a new analysis of the Nurses’ Health Study II.

“To date, several studies have reported increased risks of cardiovascular risk factors or cardiovascular disease in connection with cycle disorders,” Yi-Xin Wang, MD, PhD, a research fellow in nutrition, and associates from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, wrote in an article published in JAMA Network Open.

Ute Seeland, MD, speaker of the Gender Medicine in Cardiology Working Group of the German Cardiology Society, said in an interview“We know that women who have indicated in their medical history that they have irregular menstrual cycles, invariably in connection with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), more commonly develop diabetes and other metabolic disorders, as well as cardiovascular diseases.”
 

Cycle disorders’ role

However, the role that irregular or especially long cycles play at different points of a woman’s reproductive life span was unclear. Therefore, the research group investigated the associations in the Nurses’ Health Study II between cycle irregularity and cycle length in women of different age groups who later experienced cardiovascular events.

At the end of this study in 1989, the participants also provided information regarding the length and irregularity of their menstrual cycle from ages 14 to 17 years and again from ages 18 to 22 years. The information was updated in 1993 when the participants were aged 29-46 years. The data from 2019 to 2022 were analyzed.

“This kind of long-term cohort study is extremely rare and therefore something special,” said Dr. Seeland, who conducts research at the Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics at the Charité – University Hospital Berlin.

The investigators used the following cycle classifications: very regular (no more than 3 or 4 days before or after the expected date), regular (within 5-7 days), usually irregular, always irregular, or no periods.

The cycle lengths were divided into the following categories: less than 21 days, 21-25 days, 26-31 days, 32-39 days, 40-50 days, more than 50 days, and too irregular to estimate the length.

The onset of cardiovascular diseases was determined using information from the participants and was confirmed by reviewing the medical files. Relevant to the study were lethal and nonlethal coronary heart diseases (such as myocardial infarction or coronary artery revascularization), as well as strokes.
 

Significant in adulthood

The data from 80,630 study participants were included in the analysis. At study inclusion, the average age of the participants was 37.7 years, and the average body mass index (BMI) was 25.1. “Since it was predominantly White nurses who took part in the study, the data are not transferable to other, more diverse populations,” said Dr. Seeland.

Over 24 years, 1,816 women (2.4%) had a cardiovascular event. “We observed an increased rate of cardiovascular events in women with an irregular cycle and longer cycle, both in early an in mid-adulthood,” wrote Dr. Wang and associates. “Similar trends were also observed for cycle disorders when younger, but this association was weaker than in adulthood.”

Compared with women with very regular cycles, women with irregular cycles or without periods who were aged 14-17 years, 18-22 years, or 29-49 years exhibited a 15%, 36%, and 40% higher risk of a cardiovascular event, respectively.

Similarly, women aged 18-22 years or 29-46 years with long cycles of 40 days or more had a 44% or 30% higher risk of cardiovascular disease, respectively, compared with women with cycle lengths of 26-31 days.

“The coronary heart diseases were decisive for the increase, and less so, the strokes,” wrote the researchers.
 

Classic risk factors?

Dr. Seeland praised the fact that the study authors tried to determine the role that classic cardiovascular risk factors played. “Compared with women with a regular cycle, women with an irregular cycle had a higher BMI, more frequently increased cholesterol levels, and an elevated blood pressure,” she said. Women with a long cycle displayed a similar pattern.

It can be assumed from this that over a woman’s life span, BMI affects the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Dr. Wang and coauthors adjusted the results on the basis of BMI, which varies over time.

Regarding other classic risk factors that may have played a role, “hypercholesterolemia, chronic high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes were only responsible in 5.4%-13.5% of the associations,” wrote the researchers.

“Our results suggest that certain characteristics of the menstrual cycle across a woman’s reproductive lifespan may constitute additional risk markers for cardiovascular disease,” according to the authors.

The highest rates of cardiovascular disease were among women with permanently irregular or long cycles in early to mid adulthood, as well as women who had regular cycles when younger but had irregular cycles in mid adulthood. “This indicates that the change from one cycle phenotype to another could be a surrogate marker for metabolic changes, which in turn contribute to the formation of cardiovascular diseases,” wrote the authors.

The study was observational and so conclusions cannot be drawn regarding causal relationships. But Dr. Wang and associates indicate that the most common cause of an irregular menstrual cycle may be PCOS. “Roughly 90% of women with cycle disorders or oligomenorrhea have signs of PCOS. And it was shown that women with PCOS have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.”

They concluded that “the associations observed between irregular and long cycles in early to mid-adulthood and cardiovascular diseases are likely attributable to underlying PCOS.”

For Dr. Seeland, however, this conclusion is “too monocausal. At no point in time did there seem to be any direct information regarding the frequency of PCOS during the data collection by the respondents.”

For now, we can only speculate about the mechanisms. “The association between a very irregular and long cycle and the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases has now only been described. More research should be done on the causes,” said Dr. Seeland.

This article was translated from the Medscape German edition. A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

LISBON – Efforts are underway to better identify which individuals with so-called “prediabetes” are at greatest risk for developing type 2 diabetes and subsequent complications, and therefore merit more intensive intervention.

“Prediabetes” is the term coined to refer to either “impaired fasting glucose (IFG)” or “impaired glucose tolerance (IGT),” both denoting levels of elevated glycemia that don’t meet the thresholds for diabetes. It’s a heterogeneous group overall, and despite its name, not everyone with prediabetes will progress to develop type 2 diabetes.

There have been major increases in prediabetes in the United States and globally over the past 2 decades, epidemiologist Elizabeth Selvin, PhD, said at the recent IDF World Diabetes Congress 2022.

She noted that the concept of “prediabetes” has been controversial, previously dubbed a “dubious diagnosis” and a “boon for Pharma” in a 2019 Science article.

Others have said it’s “not a medical condition” and that it’s “an artificial category with virtually zero clinical relevance” in a press statement issued for a 2014 BMJ article.

“I don’t agree with these statements entirely but I think they speak to the confusion and tremendous controversy around the concept of prediabetes ... I think instead of calling prediabetes a ‘dubious diagnosis’ we should think of it as an opportunity,” said Dr. Selvin, of Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.

She proposes trying to home in on those with highest risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which she suggests could be achieved by using a combination of elevated fasting glucose and an elevated A1c, although she stresses that this isn’t in any official guidance.

With the appropriate definition, people who are truly at risk for progression to type 2 diabetes can be identified so that lifestyle factors and cardiovascular risk can be addressed, and weight loss efforts implemented.

“Prevention of weight gain is ... important. That message often gets lost. Even if we can’t get people to lose weight, preventing [further] weight gain is important,” she noted.

Asked to comment, Sue Kirkman, MD, told this news organization, “The term prediabetes – or IFG or IGT or any of the ‘intermediate’ terms – is pragmatic in a way. It helps clinicians and patients understand that they are in a higher-risk category and might need intervention and likely need ongoing monitoring. But like many other risk factors [such as] blood pressure, [high] BMI, etc., the risk is not dichotomous but a continuum.

“People at the low end of the ‘intermediate’ range are not going to have much more risk compared to people who are ‘normal,’ while those at the high end of the range have very high risk,” said Dr. Kirkman, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and a coauthor of the American Diabetes Association’s diabetes and prediabetes classifications.

“So we lose information if we just lump everyone into a single category. For individual patients, we definitely need better ways to estimate and communicate their potential risk.”


 

Currently five definitions for prediabetes: Home in on risk

The problem, Dr. Selvin explained, is that currently there are five official definitions for “prediabetes” using cutoffs for hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, or an oral glucose tolerance test.

Each one identifies different numbers of people with differing risk levels, ranging from a prevalence of 4.3% of the middle-aged adult population with the International Expert Committee’s definition of A1c 6.0%-6.4% to 43.5% with the American Diabetes Association’s 100-125 mg/dL fasting glucose.

“That’s an enormous difference. No wonder people are confused about who has prediabetes and what we should do about it,” Dr. Selvin said, adding that the concern about overdiagnosing “prediabetes” is even greater for older populations, in whom “it’s incredibly common to have mildly elevated glucose.”  

Hence her proposal of what she sees as an evidence-based, “really easy solution” that clinicians can use now to better identify which patients with “intermediate hyperglycemia” to be most concerned about: Use a combination of fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL and an A1c greater than 5.7%.

“If you have both fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c, you can use them together ... This is not codified in any guidelines. You won’t see this mentioned anywhere. The guidelines are silent on what to do when some people have an elevated fasting glucose but not an elevated A1c ... but I think a simple message is that if people have both an elevated fasting glucose and an elevated A1c, that’s a very high-risk group,” she said.

On the other hand, Dr. Kirkman pointed out, “most discrepancies are near the margins, as in one test is slightly elevated and one isn’t, so those people probably are at low risk.

“It may be that both being elevated means higher risk because they have more hyperglycemia ... so it seems reasonable, but only if it changes what you tell people.”

For example, Dr. Kirkman said, “I’d tell someone with A1c of 5.8% and fasting glucose of 99 mg/dL the same thing I’d tell someone with that A1c and a glucose of 104 mg/dL – that their risk is still pretty low – and I’d recommend healthy lifestyle and weight loss if overweight either way.”

However, she also said, “Certainly people with higher glucose or A1c are at much higher risk, and same for those with both.”
 

Tie “prediabetes” definition to risk, as cardiology scores do?

Dr. Selvin also believes that risk-based definitions of prediabetes are needed. Ideally, these would incorporate demographics and clinical factors such as age and body mass index. Other biomarkers could potentially be developed and validated for inclusion in the definition, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, or even genetic/proteomic information.  

Moreover, she thinks that the definition should be tied to clinical decision-making, as is the pooled cohort equation in cardiology.

“I think we could do something very similar in prediabetes,” she suggested, adding that even simply incorporating age and BMI into the definition could help further stratify the risk level until other predictors are validated.

Dr. Kirkman said, “The concept of risk scores a la cardiology is interesting, although we’d have to make them simple and also validate them against some outcome.”

Regarding the age issue, Dr. Kirkman noted that although age wasn’t a predictor of progression to type 2 diabetes in the placebo arm of the landmark Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial, “I do agree that it’s a problem that many older folks have the label of prediabetes because of a mildly elevated A1c and we know that most will never get diabetes.”

And, she noted, in the DPP people with prediabetes who had a BMI over 35 kg/m² did have significantly higher progression rates than those with lower BMI, while women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus are also known to be at particularly high risk.
 

