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Many young kids with COVID may show no symptoms
BY WILL PASS
Just 14% of adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were asymptomatic, versus 37% of children aged 0-4 years, in the paper. This raises concern that parents, childcare providers, and preschools may be underestimating infection in seemingly healthy young kids who have been exposed to COVID, wrote lead author Ruth A. Karron, MD, and colleagues in JAMA Network Open.
Methods
The new research involved 690 individuals from 175 households in Maryland who were monitored closely between November 2020 and October 2021. Every week for 8 months, participants completed online symptom checks and underwent PCR testing using nasal swabs, with symptomatic individuals submitting additional swabs for analysis.
“What was different about our study [compared with previous studies] was the intensity of our collection, and the fact that we collected specimens from asymptomatic people,” said Dr. Karron, a pediatrician and professor in the department of international health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, in an interview. “You shed more virus earlier in the infection than later, and the fact that we were sampling every single week meant that we could pick up those early infections.”
The study also stands out for its focus on young children, Dr. Karron said. Enrollment required all households to have at least one child aged 0-4 years, so 256 out of 690 participants (37.1%) were in this youngest age group. The remainder of the population consisted of 100 older children aged 5-17 years (14.5%) and 334 adults aged 18-74 years (48.4%).
Children 4 and under more than twice as likely to be asymptomatic
By the end of the study, 51 participants had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, among whom 14 had no symptoms. A closer look showed that children 0-4 years of age who contracted COVID were more than twice as likely to be asymptomatic as infected adults (36.8% vs. 14.3%).
The relationship between symptoms and viral load also differed between adults and young children.
While adults with high viral loads – suggesting greater contagiousness – typically had more severe COVID symptoms, no correlation was found in young kids, meaning children with mild or no symptoms could still be highly contagious.
Dr. Karron said these findings should help parents and other stakeholders make better-informed decisions based on known risks. She recommended testing young, asymptomatic children for COVID if they have been exposed to infected individuals, then acting accordingly based on the results.
“If a family is infected with the virus, and the 2-year-old is asymptomatic, and people are thinking about a visit to elderly grandparents who may be frail, one shouldn’t assume that the 2-year-old is uninfected,” Dr. Karron said. “That child should be tested along with other family members.”
Testing should also be considered for young children exposed to COVID at childcare facilities, she added.
But not every expert consulted for this piece shared these opinions of Dr. Karron.
“I question whether that effort is worth it,” said Dean Blumberg, MD, professor and chief of the division of pediatric infectious diseases at UC Davis Health, Sacramento, Calif.
He noted that recent Food and Drug Administration guidance for COVID testing calls for three negative at-home antigen tests to confirm lack of infection.
“That would take 4 days to get those tests done,” he said. “So, it’s a lot of testing. It’s a lot of record keeping, it’s inconvenient, it’s uncomfortable to be tested, and I just question whether it’s worth that effort.”
Applicability of findings to today questioned
Dr. Blumberg also questioned whether the study, which was completed almost a year ago, reflects the current pandemic landscape.
“At the time this study was done, it was predominantly Delta [variant instead of Omicron],” Dr. Blumberg said. “The other issue [with the study] is that … most of the children didn’t have preexisting immunity, so you have to take that into account.”
Preexisting immunity – whether from exposure or vaccination – could lower viral loads, so asymptomatic children today really could be less contagious than they were when the study was done, according to Dr. Blumberg. Kids without symptoms are also less likely to spread the virus, because they aren’t coughing or sneezing, he added.
Sara R. Kim, MD, and Janet A. Englund, MD, of the Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, said it’s challenging to know how applicable the findings are, although they sided more with the investigators than Dr. Blumberg.
“Given the higher rate of transmissibility and infectivity of the Omicron variant, it is difficult to make direct associations between findings reported during this study period and those present in the current era during which the Omicron variant is circulating,” they wrote in an accompanying editorial. “However, the higher rates of asymptomatic infection observed among children in this study are likely to be consistent with those observed for current and future viral variants.”
Although the experts offered different interpretations of the findings, they shared similar perspectives on vaccination.
“The most important thing that parents can do is get their kids vaccinated, be vaccinated themselves, and have everybody in the household vaccinated and up to date for all doses that are indicated,” Dr. Blumberg said.
Dr. Karron noted that vaccination will be increasingly important in the coming months.
“Summer is ending; school is starting,” she said. “We’re going to be in large groups indoors again very soon. To keep young children safe, I think it’s really important for them to get vaccinated.”
The study was funded by the CDC. The investigators disclosed no other relationships. Dr. Englund disclosed relationships with AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and others. Dr. Kim and Dr. Blumberg disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.
BY WILL PASS
Just 14% of adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were asymptomatic, versus 37% of children aged 0-4 years, in the paper. This raises concern that parents, childcare providers, and preschools may be underestimating infection in seemingly healthy young kids who have been exposed to COVID, wrote lead author Ruth A. Karron, MD, and colleagues in JAMA Network Open.
Methods
The new research involved 690 individuals from 175 households in Maryland who were monitored closely between November 2020 and October 2021. Every week for 8 months, participants completed online symptom checks and underwent PCR testing using nasal swabs, with symptomatic individuals submitting additional swabs for analysis.
“What was different about our study [compared with previous studies] was the intensity of our collection, and the fact that we collected specimens from asymptomatic people,” said Dr. Karron, a pediatrician and professor in the department of international health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, in an interview. “You shed more virus earlier in the infection than later, and the fact that we were sampling every single week meant that we could pick up those early infections.”
The study also stands out for its focus on young children, Dr. Karron said. Enrollment required all households to have at least one child aged 0-4 years, so 256 out of 690 participants (37.1%) were in this youngest age group. The remainder of the population consisted of 100 older children aged 5-17 years (14.5%) and 334 adults aged 18-74 years (48.4%).
Children 4 and under more than twice as likely to be asymptomatic
By the end of the study, 51 participants had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, among whom 14 had no symptoms. A closer look showed that children 0-4 years of age who contracted COVID were more than twice as likely to be asymptomatic as infected adults (36.8% vs. 14.3%).
The relationship between symptoms and viral load also differed between adults and young children.
While adults with high viral loads – suggesting greater contagiousness – typically had more severe COVID symptoms, no correlation was found in young kids, meaning children with mild or no symptoms could still be highly contagious.
Dr. Karron said these findings should help parents and other stakeholders make better-informed decisions based on known risks. She recommended testing young, asymptomatic children for COVID if they have been exposed to infected individuals, then acting accordingly based on the results.
“If a family is infected with the virus, and the 2-year-old is asymptomatic, and people are thinking about a visit to elderly grandparents who may be frail, one shouldn’t assume that the 2-year-old is uninfected,” Dr. Karron said. “That child should be tested along with other family members.”
Testing should also be considered for young children exposed to COVID at childcare facilities, she added.
But not every expert consulted for this piece shared these opinions of Dr. Karron.
“I question whether that effort is worth it,” said Dean Blumberg, MD, professor and chief of the division of pediatric infectious diseases at UC Davis Health, Sacramento, Calif.
He noted that recent Food and Drug Administration guidance for COVID testing calls for three negative at-home antigen tests to confirm lack of infection.
“That would take 4 days to get those tests done,” he said. “So, it’s a lot of testing. It’s a lot of record keeping, it’s inconvenient, it’s uncomfortable to be tested, and I just question whether it’s worth that effort.”
Applicability of findings to today questioned
Dr. Blumberg also questioned whether the study, which was completed almost a year ago, reflects the current pandemic landscape.
“At the time this study was done, it was predominantly Delta [variant instead of Omicron],” Dr. Blumberg said. “The other issue [with the study] is that … most of the children didn’t have preexisting immunity, so you have to take that into account.”
Preexisting immunity – whether from exposure or vaccination – could lower viral loads, so asymptomatic children today really could be less contagious than they were when the study was done, according to Dr. Blumberg. Kids without symptoms are also less likely to spread the virus, because they aren’t coughing or sneezing, he added.
Sara R. Kim, MD, and Janet A. Englund, MD, of the Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, said it’s challenging to know how applicable the findings are, although they sided more with the investigators than Dr. Blumberg.
“Given the higher rate of transmissibility and infectivity of the Omicron variant, it is difficult to make direct associations between findings reported during this study period and those present in the current era during which the Omicron variant is circulating,” they wrote in an accompanying editorial. “However, the higher rates of asymptomatic infection observed among children in this study are likely to be consistent with those observed for current and future viral variants.”
Although the experts offered different interpretations of the findings, they shared similar perspectives on vaccination.
“The most important thing that parents can do is get their kids vaccinated, be vaccinated themselves, and have everybody in the household vaccinated and up to date for all doses that are indicated,” Dr. Blumberg said.
Dr. Karron noted that vaccination will be increasingly important in the coming months.
“Summer is ending; school is starting,” she said. “We’re going to be in large groups indoors again very soon. To keep young children safe, I think it’s really important for them to get vaccinated.”
The study was funded by the CDC. The investigators disclosed no other relationships. Dr. Englund disclosed relationships with AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and others. Dr. Kim and Dr. Blumberg disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.
BY WILL PASS
Just 14% of adults who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were asymptomatic, versus 37% of children aged 0-4 years, in the paper. This raises concern that parents, childcare providers, and preschools may be underestimating infection in seemingly healthy young kids who have been exposed to COVID, wrote lead author Ruth A. Karron, MD, and colleagues in JAMA Network Open.
Methods
The new research involved 690 individuals from 175 households in Maryland who were monitored closely between November 2020 and October 2021. Every week for 8 months, participants completed online symptom checks and underwent PCR testing using nasal swabs, with symptomatic individuals submitting additional swabs for analysis.
“What was different about our study [compared with previous studies] was the intensity of our collection, and the fact that we collected specimens from asymptomatic people,” said Dr. Karron, a pediatrician and professor in the department of international health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, in an interview. “You shed more virus earlier in the infection than later, and the fact that we were sampling every single week meant that we could pick up those early infections.”
The study also stands out for its focus on young children, Dr. Karron said. Enrollment required all households to have at least one child aged 0-4 years, so 256 out of 690 participants (37.1%) were in this youngest age group. The remainder of the population consisted of 100 older children aged 5-17 years (14.5%) and 334 adults aged 18-74 years (48.4%).
Children 4 and under more than twice as likely to be asymptomatic
By the end of the study, 51 participants had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, among whom 14 had no symptoms. A closer look showed that children 0-4 years of age who contracted COVID were more than twice as likely to be asymptomatic as infected adults (36.8% vs. 14.3%).
The relationship between symptoms and viral load also differed between adults and young children.
While adults with high viral loads – suggesting greater contagiousness – typically had more severe COVID symptoms, no correlation was found in young kids, meaning children with mild or no symptoms could still be highly contagious.
Dr. Karron said these findings should help parents and other stakeholders make better-informed decisions based on known risks. She recommended testing young, asymptomatic children for COVID if they have been exposed to infected individuals, then acting accordingly based on the results.
“If a family is infected with the virus, and the 2-year-old is asymptomatic, and people are thinking about a visit to elderly grandparents who may be frail, one shouldn’t assume that the 2-year-old is uninfected,” Dr. Karron said. “That child should be tested along with other family members.”
Testing should also be considered for young children exposed to COVID at childcare facilities, she added.
But not every expert consulted for this piece shared these opinions of Dr. Karron.
“I question whether that effort is worth it,” said Dean Blumberg, MD, professor and chief of the division of pediatric infectious diseases at UC Davis Health, Sacramento, Calif.
He noted that recent Food and Drug Administration guidance for COVID testing calls for three negative at-home antigen tests to confirm lack of infection.
“That would take 4 days to get those tests done,” he said. “So, it’s a lot of testing. It’s a lot of record keeping, it’s inconvenient, it’s uncomfortable to be tested, and I just question whether it’s worth that effort.”
Applicability of findings to today questioned
Dr. Blumberg also questioned whether the study, which was completed almost a year ago, reflects the current pandemic landscape.
“At the time this study was done, it was predominantly Delta [variant instead of Omicron],” Dr. Blumberg said. “The other issue [with the study] is that … most of the children didn’t have preexisting immunity, so you have to take that into account.”
Preexisting immunity – whether from exposure or vaccination – could lower viral loads, so asymptomatic children today really could be less contagious than they were when the study was done, according to Dr. Blumberg. Kids without symptoms are also less likely to spread the virus, because they aren’t coughing or sneezing, he added.
Sara R. Kim, MD, and Janet A. Englund, MD, of the Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, said it’s challenging to know how applicable the findings are, although they sided more with the investigators than Dr. Blumberg.
“Given the higher rate of transmissibility and infectivity of the Omicron variant, it is difficult to make direct associations between findings reported during this study period and those present in the current era during which the Omicron variant is circulating,” they wrote in an accompanying editorial. “However, the higher rates of asymptomatic infection observed among children in this study are likely to be consistent with those observed for current and future viral variants.”
Although the experts offered different interpretations of the findings, they shared similar perspectives on vaccination.
“The most important thing that parents can do is get their kids vaccinated, be vaccinated themselves, and have everybody in the household vaccinated and up to date for all doses that are indicated,” Dr. Blumberg said.
Dr. Karron noted that vaccination will be increasingly important in the coming months.
“Summer is ending; school is starting,” she said. “We’re going to be in large groups indoors again very soon. To keep young children safe, I think it’s really important for them to get vaccinated.”
The study was funded by the CDC. The investigators disclosed no other relationships. Dr. Englund disclosed relationships with AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, and others. Dr. Kim and Dr. Blumberg disclosed no relevant conflicts of interest.
FROM JAMA NETWORK OPEN
Inhaled, systemic steroids linked to changes in brain structure
New research links the use of glucocorticoids with changes in white matter microstructure – which may explain the development of anxiety, depression, and other neuropsychiatric side effects related to these drugs, investigators say.
Results from a cross-sectional study showed that use of both systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids was associated with widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) and increases in mean diffusivity.
Glucocorticoids have “a whole catalogue” of adverse events, and effects on brain structure “adds to the list,” co-investigator Onno C. Meijer, PhD, professor of molecular neuroendocrinology of corticosteroids, department of medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands, told this news organization.
The findings should encourage clinicians to consider whether doses they are prescribing are too high, said Dr. Meijer. He added that the negative effect of glucocorticoids on the brain was also found in those using inhalers, such as patients with asthma.
The findings were published online in the BMJ Open.
Serious side effects
Glucocorticoids, a class of synthetic steroids with immunosuppressive properties, are prescribed for a wide range of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma.
However, they are also associated with potentially serious metabolic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal side effects as well as neuropsychiatric side effects such as depression, mania, and cognitive impairment.
About 1 in 3 patients exposed to “quite a lot of these drugs” will experience neuropsychiatric symptoms, Dr. Meijer said.
Most previous studies that investigated effects from high levels of glucocorticoids on brain structure have been small and involved selected populations, such as those with Cushing disease.
The new study included participants from the UK Biobank, a large population-based cohort. Participants had undergone imaging and did not have a history of psychiatric disease – although they could have conditions associated with glucocorticoid use, including anxiety, depression, mania, or delirium.
The analysis included 222 patients using oral or parenteral glucocorticoids at the time of imaging (systemic group), 557 using inhaled glucocorticoids, and 24,106 not using glucocorticoids (the control group).
Inhaled steroids target the lungs, whereas a steroid in pill form “travels in the blood and reaches each and every organ and cell in the body and typically requires higher doses,” Dr. Meijer noted.
The groups were similar with respect to sex, education, and smoking status. However, the systemic glucocorticoid group was slightly older (mean age, 66.1 years vs. 63.3 years for inhaled glucocorticoid users and 63.5 years for the control group).
In addition to age, researchers adjusted for sex, education level, head position in the scanner, head size, assessment center, and year of imaging.
Imaging analyses
Imaging analyses showed systemic glucocorticoid use was associated with reduced global FA (adjusted mean difference, -3.7e-3; 95% confidence interval, -6.4e-3 to 1.0e-3), and reductions in regional FA in the body and genu of the corpus callosum versus the control group.
Inhaled glucocorticoid use was associated with reduced global FA (AMD, -2.3e-3; 95% CI, -4.0e-3 to -5.7e-4), and lower FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum and the cingulum of the hippocampus.
Global mean diffusivity was higher in systemic glucocorticoid users (AMD, 7.2e-6; 95% CI, 3.2e-6 to 1.1e-5) and inhaled glucocorticoid users (AMD, 2.7e-6; 95% CI, 1.7e-7 to 5.2e-6), compared with the control group.
The effects of glucocorticoids on white matter were “pervasive,” and the “most important finding” of the study, Dr. Meijer said. “We were impressed by the fact white matter is so sensitive to these drugs.”
He noted that it is likely that functional connectivity between brain regions is affected by use of glucocorticoids. “You could say communication between brain regions is probably somewhat impaired or challenged,” he said.
Subgroup analyses among participants using glucocorticoids chronically, defined as reported at two consecutive visits, suggested a potential dose-dependent or duration-dependent effect of glucocorticoids on white matter microstructure.
Systemic glucocorticoid use was also associated with an increase in total and grey matter volume of the caudate nucleus.
In addition, there was a significant association between inhaled glucocorticoid use and decreased grey matter volume of the amygdala, which Dr. Meijer said was surprising because studies have shown that glucocorticoids “can drive amygdala big time.”
Move away from ‘one dose for all’?
Another surprise was that the results showed no hippocampal volume differences with steroid use, Dr. Meijer noted.
The modest association between glucocorticoid use and brain volumes could indicate that white matter integrity is more sensitive to glucocorticoids than is grey matter volume, “at least at the structural level,” he said.
He added that longer use or higher doses may be necessary to also induce volumetric changes.
Participants also completed a questionnaire to assess mood over the previous 2 weeks. Systemic glucocorticoid users had more depressive symptoms, disinterest, tenseness/restlessness, and tiredness/lethargy, compared with the control group. Inhaled glucocorticoid users only reported more tiredness/lethargy.
The investigators note that mood-related effects could be linked to the condition for which glucocorticoids were prescribed: for example, rheumatoid arthritis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
In terms of cognition, systemic glucocorticoid users performed significantly worse on the symbol digit substitution task, compared with participants in the control group.
In light of these findings, pharmaceutical companies that make inhaled corticosteroids “should perhaps find out if glucocorticoids can be dosed by kilogram body weight rather than simply one dose fits all,” which is currently the case, Dr. Meijer said.
Impressive, but several limitations
Commenting on the findings, E. Sherwood Brown, MD, PhD, Distinguished Chair in Psychiatric Research and professor and vice chair for clinical research, department of psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, called the study sample size “impressive.”
In addition, the study is the first to look at systemic as well as inhaled corticosteroids, said Dr. Brown, who was not involved with the research. He noted that previously, there had been only case reports of psychiatric symptoms with inhaled corticosteroids.
That results are in the same direction but greater with systemic, compared with inhaled corticosteroids, is “particularly interesting” because this might suggest dose-dependent effects, Dr. Brown said.
He noted that cognitive differences were also only observed with systemic corticosteroids.
Some study observations, such as smaller amygdala volume with inhaled but not systemic corticosteroids, “are harder to understand,” said Dr. Brown.
However, he pointed out some study limitations. For example, data were apparently unavailable for verbal and declarative memory test data, despite corticosteroids probably affecting the hippocampus and causing memory changes.
Other drawbacks were that the dose and duration of corticosteroid use, as well as the medical histories of study participants, were not available, Dr. Brown said.
No study funding was reported. Dr. Meijer has received research grants and honorariums from Corcept Therapeutics and a speakers’ fee from Ipsen. Dr. Brown is on an advisory board for Sage Pharmaceuticals, which is developing neurosteroids (not corticosteroids) for mood disorders. He is also on a Medscape advisory board related to bipolar disorder.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
New research links the use of glucocorticoids with changes in white matter microstructure – which may explain the development of anxiety, depression, and other neuropsychiatric side effects related to these drugs, investigators say.
Results from a cross-sectional study showed that use of both systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids was associated with widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) and increases in mean diffusivity.
Glucocorticoids have “a whole catalogue” of adverse events, and effects on brain structure “adds to the list,” co-investigator Onno C. Meijer, PhD, professor of molecular neuroendocrinology of corticosteroids, department of medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands, told this news organization.
The findings should encourage clinicians to consider whether doses they are prescribing are too high, said Dr. Meijer. He added that the negative effect of glucocorticoids on the brain was also found in those using inhalers, such as patients with asthma.
The findings were published online in the BMJ Open.
Serious side effects
Glucocorticoids, a class of synthetic steroids with immunosuppressive properties, are prescribed for a wide range of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma.
However, they are also associated with potentially serious metabolic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal side effects as well as neuropsychiatric side effects such as depression, mania, and cognitive impairment.
About 1 in 3 patients exposed to “quite a lot of these drugs” will experience neuropsychiatric symptoms, Dr. Meijer said.
Most previous studies that investigated effects from high levels of glucocorticoids on brain structure have been small and involved selected populations, such as those with Cushing disease.
The new study included participants from the UK Biobank, a large population-based cohort. Participants had undergone imaging and did not have a history of psychiatric disease – although they could have conditions associated with glucocorticoid use, including anxiety, depression, mania, or delirium.
The analysis included 222 patients using oral or parenteral glucocorticoids at the time of imaging (systemic group), 557 using inhaled glucocorticoids, and 24,106 not using glucocorticoids (the control group).
Inhaled steroids target the lungs, whereas a steroid in pill form “travels in the blood and reaches each and every organ and cell in the body and typically requires higher doses,” Dr. Meijer noted.
The groups were similar with respect to sex, education, and smoking status. However, the systemic glucocorticoid group was slightly older (mean age, 66.1 years vs. 63.3 years for inhaled glucocorticoid users and 63.5 years for the control group).
In addition to age, researchers adjusted for sex, education level, head position in the scanner, head size, assessment center, and year of imaging.
Imaging analyses
Imaging analyses showed systemic glucocorticoid use was associated with reduced global FA (adjusted mean difference, -3.7e-3; 95% confidence interval, -6.4e-3 to 1.0e-3), and reductions in regional FA in the body and genu of the corpus callosum versus the control group.
Inhaled glucocorticoid use was associated with reduced global FA (AMD, -2.3e-3; 95% CI, -4.0e-3 to -5.7e-4), and lower FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum and the cingulum of the hippocampus.
Global mean diffusivity was higher in systemic glucocorticoid users (AMD, 7.2e-6; 95% CI, 3.2e-6 to 1.1e-5) and inhaled glucocorticoid users (AMD, 2.7e-6; 95% CI, 1.7e-7 to 5.2e-6), compared with the control group.
The effects of glucocorticoids on white matter were “pervasive,” and the “most important finding” of the study, Dr. Meijer said. “We were impressed by the fact white matter is so sensitive to these drugs.”
He noted that it is likely that functional connectivity between brain regions is affected by use of glucocorticoids. “You could say communication between brain regions is probably somewhat impaired or challenged,” he said.
Subgroup analyses among participants using glucocorticoids chronically, defined as reported at two consecutive visits, suggested a potential dose-dependent or duration-dependent effect of glucocorticoids on white matter microstructure.
Systemic glucocorticoid use was also associated with an increase in total and grey matter volume of the caudate nucleus.
In addition, there was a significant association between inhaled glucocorticoid use and decreased grey matter volume of the amygdala, which Dr. Meijer said was surprising because studies have shown that glucocorticoids “can drive amygdala big time.”
Move away from ‘one dose for all’?
Another surprise was that the results showed no hippocampal volume differences with steroid use, Dr. Meijer noted.
The modest association between glucocorticoid use and brain volumes could indicate that white matter integrity is more sensitive to glucocorticoids than is grey matter volume, “at least at the structural level,” he said.
He added that longer use or higher doses may be necessary to also induce volumetric changes.
Participants also completed a questionnaire to assess mood over the previous 2 weeks. Systemic glucocorticoid users had more depressive symptoms, disinterest, tenseness/restlessness, and tiredness/lethargy, compared with the control group. Inhaled glucocorticoid users only reported more tiredness/lethargy.
The investigators note that mood-related effects could be linked to the condition for which glucocorticoids were prescribed: for example, rheumatoid arthritis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
In terms of cognition, systemic glucocorticoid users performed significantly worse on the symbol digit substitution task, compared with participants in the control group.
In light of these findings, pharmaceutical companies that make inhaled corticosteroids “should perhaps find out if glucocorticoids can be dosed by kilogram body weight rather than simply one dose fits all,” which is currently the case, Dr. Meijer said.
Impressive, but several limitations
Commenting on the findings, E. Sherwood Brown, MD, PhD, Distinguished Chair in Psychiatric Research and professor and vice chair for clinical research, department of psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, called the study sample size “impressive.”
In addition, the study is the first to look at systemic as well as inhaled corticosteroids, said Dr. Brown, who was not involved with the research. He noted that previously, there had been only case reports of psychiatric symptoms with inhaled corticosteroids.
That results are in the same direction but greater with systemic, compared with inhaled corticosteroids, is “particularly interesting” because this might suggest dose-dependent effects, Dr. Brown said.
He noted that cognitive differences were also only observed with systemic corticosteroids.
Some study observations, such as smaller amygdala volume with inhaled but not systemic corticosteroids, “are harder to understand,” said Dr. Brown.
However, he pointed out some study limitations. For example, data were apparently unavailable for verbal and declarative memory test data, despite corticosteroids probably affecting the hippocampus and causing memory changes.
Other drawbacks were that the dose and duration of corticosteroid use, as well as the medical histories of study participants, were not available, Dr. Brown said.
No study funding was reported. Dr. Meijer has received research grants and honorariums from Corcept Therapeutics and a speakers’ fee from Ipsen. Dr. Brown is on an advisory board for Sage Pharmaceuticals, which is developing neurosteroids (not corticosteroids) for mood disorders. He is also on a Medscape advisory board related to bipolar disorder.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
New research links the use of glucocorticoids with changes in white matter microstructure – which may explain the development of anxiety, depression, and other neuropsychiatric side effects related to these drugs, investigators say.