Whom should we throw the kitchen sink at?

Some of this discussion, Dr. Kirkman said, “is really a philosophical one, especially when you consider that lifestyle intervention has benefits for almost everyone on many short- and long-term outcomes.”

“The question is probably whom we should ‘throw the kitchen sink at,’ who should get more scalable advice that might apply to everyone regardless of glycemic levels, and whether there’s some more intermediate group that needs more of a [National Diabetes Prevention Program] approach.”

Dr. Selvin’s group is now working on gathering data to inform development of a risk-based prediabetes definition. “We have a whole research effort in this area. I hope that with some really strong data on risk in prediabetes, that can help to solve the heterogeneity issue. I’m focused on bringing evidence to bear to change the guidelines.”

In the meantime, she told this news organization, “I think there are things we can do now to provide more guidance. I get a lot of feedback from people saying things like ‘my physician told me I have prediabetes but now I don’t’ or ‘I saw in my labs that my blood sugar is elevated but my doctor never said anything.’  That’s a communications issue where we can do a better job.”

The meeting was sponsored by the International Diabetes Federation.

Dr. Selvin is deputy editor of Diabetes Care and on the editorial board of Diabetologia. She receives funding from the NIH and the Foundation for the NIH, and royalties from UpToDate for sections related to screening, diagnosis, and laboratory testing for diabetes. Dr. Kirkman reports no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

LISBON – Efforts are underway to better identify which individuals with so-called “prediabetes” are at greatest risk for developing type 2 diabetes and subsequent complications, and therefore merit more intensive intervention.

“Prediabetes” is the term coined to refer to either “impaired fasting glucose (IFG)” or “impaired glucose tolerance (IGT),” both denoting levels of elevated glycemia that don’t meet the thresholds for diabetes. It’s a heterogeneous group overall, and despite its name, not everyone with prediabetes will progress to develop type 2 diabetes.

There have been major increases in prediabetes in the United States and globally over the past 2 decades, epidemiologist Elizabeth Selvin, PhD, said at the recent IDF World Diabetes Congress 2022.

She noted that the concept of “prediabetes” has been controversial, previously dubbed a “dubious diagnosis” and a “boon for Pharma” in a 2019 Science article.

Others have said it’s “not a medical condition” and that it’s “an artificial category with virtually zero clinical relevance” in a press statement issued for a 2014 BMJ article.

“I don’t agree with these statements entirely but I think they speak to the confusion and tremendous controversy around the concept of prediabetes ... I think instead of calling prediabetes a ‘dubious diagnosis’ we should think of it as an opportunity,” said Dr. Selvin, of Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.

She proposes trying to home in on those with highest risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which she suggests could be achieved by using a combination of elevated fasting glucose and an elevated A1c, although she stresses that this isn’t in any official guidance.

With the appropriate definition, people who are truly at risk for progression to type 2 diabetes can be identified so that lifestyle factors and cardiovascular risk can be addressed, and weight loss efforts implemented.

“Prevention of weight gain is ... important. That message often gets lost. Even if we can’t get people to lose weight, preventing [further] weight gain is important,” she noted.

Asked to comment, Sue Kirkman, MD, told this news organization, “The term prediabetes – or IFG or IGT or any of the ‘intermediate’ terms – is pragmatic in a way. It helps clinicians and patients understand that they are in a higher-risk category and might need intervention and likely need ongoing monitoring. But like many other risk factors [such as] blood pressure, [high] BMI, etc., the risk is not dichotomous but a continuum.

“People at the low end of the ‘intermediate’ range are not going to have much more risk compared to people who are ‘normal,’ while those at the high end of the range have very high risk,” said Dr. Kirkman, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and a coauthor of the American Diabetes Association’s diabetes and prediabetes classifications.

“So we lose information if we just lump everyone into a single category. For individual patients, we definitely need better ways to estimate and communicate their potential risk.”


 

Currently five definitions for prediabetes: Home in on risk

The problem, Dr. Selvin explained, is that currently there are five official definitions for “prediabetes” using cutoffs for hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, or an oral glucose tolerance test.

Each one identifies different numbers of people with differing risk levels, ranging from a prevalence of 4.3% of the middle-aged adult population with the International Expert Committee’s definition of A1c 6.0%-6.4% to 43.5% with the American Diabetes Association’s 100-125 mg/dL fasting glucose.

“That’s an enormous difference. No wonder people are confused about who has prediabetes and what we should do about it,” Dr. Selvin said, adding that the concern about overdiagnosing “prediabetes” is even greater for older populations, in whom “it’s incredibly common to have mildly elevated glucose.”  

Hence her proposal of what she sees as an evidence-based, “really easy solution” that clinicians can use now to better identify which patients with “intermediate hyperglycemia” to be most concerned about: Use a combination of fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL and an A1c greater than 5.7%.

“If you have both fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c, you can use them together ... This is not codified in any guidelines. You won’t see this mentioned anywhere. The guidelines are silent on what to do when some people have an elevated fasting glucose but not an elevated A1c ... but I think a simple message is that if people have both an elevated fasting glucose and an elevated A1c, that’s a very high-risk group,” she said.

On the other hand, Dr. Kirkman pointed out, “most discrepancies are near the margins, as in one test is slightly elevated and one isn’t, so those people probably are at low risk.

“It may be that both being elevated means higher risk because they have more hyperglycemia ... so it seems reasonable, but only if it changes what you tell people.”

For example, Dr. Kirkman said, “I’d tell someone with A1c of 5.8% and fasting glucose of 99 mg/dL the same thing I’d tell someone with that A1c and a glucose of 104 mg/dL – that their risk is still pretty low – and I’d recommend healthy lifestyle and weight loss if overweight either way.”

However, she also said, “Certainly people with higher glucose or A1c are at much higher risk, and same for those with both.”
 

Tie “prediabetes” definition to risk, as cardiology scores do?

Dr. Selvin also believes that risk-based definitions of prediabetes are needed. Ideally, these would incorporate demographics and clinical factors such as age and body mass index. Other biomarkers could potentially be developed and validated for inclusion in the definition, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, or even genetic/proteomic information.  

Moreover, she thinks that the definition should be tied to clinical decision-making, as is the pooled cohort equation in cardiology.

“I think we could do something very similar in prediabetes,” she suggested, adding that even simply incorporating age and BMI into the definition could help further stratify the risk level until other predictors are validated.

Dr. Kirkman said, “The concept of risk scores a la cardiology is interesting, although we’d have to make them simple and also validate them against some outcome.”

Regarding the age issue, Dr. Kirkman noted that although age wasn’t a predictor of progression to type 2 diabetes in the placebo arm of the landmark Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial, “I do agree that it’s a problem that many older folks have the label of prediabetes because of a mildly elevated A1c and we know that most will never get diabetes.”

And, she noted, in the DPP people with prediabetes who had a BMI over 35 kg/m² did have significantly higher progression rates than those with lower BMI, while women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus are also known to be at particularly high risk.
 

Whom should we throw the kitchen sink at?

Some of this discussion, Dr. Kirkman said, “is really a philosophical one, especially when you consider that lifestyle intervention has benefits for almost everyone on many short- and long-term outcomes.”

“The question is probably whom we should ‘throw the kitchen sink at,’ who should get more scalable advice that might apply to everyone regardless of glycemic levels, and whether there’s some more intermediate group that needs more of a [National Diabetes Prevention Program] approach.”

Dr. Selvin’s group is now working on gathering data to inform development of a risk-based prediabetes definition. “We have a whole research effort in this area. I hope that with some really strong data on risk in prediabetes, that can help to solve the heterogeneity issue. I’m focused on bringing evidence to bear to change the guidelines.”

In the meantime, she told this news organization, “I think there are things we can do now to provide more guidance. I get a lot of feedback from people saying things like ‘my physician told me I have prediabetes but now I don’t’ or ‘I saw in my labs that my blood sugar is elevated but my doctor never said anything.’  That’s a communications issue where we can do a better job.”

The meeting was sponsored by the International Diabetes Federation.

Dr. Selvin is deputy editor of Diabetes Care and on the editorial board of Diabetologia. She receives funding from the NIH and the Foundation for the NIH, and royalties from UpToDate for sections related to screening, diagnosis, and laboratory testing for diabetes. Dr. Kirkman reports no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

LISBON – Efforts are underway to better identify which individuals with so-called “prediabetes” are at greatest risk for developing type 2 diabetes and subsequent complications, and therefore merit more intensive intervention.

“Prediabetes” is the term coined to refer to either “impaired fasting glucose (IFG)” or “impaired glucose tolerance (IGT),” both denoting levels of elevated glycemia that don’t meet the thresholds for diabetes. It’s a heterogeneous group overall, and despite its name, not everyone with prediabetes will progress to develop type 2 diabetes.

There have been major increases in prediabetes in the United States and globally over the past 2 decades, epidemiologist Elizabeth Selvin, PhD, said at the recent IDF World Diabetes Congress 2022.

She noted that the concept of “prediabetes” has been controversial, previously dubbed a “dubious diagnosis” and a “boon for Pharma” in a 2019 Science article.

Others have said it’s “not a medical condition” and that it’s “an artificial category with virtually zero clinical relevance” in a press statement issued for a 2014 BMJ article.

“I don’t agree with these statements entirely but I think they speak to the confusion and tremendous controversy around the concept of prediabetes ... I think instead of calling prediabetes a ‘dubious diagnosis’ we should think of it as an opportunity,” said Dr. Selvin, of Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.

She proposes trying to home in on those with highest risk of developing type 2 diabetes, which she suggests could be achieved by using a combination of elevated fasting glucose and an elevated A1c, although she stresses that this isn’t in any official guidance.

With the appropriate definition, people who are truly at risk for progression to type 2 diabetes can be identified so that lifestyle factors and cardiovascular risk can be addressed, and weight loss efforts implemented.

“Prevention of weight gain is ... important. That message often gets lost. Even if we can’t get people to lose weight, preventing [further] weight gain is important,” she noted.

Asked to comment, Sue Kirkman, MD, told this news organization, “The term prediabetes – or IFG or IGT or any of the ‘intermediate’ terms – is pragmatic in a way. It helps clinicians and patients understand that they are in a higher-risk category and might need intervention and likely need ongoing monitoring. But like many other risk factors [such as] blood pressure, [high] BMI, etc., the risk is not dichotomous but a continuum.

“People at the low end of the ‘intermediate’ range are not going to have much more risk compared to people who are ‘normal,’ while those at the high end of the range have very high risk,” said Dr. Kirkman, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and a coauthor of the American Diabetes Association’s diabetes and prediabetes classifications.

“So we lose information if we just lump everyone into a single category. For individual patients, we definitely need better ways to estimate and communicate their potential risk.”


 

Currently five definitions for prediabetes: Home in on risk

The problem, Dr. Selvin explained, is that currently there are five official definitions for “prediabetes” using cutoffs for hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, or an oral glucose tolerance test.

Each one identifies different numbers of people with differing risk levels, ranging from a prevalence of 4.3% of the middle-aged adult population with the International Expert Committee’s definition of A1c 6.0%-6.4% to 43.5% with the American Diabetes Association’s 100-125 mg/dL fasting glucose.

“That’s an enormous difference. No wonder people are confused about who has prediabetes and what we should do about it,” Dr. Selvin said, adding that the concern about overdiagnosing “prediabetes” is even greater for older populations, in whom “it’s incredibly common to have mildly elevated glucose.”  

Hence her proposal of what she sees as an evidence-based, “really easy solution” that clinicians can use now to better identify which patients with “intermediate hyperglycemia” to be most concerned about: Use a combination of fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL and an A1c greater than 5.7%.

“If you have both fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c, you can use them together ... This is not codified in any guidelines. You won’t see this mentioned anywhere. The guidelines are silent on what to do when some people have an elevated fasting glucose but not an elevated A1c ... but I think a simple message is that if people have both an elevated fasting glucose and an elevated A1c, that’s a very high-risk group,” she said.

On the other hand, Dr. Kirkman pointed out, “most discrepancies are near the margins, as in one test is slightly elevated and one isn’t, so those people probably are at low risk.

“It may be that both being elevated means higher risk because they have more hyperglycemia ... so it seems reasonable, but only if it changes what you tell people.”

For example, Dr. Kirkman said, “I’d tell someone with A1c of 5.8% and fasting glucose of 99 mg/dL the same thing I’d tell someone with that A1c and a glucose of 104 mg/dL – that their risk is still pretty low – and I’d recommend healthy lifestyle and weight loss if overweight either way.”

However, she also said, “Certainly people with higher glucose or A1c are at much higher risk, and same for those with both.”
 

Tie “prediabetes” definition to risk, as cardiology scores do?

Dr. Selvin also believes that risk-based definitions of prediabetes are needed. Ideally, these would incorporate demographics and clinical factors such as age and body mass index. Other biomarkers could potentially be developed and validated for inclusion in the definition, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, or even genetic/proteomic information.  

Moreover, she thinks that the definition should be tied to clinical decision-making, as is the pooled cohort equation in cardiology.

“I think we could do something very similar in prediabetes,” she suggested, adding that even simply incorporating age and BMI into the definition could help further stratify the risk level until other predictors are validated.

Dr. Kirkman said, “The concept of risk scores a la cardiology is interesting, although we’d have to make them simple and also validate them against some outcome.”

Regarding the age issue, Dr. Kirkman noted that although age wasn’t a predictor of progression to type 2 diabetes in the placebo arm of the landmark Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial, “I do agree that it’s a problem that many older folks have the label of prediabetes because of a mildly elevated A1c and we know that most will never get diabetes.”

And, she noted, in the DPP people with prediabetes who had a BMI over 35 kg/m² did have significantly higher progression rates than those with lower BMI, while women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus are also known to be at particularly high risk.
 

Whom should we throw the kitchen sink at?

Some of this discussion, Dr. Kirkman said, “is really a philosophical one, especially when you consider that lifestyle intervention has benefits for almost everyone on many short- and long-term outcomes.”

“The question is probably whom we should ‘throw the kitchen sink at,’ who should get more scalable advice that might apply to everyone regardless of glycemic levels, and whether there’s some more intermediate group that needs more of a [National Diabetes Prevention Program] approach.”

Dr. Selvin’s group is now working on gathering data to inform development of a risk-based prediabetes definition. “We have a whole research effort in this area. I hope that with some really strong data on risk in prediabetes, that can help to solve the heterogeneity issue. I’m focused on bringing evidence to bear to change the guidelines.”

In the meantime, she told this news organization, “I think there are things we can do now to provide more guidance. I get a lot of feedback from people saying things like ‘my physician told me I have prediabetes but now I don’t’ or ‘I saw in my labs that my blood sugar is elevated but my doctor never said anything.’  That’s a communications issue where we can do a better job.”

The meeting was sponsored by the International Diabetes Federation.

Dr. Selvin is deputy editor of Diabetes Care and on the editorial board of Diabetologia. She receives funding from the NIH and the Foundation for the NIH, and royalties from UpToDate for sections related to screening, diagnosis, and laboratory testing for diabetes. Dr. Kirkman reports no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

For many years, it has been believed that the aging process is inevitable and that age-related diseases cannot be prevented or reversed. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recognize aging as an indication for drug approval because there are no markers to determine whether possible treatments have a significant impact on the hallmarks of aging.

The field of geroscience aims to find ways to change this by delaying the onset of age-related diseases or by extending the life span. On May 19, 2021, experts in geroscience met virtually at a symposium of the New York Academy of Sciences. Presentations and discussions with experts in the field showed that remarkable advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying biological aging. Those mechanisms contribute to the vulnerability of older adults. The presentations focused on identifying biomarkers of aging and on the search for interventions to prevent and treat age-related diseases.

Perspectives from this meeting were published in a report.
 

An abridged glossary

• Senescent cells: These are old cells with irreversibly damaged DNA; they strongly resist apoptosis. Thus, they are not eliminated and continue to secrete pathogenic proinflammatory molecules.
• Senolytics: This is a class of compounds that promote the removal of senescent cells from the body.
• Autophagy: This is a process that promotes protein degradation, which is attenuated with aging and that impedes the aggregation of proteins harmful to cell function, particularly those of the central nervous system.
• Proteostasis: This is the dynamic regulation of protein homeostasis.
• Epigenetics: This is the field of biology that studies phenotype changes that are not caused by changes in DNA sequencing and that continue to affect cellular division.
• Metabolome: This refers to small molecules that make up the building blocks of all organismal features, from cell membranes to metabolic cycles to genes and proteins.
• Translational research: This involves applying primary research results to clinical research and vice versa.

Possible research topics

Senescence not only occurs with age but also drives aging. At the meeting, evidence was provided that senescent cells may exacerbate the clinical course of older adults in cases of infections (for example, COVID-19) as they lead to cytokine storms.

Experiments on old mice that have undergone genetic modification of senescent cells or the administration of “senolytic cocktails” composed of dasatinib plus quercetin protected the animals from the effects of viral infections. This finding corroborates the idea that factors involved in biological aging increase vulnerability and could be modified through treatment.

Alzheimer’s disease is an example of the effects of cellular senescence. Senescent cells develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that can be toxic to neighboring healthy cells and can allow senescence to propagate within tissues. This effect makes Alzheimer’s disease an essential focal point when studying the use of senolytics. In addition, agents that stimulate autophagy may be of interest for treating degenerative diseases.
 

Assessing therapeutic effects

It may be possible to assess the therapeutic effects of drug candidates using the following biomarkers.

• Growth hormone and type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1): Older adults are often prescribed growth hormone. However, recent data suggest that doing so is not advantageous to this patient population, because it antagonizes proteostasis and other cell maintenance mechanisms in older age. Experimental studies and studies conducted on centenarians suggest that low growth hormone and IGF-1 levels contribute to longevity and may be therapeutic biomarkers.
• Epigenetics: DNA methylation is a method that offers an “epigenetic clock” to compare biological age with chronologic age. Higher epigenetic age was associated with increased mortality risk, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, it could also be a therapeutic biomarker.
• Metabolomics: Studying metabolomes facilitates the identification of the link between genetic polymorphisms and longevity, as most polymorphisms explain less than 0.5% of longevity variations.
• New translational strategy: It is common practice to treat each age-related disease individually. An alternative strategy would be to target the hallmarks of biological aging to prevent these diseases from developing. The rate of biological aging correlates with the speed of damage accumulation at the macromolecular, organelle, and cellular levels. It also affects the capacity of the body to repair this damage. The assessment of biomarkers would make possibile research into the effects of short- and long-term treatments that minimize damage and enhance resilience related to diseases common with aging.

New translational research

The report highlights two translational research models: the in-depth study of centenarians and the analysis of how immune aging makes older adults vulnerable to COVID-19. The impact of impaired immunity on aging became particularly evident during the pandemic. However, to home in on immunity as a therapeutic target and to better understand immune resilience, the specific nature of immune and biological deficits still need to be defined.

Metformin is among the therapeutic agents under investigation in cutting-edge clinical research. Its effect on aging will be studied in the Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME) clinical trial. This trial is the first to study aging outcomes. The goal is to create a regulatory framework that future therapies can follow to achieve FDA approval.

There are three promising therapeutic platforms among the cutting-edge research studies. The first aims to produce adenosine triphosphate, levels of which decline dramatically with aging. The second aims to promote autophagy to remove cellular waste to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The third reprograms the epigenome to a younger state.

Research on mitochondrial dysfunction is relevant because it is highly involved in age-related diseases. Mitochondrial-derived peptides could potentially serve as biomarkers of mitochondrial function in aging studies and become promising therapeutic targets in age-related diseases. One of these peptides, humanin, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the heart, brain, and liver. Researchers observed that mitochondrial proteins are age-dependent and are suppressed by growth hormone and IGF-1. They also found that humanin levels are correlated with endothelial function. Data from animal studies have shown that sustained humanin levels are positively linked to longevity; these findings are mirrored in data from centenarians and their offspring, who have higher levels of humanin.

The formation of a Translational Geroscience Network composed of several scientists from various institutions should accelerate the application of this understanding. Despite the ongoing investigational and clinical studies, senolytics should not be regarded as extending life span or treating certain conditions, because their full safety profiles have not yet been elucidated.
 

Conclusion

Geroscience faces challenges in dealing with age-related problems. It is hoped that these challenges will be overcome through investigational and clinical studies on the mechanisms involved in aging. In-depth study of the interactions of underlying mechanisms of aging are needed to answer the following questions:

• Is there a hierarchical relationship among these mechanisms?
• Are there organ or cell-type differences in the interactions among these mechanisms?
• Is it possible to achieve a synergistic effect through combined interventions targeting several of the processes that drive aging?