Results from a cross-sectional study showed that use of both systemic and inhaled glucocorticoids was associated with widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) and increases in mean diffusivity.
Glucocorticoids have “a whole catalogue” of adverse events, and effects on brain structure “adds to the list,” co-investigator Onno C. Meijer, PhD, professor of molecular neuroendocrinology of corticosteroids, department of medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands, told this news organization.
The findings should encourage clinicians to consider whether doses they are prescribing are too high, said Dr. Meijer. He added that the negative effect of glucocorticoids on the brain was also found in those using inhalers, such as patients with asthma.
The findings were published online in the BMJ Open.
Serious side effects
Glucocorticoids, a class of synthetic steroids with immunosuppressive properties, are prescribed for a wide range of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma.
However, they are also associated with potentially serious metabolic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal side effects as well as neuropsychiatric side effects such as depression, mania, and cognitive impairment.
About 1 in 3 patients exposed to “quite a lot of these drugs” will experience neuropsychiatric symptoms, Dr. Meijer said.
Most previous studies that investigated effects from high levels of glucocorticoids on brain structure have been small and involved selected populations, such as those with Cushing disease.
The new study included participants from the UK Biobank, a large population-based cohort. Participants had undergone imaging and did not have a history of psychiatric disease – although they could have conditions associated with glucocorticoid use, including anxiety, depression, mania, or delirium.
The analysis included 222 patients using oral or parenteral glucocorticoids at the time of imaging (systemic group), 557 using inhaled glucocorticoids, and 24,106 not using glucocorticoids (the control group).
Inhaled steroids target the lungs, whereas a steroid in pill form “travels in the blood and reaches each and every organ and cell in the body and typically requires higher doses,” Dr. Meijer noted.
The groups were similar with respect to sex, education, and smoking status. However, the systemic glucocorticoid group was slightly older (mean age, 66.1 years vs. 63.3 years for inhaled glucocorticoid users and 63.5 years for the control group).
In addition to age, researchers adjusted for sex, education level, head position in the scanner, head size, assessment center, and year of imaging.
Imaging analyses
Imaging analyses showed systemic glucocorticoid use was associated with reduced global FA (adjusted mean difference, -3.7e-3; 95% confidence interval, -6.4e-3 to 1.0e-3), and reductions in regional FA in the body and genu of the corpus callosum versus the control group.
Inhaled glucocorticoid use was associated with reduced global FA (AMD, -2.3e-3; 95% CI, -4.0e-3 to -5.7e-4), and lower FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum and the cingulum of the hippocampus.
Global mean diffusivity was higher in systemic glucocorticoid users (AMD, 7.2e-6; 95% CI, 3.2e-6 to 1.1e-5) and inhaled glucocorticoid users (AMD, 2.7e-6; 95% CI, 1.7e-7 to 5.2e-6), compared with the control group.
The effects of glucocorticoids on white matter were “pervasive,” and the “most important finding” of the study, Dr. Meijer said. “We were impressed by the fact white matter is so sensitive to these drugs.”
He noted that it is likely that functional connectivity between brain regions is affected by use of glucocorticoids. “You could say communication between brain regions is probably somewhat impaired or challenged,” he said.
Subgroup analyses among participants using glucocorticoids chronically, defined as reported at two consecutive visits, suggested a potential dose-dependent or duration-dependent effect of glucocorticoids on white matter microstructure.
Systemic glucocorticoid use was also associated with an increase in total and grey matter volume of the caudate nucleus.
In addition, there was a significant association between inhaled glucocorticoid use and decreased grey matter volume of the amygdala, which Dr. Meijer said was surprising because studies have shown that glucocorticoids “can drive amygdala big time.”
Move away from ‘one dose for all’?
Another surprise was that the results showed no hippocampal volume differences with steroid use, Dr. Meijer noted.
The modest association between glucocorticoid use and brain volumes could indicate that white matter integrity is more sensitive to glucocorticoids than is grey matter volume, “at least at the structural level,” he said.
He added that longer use or higher doses may be necessary to also induce volumetric changes.
Participants also completed a questionnaire to assess mood over the previous 2 weeks. Systemic glucocorticoid users had more depressive symptoms, disinterest, tenseness/restlessness, and tiredness/lethargy, compared with the control group. Inhaled glucocorticoid users only reported more tiredness/lethargy.
The investigators note that mood-related effects could be linked to the condition for which glucocorticoids were prescribed: for example, rheumatoid arthritis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
In terms of cognition, systemic glucocorticoid users performed significantly worse on the symbol digit substitution task, compared with participants in the control group.
In light of these findings, pharmaceutical companies that make inhaled corticosteroids “should perhaps find out if glucocorticoids can be dosed by kilogram body weight rather than simply one dose fits all,” which is currently the case, Dr. Meijer said.
Impressive, but several limitations
Commenting on the findings, E. Sherwood Brown, MD, PhD, Distinguished Chair in Psychiatric Research and professor and vice chair for clinical research, department of psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, called the study sample size “impressive.”
In addition, the study is the first to look at systemic as well as inhaled corticosteroids, said Dr. Brown, who was not involved with the research. He noted that previously, there had been only case reports of psychiatric symptoms with inhaled corticosteroids.
That results are in the same direction but greater with systemic, compared with inhaled corticosteroids, is “particularly interesting” because this might suggest dose-dependent effects, Dr. Brown said.
He noted that cognitive differences were also only observed with systemic corticosteroids.
Some study observations, such as smaller amygdala volume with inhaled but not systemic corticosteroids, “are harder to understand,” said Dr. Brown.
However, he pointed out some study limitations. For example, data were apparently unavailable for verbal and declarative memory test data, despite corticosteroids probably affecting the hippocampus and causing memory changes.
Other drawbacks were that the dose and duration of corticosteroid use, as well as the medical histories of study participants, were not available, Dr. Brown said.
No study funding was reported. Dr. Meijer has received research grants and honorariums from Corcept Therapeutics and a speakers’ fee from Ipsen. Dr. Brown is on an advisory board for Sage Pharmaceuticals, which is developing neurosteroids (not corticosteroids) for mood disorders. He is also on a Medscape advisory board related to bipolar disorder.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
FROM BMJ OPEN
Nearly 30% of U.S. cancer deaths linked to smoking
Nearly 123,000 cancer deaths – or
That corresponds to more than 2 million person-years of lost life and nearly $21 billion in annual lost earnings.
“During the past few decades, smoking has substantially declined in the U.S., followed by great declines in mortality from lung cancer and some other smoking-related cancers,” said lead author Farhad Islami, MD, senior scientific director of cancer disparity research at the American Cancer Society.
Despite this “remarkable progress, our results indicate that smoking is still associated with about 30% of all cancer deaths and substantial lost earnings in the U.S., and that more work should be done to further reduce smoking in the country,” he said.
The study was published online in the International Journal of Cancer.
Dr. Islami and colleagues had found that lost earnings from cancer deaths in 2015 came to nearly $95 billion. Other research showed that a substantial portion of lost earnings from cancer deaths could be traced to cigarette smoking, but estimates were more than a decade old.
To provide more recent estimates and help guide tobacco control policies, Dr. Islami and colleagues estimated person-years of life lost (PYLL) and lost earnings from cigarette smoking-related cancer deaths in 2019.
Of the 418,563 cancer deaths in adults ages 25-79 years, an estimated 122,951 could be linked to cigarette smoking. That corresponds to 29.4% of all cancer deaths and roughly 2.2 million PYLL. Translated to lost earnings, the authors estimated $20.9 billion total, with average lost earnings of $170,000 per cancer death linked to smoking.
By cancer type, lung cancer accounted for about 62%, or $12.9 billion, of the total lost earnings linked to smoking, followed by esophageal cancer (7%, or $1.5 billion), colorectal cancer (6%, or $1.2 billion), and liver cancer (5%, or $1.1 billion).
Smoking-related death rates were highest in the 13 “tobacco nation” states with weaker tobacco control policies and a higher rate of cigarette smoking. These states are Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
The lost earnings rate in all 13 tobacco nation states combined was about 44% higher, compared with other states and the District of Columbia combined, and the annual PYLL rate was 47% higher in tobacco nation states.
The researchers estimated that if PYLL and lost earnings rates in all states matched those in Utah, which has the lowest rates, more than half of the total PYLL and lost earnings nationally would have been avoided. In other words, that would mean 1.27 million PYLL and $10.5 billion saved in 2019.
Ending the ‘scourge of tobacco’
To kick the smoking habit, health providers should “screen patients for tobacco use, document tobacco use status, advise people who smoke to quit, and assist in attempts to quit,” Dr. Islami said.
Getting more people to screen for lung cancer in the United States is also important, given that only 6.6% of eligible people in 2019 received screening.
In a statement, Lisa Lacasse, president of the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, said this report “further demonstrates just how critical reducing tobacco use is to ending suffering and death from cancer.”
To end the “scourge of tobacco,” local, state, and federal lawmakers need to pass proven tobacco control policies, she said.
These include regular and significant tobacco tax increases, thorough statewide smoke-free laws, and enough funding for state programs to prevent and stop smoking. It also means ensuring all Medicaid enrollees have access to all services that can help smokers quit as well as access to all FDA-approved medications that help users stop smoking.
“We have the tools to get this done, we just need lawmakers to act,” Ms. Lacasse said.
A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.
Nearly 123,000 cancer deaths – or
That corresponds to more than 2 million person-years of lost life and nearly $21 billion in annual lost earnings.
“During the past few decades, smoking has substantially declined in the U.S., followed by great declines in mortality from lung cancer and some other smoking-related cancers,” said lead author Farhad Islami, MD, senior scientific director of cancer disparity research at the American Cancer Society.
Despite this “remarkable progress, our results indicate that smoking is still associated with about 30% of all cancer deaths and substantial lost earnings in the U.S., and that more work should be done to further reduce smoking in the country,” he said.
The study was published online in the International Journal of Cancer.
Dr. Islami and colleagues had found that lost earnings from cancer deaths in 2015 came to nearly $95 billion. Other research showed that a substantial portion of lost earnings from cancer deaths could be traced to cigarette smoking, but estimates were more than a decade old.
To provide more recent estimates and help guide tobacco control policies, Dr. Islami and colleagues estimated person-years of life lost (PYLL) and lost earnings from cigarette smoking-related cancer deaths in 2019.
Of the 418,563 cancer deaths in adults ages 25-79 years, an estimated 122,951 could be linked to cigarette smoking. That corresponds to 29.4% of all cancer deaths and roughly 2.2 million PYLL. Translated to lost earnings, the authors estimated $20.9 billion total, with average lost earnings of $170,000 per cancer death linked to smoking.
By cancer type, lung cancer accounted for about 62%, or $12.9 billion, of the total lost earnings linked to smoking, followed by esophageal cancer (7%, or $1.5 billion), colorectal cancer (6%, or $1.2 billion), and liver cancer (5%, or $1.1 billion).
Smoking-related death rates were highest in the 13 “tobacco nation” states with weaker tobacco control policies and a higher rate of cigarette smoking. These states are Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
The lost earnings rate in all 13 tobacco nation states combined was about 44% higher, compared with other states and the District of Columbia combined, and the annual PYLL rate was 47% higher in tobacco nation states.
The researchers estimated that if PYLL and lost earnings rates in all states matched those in Utah, which has the lowest rates, more than half of the total PYLL and lost earnings nationally would have been avoided. In other words, that would mean 1.27 million PYLL and $10.5 billion saved in 2019.
Ending the ‘scourge of tobacco’
To kick the smoking habit, health providers should “screen patients for tobacco use, document tobacco use status, advise people who smoke to quit, and assist in attempts to quit,” Dr. Islami said.
Getting more people to screen for lung cancer in the United States is also important, given that only 6.6% of eligible people in 2019 received screening.
In a statement, Lisa Lacasse, president of the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, said this report “further demonstrates just how critical reducing tobacco use is to ending suffering and death from cancer.”
To end the “scourge of tobacco,” local, state, and federal lawmakers need to pass proven tobacco control policies, she said.
These include regular and significant tobacco tax increases, thorough statewide smoke-free laws, and enough funding for state programs to prevent and stop smoking. It also means ensuring all Medicaid enrollees have access to all services that can help smokers quit as well as access to all FDA-approved medications that help users stop smoking.
“We have the tools to get this done, we just need lawmakers to act,” Ms. Lacasse said.
A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.
Nearly 123,000 cancer deaths – or
That corresponds to more than 2 million person-years of lost life and nearly $21 billion in annual lost earnings.
“During the past few decades, smoking has substantially declined in the U.S., followed by great declines in mortality from lung cancer and some other smoking-related cancers,” said lead author Farhad Islami, MD, senior scientific director of cancer disparity research at the American Cancer Society.
Despite this “remarkable progress, our results indicate that smoking is still associated with about 30% of all cancer deaths and substantial lost earnings in the U.S., and that more work should be done to further reduce smoking in the country,” he said.