It is complicated, but researchers are starting to see the light at the end of the tunnel.

This article was translated from the Medscape Portuguese edition and a version appeared on Medscape.com.

For many years, it has been believed that the aging process is inevitable and that age-related diseases cannot be prevented or reversed. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recognize aging as an indication for drug approval because there are no markers to determine whether possible treatments have a significant impact on the hallmarks of aging.

The field of geroscience aims to find ways to change this by delaying the onset of age-related diseases or by extending the life span. On May 19, 2021, experts in geroscience met virtually at a symposium of the New York Academy of Sciences. Presentations and discussions with experts in the field showed that remarkable advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying biological aging. Those mechanisms contribute to the vulnerability of older adults. The presentations focused on identifying biomarkers of aging and on the search for interventions to prevent and treat age-related diseases.

Perspectives from this meeting were published in a report.
 

An abridged glossary

• Senescent cells: These are old cells with irreversibly damaged DNA; they strongly resist apoptosis. Thus, they are not eliminated and continue to secrete pathogenic proinflammatory molecules.
• Senolytics: This is a class of compounds that promote the removal of senescent cells from the body.
• Autophagy: This is a process that promotes protein degradation, which is attenuated with aging and that impedes the aggregation of proteins harmful to cell function, particularly those of the central nervous system.
• Proteostasis: This is the dynamic regulation of protein homeostasis.
• Epigenetics: This is the field of biology that studies phenotype changes that are not caused by changes in DNA sequencing and that continue to affect cellular division.
• Metabolome: This refers to small molecules that make up the building blocks of all organismal features, from cell membranes to metabolic cycles to genes and proteins.
• Translational research: This involves applying primary research results to clinical research and vice versa.

Possible research topics

Senescence not only occurs with age but also drives aging. At the meeting, evidence was provided that senescent cells may exacerbate the clinical course of older adults in cases of infections (for example, COVID-19) as they lead to cytokine storms.

Experiments on old mice that have undergone genetic modification of senescent cells or the administration of “senolytic cocktails” composed of dasatinib plus quercetin protected the animals from the effects of viral infections. This finding corroborates the idea that factors involved in biological aging increase vulnerability and could be modified through treatment.

Alzheimer’s disease is an example of the effects of cellular senescence. Senescent cells develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that can be toxic to neighboring healthy cells and can allow senescence to propagate within tissues. This effect makes Alzheimer’s disease an essential focal point when studying the use of senolytics. In addition, agents that stimulate autophagy may be of interest for treating degenerative diseases.
 

Assessing therapeutic effects

It may be possible to assess the therapeutic effects of drug candidates using the following biomarkers.

• Growth hormone and type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1): Older adults are often prescribed growth hormone. However, recent data suggest that doing so is not advantageous to this patient population, because it antagonizes proteostasis and other cell maintenance mechanisms in older age. Experimental studies and studies conducted on centenarians suggest that low growth hormone and IGF-1 levels contribute to longevity and may be therapeutic biomarkers.
• Epigenetics: DNA methylation is a method that offers an “epigenetic clock” to compare biological age with chronologic age. Higher epigenetic age was associated with increased mortality risk, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, it could also be a therapeutic biomarker.
• Metabolomics: Studying metabolomes facilitates the identification of the link between genetic polymorphisms and longevity, as most polymorphisms explain less than 0.5% of longevity variations.
• New translational strategy: It is common practice to treat each age-related disease individually. An alternative strategy would be to target the hallmarks of biological aging to prevent these diseases from developing. The rate of biological aging correlates with the speed of damage accumulation at the macromolecular, organelle, and cellular levels. It also affects the capacity of the body to repair this damage. The assessment of biomarkers would make possibile research into the effects of short- and long-term treatments that minimize damage and enhance resilience related to diseases common with aging.

New translational research

The report highlights two translational research models: the in-depth study of centenarians and the analysis of how immune aging makes older adults vulnerable to COVID-19. The impact of impaired immunity on aging became particularly evident during the pandemic. However, to home in on immunity as a therapeutic target and to better understand immune resilience, the specific nature of immune and biological deficits still need to be defined.

Metformin is among the therapeutic agents under investigation in cutting-edge clinical research. Its effect on aging will be studied in the Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME) clinical trial. This trial is the first to study aging outcomes. The goal is to create a regulatory framework that future therapies can follow to achieve FDA approval.

There are three promising therapeutic platforms among the cutting-edge research studies. The first aims to produce adenosine triphosphate, levels of which decline dramatically with aging. The second aims to promote autophagy to remove cellular waste to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The third reprograms the epigenome to a younger state.

Research on mitochondrial dysfunction is relevant because it is highly involved in age-related diseases. Mitochondrial-derived peptides could potentially serve as biomarkers of mitochondrial function in aging studies and become promising therapeutic targets in age-related diseases. One of these peptides, humanin, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the heart, brain, and liver. Researchers observed that mitochondrial proteins are age-dependent and are suppressed by growth hormone and IGF-1. They also found that humanin levels are correlated with endothelial function. Data from animal studies have shown that sustained humanin levels are positively linked to longevity; these findings are mirrored in data from centenarians and their offspring, who have higher levels of humanin.

The formation of a Translational Geroscience Network composed of several scientists from various institutions should accelerate the application of this understanding. Despite the ongoing investigational and clinical studies, senolytics should not be regarded as extending life span or treating certain conditions, because their full safety profiles have not yet been elucidated.
 

Conclusion

Geroscience faces challenges in dealing with age-related problems. It is hoped that these challenges will be overcome through investigational and clinical studies on the mechanisms involved in aging. In-depth study of the interactions of underlying mechanisms of aging are needed to answer the following questions:

• Is there a hierarchical relationship among these mechanisms?
• Are there organ or cell-type differences in the interactions among these mechanisms?
• Is it possible to achieve a synergistic effect through combined interventions targeting several of the processes that drive aging?

It is complicated, but researchers are starting to see the light at the end of the tunnel.

This article was translated from the Medscape Portuguese edition and a version appeared on Medscape.com.

For many years, it has been believed that the aging process is inevitable and that age-related diseases cannot be prevented or reversed. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recognize aging as an indication for drug approval because there are no markers to determine whether possible treatments have a significant impact on the hallmarks of aging.

The field of geroscience aims to find ways to change this by delaying the onset of age-related diseases or by extending the life span. On May 19, 2021, experts in geroscience met virtually at a symposium of the New York Academy of Sciences. Presentations and discussions with experts in the field showed that remarkable advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying biological aging. Those mechanisms contribute to the vulnerability of older adults. The presentations focused on identifying biomarkers of aging and on the search for interventions to prevent and treat age-related diseases.

Perspectives from this meeting were published in a report.
 

An abridged glossary

• Senescent cells: These are old cells with irreversibly damaged DNA; they strongly resist apoptosis. Thus, they are not eliminated and continue to secrete pathogenic proinflammatory molecules.
• Senolytics: This is a class of compounds that promote the removal of senescent cells from the body.
• Autophagy: This is a process that promotes protein degradation, which is attenuated with aging and that impedes the aggregation of proteins harmful to cell function, particularly those of the central nervous system.
• Proteostasis: This is the dynamic regulation of protein homeostasis.
• Epigenetics: This is the field of biology that studies phenotype changes that are not caused by changes in DNA sequencing and that continue to affect cellular division.
• Metabolome: This refers to small molecules that make up the building blocks of all organismal features, from cell membranes to metabolic cycles to genes and proteins.
• Translational research: This involves applying primary research results to clinical research and vice versa.

Possible research topics

Senescence not only occurs with age but also drives aging. At the meeting, evidence was provided that senescent cells may exacerbate the clinical course of older adults in cases of infections (for example, COVID-19) as they lead to cytokine storms.

Experiments on old mice that have undergone genetic modification of senescent cells or the administration of “senolytic cocktails” composed of dasatinib plus quercetin protected the animals from the effects of viral infections. This finding corroborates the idea that factors involved in biological aging increase vulnerability and could be modified through treatment.

Alzheimer’s disease is an example of the effects of cellular senescence. Senescent cells develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that can be toxic to neighboring healthy cells and can allow senescence to propagate within tissues. This effect makes Alzheimer’s disease an essential focal point when studying the use of senolytics. In addition, agents that stimulate autophagy may be of interest for treating degenerative diseases.
 

Assessing therapeutic effects

It may be possible to assess the therapeutic effects of drug candidates using the following biomarkers.

• Growth hormone and type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1): Older adults are often prescribed growth hormone. However, recent data suggest that doing so is not advantageous to this patient population, because it antagonizes proteostasis and other cell maintenance mechanisms in older age. Experimental studies and studies conducted on centenarians suggest that low growth hormone and IGF-1 levels contribute to longevity and may be therapeutic biomarkers.
• Epigenetics: DNA methylation is a method that offers an “epigenetic clock” to compare biological age with chronologic age. Higher epigenetic age was associated with increased mortality risk, breast cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, it could also be a therapeutic biomarker.
• Metabolomics: Studying metabolomes facilitates the identification of the link between genetic polymorphisms and longevity, as most polymorphisms explain less than 0.5% of longevity variations.
• New translational strategy: It is common practice to treat each age-related disease individually. An alternative strategy would be to target the hallmarks of biological aging to prevent these diseases from developing. The rate of biological aging correlates with the speed of damage accumulation at the macromolecular, organelle, and cellular levels. It also affects the capacity of the body to repair this damage. The assessment of biomarkers would make possibile research into the effects of short- and long-term treatments that minimize damage and enhance resilience related to diseases common with aging.

New translational research

The report highlights two translational research models: the in-depth study of centenarians and the analysis of how immune aging makes older adults vulnerable to COVID-19. The impact of impaired immunity on aging became particularly evident during the pandemic. However, to home in on immunity as a therapeutic target and to better understand immune resilience, the specific nature of immune and biological deficits still need to be defined.

Metformin is among the therapeutic agents under investigation in cutting-edge clinical research. Its effect on aging will be studied in the Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME) clinical trial. This trial is the first to study aging outcomes. The goal is to create a regulatory framework that future therapies can follow to achieve FDA approval.

There are three promising therapeutic platforms among the cutting-edge research studies. The first aims to produce adenosine triphosphate, levels of which decline dramatically with aging. The second aims to promote autophagy to remove cellular waste to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The third reprograms the epigenome to a younger state.

Research on mitochondrial dysfunction is relevant because it is highly involved in age-related diseases. Mitochondrial-derived peptides could potentially serve as biomarkers of mitochondrial function in aging studies and become promising therapeutic targets in age-related diseases. One of these peptides, humanin, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the heart, brain, and liver. Researchers observed that mitochondrial proteins are age-dependent and are suppressed by growth hormone and IGF-1. They also found that humanin levels are correlated with endothelial function. Data from animal studies have shown that sustained humanin levels are positively linked to longevity; these findings are mirrored in data from centenarians and their offspring, who have higher levels of humanin.

The formation of a Translational Geroscience Network composed of several scientists from various institutions should accelerate the application of this understanding. Despite the ongoing investigational and clinical studies, senolytics should not be regarded as extending life span or treating certain conditions, because their full safety profiles have not yet been elucidated.
 

Conclusion

Geroscience faces challenges in dealing with age-related problems. It is hoped that these challenges will be overcome through investigational and clinical studies on the mechanisms involved in aging. In-depth study of the interactions of underlying mechanisms of aging are needed to answer the following questions:

• Is there a hierarchical relationship among these mechanisms?
• Are there organ or cell-type differences in the interactions among these mechanisms?
• Is it possible to achieve a synergistic effect through combined interventions targeting several of the processes that drive aging?

It is complicated, but researchers are starting to see the light at the end of the tunnel.

This article was translated from the Medscape Portuguese edition and a version appeared on Medscape.com.

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disabilities worldwide, but newborn screening has not been established in all countries.

Additionally, screening alone is not enough to prevent adverse outcomes in children, write authors of a technical report published online in Pediatrics (Jan. 2023;151[1]:e2022060420).

Susan R. Rose, MD, with the division of endocrinology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Ohio, led the work group that updated guidance for screening and management of congenital hypothyroidism. The group worked in conjunction with the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Endocrinology, the AAP Council on Genetics, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association.

In addition to screening, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up are important.

Tests don’t always tell the full story with congenital hypothyroidism.

“Physicians need to consider hypothyroidism in the face of clinical symptoms, even if newborn screening thyroid test results are normal,” the authors write.

They add that newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism followed by prompt levothyroxine therapy can prevent severe intellectual disability, psychomotor dysfunction, and impaired growth.

Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism ranges from approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 4,000 newborn infants in countries that have newborn screening data, according to the report.

Following are highlights of the guidance:
 

Clinical signs

Symptoms and signs include large posterior fontanelle, lethargy, large tongue, prolonged jaundice, umbilical hernia, constipation, and/or hypothermia. With these signs, measuring serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) is indicated, regardless of screening results.

Newborn screening in first days

Population screening is cost effective when performed by state or other public health laboratories working with hospitals or birthing centers in their area, the authors write.

Multidisciplinary teams are best able to conduct comprehensive care when cases are detected.

The screening includes a dried blood spot from a heel stick on an approved paper card using appropriate collection methods. The blood spots are then sent to the laboratory. The preferred age for collecting the specimen is 48-72 hours of age.

That timing may be difficult, the authors note, as 90% of infants in the United States and Europe are discharged before 48 hours, but taking the specimen before discharge is important to avoid missing the early diagnosis.

“However, collection of the NBS [newborn screening] specimen before 48 hours of age, and particularly before 24 hours of age, necessitates the use of age-specific TSH reference ranges or repeat screening, particularly to avoid false-positive results,” the authors note.

If a newborn infant is transferred to another hospital, communication about the screening is critical.
 

Testing strategies

Three test strategies are used for screening: a primary TSH – reflex T4 measurement; primary T4 – reflex TSH measurement; and combined T4 and TSH measurement.

“All three test strategies detect moderate to severe primary congenital hypothyroidism with similar accuracy,” the authors write.

Most newborn screening programs in the United States and worldwide use a primary TSH test strategy.
 

Multiple births, same-sex twins

The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism appears to be higher with multiple births (1:876 in twin births and 1:575 in higher-order multiple births in one study). Another study showed the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in same-sex twins to be 1 in 593, compared with 1 in 3,060 in different-sex twins.

“Most twin pairs (> 95%) are discordant for congenital hypothyroidism,” the authors write. “However, in monozygotic twins who share placental circulation, blood from a euthyroid fetal twin with normal thyroid hormone levels may cross to a fetal twin with congenital hypothyroidism, temporarily correcting the hypothyroidism and preventing its detection by newborn screening at 24-72 hours of life. Thus, all monozygotic twins, or same-sex twins for whom zygosity is unknown, should undergo repeat newborn screening around 2 weeks of age.”
 

Down syndrome

Congenital hypothyroidism incidence in infants with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is high and ranges from 1% to 12% in various reports. The infants tend to have lower T4 concentrations and higher TSH concentrations than do infants without trisomy. Down syndrome is associated with other comorbidities, including congenital heart disease, “that may further increase the risk of abnormal newborn screening results because of acute illness or excess iodine exposure,” the authors write.

Even infants with Down syndrome who don’t have congenital hypothyroidism are still at significant risk of developing primary hypothyroidism in their first year (approximately 7% in one prospective study).

“Therefore, in these infants, a second newborn screening should be performed at 2-4 weeks of life and serum TSH should be measured at 6 and 12 months of life,” the authors say.
 

Communication with primary care provider

Direct communication between the newborn screening program and the primary care physician is important for appropriate follow-up. Consulting a pediatric endocrinologist can speed diagnosis and management.

Serum confirmation after abnormal screening

The next step if any child’s screening results suggest congenital hypothyroidism is to perform a physical exam (for goiter, lingual thyroid gland, and/or physical signs of hypothyroidism) and to measure the concentrations of TSH and FT4 (or total T4) in the blood.

For confirmation of abnormal screening results, the authors say, measurement of FT4 is preferred over measuring total T4.
 

Interpreting serum confirmation

Some interpretations are clear cut: “Elevated TSH with low FT4 on the confirmatory serum testing indicates overt primary hypothyroidism,” the authors write.

But there are various other outcomes with more controversy.

Elevated TSH and normal FT4, for instance, is known as hyperthyrotropinemia or subclinical hypothyroidism and represents a mild primary thyroid abnormality.

In this scenario, there is controversy regarding the need for L-T4 therapy because there are few and conflicting studies regarding how mild congenital hypothyroidism affects cognitive development.

“[E]xpert opinion suggests that persistent TSH elevation > 10 mIU/L is an indication to initiate L-T4 treatment,” the authors write.

Normal TSH and low T4 is seen in patients with central hypothyroidism, prematurity, low birth weight, acute illness, or thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.

“The concept that central hypothyroidism is usually mild appears unfounded: A study from the Netherlands found that mean pretreatment serum FT4 levels in central congenital hypothyroidism were similar to those of patients with moderately severe primary congenital hypothyroidism. Therefore, L-T4 treatment of central congenital hypothyroidism is indicated.”
 

Imaging

Routine thyroid imaging is controversial for patients with congenital hypothyroidism. In most cases, it won’t alter clinical management before age 3 years.

Thyroid ultrasonography can find thyroid tissue without radiation exposure and can be performed at any time after a congenital hypothyroidism diagnosis.

“Ultrasonography has lower sensitivity than scintigraphy for detecting ectopic thyroid tissue, the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism, although its sensitivity is improved by the use of color Doppler,” the authors write.

Infants with normal thyroid imaging at birth may have transient hypothyroidism. In these patients, reevaluation of thyroid hormone therapy after 3 years of age to assess for persistent hypothyroidism may be beneficial.
 

Treatment

Congenital hypothyroidism is treated with enteral L-T4 at a starting dose of 10-15 mcg/kg per day, given once a day.

L-T4 tablets are the treatment of choice and generic tablets are fine for most children, the authors write, adding that a brand name formulation may be more consistent and better for children with severe congenital hypothyroidism.

An oral solution of L-T4 has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in children.

“[H]owever, limited experience with its use showed that dosing may not be equivalent to dosing with tablet formulations,” the guidance states.

The goal of initial L-T4 therapy is to normalize serum FT4 and TSH levels as quickly as possible. The outlook is poorer for infants whose hypothyroidism is detected later in life, who receive inadequate doses of L-T4, or who have more severe forms.

Age-specific TSH reference ranges vary by laboratory, but recent studies indicate the top limit of normal TSH in infants in the first 3 months of life is 4.1-4.8 mIU/L.

“[T]herefore, TSH values above 5 mIU/L generally are abnormal if observed after 3 months of age. Whether overtreatment (defined by elevated serum FT4) is harmful remains unclear and evidence is conflicting,” the authors write.
 

Monitoring

In the near-term follow-up, close laboratory monitoring is necessary during L-T4 treatment to maintain blood TSH and FT4 in the target ranges. Studies support measuring those levels every 1-2 months in the first 6 months of life for children with congenital hypothyroidism, every 2-3 months in the second 6 months, and then every 3-4 months between 1 and 3 years of age.

In long-term follow-up, attention to behavioral and cognitive development is important, because children with congenital hypothyroidism may be at higher risk for neurocognitive and socioemotional dysfunction compared with their peers, even with adequate treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Hearing deficits are reported in about 10% of children with congenital hypothyroidism.
 

Developmental outcomes

When L-T4 therapy is maintained and TSH and FT4 are within target range, growth and adult height are generally normal in children with congenital hypothyroidism.

In contrast, the neurodevelopmental prognosis is less certain when treatment starts late.

“[I]nfants with severe congenital hypothyroidism and intrauterine hypothyroidism (as indicated by retarded skeletal maturation at birth) may have low-to-normal intelligence,” the report states. “Similarly, although more than 80% of infants given L-T4 replacement therapy before 3 months of age have an intelligence [quotient] greater than 85, 77% of these infants show signs of cognitive impairment in arithmetic ability, speech, or fine motor coordination later in life.”

If a child is properly treated for congenital hypothyroidism but growth or development is abnormal, testing for other illness, hearing deficit, or other hormone deficiency is needed, the report states.

The authors report no relevant financial relationships.

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disabilities worldwide, but newborn screening has not been established in all countries.

Additionally, screening alone is not enough to prevent adverse outcomes in children, write authors of a technical report published online in Pediatrics (Jan. 2023;151[1]:e2022060420).

Susan R. Rose, MD, with the division of endocrinology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Ohio, led the work group that updated guidance for screening and management of congenital hypothyroidism. The group worked in conjunction with the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Endocrinology, the AAP Council on Genetics, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association.