The study was published online in the International Journal of Cancer.
Dr. Islami and colleagues had found that lost earnings from cancer deaths in 2015 came to nearly $95 billion. Other research showed that a substantial portion of lost earnings from cancer deaths could be traced to cigarette smoking, but estimates were more than a decade old.
To provide more recent estimates and help guide tobacco control policies, Dr. Islami and colleagues estimated person-years of life lost (PYLL) and lost earnings from cigarette smoking-related cancer deaths in 2019.
Of the 418,563 cancer deaths in adults ages 25-79 years, an estimated 122,951 could be linked to cigarette smoking. That corresponds to 29.4% of all cancer deaths and roughly 2.2 million PYLL. Translated to lost earnings, the authors estimated $20.9 billion total, with average lost earnings of $170,000 per cancer death linked to smoking.
By cancer type, lung cancer accounted for about 62%, or $12.9 billion, of the total lost earnings linked to smoking, followed by esophageal cancer (7%, or $1.5 billion), colorectal cancer (6%, or $1.2 billion), and liver cancer (5%, or $1.1 billion).
Smoking-related death rates were highest in the 13 “tobacco nation” states with weaker tobacco control policies and a higher rate of cigarette smoking. These states are Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
The lost earnings rate in all 13 tobacco nation states combined was about 44% higher, compared with other states and the District of Columbia combined, and the annual PYLL rate was 47% higher in tobacco nation states.
The researchers estimated that if PYLL and lost earnings rates in all states matched those in Utah, which has the lowest rates, more than half of the total PYLL and lost earnings nationally would have been avoided. In other words, that would mean 1.27 million PYLL and $10.5 billion saved in 2019.
Ending the ‘scourge of tobacco’
To kick the smoking habit, health providers should “screen patients for tobacco use, document tobacco use status, advise people who smoke to quit, and assist in attempts to quit,” Dr. Islami said.
Getting more people to screen for lung cancer in the United States is also important, given that only 6.6% of eligible people in 2019 received screening.
In a statement, Lisa Lacasse, president of the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, said this report “further demonstrates just how critical reducing tobacco use is to ending suffering and death from cancer.”
To end the “scourge of tobacco,” local, state, and federal lawmakers need to pass proven tobacco control policies, she said.
These include regular and significant tobacco tax increases, thorough statewide smoke-free laws, and enough funding for state programs to prevent and stop smoking. It also means ensuring all Medicaid enrollees have access to all services that can help smokers quit as well as access to all FDA-approved medications that help users stop smoking.
“We have the tools to get this done, we just need lawmakers to act,” Ms. Lacasse said.
A version of this article first appeared on WebMD.com.
FROM THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER
Sclerostin predicts exacerbations in COPD patients
Lower levels of serum sclerostin (SOST) were significantly associated with increased risk of lung exacerbations and hospitalizations in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), based on data from 139 individuals.
COPD exacerbations contribute to poorer prognosis and diminished quality of life, but many potential triggers of these exacerbations, including serum biomarkers, have not been well studied, wrote Carlos A. Amado, MD, of Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain, and colleagues.
These biomarkers include sclerostin, which is associated with bone metabolism and may play a role in “muscle-bone crosstalk,” thereby impacting lung function, they said.
In a study published in Pulmonology, the researchers recruited 139 adult outpatients with stable COPD and normal kidney function who were treated at a single center. The patients were followed for 12 months after study enrollment and a baseline assessment of serum SOST, bone metabolism parameters, body composition, clinical characteristics, and lung function. The mean age of the participants was 65.8 years, and 71% were men. Notably, 41.7% of the participants were current smokers. Body composition was assessed using fat-free mass index (FFMI), and lung function was assessed using forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).
A total of 55 patients had SOST levels of 20 pmol/L at baseline, and 84 had SOST levels greater than 20 pmol/L. In a multivariate analysis, only age and FFMI were positively correlated with SOST levels (beta = 0.264 and beta = 1.241, respectively).
Patients in the lower tertile of SOST levels had a significantly higher risk of moderate COPD exacerbation (hazard ratio, 2.015; P = .017) and hospital admission related to COPD (HR, 5.142; P = .015), compared with the other patients. Also in a multivariate analysis, low levels of SOST were independently associated with FFMI (odds ratio, 1.936; P = .004) but not with any of the other variables.
the researchers wrote in their discussion. However, “we found that SOST and FFMI were positively associated in patients with COPD; therefore, lower levels of circulating SOST might reflect sarcopenia,” they noted. Low levels of muscle mass are associated with COPD exacerbations, they added.
The study findings were limited by several factors, including the use of patients from only one center and the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the study population. The study also was not designed to show causality, the researchers said.
However, the results were strengthened by their specific design and overall well-selected population, as well as the evaluation of bone metabolism, they said.
The study offers the first evidence of an association between SOST and clinical outcomes in COPD “and may have a role as a biomarker to evaluate the risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in COPD,” but more research is needed in other populations to fully evaluate the therapeutic aspects of the study findings, the researchers concluded.
The study was supported by the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria of Cantabria. The researchers disclosed no financial conflicts.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Lower levels of serum sclerostin (SOST) were significantly associated with increased risk of lung exacerbations and hospitalizations in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), based on data from 139 individuals.
COPD exacerbations contribute to poorer prognosis and diminished quality of life, but many potential triggers of these exacerbations, including serum biomarkers, have not been well studied, wrote Carlos A. Amado, MD, of Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain, and colleagues.
These biomarkers include sclerostin, which is associated with bone metabolism and may play a role in “muscle-bone crosstalk,” thereby impacting lung function, they said.
In a study published in Pulmonology, the researchers recruited 139 adult outpatients with stable COPD and normal kidney function who were treated at a single center. The patients were followed for 12 months after study enrollment and a baseline assessment of serum SOST, bone metabolism parameters, body composition, clinical characteristics, and lung function. The mean age of the participants was 65.8 years, and 71% were men. Notably, 41.7% of the participants were current smokers. Body composition was assessed using fat-free mass index (FFMI), and lung function was assessed using forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).
A total of 55 patients had SOST levels of 20 pmol/L at baseline, and 84 had SOST levels greater than 20 pmol/L. In a multivariate analysis, only age and FFMI were positively correlated with SOST levels (beta = 0.264 and beta = 1.241, respectively).
Patients in the lower tertile of SOST levels had a significantly higher risk of moderate COPD exacerbation (hazard ratio, 2.015; P = .017) and hospital admission related to COPD (HR, 5.142; P = .015), compared with the other patients. Also in a multivariate analysis, low levels of SOST were independently associated with FFMI (odds ratio, 1.936; P = .004) but not with any of the other variables.
the researchers wrote in their discussion. However, “we found that SOST and FFMI were positively associated in patients with COPD; therefore, lower levels of circulating SOST might reflect sarcopenia,” they noted. Low levels of muscle mass are associated with COPD exacerbations, they added.
The study findings were limited by several factors, including the use of patients from only one center and the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the study population. The study also was not designed to show causality, the researchers said.
However, the results were strengthened by their specific design and overall well-selected population, as well as the evaluation of bone metabolism, they said.
The study offers the first evidence of an association between SOST and clinical outcomes in COPD “and may have a role as a biomarker to evaluate the risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in COPD,” but more research is needed in other populations to fully evaluate the therapeutic aspects of the study findings, the researchers concluded.
The study was supported by the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria of Cantabria. The researchers disclosed no financial conflicts.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Lower levels of serum sclerostin (SOST) were significantly associated with increased risk of lung exacerbations and hospitalizations in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), based on data from 139 individuals.
COPD exacerbations contribute to poorer prognosis and diminished quality of life, but many potential triggers of these exacerbations, including serum biomarkers, have not been well studied, wrote Carlos A. Amado, MD, of Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain, and colleagues.
These biomarkers include sclerostin, which is associated with bone metabolism and may play a role in “muscle-bone crosstalk,” thereby impacting lung function, they said.
In a study published in Pulmonology, the researchers recruited 139 adult outpatients with stable COPD and normal kidney function who were treated at a single center. The patients were followed for 12 months after study enrollment and a baseline assessment of serum SOST, bone metabolism parameters, body composition, clinical characteristics, and lung function. The mean age of the participants was 65.8 years, and 71% were men. Notably, 41.7% of the participants were current smokers. Body composition was assessed using fat-free mass index (FFMI), and lung function was assessed using forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).
A total of 55 patients had SOST levels of 20 pmol/L at baseline, and 84 had SOST levels greater than 20 pmol/L. In a multivariate analysis, only age and FFMI were positively correlated with SOST levels (beta = 0.264 and beta = 1.241, respectively).
Patients in the lower tertile of SOST levels had a significantly higher risk of moderate COPD exacerbation (hazard ratio, 2.015; P = .017) and hospital admission related to COPD (HR, 5.142; P = .015), compared with the other patients. Also in a multivariate analysis, low levels of SOST were independently associated with FFMI (odds ratio, 1.936; P = .004) but not with any of the other variables.
the researchers wrote in their discussion. However, “we found that SOST and FFMI were positively associated in patients with COPD; therefore, lower levels of circulating SOST might reflect sarcopenia,” they noted. Low levels of muscle mass are associated with COPD exacerbations, they added.
The study findings were limited by several factors, including the use of patients from only one center and the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the study population. The study also was not designed to show causality, the researchers said.
However, the results were strengthened by their specific design and overall well-selected population, as well as the evaluation of bone metabolism, they said.
The study offers the first evidence of an association between SOST and clinical outcomes in COPD “and may have a role as a biomarker to evaluate the risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in COPD,” but more research is needed in other populations to fully evaluate the therapeutic aspects of the study findings, the researchers concluded.
The study was supported by the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria of Cantabria. The researchers disclosed no financial conflicts.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Home program improves some functional capacity in COPD
A home-based strength training program does not improve dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), but it does improve some functional capacity and helps patients feel better, a 12-month long HOMEX exercise program shows.
Anja Frei, PhD, University of Zurich, Switzerland, and colleagues reported.
“Our study showed that the HOMEX strength training program had no effect on dyspnea after 12 months in persons with COPD who completed PR, [but] the program improved functional exercise capacity ... and many participants reported having perceived positive effects that they attributed to the training,” investigators add.
The study was published online in the journal CHEST.
Intervention or controls
A total of 123 patients (mean age, 67 years) with COPD were randomly assigned to the intervention group or to the control group. The mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 39.3% of predicted. Three-quarters of participants had severe or very severe COPD.
A total of 104 patients completed the 12-month study. “The primary outcome was change in dyspnea (Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire, CRQ) from baseline to 12 months,” investigators note. Secondary outcomes included change in exercise capacity as assessed by the 1-minute-sit-to-stand test (1-min-STST); the 6-minute walk test (6MWT); health-related quality of life, exacerbations, and symptoms.
The HOMEX program was a structured, home-based strength training program developed for patients with COPD that could be done following the pulmonary rehabilitation program, with the intention of maintaining the training benefits gained during pulmonary rehabilitation.
“We deliberately focused on the strength component of exercise training due to the fact that skeletal muscle dysfunction is prevalent in COPD and [is] associated with lower daily physical activity and poor prognosis,” the authors explain. Patients had completed pulmonary rehabilitation no longer than 1 month prior to starting the training program. The program required a chair and a set of resistance bands and consisted of trunk, upper limb, and lower limb exercises done at different intensity levels.
Participants were instructed to do the exercises 6 days per week for about 20 minutes per day over the 12-month study interval. The dyspnea score dropped from 4.65 to 4.42 from baseline to 12 months in the intervention group, compared with a drop from 4.61 to 4.06 in the control group, the investigators reported. “There was no evidence for a difference between the two groups in change in the 6MWT distance after 12 months ... but moderate evidence for a between-group difference in the change of repetitions in the 1-min-STST favoring the IG (intervention group),” they also noted, at an adjusted mean difference of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-5.03, P = .033).
In all other outcomes, no differences were observed between the two groups. Importantly, 70% of participants carried on with the HOMEX training program until study endpoint and at least 79% of them persevered for at least 10 months. Based on results from a satisfaction survey, 81% of participants randomly assigned to the intervention group indicated that they “liked” or “very much liked” participating in the program, and 79% of them reported that they experienced positive effects that they felt were attributed to the training.
“The program was safe and the majority of the multimorbid and severely ill study participants adhered to the training during the study year,” the authors write. And while the program had no effect on functional exercise capacity as measured by the 6MWT, it did improve the strength and intramuscular coordination of the lower leg muscles because the program had repetitive sit-to-stand exercises as a component of the training. “Adherence to this long-term training program was surprisingly high,” the authors say. “It was well accepted by COPD patients and may facilitate continued training at home.”
One limitation of the study was that some participants did not travel to the rehabilitation clinic for a follow-up assessment.
The authors reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
A home-based strength training program does not improve dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), but it does improve some functional capacity and helps patients feel better, a 12-month long HOMEX exercise program shows.
Anja Frei, PhD, University of Zurich, Switzerland, and colleagues reported.