In addition to screening, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up are important.

Tests don’t always tell the full story with congenital hypothyroidism.

“Physicians need to consider hypothyroidism in the face of clinical symptoms, even if newborn screening thyroid test results are normal,” the authors write.

They add that newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism followed by prompt levothyroxine therapy can prevent severe intellectual disability, psychomotor dysfunction, and impaired growth.

Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism ranges from approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 4,000 newborn infants in countries that have newborn screening data, according to the report.

Following are highlights of the guidance:
 

Clinical signs

Symptoms and signs include large posterior fontanelle, lethargy, large tongue, prolonged jaundice, umbilical hernia, constipation, and/or hypothermia. With these signs, measuring serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) is indicated, regardless of screening results.

Newborn screening in first days

Population screening is cost effective when performed by state or other public health laboratories working with hospitals or birthing centers in their area, the authors write.

Multidisciplinary teams are best able to conduct comprehensive care when cases are detected.

The screening includes a dried blood spot from a heel stick on an approved paper card using appropriate collection methods. The blood spots are then sent to the laboratory. The preferred age for collecting the specimen is 48-72 hours of age.

That timing may be difficult, the authors note, as 90% of infants in the United States and Europe are discharged before 48 hours, but taking the specimen before discharge is important to avoid missing the early diagnosis.

“However, collection of the NBS [newborn screening] specimen before 48 hours of age, and particularly before 24 hours of age, necessitates the use of age-specific TSH reference ranges or repeat screening, particularly to avoid false-positive results,” the authors note.

If a newborn infant is transferred to another hospital, communication about the screening is critical.
 

Testing strategies

Three test strategies are used for screening: a primary TSH – reflex T4 measurement; primary T4 – reflex TSH measurement; and combined T4 and TSH measurement.

“All three test strategies detect moderate to severe primary congenital hypothyroidism with similar accuracy,” the authors write.

Most newborn screening programs in the United States and worldwide use a primary TSH test strategy.
 

Multiple births, same-sex twins

The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism appears to be higher with multiple births (1:876 in twin births and 1:575 in higher-order multiple births in one study). Another study showed the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in same-sex twins to be 1 in 593, compared with 1 in 3,060 in different-sex twins.

“Most twin pairs (> 95%) are discordant for congenital hypothyroidism,” the authors write. “However, in monozygotic twins who share placental circulation, blood from a euthyroid fetal twin with normal thyroid hormone levels may cross to a fetal twin with congenital hypothyroidism, temporarily correcting the hypothyroidism and preventing its detection by newborn screening at 24-72 hours of life. Thus, all monozygotic twins, or same-sex twins for whom zygosity is unknown, should undergo repeat newborn screening around 2 weeks of age.”
 

Down syndrome

Congenital hypothyroidism incidence in infants with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is high and ranges from 1% to 12% in various reports. The infants tend to have lower T4 concentrations and higher TSH concentrations than do infants without trisomy. Down syndrome is associated with other comorbidities, including congenital heart disease, “that may further increase the risk of abnormal newborn screening results because of acute illness or excess iodine exposure,” the authors write.

Even infants with Down syndrome who don’t have congenital hypothyroidism are still at significant risk of developing primary hypothyroidism in their first year (approximately 7% in one prospective study).

“Therefore, in these infants, a second newborn screening should be performed at 2-4 weeks of life and serum TSH should be measured at 6 and 12 months of life,” the authors say.
 

Communication with primary care provider

Direct communication between the newborn screening program and the primary care physician is important for appropriate follow-up. Consulting a pediatric endocrinologist can speed diagnosis and management.

Serum confirmation after abnormal screening

The next step if any child’s screening results suggest congenital hypothyroidism is to perform a physical exam (for goiter, lingual thyroid gland, and/or physical signs of hypothyroidism) and to measure the concentrations of TSH and FT4 (or total T4) in the blood.

For confirmation of abnormal screening results, the authors say, measurement of FT4 is preferred over measuring total T4.
 

Interpreting serum confirmation

Some interpretations are clear cut: “Elevated TSH with low FT4 on the confirmatory serum testing indicates overt primary hypothyroidism,” the authors write.

But there are various other outcomes with more controversy.

Elevated TSH and normal FT4, for instance, is known as hyperthyrotropinemia or subclinical hypothyroidism and represents a mild primary thyroid abnormality.

In this scenario, there is controversy regarding the need for L-T4 therapy because there are few and conflicting studies regarding how mild congenital hypothyroidism affects cognitive development.

“[E]xpert opinion suggests that persistent TSH elevation > 10 mIU/L is an indication to initiate L-T4 treatment,” the authors write.

Normal TSH and low T4 is seen in patients with central hypothyroidism, prematurity, low birth weight, acute illness, or thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.

“The concept that central hypothyroidism is usually mild appears unfounded: A study from the Netherlands found that mean pretreatment serum FT4 levels in central congenital hypothyroidism were similar to those of patients with moderately severe primary congenital hypothyroidism. Therefore, L-T4 treatment of central congenital hypothyroidism is indicated.”
 

Imaging

Routine thyroid imaging is controversial for patients with congenital hypothyroidism. In most cases, it won’t alter clinical management before age 3 years.

Thyroid ultrasonography can find thyroid tissue without radiation exposure and can be performed at any time after a congenital hypothyroidism diagnosis.

“Ultrasonography has lower sensitivity than scintigraphy for detecting ectopic thyroid tissue, the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism, although its sensitivity is improved by the use of color Doppler,” the authors write.

Infants with normal thyroid imaging at birth may have transient hypothyroidism. In these patients, reevaluation of thyroid hormone therapy after 3 years of age to assess for persistent hypothyroidism may be beneficial.
 

Treatment

Congenital hypothyroidism is treated with enteral L-T4 at a starting dose of 10-15 mcg/kg per day, given once a day.

L-T4 tablets are the treatment of choice and generic tablets are fine for most children, the authors write, adding that a brand name formulation may be more consistent and better for children with severe congenital hypothyroidism.

An oral solution of L-T4 has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in children.

“[H]owever, limited experience with its use showed that dosing may not be equivalent to dosing with tablet formulations,” the guidance states.

The goal of initial L-T4 therapy is to normalize serum FT4 and TSH levels as quickly as possible. The outlook is poorer for infants whose hypothyroidism is detected later in life, who receive inadequate doses of L-T4, or who have more severe forms.

Age-specific TSH reference ranges vary by laboratory, but recent studies indicate the top limit of normal TSH in infants in the first 3 months of life is 4.1-4.8 mIU/L.

“[T]herefore, TSH values above 5 mIU/L generally are abnormal if observed after 3 months of age. Whether overtreatment (defined by elevated serum FT4) is harmful remains unclear and evidence is conflicting,” the authors write.
 

Monitoring

In the near-term follow-up, close laboratory monitoring is necessary during L-T4 treatment to maintain blood TSH and FT4 in the target ranges. Studies support measuring those levels every 1-2 months in the first 6 months of life for children with congenital hypothyroidism, every 2-3 months in the second 6 months, and then every 3-4 months between 1 and 3 years of age.

In long-term follow-up, attention to behavioral and cognitive development is important, because children with congenital hypothyroidism may be at higher risk for neurocognitive and socioemotional dysfunction compared with their peers, even with adequate treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Hearing deficits are reported in about 10% of children with congenital hypothyroidism.
 

Developmental outcomes

When L-T4 therapy is maintained and TSH and FT4 are within target range, growth and adult height are generally normal in children with congenital hypothyroidism.

In contrast, the neurodevelopmental prognosis is less certain when treatment starts late.

“[I]nfants with severe congenital hypothyroidism and intrauterine hypothyroidism (as indicated by retarded skeletal maturation at birth) may have low-to-normal intelligence,” the report states. “Similarly, although more than 80% of infants given L-T4 replacement therapy before 3 months of age have an intelligence [quotient] greater than 85, 77% of these infants show signs of cognitive impairment in arithmetic ability, speech, or fine motor coordination later in life.”

If a child is properly treated for congenital hypothyroidism but growth or development is abnormal, testing for other illness, hearing deficit, or other hormone deficiency is needed, the report states.

The authors report no relevant financial relationships.

Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disabilities worldwide, but newborn screening has not been established in all countries.

Additionally, screening alone is not enough to prevent adverse outcomes in children, write authors of a technical report published online in Pediatrics (Jan. 2023;151[1]:e2022060420).

Susan R. Rose, MD, with the division of endocrinology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Ohio, led the work group that updated guidance for screening and management of congenital hypothyroidism. The group worked in conjunction with the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Endocrinology, the AAP Council on Genetics, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association.

In addition to screening, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up are important.

Tests don’t always tell the full story with congenital hypothyroidism.

“Physicians need to consider hypothyroidism in the face of clinical symptoms, even if newborn screening thyroid test results are normal,” the authors write.

They add that newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism followed by prompt levothyroxine therapy can prevent severe intellectual disability, psychomotor dysfunction, and impaired growth.

Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism ranges from approximately 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 4,000 newborn infants in countries that have newborn screening data, according to the report.

Following are highlights of the guidance:
 

Clinical signs

Symptoms and signs include large posterior fontanelle, lethargy, large tongue, prolonged jaundice, umbilical hernia, constipation, and/or hypothermia. With these signs, measuring serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) is indicated, regardless of screening results.

Newborn screening in first days

Population screening is cost effective when performed by state or other public health laboratories working with hospitals or birthing centers in their area, the authors write.

Multidisciplinary teams are best able to conduct comprehensive care when cases are detected.

The screening includes a dried blood spot from a heel stick on an approved paper card using appropriate collection methods. The blood spots are then sent to the laboratory. The preferred age for collecting the specimen is 48-72 hours of age.

That timing may be difficult, the authors note, as 90% of infants in the United States and Europe are discharged before 48 hours, but taking the specimen before discharge is important to avoid missing the early diagnosis.

“However, collection of the NBS [newborn screening] specimen before 48 hours of age, and particularly before 24 hours of age, necessitates the use of age-specific TSH reference ranges or repeat screening, particularly to avoid false-positive results,” the authors note.

If a newborn infant is transferred to another hospital, communication about the screening is critical.
 

Testing strategies

Three test strategies are used for screening: a primary TSH – reflex T4 measurement; primary T4 – reflex TSH measurement; and combined T4 and TSH measurement.

“All three test strategies detect moderate to severe primary congenital hypothyroidism with similar accuracy,” the authors write.

Most newborn screening programs in the United States and worldwide use a primary TSH test strategy.
 

Multiple births, same-sex twins

The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism appears to be higher with multiple births (1:876 in twin births and 1:575 in higher-order multiple births in one study). Another study showed the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in same-sex twins to be 1 in 593, compared with 1 in 3,060 in different-sex twins.

“Most twin pairs (> 95%) are discordant for congenital hypothyroidism,” the authors write. “However, in monozygotic twins who share placental circulation, blood from a euthyroid fetal twin with normal thyroid hormone levels may cross to a fetal twin with congenital hypothyroidism, temporarily correcting the hypothyroidism and preventing its detection by newborn screening at 24-72 hours of life. Thus, all monozygotic twins, or same-sex twins for whom zygosity is unknown, should undergo repeat newborn screening around 2 weeks of age.”
 

Down syndrome

Congenital hypothyroidism incidence in infants with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is high and ranges from 1% to 12% in various reports. The infants tend to have lower T4 concentrations and higher TSH concentrations than do infants without trisomy. Down syndrome is associated with other comorbidities, including congenital heart disease, “that may further increase the risk of abnormal newborn screening results because of acute illness or excess iodine exposure,” the authors write.

Even infants with Down syndrome who don’t have congenital hypothyroidism are still at significant risk of developing primary hypothyroidism in their first year (approximately 7% in one prospective study).

“Therefore, in these infants, a second newborn screening should be performed at 2-4 weeks of life and serum TSH should be measured at 6 and 12 months of life,” the authors say.
 

Communication with primary care provider

Direct communication between the newborn screening program and the primary care physician is important for appropriate follow-up. Consulting a pediatric endocrinologist can speed diagnosis and management.

Serum confirmation after abnormal screening

The next step if any child’s screening results suggest congenital hypothyroidism is to perform a physical exam (for goiter, lingual thyroid gland, and/or physical signs of hypothyroidism) and to measure the concentrations of TSH and FT4 (or total T4) in the blood.

For confirmation of abnormal screening results, the authors say, measurement of FT4 is preferred over measuring total T4.
 

Interpreting serum confirmation

Some interpretations are clear cut: “Elevated TSH with low FT4 on the confirmatory serum testing indicates overt primary hypothyroidism,” the authors write.

But there are various other outcomes with more controversy.

Elevated TSH and normal FT4, for instance, is known as hyperthyrotropinemia or subclinical hypothyroidism and represents a mild primary thyroid abnormality.

In this scenario, there is controversy regarding the need for L-T4 therapy because there are few and conflicting studies regarding how mild congenital hypothyroidism affects cognitive development.

“[E]xpert opinion suggests that persistent TSH elevation > 10 mIU/L is an indication to initiate L-T4 treatment,” the authors write.

Normal TSH and low T4 is seen in patients with central hypothyroidism, prematurity, low birth weight, acute illness, or thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency.

“The concept that central hypothyroidism is usually mild appears unfounded: A study from the Netherlands found that mean pretreatment serum FT4 levels in central congenital hypothyroidism were similar to those of patients with moderately severe primary congenital hypothyroidism. Therefore, L-T4 treatment of central congenital hypothyroidism is indicated.”
 

Imaging

Routine thyroid imaging is controversial for patients with congenital hypothyroidism. In most cases, it won’t alter clinical management before age 3 years.

Thyroid ultrasonography can find thyroid tissue without radiation exposure and can be performed at any time after a congenital hypothyroidism diagnosis.

“Ultrasonography has lower sensitivity than scintigraphy for detecting ectopic thyroid tissue, the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism, although its sensitivity is improved by the use of color Doppler,” the authors write.

Infants with normal thyroid imaging at birth may have transient hypothyroidism. In these patients, reevaluation of thyroid hormone therapy after 3 years of age to assess for persistent hypothyroidism may be beneficial.
 

Treatment

Congenital hypothyroidism is treated with enteral L-T4 at a starting dose of 10-15 mcg/kg per day, given once a day.

L-T4 tablets are the treatment of choice and generic tablets are fine for most children, the authors write, adding that a brand name formulation may be more consistent and better for children with severe congenital hypothyroidism.

An oral solution of L-T4 has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in children.

“[H]owever, limited experience with its use showed that dosing may not be equivalent to dosing with tablet formulations,” the guidance states.

The goal of initial L-T4 therapy is to normalize serum FT4 and TSH levels as quickly as possible. The outlook is poorer for infants whose hypothyroidism is detected later in life, who receive inadequate doses of L-T4, or who have more severe forms.

Age-specific TSH reference ranges vary by laboratory, but recent studies indicate the top limit of normal TSH in infants in the first 3 months of life is 4.1-4.8 mIU/L.

“[T]herefore, TSH values above 5 mIU/L generally are abnormal if observed after 3 months of age. Whether overtreatment (defined by elevated serum FT4) is harmful remains unclear and evidence is conflicting,” the authors write.
 

Monitoring

In the near-term follow-up, close laboratory monitoring is necessary during L-T4 treatment to maintain blood TSH and FT4 in the target ranges. Studies support measuring those levels every 1-2 months in the first 6 months of life for children with congenital hypothyroidism, every 2-3 months in the second 6 months, and then every 3-4 months between 1 and 3 years of age.

In long-term follow-up, attention to behavioral and cognitive development is important, because children with congenital hypothyroidism may be at higher risk for neurocognitive and socioemotional dysfunction compared with their peers, even with adequate treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Hearing deficits are reported in about 10% of children with congenital hypothyroidism.
 

Developmental outcomes

When L-T4 therapy is maintained and TSH and FT4 are within target range, growth and adult height are generally normal in children with congenital hypothyroidism.

In contrast, the neurodevelopmental prognosis is less certain when treatment starts late.

“[I]nfants with severe congenital hypothyroidism and intrauterine hypothyroidism (as indicated by retarded skeletal maturation at birth) may have low-to-normal intelligence,” the report states. “Similarly, although more than 80% of infants given L-T4 replacement therapy before 3 months of age have an intelligence [quotient] greater than 85, 77% of these infants show signs of cognitive impairment in arithmetic ability, speech, or fine motor coordination later in life.”

If a child is properly treated for congenital hypothyroidism but growth or development is abnormal, testing for other illness, hearing deficit, or other hormone deficiency is needed, the report states.

The authors report no relevant financial relationships.

In a small randomized controlled trial of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, close to half of those who followed a novel intermittent fasting program for 3 months had diabetes remission (A1c less than 6.5% without taking antidiabetic drugs) that persisted for 1 year.

Importantly, “this study was performed under real-life conditions, and the intervention was delivered by trained nurses in primary care rather than by specialized staff at a research institute, making it a more practical and achievable way to manage” type 2 diabetes, the authors report.

Moreover, 65% of the patients in the intervention group who achieved diabetes remission had had diabetes for more than 6 years, which “suggests the possibility of remission for patients with longer duration” of diabetes, they note.

©Thinkstock

‘Excellent outcome’

Invited to comment, Amy E. Rothberg, MD, PhD, who was not involved with the research, agreed that the study indicates that intermittent fasting works for diabetes remission.

“We know that diabetes remission is possible with calorie restriction and subsequent weight loss, and intermittent fasting is just one of the many [dietary] approaches that may be suitable, appealing, and sustainable to some individuals, and usually results in calorie restriction and therefore weight loss,” she said.

The most studied types of intermittent fasting diets are alternate-day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted consumption, Dr. Rothberg told this news organization.

This study presented a novel type of intermittent fasting, she noted. The intervention consisted of 6 cycles (3 months) of 5 fasting days followed by 10 ad libitum days, and then 3 months of follow-up (with no fasting days).

After 3 months of the intervention plus 3 months of follow-up, 47% of the 36 patients in the intervention group achieved diabetes remission (with a mean A1c of 5.66%), compared with only 2.8% of the 36 patients in the control group.

At 12 months, 44% of patients in the intervention group had sustained diabetes remission (with a mean A1c of 6.33%).

This was “an excellent outcome,” said Dr. Rothberg, professor of nutritional sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and a co-author of an international consensus statement that defined diabetes remission.

On average, patients in the intermittent fasting group lost 5.93 kg (13.0 lb) in 3 months, which was sustained over 12 months. “The large amount of weight reduction is key to continuing to achieve diabetes remission,” she noted.

This contrasted with an average weight loss of just 0.27 kg (0.6 lb) in the control group.

Participants who were prescribed fewer antidiabetic medications were more likely to achieve diabetes remission. The researchers acknowledge that the study was not blinded, and they did not record physical activity (although participants were encouraged to maintain their usual physical activity).

This was a small study, Dr. Rothberg acknowledged. The researchers did not specify which specific antidiabetic drugs patients were taking, and they did not determine waist or hip circumference or assess lipids.

The diet was culturally sensitive, appropriate, and feasible in this Chinese population and would not be generalizable to non-Asians.

Nevertheless, a similar approach could be used in any population if the diet is tailored to the individual, according to Dr. Rothberg. Importantly, patients would need to receive guidance from a dietician to make sure their diet comprises all the necessary micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals on fasting days, and they would need to maintain a relatively balanced diet and not gorge themselves on feast days. 

“I think we should campaign widely about lifestyle approaches to achieve diabetes remission,” she urged.
 

72 patients with diabetes for an average of 6.6 years

“Despite a widespread public consensus that [type 2 diabetes] is irreversible and requires drug treatment escalation, there is some evidence of the possibility of remission,” Dr. Yang and colleagues write in their article.

They aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent fasting for diabetes remission and the durability of diabetes remission at 1 year.

Diabetes remission was defined having a stable A1c less than 6.5% for at least 3 months after discontinuing all antidiabetic medications, confirmed in at least annual A1c measurements (according to a 2021 consensus statement initiated by the American Diabetes Association).

Between 2019 and 2020, the researchers enrolled 72 participants aged 38-72 years who had had type 2 diabetes (duration 1 to 11 years) and a body mass index (BMI) of 19.1-30.4 kg/m². Patients were randomized 1:1 to the intermittent fasting group or control group.

Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Patients were a mean age of 53 years and roughly 60% were men. They had a mean BMI of 24 kg/m², a mean duration of diabetes of 6.6 years, and a mean A1c of 7.6%, and they were taking an average of 1.8 glucose-lowering medications.  