“Our study showed that the HOMEX strength training program had no effect on dyspnea after 12 months in persons with COPD who completed PR, [but] the program improved functional exercise capacity ... and many participants reported having perceived positive effects that they attributed to the training,” investigators add.
The study was published online in the journal CHEST.
Intervention or controls
A total of 123 patients (mean age, 67 years) with COPD were randomly assigned to the intervention group or to the control group. The mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 39.3% of predicted. Three-quarters of participants had severe or very severe COPD.
A total of 104 patients completed the 12-month study. “The primary outcome was change in dyspnea (Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire, CRQ) from baseline to 12 months,” investigators note. Secondary outcomes included change in exercise capacity as assessed by the 1-minute-sit-to-stand test (1-min-STST); the 6-minute walk test (6MWT); health-related quality of life, exacerbations, and symptoms.
The HOMEX program was a structured, home-based strength training program developed for patients with COPD that could be done following the pulmonary rehabilitation program, with the intention of maintaining the training benefits gained during pulmonary rehabilitation.
“We deliberately focused on the strength component of exercise training due to the fact that skeletal muscle dysfunction is prevalent in COPD and [is] associated with lower daily physical activity and poor prognosis,” the authors explain. Patients had completed pulmonary rehabilitation no longer than 1 month prior to starting the training program. The program required a chair and a set of resistance bands and consisted of trunk, upper limb, and lower limb exercises done at different intensity levels.
Participants were instructed to do the exercises 6 days per week for about 20 minutes per day over the 12-month study interval. The dyspnea score dropped from 4.65 to 4.42 from baseline to 12 months in the intervention group, compared with a drop from 4.61 to 4.06 in the control group, the investigators reported. “There was no evidence for a difference between the two groups in change in the 6MWT distance after 12 months ... but moderate evidence for a between-group difference in the change of repetitions in the 1-min-STST favoring the IG (intervention group),” they also noted, at an adjusted mean difference of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-5.03, P = .033).
In all other outcomes, no differences were observed between the two groups. Importantly, 70% of participants carried on with the HOMEX training program until study endpoint and at least 79% of them persevered for at least 10 months. Based on results from a satisfaction survey, 81% of participants randomly assigned to the intervention group indicated that they “liked” or “very much liked” participating in the program, and 79% of them reported that they experienced positive effects that they felt were attributed to the training.
“The program was safe and the majority of the multimorbid and severely ill study participants adhered to the training during the study year,” the authors write. And while the program had no effect on functional exercise capacity as measured by the 6MWT, it did improve the strength and intramuscular coordination of the lower leg muscles because the program had repetitive sit-to-stand exercises as a component of the training. “Adherence to this long-term training program was surprisingly high,” the authors say. “It was well accepted by COPD patients and may facilitate continued training at home.”
One limitation of the study was that some participants did not travel to the rehabilitation clinic for a follow-up assessment.
The authors reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
A home-based strength training program does not improve dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), but it does improve some functional capacity and helps patients feel better, a 12-month long HOMEX exercise program shows.
Anja Frei, PhD, University of Zurich, Switzerland, and colleagues reported.
“Our study showed that the HOMEX strength training program had no effect on dyspnea after 12 months in persons with COPD who completed PR, [but] the program improved functional exercise capacity ... and many participants reported having perceived positive effects that they attributed to the training,” investigators add.
The study was published online in the journal CHEST.
Intervention or controls
A total of 123 patients (mean age, 67 years) with COPD were randomly assigned to the intervention group or to the control group. The mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 39.3% of predicted. Three-quarters of participants had severe or very severe COPD.
A total of 104 patients completed the 12-month study. “The primary outcome was change in dyspnea (Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire, CRQ) from baseline to 12 months,” investigators note. Secondary outcomes included change in exercise capacity as assessed by the 1-minute-sit-to-stand test (1-min-STST); the 6-minute walk test (6MWT); health-related quality of life, exacerbations, and symptoms.
The HOMEX program was a structured, home-based strength training program developed for patients with COPD that could be done following the pulmonary rehabilitation program, with the intention of maintaining the training benefits gained during pulmonary rehabilitation.
“We deliberately focused on the strength component of exercise training due to the fact that skeletal muscle dysfunction is prevalent in COPD and [is] associated with lower daily physical activity and poor prognosis,” the authors explain. Patients had completed pulmonary rehabilitation no longer than 1 month prior to starting the training program. The program required a chair and a set of resistance bands and consisted of trunk, upper limb, and lower limb exercises done at different intensity levels.
Participants were instructed to do the exercises 6 days per week for about 20 minutes per day over the 12-month study interval. The dyspnea score dropped from 4.65 to 4.42 from baseline to 12 months in the intervention group, compared with a drop from 4.61 to 4.06 in the control group, the investigators reported. “There was no evidence for a difference between the two groups in change in the 6MWT distance after 12 months ... but moderate evidence for a between-group difference in the change of repetitions in the 1-min-STST favoring the IG (intervention group),” they also noted, at an adjusted mean difference of 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-5.03, P = .033).
In all other outcomes, no differences were observed between the two groups. Importantly, 70% of participants carried on with the HOMEX training program until study endpoint and at least 79% of them persevered for at least 10 months. Based on results from a satisfaction survey, 81% of participants randomly assigned to the intervention group indicated that they “liked” or “very much liked” participating in the program, and 79% of them reported that they experienced positive effects that they felt were attributed to the training.
“The program was safe and the majority of the multimorbid and severely ill study participants adhered to the training during the study year,” the authors write. And while the program had no effect on functional exercise capacity as measured by the 6MWT, it did improve the strength and intramuscular coordination of the lower leg muscles because the program had repetitive sit-to-stand exercises as a component of the training. “Adherence to this long-term training program was surprisingly high,” the authors say. “It was well accepted by COPD patients and may facilitate continued training at home.”
One limitation of the study was that some participants did not travel to the rehabilitation clinic for a follow-up assessment.
The authors reported no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Vaccine hope now for leading cause of U.S. infant hospitalizations: RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of U.S. infant hospitalizations overall and across population subgroups, new data published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases confirm.
Acute bronchiolitis caused by RSV accounted for 9.6% (95% confidence interval, 9.4%-9.9%) and 9.3% (95% CI, 9.0%-9.6%) of total infant hospitalizations from January 2009 to September 2015 and October 2015 to December 2019, respectively.
Journal issue includes 14 RSV studies
The latest issue of the journal includes a special section with results from 14 studies related to the widespread, easy-to-catch virus, highlighting the urgency of finding a solution for all infants.
In one study, authors led by Mina Suh, MPH, with EpidStrategies, a division of ToxStrategies in Rockville, Md., reported that, in children under the age of 5 years in the United States, RSV caused 58,000 annual hospitalizations and from 100 to 500 annual deaths from 2009 to 2019 (the latest year data were available).
Globally, in 2015, among infants younger than 6 months, an estimated 1.4 million hospital admissions and 27,300 in-hospital deaths were attributed to RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI).
The researchers used the largest publicly available, all-payer database in the United States – the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample – to describe the leading causes of infant hospitalizations.
The authors noted that, because clinicians don’t routinely perform lab tests for RSV, the true health care burden is likely higher and its public health impact greater than these numbers show.
Immunization candidates advance
There are no preventative options currently available to substantially cut RSV infections in all infants, though immunization candidates are advancing, showing safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
Palivizumab is currently the only available option in the United States to prevent RSV and is recommended only for a small group of infants with particular forms of heart or lung disease and those born prematurely at 29 weeks’ gestational age. Further, palivizumab has to be given monthly throughout the RSV season.
Another of the studies in the journal supplement concluded that a universal immunization strategy with one of the candidates, nirsevimab (Sanofi, AstraZeneca), an investigational long-acting monoclonal antibody, could substantially reduce the health burden and economic burden for U.S. infants in their first RSV season.
The researchers, led by Alexia Kieffer, MSc, MPH, with Sanofi, used static decision-analytic modeling for the estimates. Modeled RSV-related outcomes included primary care and ED visits, hospitalizations, including ICU admission and mechanical ventilations, and RSV-related deaths.
“The results of this model suggested that the use of nirsevimab in all infants could reduce health events by 55% and the overall costs to the payer by 49%,” the authors of the study wrote.
According to the study, universal immunization of all infants with nirsevimab is expected to reduce 290,174 RSV-related medically attended LRTI (MALRTI), 24,986 hospitalizations, and cut $612 million in costs to the health care system.
The authors wrote: “While this reduction would be driven by term infants, who account for most of the RSV-MALRTI burden; all infants, including palivizumab-eligible and preterm infants who suffer from significantly higher rates of disease, would benefit from this immunization strategy.”
Excitement for another option
Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp, MD, professor of pediatrics and director for patient-oriented research at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., said in an interview there is much excitement in the field for nirsevimab as it has significant advantages over palivizumab.
RSV “is a huge burden to the children, the families, the hospitals, and the medical system,” he said.
Ideally there would be a vaccine to offer the best protection, he noted.
“People have spent their lives, their careers trying to develop a vaccine for RSV,” he said, but that has been elusive for more than 60 years. Therefore, passive immunization is the best of the current options, he says, and nirsevimab “seems to be very effective.”
What’s not clear, Dr. Weitkamp said, is how much nirsevimab will cost as it is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, it has the great advantage of being given only once before the season starts instead of monthly (as required for palivizumab) through the season, “which is painful, inconvenient, and traumatizing. We limit that one to the children at highest risk.”
Rolling out an infant nirsevimab program would likely vary by geographic region, Ms. Kieffer and colleagues said, to help ensure infants are protected during the peak of their region’s RSV season.
The journal’s RSV supplement was supported by Sanofi and AstraZeneca. The studies by Ms. Suh and colleagues and Ms. Kieffer and colleagues were supported by AstraZeneca and Sanofi. Ms. Suh and several coauthors are employees of EpidStrategies. One coauthor is an employee of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Ms. Kieffer and several coauthors are employees of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Dr. Weitkamp reported no relevant financial relationships.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of U.S. infant hospitalizations overall and across population subgroups, new data published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases confirm.
Acute bronchiolitis caused by RSV accounted for 9.6% (95% confidence interval, 9.4%-9.9%) and 9.3% (95% CI, 9.0%-9.6%) of total infant hospitalizations from January 2009 to September 2015 and October 2015 to December 2019, respectively.
Journal issue includes 14 RSV studies
The latest issue of the journal includes a special section with results from 14 studies related to the widespread, easy-to-catch virus, highlighting the urgency of finding a solution for all infants.
In one study, authors led by Mina Suh, MPH, with EpidStrategies, a division of ToxStrategies in Rockville, Md., reported that, in children under the age of 5 years in the United States, RSV caused 58,000 annual hospitalizations and from 100 to 500 annual deaths from 2009 to 2019 (the latest year data were available).
Globally, in 2015, among infants younger than 6 months, an estimated 1.4 million hospital admissions and 27,300 in-hospital deaths were attributed to RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI).
The researchers used the largest publicly available, all-payer database in the United States – the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample – to describe the leading causes of infant hospitalizations.
The authors noted that, because clinicians don’t routinely perform lab tests for RSV, the true health care burden is likely higher and its public health impact greater than these numbers show.
Immunization candidates advance
There are no preventative options currently available to substantially cut RSV infections in all infants, though immunization candidates are advancing, showing safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
Palivizumab is currently the only available option in the United States to prevent RSV and is recommended only for a small group of infants with particular forms of heart or lung disease and those born prematurely at 29 weeks’ gestational age. Further, palivizumab has to be given monthly throughout the RSV season.
Another of the studies in the journal supplement concluded that a universal immunization strategy with one of the candidates, nirsevimab (Sanofi, AstraZeneca), an investigational long-acting monoclonal antibody, could substantially reduce the health burden and economic burden for U.S. infants in their first RSV season.
The researchers, led by Alexia Kieffer, MSc, MPH, with Sanofi, used static decision-analytic modeling for the estimates. Modeled RSV-related outcomes included primary care and ED visits, hospitalizations, including ICU admission and mechanical ventilations, and RSV-related deaths.
“The results of this model suggested that the use of nirsevimab in all infants could reduce health events by 55% and the overall costs to the payer by 49%,” the authors of the study wrote.
According to the study, universal immunization of all infants with nirsevimab is expected to reduce 290,174 RSV-related medically attended LRTI (MALRTI), 24,986 hospitalizations, and cut $612 million in costs to the health care system.
The authors wrote: “While this reduction would be driven by term infants, who account for most of the RSV-MALRTI burden; all infants, including palivizumab-eligible and preterm infants who suffer from significantly higher rates of disease, would benefit from this immunization strategy.”
Excitement for another option
Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp, MD, professor of pediatrics and director for patient-oriented research at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., said in an interview there is much excitement in the field for nirsevimab as it has significant advantages over palivizumab.
RSV “is a huge burden to the children, the families, the hospitals, and the medical system,” he said.
Ideally there would be a vaccine to offer the best protection, he noted.
“People have spent their lives, their careers trying to develop a vaccine for RSV,” he said, but that has been elusive for more than 60 years. Therefore, passive immunization is the best of the current options, he says, and nirsevimab “seems to be very effective.”