On fasting days, patients in the intervention group received a Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy kit that provided approximately 840 kcal/day (46% carbohydrates, 46% fat, 8% protein). The kit included a breakfast of a fruit and vegetable gruel, lunch of a solid beverage plus a nutritional rice composite, and dinner of a solid beverage and a meal replacement biscuit, which participants reconstituted by mixing with boiling water. They were allowed to consume noncaloric beverages.

On nonfasting days, patients chose foods ad libitum based on the 2017 Dietary Guidelines for Diabetes in China, which recommend approximately 50%-65% of total energy intake from carbohydrates, 15%-20% from protein, and 20%-30% from fat, and had greater than or equal to 5 g fiber per serving.

Patients in the control group chose foods ad libitum from the dietary guidelines during the entire study.

The study received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The authors have reported no relevant financial disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In a small randomized controlled trial of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, close to half of those who followed a novel intermittent fasting program for 3 months had diabetes remission (A1c less than 6.5% without taking antidiabetic drugs) that persisted for 1 year.

Importantly, “this study was performed under real-life conditions, and the intervention was delivered by trained nurses in primary care rather than by specialized staff at a research institute, making it a more practical and achievable way to manage” type 2 diabetes, the authors report.

Moreover, 65% of the patients in the intervention group who achieved diabetes remission had had diabetes for more than 6 years, which “suggests the possibility of remission for patients with longer duration” of diabetes, they note.

©Thinkstock

‘Excellent outcome’

Invited to comment, Amy E. Rothberg, MD, PhD, who was not involved with the research, agreed that the study indicates that intermittent fasting works for diabetes remission.

“We know that diabetes remission is possible with calorie restriction and subsequent weight loss, and intermittent fasting is just one of the many [dietary] approaches that may be suitable, appealing, and sustainable to some individuals, and usually results in calorie restriction and therefore weight loss,” she said.

The most studied types of intermittent fasting diets are alternate-day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted consumption, Dr. Rothberg told this news organization.

This study presented a novel type of intermittent fasting, she noted. The intervention consisted of 6 cycles (3 months) of 5 fasting days followed by 10 ad libitum days, and then 3 months of follow-up (with no fasting days).

After 3 months of the intervention plus 3 months of follow-up, 47% of the 36 patients in the intervention group achieved diabetes remission (with a mean A1c of 5.66%), compared with only 2.8% of the 36 patients in the control group.

At 12 months, 44% of patients in the intervention group had sustained diabetes remission (with a mean A1c of 6.33%).

This was “an excellent outcome,” said Dr. Rothberg, professor of nutritional sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and a co-author of an international consensus statement that defined diabetes remission.

On average, patients in the intermittent fasting group lost 5.93 kg (13.0 lb) in 3 months, which was sustained over 12 months. “The large amount of weight reduction is key to continuing to achieve diabetes remission,” she noted.

This contrasted with an average weight loss of just 0.27 kg (0.6 lb) in the control group.

Participants who were prescribed fewer antidiabetic medications were more likely to achieve diabetes remission. The researchers acknowledge that the study was not blinded, and they did not record physical activity (although participants were encouraged to maintain their usual physical activity).

This was a small study, Dr. Rothberg acknowledged. The researchers did not specify which specific antidiabetic drugs patients were taking, and they did not determine waist or hip circumference or assess lipids.

The diet was culturally sensitive, appropriate, and feasible in this Chinese population and would not be generalizable to non-Asians.

Nevertheless, a similar approach could be used in any population if the diet is tailored to the individual, according to Dr. Rothberg. Importantly, patients would need to receive guidance from a dietician to make sure their diet comprises all the necessary micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals on fasting days, and they would need to maintain a relatively balanced diet and not gorge themselves on feast days. 

“I think we should campaign widely about lifestyle approaches to achieve diabetes remission,” she urged.
 

72 patients with diabetes for an average of 6.6 years

“Despite a widespread public consensus that [type 2 diabetes] is irreversible and requires drug treatment escalation, there is some evidence of the possibility of remission,” Dr. Yang and colleagues write in their article.

They aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent fasting for diabetes remission and the durability of diabetes remission at 1 year.

Diabetes remission was defined having a stable A1c less than 6.5% for at least 3 months after discontinuing all antidiabetic medications, confirmed in at least annual A1c measurements (according to a 2021 consensus statement initiated by the American Diabetes Association).

Between 2019 and 2020, the researchers enrolled 72 participants aged 38-72 years who had had type 2 diabetes (duration 1 to 11 years) and a body mass index (BMI) of 19.1-30.4 kg/m². Patients were randomized 1:1 to the intermittent fasting group or control group.

Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Patients were a mean age of 53 years and roughly 60% were men. They had a mean BMI of 24 kg/m², a mean duration of diabetes of 6.6 years, and a mean A1c of 7.6%, and they were taking an average of 1.8 glucose-lowering medications.  

On fasting days, patients in the intervention group received a Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy kit that provided approximately 840 kcal/day (46% carbohydrates, 46% fat, 8% protein). The kit included a breakfast of a fruit and vegetable gruel, lunch of a solid beverage plus a nutritional rice composite, and dinner of a solid beverage and a meal replacement biscuit, which participants reconstituted by mixing with boiling water. They were allowed to consume noncaloric beverages.

On nonfasting days, patients chose foods ad libitum based on the 2017 Dietary Guidelines for Diabetes in China, which recommend approximately 50%-65% of total energy intake from carbohydrates, 15%-20% from protein, and 20%-30% from fat, and had greater than or equal to 5 g fiber per serving.

Patients in the control group chose foods ad libitum from the dietary guidelines during the entire study.

The study received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The authors have reported no relevant financial disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

In a small randomized controlled trial of patients with type 2 diabetes in China, close to half of those who followed a novel intermittent fasting program for 3 months had diabetes remission (A1c less than 6.5% without taking antidiabetic drugs) that persisted for 1 year.

Importantly, “this study was performed under real-life conditions, and the intervention was delivered by trained nurses in primary care rather than by specialized staff at a research institute, making it a more practical and achievable way to manage” type 2 diabetes, the authors report.

Moreover, 65% of the patients in the intervention group who achieved diabetes remission had had diabetes for more than 6 years, which “suggests the possibility of remission for patients with longer duration” of diabetes, they note.

©Thinkstock

‘Excellent outcome’

Invited to comment, Amy E. Rothberg, MD, PhD, who was not involved with the research, agreed that the study indicates that intermittent fasting works for diabetes remission.

“We know that diabetes remission is possible with calorie restriction and subsequent weight loss, and intermittent fasting is just one of the many [dietary] approaches that may be suitable, appealing, and sustainable to some individuals, and usually results in calorie restriction and therefore weight loss,” she said.

The most studied types of intermittent fasting diets are alternate-day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted consumption, Dr. Rothberg told this news organization.

This study presented a novel type of intermittent fasting, she noted. The intervention consisted of 6 cycles (3 months) of 5 fasting days followed by 10 ad libitum days, and then 3 months of follow-up (with no fasting days).

After 3 months of the intervention plus 3 months of follow-up, 47% of the 36 patients in the intervention group achieved diabetes remission (with a mean A1c of 5.66%), compared with only 2.8% of the 36 patients in the control group.

At 12 months, 44% of patients in the intervention group had sustained diabetes remission (with a mean A1c of 6.33%).

This was “an excellent outcome,” said Dr. Rothberg, professor of nutritional sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and a co-author of an international consensus statement that defined diabetes remission.

On average, patients in the intermittent fasting group lost 5.93 kg (13.0 lb) in 3 months, which was sustained over 12 months. “The large amount of weight reduction is key to continuing to achieve diabetes remission,” she noted.

This contrasted with an average weight loss of just 0.27 kg (0.6 lb) in the control group.

Participants who were prescribed fewer antidiabetic medications were more likely to achieve diabetes remission. The researchers acknowledge that the study was not blinded, and they did not record physical activity (although participants were encouraged to maintain their usual physical activity).

This was a small study, Dr. Rothberg acknowledged. The researchers did not specify which specific antidiabetic drugs patients were taking, and they did not determine waist or hip circumference or assess lipids.

The diet was culturally sensitive, appropriate, and feasible in this Chinese population and would not be generalizable to non-Asians.

Nevertheless, a similar approach could be used in any population if the diet is tailored to the individual, according to Dr. Rothberg. Importantly, patients would need to receive guidance from a dietician to make sure their diet comprises all the necessary micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals on fasting days, and they would need to maintain a relatively balanced diet and not gorge themselves on feast days. 

“I think we should campaign widely about lifestyle approaches to achieve diabetes remission,” she urged.
 

72 patients with diabetes for an average of 6.6 years

“Despite a widespread public consensus that [type 2 diabetes] is irreversible and requires drug treatment escalation, there is some evidence of the possibility of remission,” Dr. Yang and colleagues write in their article.

They aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent fasting for diabetes remission and the durability of diabetes remission at 1 year.

Diabetes remission was defined having a stable A1c less than 6.5% for at least 3 months after discontinuing all antidiabetic medications, confirmed in at least annual A1c measurements (according to a 2021 consensus statement initiated by the American Diabetes Association).

Between 2019 and 2020, the researchers enrolled 72 participants aged 38-72 years who had had type 2 diabetes (duration 1 to 11 years) and a body mass index (BMI) of 19.1-30.4 kg/m². Patients were randomized 1:1 to the intermittent fasting group or control group.

Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Patients were a mean age of 53 years and roughly 60% were men. They had a mean BMI of 24 kg/m², a mean duration of diabetes of 6.6 years, and a mean A1c of 7.6%, and they were taking an average of 1.8 glucose-lowering medications.  

On fasting days, patients in the intervention group received a Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy kit that provided approximately 840 kcal/day (46% carbohydrates, 46% fat, 8% protein). The kit included a breakfast of a fruit and vegetable gruel, lunch of a solid beverage plus a nutritional rice composite, and dinner of a solid beverage and a meal replacement biscuit, which participants reconstituted by mixing with boiling water. They were allowed to consume noncaloric beverages.

On nonfasting days, patients chose foods ad libitum based on the 2017 Dietary Guidelines for Diabetes in China, which recommend approximately 50%-65% of total energy intake from carbohydrates, 15%-20% from protein, and 20%-30% from fat, and had greater than or equal to 5 g fiber per serving.

Patients in the control group chose foods ad libitum from the dietary guidelines during the entire study.

The study received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The authors have reported no relevant financial disclosures.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.