What’s not clear, Dr. Weitkamp said, is how much nirsevimab will cost as it is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, it has the great advantage of being given only once before the season starts instead of monthly (as required for palivizumab) through the season, “which is painful, inconvenient, and traumatizing. We limit that one to the children at highest risk.”
Rolling out an infant nirsevimab program would likely vary by geographic region, Ms. Kieffer and colleagues said, to help ensure infants are protected during the peak of their region’s RSV season.
The journal’s RSV supplement was supported by Sanofi and AstraZeneca. The studies by Ms. Suh and colleagues and Ms. Kieffer and colleagues were supported by AstraZeneca and Sanofi. Ms. Suh and several coauthors are employees of EpidStrategies. One coauthor is an employee of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Ms. Kieffer and several coauthors are employees of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Dr. Weitkamp reported no relevant financial relationships.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of U.S. infant hospitalizations overall and across population subgroups, new data published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases confirm.
Acute bronchiolitis caused by RSV accounted for 9.6% (95% confidence interval, 9.4%-9.9%) and 9.3% (95% CI, 9.0%-9.6%) of total infant hospitalizations from January 2009 to September 2015 and October 2015 to December 2019, respectively.
Journal issue includes 14 RSV studies
The latest issue of the journal includes a special section with results from 14 studies related to the widespread, easy-to-catch virus, highlighting the urgency of finding a solution for all infants.
In one study, authors led by Mina Suh, MPH, with EpidStrategies, a division of ToxStrategies in Rockville, Md., reported that, in children under the age of 5 years in the United States, RSV caused 58,000 annual hospitalizations and from 100 to 500 annual deaths from 2009 to 2019 (the latest year data were available).
Globally, in 2015, among infants younger than 6 months, an estimated 1.4 million hospital admissions and 27,300 in-hospital deaths were attributed to RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI).
The researchers used the largest publicly available, all-payer database in the United States – the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample – to describe the leading causes of infant hospitalizations.
The authors noted that, because clinicians don’t routinely perform lab tests for RSV, the true health care burden is likely higher and its public health impact greater than these numbers show.
Immunization candidates advance
There are no preventative options currently available to substantially cut RSV infections in all infants, though immunization candidates are advancing, showing safety and efficacy in clinical trials.
Palivizumab is currently the only available option in the United States to prevent RSV and is recommended only for a small group of infants with particular forms of heart or lung disease and those born prematurely at 29 weeks’ gestational age. Further, palivizumab has to be given monthly throughout the RSV season.
Another of the studies in the journal supplement concluded that a universal immunization strategy with one of the candidates, nirsevimab (Sanofi, AstraZeneca), an investigational long-acting monoclonal antibody, could substantially reduce the health burden and economic burden for U.S. infants in their first RSV season.
The researchers, led by Alexia Kieffer, MSc, MPH, with Sanofi, used static decision-analytic modeling for the estimates. Modeled RSV-related outcomes included primary care and ED visits, hospitalizations, including ICU admission and mechanical ventilations, and RSV-related deaths.
“The results of this model suggested that the use of nirsevimab in all infants could reduce health events by 55% and the overall costs to the payer by 49%,” the authors of the study wrote.
According to the study, universal immunization of all infants with nirsevimab is expected to reduce 290,174 RSV-related medically attended LRTI (MALRTI), 24,986 hospitalizations, and cut $612 million in costs to the health care system.
The authors wrote: “While this reduction would be driven by term infants, who account for most of the RSV-MALRTI burden; all infants, including palivizumab-eligible and preterm infants who suffer from significantly higher rates of disease, would benefit from this immunization strategy.”
Excitement for another option
Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp, MD, professor of pediatrics and director for patient-oriented research at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., said in an interview there is much excitement in the field for nirsevimab as it has significant advantages over palivizumab.
RSV “is a huge burden to the children, the families, the hospitals, and the medical system,” he said.
Ideally there would be a vaccine to offer the best protection, he noted.
“People have spent their lives, their careers trying to develop a vaccine for RSV,” he said, but that has been elusive for more than 60 years. Therefore, passive immunization is the best of the current options, he says, and nirsevimab “seems to be very effective.”
What’s not clear, Dr. Weitkamp said, is how much nirsevimab will cost as it is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, it has the great advantage of being given only once before the season starts instead of monthly (as required for palivizumab) through the season, “which is painful, inconvenient, and traumatizing. We limit that one to the children at highest risk.”
Rolling out an infant nirsevimab program would likely vary by geographic region, Ms. Kieffer and colleagues said, to help ensure infants are protected during the peak of their region’s RSV season.
The journal’s RSV supplement was supported by Sanofi and AstraZeneca. The studies by Ms. Suh and colleagues and Ms. Kieffer and colleagues were supported by AstraZeneca and Sanofi. Ms. Suh and several coauthors are employees of EpidStrategies. One coauthor is an employee of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Ms. Kieffer and several coauthors are employees of Sanofi and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Dr. Weitkamp reported no relevant financial relationships.
FROM THE JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Preparing for back to school amid monkeypox outbreak and ever-changing COVID landscape
Unlike last school year, there are now vaccines available for all over the age of 6 months, and home rapid antigen tests are more readily available. Additionally, many have now been exposed either by infection or vaccination to the virus.
The CDC has removed the recommendations for maintaining cohorts in the K-12 population. This changing landscape along with differing levels of personal risk make it challenging to counsel families about what to expect in terms of COVID this year.
The best defense that we currently have against COVID is the vaccine. Although it seems that many are susceptible to the virus despite the vaccine, those who have been vaccinated are less susceptible to serious disease, including young children.
As older children may be heading to college, it is important
to encourage them to isolate when they have symptoms, even when they test negative for COVID as we would all like to avoid being sick in general.
Additionally, they should pay attention to the COVID risk level in their area and wear masks, particularly when indoors, as the levels increase. College students should have a plan for where they can isolate when not feeling well. If anyone does test positive for COVID, they should follow the most recent quarantine guidelines, including wearing a well fitted mask when they do begin returning to activities.
Monkeypox
We now have a new health concern for this school year.
Monkeypox has come onto the scene with information changing as rapidly as information previously did for COVID. With this virus, we must particularly counsel those heading away to college to be careful to limit their exposure to this disease.
Dormitories and other congregate settings are high-risk locations for the spread of monkeypox. Particularly, students headed to stay in dormitories should be counseled about avoiding:
- sexual activity with those with lesions consistent with monkeypox;
- sharing eating and drinking utensils; and
- sleeping in the same bed as or sharing bedding or towels with anyone with a diagnosis of or lesions consistent with monkeypox.
Additionally, as with prevention of all infections, it is important to frequently wash hands or use alcohol-based sanitizer before eating, and avoid touching the face after using the restroom.
Guidance for those eligible for vaccines against monkeypox seems to be quickly changing as well.
At the time of this article, CDC guidance recommends the vaccine against monkeypox for:
- those considered to be at high risk for it, including those identified by public health officials as a contact of someone with monkeypox;
- those who are aware that a sexual partner had a diagnosis of monkeypox within the past 2 weeks;
- those with multiple sex partners in the past 2 weeks in an area with known monkeypox; and
- those whose jobs may expose them to monkeypox.
Currently, the CDC recommends the vaccine JYNNEOS, a two-dose vaccine that reaches maximum protection after fourteen days. Ultimately, guidance is likely to continue to quickly change for both COVID-19 and Monkeypox throughout the fall. It is possible that new vaccinations will become available, and families and physicians alike will have many questions.
Primary care offices should ensure that someone is keeping up to date with the latest guidance to share with the office so that physicians may share accurate information with their patients.
Families should be counseled that we anticipate information about monkeypox, particularly related to vaccinations, to continue to change, as it has during all stages of the COVID pandemic.
As always, patients should be reminded to continue regular routine vaccinations, including the annual influenza vaccine.
Dr. Wheat is a family physician at Erie Family Health Center and program director of Northwestern University’s McGaw Family Medicine residency program, both in Chicago. Dr. Wheat serves on the editorial advisory board of Family Practice News. You can contact her at [email protected].
Unlike last school year, there are now vaccines available for all over the age of 6 months, and home rapid antigen tests are more readily available. Additionally, many have now been exposed either by infection or vaccination to the virus.
The CDC has removed the recommendations for maintaining cohorts in the K-12 population. This changing landscape along with differing levels of personal risk make it challenging to counsel families about what to expect in terms of COVID this year.
The best defense that we currently have against COVID is the vaccine. Although it seems that many are susceptible to the virus despite the vaccine, those who have been vaccinated are less susceptible to serious disease, including young children.
As older children may be heading to college, it is important
to encourage them to isolate when they have symptoms, even when they test negative for COVID as we would all like to avoid being sick in general.
Additionally, they should pay attention to the COVID risk level in their area and wear masks, particularly when indoors, as the levels increase. College students should have a plan for where they can isolate when not feeling well. If anyone does test positive for COVID, they should follow the most recent quarantine guidelines, including wearing a well fitted mask when they do begin returning to activities.
Monkeypox
We now have a new health concern for this school year.
Monkeypox has come onto the scene with information changing as rapidly as information previously did for COVID. With this virus, we must particularly counsel those heading away to college to be careful to limit their exposure to this disease.
Dormitories and other congregate settings are high-risk locations for the spread of monkeypox. Particularly, students headed to stay in dormitories should be counseled about avoiding:
- sexual activity with those with lesions consistent with monkeypox;
- sharing eating and drinking utensils; and
- sleeping in the same bed as or sharing bedding or towels with anyone with a diagnosis of or lesions consistent with monkeypox.
Additionally, as with prevention of all infections, it is important to frequently wash hands or use alcohol-based sanitizer before eating, and avoid touching the face after using the restroom.
Guidance for those eligible for vaccines against monkeypox seems to be quickly changing as well.
At the time of this article, CDC guidance recommends the vaccine against monkeypox for:
- those considered to be at high risk for it, including those identified by public health officials as a contact of someone with monkeypox;
- those who are aware that a sexual partner had a diagnosis of monkeypox within the past 2 weeks;
- those with multiple sex partners in the past 2 weeks in an area with known monkeypox; and
- those whose jobs may expose them to monkeypox.
Currently, the CDC recommends the vaccine JYNNEOS, a two-dose vaccine that reaches maximum protection after fourteen days. Ultimately, guidance is likely to continue to quickly change for both COVID-19 and Monkeypox throughout the fall. It is possible that new vaccinations will become available, and families and physicians alike will have many questions.
Primary care offices should ensure that someone is keeping up to date with the latest guidance to share with the office so that physicians may share accurate information with their patients.
Families should be counseled that we anticipate information about monkeypox, particularly related to vaccinations, to continue to change, as it has during all stages of the COVID pandemic.
As always, patients should be reminded to continue regular routine vaccinations, including the annual influenza vaccine.
Dr. Wheat is a family physician at Erie Family Health Center and program director of Northwestern University’s McGaw Family Medicine residency program, both in Chicago. Dr. Wheat serves on the editorial advisory board of Family Practice News. You can contact her at [email protected].
Unlike last school year, there are now vaccines available for all over the age of 6 months, and home rapid antigen tests are more readily available. Additionally, many have now been exposed either by infection or vaccination to the virus.
The CDC has removed the recommendations for maintaining cohorts in the K-12 population. This changing landscape along with differing levels of personal risk make it challenging to counsel families about what to expect in terms of COVID this year.
The best defense that we currently have against COVID is the vaccine. Although it seems that many are susceptible to the virus despite the vaccine, those who have been vaccinated are less susceptible to serious disease, including young children.
As older children may be heading to college, it is important
to encourage them to isolate when they have symptoms, even when they test negative for COVID as we would all like to avoid being sick in general.
Additionally, they should pay attention to the COVID risk level in their area and wear masks, particularly when indoors, as the levels increase. College students should have a plan for where they can isolate when not feeling well. If anyone does test positive for COVID, they should follow the most recent quarantine guidelines, including wearing a well fitted mask when they do begin returning to activities.
Monkeypox
We now have a new health concern for this school year.
Monkeypox has come onto the scene with information changing as rapidly as information previously did for COVID. With this virus, we must particularly counsel those heading away to college to be careful to limit their exposure to this disease.
Dormitories and other congregate settings are high-risk locations for the spread of monkeypox. Particularly, students headed to stay in dormitories should be counseled about avoiding:
- sexual activity with those with lesions consistent with monkeypox;
- sharing eating and drinking utensils; and
- sleeping in the same bed as or sharing bedding or towels with anyone with a diagnosis of or lesions consistent with monkeypox.
Additionally, as with prevention of all infections, it is important to frequently wash hands or use alcohol-based sanitizer before eating, and avoid touching the face after using the restroom.
Guidance for those eligible for vaccines against monkeypox seems to be quickly changing as well.
At the time of this article, CDC guidance recommends the vaccine against monkeypox for:
- those considered to be at high risk for it, including those identified by public health officials as a contact of someone with monkeypox;
- those who are aware that a sexual partner had a diagnosis of monkeypox within the past 2 weeks;
- those with multiple sex partners in the past 2 weeks in an area with known monkeypox; and
- those whose jobs may expose them to monkeypox.
Currently, the CDC recommends the vaccine JYNNEOS, a two-dose vaccine that reaches maximum protection after fourteen days. Ultimately, guidance is likely to continue to quickly change for both COVID-19 and Monkeypox throughout the fall. It is possible that new vaccinations will become available, and families and physicians alike will have many questions.
Primary care offices should ensure that someone is keeping up to date with the latest guidance to share with the office so that physicians may share accurate information with their patients.
Families should be counseled that we anticipate information about monkeypox, particularly related to vaccinations, to continue to change, as it has during all stages of the COVID pandemic.
As always, patients should be reminded to continue regular routine vaccinations, including the annual influenza vaccine.
Dr. Wheat is a family physician at Erie Family Health Center and program director of Northwestern University’s McGaw Family Medicine residency program, both in Chicago. Dr. Wheat serves on the editorial advisory board of Family Practice News. You can contact her at [email protected].
Screen COPD patients for peripheral neuropathy
Polyneuropathy (PNP) remains a common comorbidity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and better screening strategies are needed to identify the condition and improve patients’ quality of life, according to authors of a recent review.
of stroke, dementia, depression, and other neurological and psychiatric conditions, even after controlling for the main confounding risk factors, such as age and smoking,” write Irina Odajiu, MD, of Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, and colleagues. However, data on the relationship between COPD and peripheral nervous system pathology are limited.
PNP is distinct from peripheral neuropathy and neuropathy, the researchers emphasize.
“Polyneuropathy implies a homogeneous process affecting peripheral nerves, specifically distal nerves, more severely than proximal ones,” while peripheral neuropathy refers to any disorder of the peripheral nervous system, they explain.
In an article published in Respiratory Medicine, the authors summarize the latest data on the association between COPD and polyneuropathy. They reviewed data from 21 studies published between 1981 and 2021. All studies included adults with COPD. The mean age of the patients was 55-65 years.
Peripheral neuropathy represents a significant comorbidity among patients with COPD. The percentage of cases of peripheral neuropathy among patients in the study populations ranged from 15% to 93.8%. Of these cases, the majority were of axonal sensory polyneuropathy. In most of the studies, the neuropathy affected the lower limbs more than the upper limbs.
“Additionally, in most presented studies, peripheral neuropathy correlated with disease duration and hypoxemia severity; the longer the duration and the more severe hypoxia, the more severe peripheral neuropathy was,” the researchers note.
Overall, potential predisposing factors for PNP among patients with COPD (in addition to chronic hypoxemia) included older age, poor nutrition, systemic inflammation, COPD medications, smoking, and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia).
Several strategies for managing peripheral neuropathy for patients with COPD were described. Prophylaxis options include neuroprotection with hormones such as progesterone, neuronal growth factors, and corticosteroids, although none have shown high levels of effectiveness, the researchers write. Topical treatment with muscarinic antagonists has shown some potential and may be a practical therapeutic choice, they say. Oxygen support, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, has demonstrated healing of diabetic leg ulcers associated with PNP and has led to improvements in pain-related symptoms and quality-of-life scores, they add.
Although PNP is often present in patients with COPD, no association between COPD severity and PNP has been determined, the researchers write in their discussion section.
“Moreover, the current data do not indicate a relationship between COPD stages, GOLD classification, or degree of obstruction and PNP,” they say.
The data support screening of all COPD patients for PNP, both clinically and with electrodiagnostic studies, despite the absence of current specific COPD-related PNP screening tools, they write.
The study received no outside funding. The researchers have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Polyneuropathy (PNP) remains a common comorbidity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and better screening strategies are needed to identify the condition and improve patients’ quality of life, according to authors of a recent review.
of stroke, dementia, depression, and other neurological and psychiatric conditions, even after controlling for the main confounding risk factors, such as age and smoking,” write Irina Odajiu, MD, of Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, and colleagues. However, data on the relationship between COPD and peripheral nervous system pathology are limited.
PNP is distinct from peripheral neuropathy and neuropathy, the researchers emphasize.
“Polyneuropathy implies a homogeneous process affecting peripheral nerves, specifically distal nerves, more severely than proximal ones,” while peripheral neuropathy refers to any disorder of the peripheral nervous system, they explain.
In an article published in Respiratory Medicine, the authors summarize the latest data on the association between COPD and polyneuropathy. They reviewed data from 21 studies published between 1981 and 2021. All studies included adults with COPD. The mean age of the patients was 55-65 years.
Peripheral neuropathy represents a significant comorbidity among patients with COPD. The percentage of cases of peripheral neuropathy among patients in the study populations ranged from 15% to 93.8%. Of these cases, the majority were of axonal sensory polyneuropathy. In most of the studies, the neuropathy affected the lower limbs more than the upper limbs.
“Additionally, in most presented studies, peripheral neuropathy correlated with disease duration and hypoxemia severity; the longer the duration and the more severe hypoxia, the more severe peripheral neuropathy was,” the researchers note.
Overall, potential predisposing factors for PNP among patients with COPD (in addition to chronic hypoxemia) included older age, poor nutrition, systemic inflammation, COPD medications, smoking, and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia).
Several strategies for managing peripheral neuropathy for patients with COPD were described. Prophylaxis options include neuroprotection with hormones such as progesterone, neuronal growth factors, and corticosteroids, although none have shown high levels of effectiveness, the researchers write. Topical treatment with muscarinic antagonists has shown some potential and may be a practical therapeutic choice, they say. Oxygen support, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, has demonstrated healing of diabetic leg ulcers associated with PNP and has led to improvements in pain-related symptoms and quality-of-life scores, they add.
Although PNP is often present in patients with COPD, no association between COPD severity and PNP has been determined, the researchers write in their discussion section.
“Moreover, the current data do not indicate a relationship between COPD stages, GOLD classification, or degree of obstruction and PNP,” they say.
The data support screening of all COPD patients for PNP, both clinically and with electrodiagnostic studies, despite the absence of current specific COPD-related PNP screening tools, they write.
The study received no outside funding. The researchers have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Polyneuropathy (PNP) remains a common comorbidity among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and better screening strategies are needed to identify the condition and improve patients’ quality of life, according to authors of a recent review.
of stroke, dementia, depression, and other neurological and psychiatric conditions, even after controlling for the main confounding risk factors, such as age and smoking,” write Irina Odajiu, MD, of Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, and colleagues. However, data on the relationship between COPD and peripheral nervous system pathology are limited.
PNP is distinct from peripheral neuropathy and neuropathy, the researchers emphasize.
“Polyneuropathy implies a homogeneous process affecting peripheral nerves, specifically distal nerves, more severely than proximal ones,” while peripheral neuropathy refers to any disorder of the peripheral nervous system, they explain.
In an article published in Respiratory Medicine, the authors summarize the latest data on the association between COPD and polyneuropathy. They reviewed data from 21 studies published between 1981 and 2021. All studies included adults with COPD. The mean age of the patients was 55-65 years.
Peripheral neuropathy represents a significant comorbidity among patients with COPD. The percentage of cases of peripheral neuropathy among patients in the study populations ranged from 15% to 93.8%. Of these cases, the majority were of axonal sensory polyneuropathy. In most of the studies, the neuropathy affected the lower limbs more than the upper limbs.
“Additionally, in most presented studies, peripheral neuropathy correlated with disease duration and hypoxemia severity; the longer the duration and the more severe hypoxia, the more severe peripheral neuropathy was,” the researchers note.
Overall, potential predisposing factors for PNP among patients with COPD (in addition to chronic hypoxemia) included older age, poor nutrition, systemic inflammation, COPD medications, smoking, and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia).
Several strategies for managing peripheral neuropathy for patients with COPD were described. Prophylaxis options include neuroprotection with hormones such as progesterone, neuronal growth factors, and corticosteroids, although none have shown high levels of effectiveness, the researchers write. Topical treatment with muscarinic antagonists has shown some potential and may be a practical therapeutic choice, they say. Oxygen support, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, has demonstrated healing of diabetic leg ulcers associated with PNP and has led to improvements in pain-related symptoms and quality-of-life scores, they add.
Although PNP is often present in patients with COPD, no association between COPD severity and PNP has been determined, the researchers write in their discussion section.
“Moreover, the current data do not indicate a relationship between COPD stages, GOLD classification, or degree of obstruction and PNP,” they say.
The data support screening of all COPD patients for PNP, both clinically and with electrodiagnostic studies, despite the absence of current specific COPD-related PNP screening tools, they write.
The study received no outside funding. The researchers have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
Airway structure in women leads to worse COPD outcomes
A study aimed at determining whether behind some of the sex differences in chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD) prevalence and clinical outcomes lie structural differences in airways found that airway lumen sizes quantified through chest CT were smaller in women than in men.
The findings, published in Radiology, took into account height and lung size. for equivalent changes, compared with men.
Among key findings in a secondary analysis of consecutive participants (9,363 ever-smokers and 420 never-smokers) enrolled in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study, airway lumen dimensions were lower in never-smoker women than in men (segmental lumen diameter, 8.1 mm vs. 9.1 mm; P < .001). Also, ever-smoker women had narrower segmental lumen diameter (7.8 mm ± 0.05 vs. 8.7 mm ± 0.04; P < .001). The investigators found also that a unit change in wall thickness or lumen area resulted in more severe airflow obstruction, more dyspnea, worse respiratory quality of life, lower 6-minute walk distance, and worse survival in women, compared with men.
While COPD is diagnosed more often in men than women, changes in smoking behavior and increasing urbanization have led to COPD prevalence in women fast approaching the rate in men. Although age-adjusted rates for COPD-related deaths have continued to decline in men, in women they have not. Indeed, never-smoking women accounted for two-thirds of COPD in a population-based study.
COPDGene, a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study, enrolled current and former smokers, as well as never-smokers, aged 45-80 years at 21 clinical centers across the United States from January 2008 to June 2011 with longitudinal follow-up until November 2020. The investigators quantified airway disease through CT imaging using the following metrics: airway wall thickness of segmental airways, wall area percent of segmental airways, the square root of the wall area of a hypothetical airway with 10-mm internal perimeter, total airway count, lumen diameter of segmental airways, airway volume, and airway fractal dimension.
“Not all sex differences in prevalence of COPD have been explained, and structural differences may explain some of these differences. Our findings may have implications for patient selection for clinical trials,” corresponding author Surya P. Bhatt, MD, associate professor of medicine and director of the University of Alabama Imaging Core at Birmingham, said in an interview.
The investigators wrote: “Our findings have implications for airflow limitation and the consequent clinical outcomes. ... We confirmed that men have more emphysema than women with equivalent smoking burden, and our results suggest that the lower reserve conferred by smaller airways predisposes women to develop airflow limitation predominantly through the airway phenotype. All airway remodeling changes were associated with more dyspnea, worse respiratory quality of life, and lower functional capacity in women than in men. The smaller airways in women can result in higher airway resistance and more turbulent airflow, and thus place a higher ventilatory constraint during exertion. Alteration in each airway measure was also associated with worse survival in women than in men, partially explaining the comparable mortality between the sexes for COPD despite the differing degrees of emphysema.”
“I think these findings highlight underappreciated sex differences in the natural history of COPD,” Mohsen Sadatsafavi, MD, PhD, associate professor, faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, said in an interview. “To me, first and foremost, the Bhatt et al. findings highlight how the ‘one size fits all’ approach to COPD management of using exacerbation history alone to guide preventive therapies is incorrect. These findings have the potential to change the management paradigm of COPD in the long term, but before getting there, I think we need to relate these findings to clinically relevant and patient-reported outcomes.”
Noting study limitations, the authors stated that a higher proportion of men were active smokers, compared with women, and despite adjustments for smoking status, some of the airway wall differences may be from the impact of active cigarette smoking on airway wall thickness.
Five study authors reported receiving support from various government and industry sources and disclosed conflicts of interest based on relationships with industry. The rest reported no conflicts of interest.
A study aimed at determining whether behind some of the sex differences in chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD) prevalence and clinical outcomes lie structural differences in airways found that airway lumen sizes quantified through chest CT were smaller in women than in men.
The findings, published in Radiology, took into account height and lung size. for equivalent changes, compared with men.
Among key findings in a secondary analysis of consecutive participants (9,363 ever-smokers and 420 never-smokers) enrolled in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study, airway lumen dimensions were lower in never-smoker women than in men (segmental lumen diameter, 8.1 mm vs. 9.1 mm; P < .001). Also, ever-smoker women had narrower segmental lumen diameter (7.8 mm ± 0.05 vs. 8.7 mm ± 0.04; P < .001). The investigators found also that a unit change in wall thickness or lumen area resulted in more severe airflow obstruction, more dyspnea, worse respiratory quality of life, lower 6-minute walk distance, and worse survival in women, compared with men.
While COPD is diagnosed more often in men than women, changes in smoking behavior and increasing urbanization have led to COPD prevalence in women fast approaching the rate in men. Although age-adjusted rates for COPD-related deaths have continued to decline in men, in women they have not. Indeed, never-smoking women accounted for two-thirds of COPD in a population-based study.
COPDGene, a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study, enrolled current and former smokers, as well as never-smokers, aged 45-80 years at 21 clinical centers across the United States from January 2008 to June 2011 with longitudinal follow-up until November 2020. The investigators quantified airway disease through CT imaging using the following metrics: airway wall thickness of segmental airways, wall area percent of segmental airways, the square root of the wall area of a hypothetical airway with 10-mm internal perimeter, total airway count, lumen diameter of segmental airways, airway volume, and airway fractal dimension.
“Not all sex differences in prevalence of COPD have been explained, and structural differences may explain some of these differences. Our findings may have implications for patient selection for clinical trials,” corresponding author Surya P. Bhatt, MD, associate professor of medicine and director of the University of Alabama Imaging Core at Birmingham, said in an interview.
The investigators wrote: “Our findings have implications for airflow limitation and the consequent clinical outcomes. ... We confirmed that men have more emphysema than women with equivalent smoking burden, and our results suggest that the lower reserve conferred by smaller airways predisposes women to develop airflow limitation predominantly through the airway phenotype. All airway remodeling changes were associated with more dyspnea, worse respiratory quality of life, and lower functional capacity in women than in men. The smaller airways in women can result in higher airway resistance and more turbulent airflow, and thus place a higher ventilatory constraint during exertion. Alteration in each airway measure was also associated with worse survival in women than in men, partially explaining the comparable mortality between the sexes for COPD despite the differing degrees of emphysema.”
“I think these findings highlight underappreciated sex differences in the natural history of COPD,” Mohsen Sadatsafavi, MD, PhD, associate professor, faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, said in an interview. “To me, first and foremost, the Bhatt et al. findings highlight how the ‘one size fits all’ approach to COPD management of using exacerbation history alone to guide preventive therapies is incorrect. These findings have the potential to change the management paradigm of COPD in the long term, but before getting there, I think we need to relate these findings to clinically relevant and patient-reported outcomes.”
Noting study limitations, the authors stated that a higher proportion of men were active smokers, compared with women, and despite adjustments for smoking status, some of the airway wall differences may be from the impact of active cigarette smoking on airway wall thickness.
Five study authors reported receiving support from various government and industry sources and disclosed conflicts of interest based on relationships with industry. The rest reported no conflicts of interest.
A study aimed at determining whether behind some of the sex differences in chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD) prevalence and clinical outcomes lie structural differences in airways found that airway lumen sizes quantified through chest CT were smaller in women than in men.
The findings, published in Radiology, took into account height and lung size. for equivalent changes, compared with men.
Among key findings in a secondary analysis of consecutive participants (9,363 ever-smokers and 420 never-smokers) enrolled in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study, airway lumen dimensions were lower in never-smoker women than in men (segmental lumen diameter, 8.1 mm vs. 9.1 mm; P < .001). Also, ever-smoker women had narrower segmental lumen diameter (7.8 mm ± 0.05 vs. 8.7 mm ± 0.04; P < .001). The investigators found also that a unit change in wall thickness or lumen area resulted in more severe airflow obstruction, more dyspnea, worse respiratory quality of life, lower 6-minute walk distance, and worse survival in women, compared with men.
While COPD is diagnosed more often in men than women, changes in smoking behavior and increasing urbanization have led to COPD prevalence in women fast approaching the rate in men. Although age-adjusted rates for COPD-related deaths have continued to decline in men, in women they have not. Indeed, never-smoking women accounted for two-thirds of COPD in a population-based study.
COPDGene, a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study, enrolled current and former smokers, as well as never-smokers, aged 45-80 years at 21 clinical centers across the United States from January 2008 to June 2011 with longitudinal follow-up until November 2020. The investigators quantified airway disease through CT imaging using the following metrics: airway wall thickness of segmental airways, wall area percent of segmental airways, the square root of the wall area of a hypothetical airway with 10-mm internal perimeter, total airway count, lumen diameter of segmental airways, airway volume, and airway fractal dimension.
“Not all sex differences in prevalence of COPD have been explained, and structural differences may explain some of these differences. Our findings may have implications for patient selection for clinical trials,” corresponding author Surya P. Bhatt, MD, associate professor of medicine and director of the University of Alabama Imaging Core at Birmingham, said in an interview.
The investigators wrote: “Our findings have implications for airflow limitation and the consequent clinical outcomes. ... We confirmed that men have more emphysema than women with equivalent smoking burden, and our results suggest that the lower reserve conferred by smaller airways predisposes women to develop airflow limitation predominantly through the airway phenotype. All airway remodeling changes were associated with more dyspnea, worse respiratory quality of life, and lower functional capacity in women than in men. The smaller airways in women can result in higher airway resistance and more turbulent airflow, and thus place a higher ventilatory constraint during exertion. Alteration in each airway measure was also associated with worse survival in women than in men, partially explaining the comparable mortality between the sexes for COPD despite the differing degrees of emphysema.”
“I think these findings highlight underappreciated sex differences in the natural history of COPD,” Mohsen Sadatsafavi, MD, PhD, associate professor, faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, said in an interview. “To me, first and foremost, the Bhatt et al. findings highlight how the ‘one size fits all’ approach to COPD management of using exacerbation history alone to guide preventive therapies is incorrect. These findings have the potential to change the management paradigm of COPD in the long term, but before getting there, I think we need to relate these findings to clinically relevant and patient-reported outcomes.”
Noting study limitations, the authors stated that a higher proportion of men were active smokers, compared with women, and despite adjustments for smoking status, some of the airway wall differences may be from the impact of active cigarette smoking on airway wall thickness.
Five study authors reported receiving support from various government and industry sources and disclosed conflicts of interest based on relationships with industry. The rest reported no conflicts of interest.
FROM RADIOLOGY
Stop smoking and reduce death risk from pneumonia?
; the risk decreased even more with added years of not smoking, according to data from nearly 95,000 individuals.
Smoking is associated with an increased risk for pneumonia, but the extent to which smoking cessation reduces this risk long-term has not been explored, wrote Tomomi Kihara, MD, PhD, of the University of Tsukuba, Japan, and colleagues on behalf of the Japan Collaborative Cohort.
In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, known as the JACC Study, a community-based cohort of 110,585 individuals aged 40-79 years participated in health screening exams and self-administered questionnaires that included information about smoking. Other findings from the study have been previously published.
In the current study published in Preventive Medicine, the researchers reviewed data from 94,972 JACC participants who provided data about smoking status, including 59,514 never-smokers, 10,554 former smokers, and 24,904 current smokers. The mean age of the participants was 57 years; 57% were women.
The respondents were divided into groups based on years of smoking cessation: 0-1 year, 2-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15 or more years. The primary endpoint was an underlying cause of death from pneumonia.
Over a median follow-up period of 19 years, 1,806 participants (1,115 men and 691 women) died of pneumonia.
In a multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio for those who quit smoking, compared with current smokers, was 1.02 for 0-1 year of smoking cessation, 0.92 for 2-4 years, 0.95 for 5-9 years, 0.71 for 10-14 years, and 0.63 (0.48-0.83) for 15 or more years. The HR for never smokers was 0.50. The analysis adjusted for competing risk for death without pneumonia in the study population.
Most of the benefits of smoking cessation occurred after 10-14 years, the researchers wrote in their discussion of the findings, and smoking cessation of 10 years or more resulted in risk for death from pneumonia similar to that of never-smokers.
“To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the association between years of smoking cessation and pneumonia in a general population,” they added.
The study findings were limited by several factors, including the use of data on smoking and smoking cessation at baseline as well as a lack of data on the use of tobacco products other than cigarettes, although alternative tobacco products are rarely used in Japan, the researchers noted. Other limitations include the use of pneumonia mortality as an endpoint, which could have ignored the impact of smoking cessation on less severe pneumonia, and the inability to clarify the association between smoking cessation and pneumonia mortality by sex because of the small number of female former smokers. However, the results were strengthened by the large sample size and long observation period, they said.
“The present study provides empirical evidence that smoking cessation may lead to a decline in the risk of mortality from pneumonia,” and supports smoking cessation as a preventive measure, the researchers concluded.
The study was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Health and Labor Sciences; and an Intramural Research Fund for Cardiovascular Diseases of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
; the risk decreased even more with added years of not smoking, according to data from nearly 95,000 individuals.
Smoking is associated with an increased risk for pneumonia, but the extent to which smoking cessation reduces this risk long-term has not been explored, wrote Tomomi Kihara, MD, PhD, of the University of Tsukuba, Japan, and colleagues on behalf of the Japan Collaborative Cohort.
In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, known as the JACC Study, a community-based cohort of 110,585 individuals aged 40-79 years participated in health screening exams and self-administered questionnaires that included information about smoking. Other findings from the study have been previously published.
In the current study published in Preventive Medicine, the researchers reviewed data from 94,972 JACC participants who provided data about smoking status, including 59,514 never-smokers, 10,554 former smokers, and 24,904 current smokers. The mean age of the participants was 57 years; 57% were women.
The respondents were divided into groups based on years of smoking cessation: 0-1 year, 2-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15 or more years. The primary endpoint was an underlying cause of death from pneumonia.
Over a median follow-up period of 19 years, 1,806 participants (1,115 men and 691 women) died of pneumonia.
In a multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio for those who quit smoking, compared with current smokers, was 1.02 for 0-1 year of smoking cessation, 0.92 for 2-4 years, 0.95 for 5-9 years, 0.71 for 10-14 years, and 0.63 (0.48-0.83) for 15 or more years. The HR for never smokers was 0.50. The analysis adjusted for competing risk for death without pneumonia in the study population.
Most of the benefits of smoking cessation occurred after 10-14 years, the researchers wrote in their discussion of the findings, and smoking cessation of 10 years or more resulted in risk for death from pneumonia similar to that of never-smokers.
“To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the association between years of smoking cessation and pneumonia in a general population,” they added.
The study findings were limited by several factors, including the use of data on smoking and smoking cessation at baseline as well as a lack of data on the use of tobacco products other than cigarettes, although alternative tobacco products are rarely used in Japan, the researchers noted. Other limitations include the use of pneumonia mortality as an endpoint, which could have ignored the impact of smoking cessation on less severe pneumonia, and the inability to clarify the association between smoking cessation and pneumonia mortality by sex because of the small number of female former smokers. However, the results were strengthened by the large sample size and long observation period, they said.
“The present study provides empirical evidence that smoking cessation may lead to a decline in the risk of mortality from pneumonia,” and supports smoking cessation as a preventive measure, the researchers concluded.
The study was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Health and Labor Sciences; and an Intramural Research Fund for Cardiovascular Diseases of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.
; the risk decreased even more with added years of not smoking, according to data from nearly 95,000 individuals.
Smoking is associated with an increased risk for pneumonia, but the extent to which smoking cessation reduces this risk long-term has not been explored, wrote Tomomi Kihara, MD, PhD, of the University of Tsukuba, Japan, and colleagues on behalf of the Japan Collaborative Cohort.
In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, known as the JACC Study, a community-based cohort of 110,585 individuals aged 40-79 years participated in health screening exams and self-administered questionnaires that included information about smoking. Other findings from the study have been previously published.
In the current study published in Preventive Medicine, the researchers reviewed data from 94,972 JACC participants who provided data about smoking status, including 59,514 never-smokers, 10,554 former smokers, and 24,904 current smokers. The mean age of the participants was 57 years; 57% were women.
The respondents were divided into groups based on years of smoking cessation: 0-1 year, 2-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15 or more years. The primary endpoint was an underlying cause of death from pneumonia.
Over a median follow-up period of 19 years, 1,806 participants (1,115 men and 691 women) died of pneumonia.
In a multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio for those who quit smoking, compared with current smokers, was 1.02 for 0-1 year of smoking cessation, 0.92 for 2-4 years, 0.95 for 5-9 years, 0.71 for 10-14 years, and 0.63 (0.48-0.83) for 15 or more years. The HR for never smokers was 0.50. The analysis adjusted for competing risk for death without pneumonia in the study population.
Most of the benefits of smoking cessation occurred after 10-14 years, the researchers wrote in their discussion of the findings, and smoking cessation of 10 years or more resulted in risk for death from pneumonia similar to that of never-smokers.
“To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the association between years of smoking cessation and pneumonia in a general population,” they added.
The study findings were limited by several factors, including the use of data on smoking and smoking cessation at baseline as well as a lack of data on the use of tobacco products other than cigarettes, although alternative tobacco products are rarely used in Japan, the researchers noted. Other limitations include the use of pneumonia mortality as an endpoint, which could have ignored the impact of smoking cessation on less severe pneumonia, and the inability to clarify the association between smoking cessation and pneumonia mortality by sex because of the small number of female former smokers. However, the results were strengthened by the large sample size and long observation period, they said.
“The present study provides empirical evidence that smoking cessation may lead to a decline in the risk of mortality from pneumonia,” and supports smoking cessation as a preventive measure, the researchers concluded.
The study was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Health and Labor Sciences; and an Intramural Research Fund for Cardiovascular Diseases of National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose.
A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.